RESEARCH II - MODULE 1 THE TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

DESIGN ARE:
Quantitative Approach: An Overview
• The major characteristic of quantitative
research is that conclusions are expressed in
numbers or as results of statistical treatment.
• Conclusive data are organized using tables,
graphs, or figures that consolidate large
numbers of data to show trends, relationships,
or differences among variables.
The major strength of quantitative research is
that is an excellent way of using or of finalizing
results and providing or disproving a
hypothesis
 A research hypothesis is a statement of
expectation or prediction that will be
tested by research. Before formulating
your research hypothesis, read about the
topic of interest to you. In your hypothesis,
you are predicting the relationship between
variables.
• Survey- used when the researcher intends to
provide a quantitative or numeric description of
trends, attitudes or opinions of a population by
studying a sample of that population
• Correlational Research Design- attempts to
determine the level of relation between or more
quantifiable variables.
• Causal-comparative Research - attempts to
establish cause-effect relationships among the
variables of study.
• Comparative design- involves comparing and
contrasting two or more samples of study
subjects on one or more variables, often at a
single point of time
TIPS FOR WRITING RESEARCH:

A major weakness of quantitative methods is

that it can be expensive, time-consuming and
requires extensive statistical treatment,
requiring tests, retests, among others.

TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS:

 the experimental
 non-experimental

Experimental research designs are:

1. True experimental- It measures the effect of
the independent variable (cause) to the
dependent variable (effect)
2. Quasi-experimental- is an alternative to
determine the cause and effects between two
variables that cannot be subjected to
experimental control

In non-experimental research designs, the

researcher observes the phenomena as they
occur naturally and no external variables are
introduced.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH II
Chapter 1 : The Problem and its
Background
FORMAT:
 Paper size: Letter (8.5” x 11”)
 Font size: 12
 Font color: Black
 Font Style: Times New Roman
 Spacing: 2.0 (3.0 every after part within the
chapter)
 Margin:1.5 left,1.0 top, 1.0 bottom, 1.0 right
INTRODUCTION:
An introduction is the first paragraph of a
written research paper, or the first thing you
say in an oral presentation, or the first thing
people see, hear, or experience about your
project.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
 States clearly the purpose or interest of the
study. It poses specific questions about the
research problem.
 Written in declarative sentences
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
-It provides an outline of the plan on how to
conduct the research. It is presented in a flow
chart, map or diagram.
Ipo model (the input process output )
-Model is functional graph that identifies the
inputs, outputs, and required processing task
required to transform inputs into outputs. 
EXAMPLE OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

 Present a general statement about the

study.

 According to Dr. Nuqui, “Introduction is a

careful presentation of the importance and
validity of research problem.”
Input- The variables relevant to the problem
Process-The method by which the variables
You may include in the introduction:
collected are synthesized or analyzed
Output- Outcome of the processed variables
 Definition -what is meant by a word.
 Causes and effects-the relationship
between two things when one thing makes
SCOPE AND DELIMINATIONS
something else happen
Contains the explanation of what information or
 Methodology- the branch of logic that
subject is being analyzed. Delimitations define
studies reasoning or is the way something
what factors the researcher consciously
is done.
controls for and why they have been eliminated
 Historical background- the study of the
from the study.
origin of the study
 Problems/issues- An issue has a small or
Delimitation - Aim to narrow the scope of
no impact on people, whereas a problem
study; these are choices made and boundaries
can significantly affect people.
set by the researcher which should be
 Comparison of ideas/methods used
mentioned.
 Advantages and Disadvantages-
The pros and cons of something are its
Example of scope:
advantages and disadvantages, which you
consider carefully so that you can make a
 This study will focus on….
sensible decision
 The scope of the study will be ….
 This study will cover ….
 The study will consist of …
Example of delimitation:
 The study will be limited to…
 This study is confined to…
 The study will not cover the…
DEFINITION OF TERMS
-An alphabetical list of important terms or
acronyms that you define, particularly
ambiguous terms or those used in special way.
Types of definition of terms
 Conceptual definition
 Operational definition
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
-The significance of study points out the
advantages that will come from the results. It
emphasizes the concerned population to which
is findings will be favorable. Usually, the
advantages that may come from your study
should be detailed in this section.
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Is a comprehensive classification and
evaluation of what other researchers have
written about your topic. Usually, an exciting
literature review presents conflicting or
contradictory results of previous studies, which
could then be a research gap that will be filled
by your study.
MEGA- INTERNATIONALLY
MACRO- NATIONALLY
MICRO- LOCALLY
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
Population - a research population is generally
a large collection of individuals or objects that
is the main focus of scientific query.
Research Designs - is the framework of
research methods and techniques chosen by a
researcher. The design allows researchers to
hone in on research methods that are suitable
for the subject matter and set up their studies
up for success
Survey Research Design
 Used to gather information from group of
people.
 Generally ask respondents to report on
their attitudes, opinions, perceptions, or
behavior.
Descriptive Research design
 Used to portraying a population that has
been chosen because of some specific
characteristics.
 Used to develop theories
Comparative Research Design
 This design is used to compare and
contrast representive samples for two or
more groups subject in relation to certain
designated variables that occur in normal
conditions
Correlation Research Design
 Used to investigate the direction and
magnitude of relationship among variables
in a particular population.
 To study the change in one corresponds to
the changes inanother or with one another
Evaluate Research Design
 Involves making judgement of worth or
value
 Conducted to elicit useful various fields to
aid in decision making or policy information
True Experimental Reseacrh Design
 Researcher has no control over the
variables, treatment/invention and the
subjects
 Subjects assigned to group
Types of true experimental research design
 Pre-test-post-test controlled group
 Post-test only controlled group
quasi