Standard Pre-stressing Tendons

The requirements for pre-stressing steels are covered

by ASTM A421, and ASTM A722. The most common
form of tendon consists of low-relaxation seven-wire
strand ASTM A421, Grade 270.
Corrosion Protection

To improve the corrosion resistance of reinforcing bars under

severe conditions, the bars may be epoxy(organic polymers)
• Sacrificial physical barrier
coated or zinc coated (galvanized), both (dual coated), or under
• Cathodic protection
special circumstances, stainless steel bars may be used.
Stainless steels
• Alloy of iron, carbon, chromium and nickel.
• Most common form contains 18 per cent Cr and 8 per cent Ni (and is usually referred to as
18/8 stainless steel).
• Chromium is very expensive and so stainless steel is also expensive (around ten times the
price of ordinary plain carbon steel).
• Highly resistant to corrosion in many environments
• Predominant alloying element is at least 11% Chromium
• Corrosion resistance may be enhanced by Ni and Mo additions
• Used at high temperatures (upto ~ 1000 C) and severe environments
• Gas turbines, steam boilers, aircraft, missiles
 Structural Steel
• Hot rolled structural shapes, plates, and bars • Types used for structural
used in columns, beams, brackets, frames, applications
bridge girders, etc. • Carbon
• Grades determined:
• High-strength low-alloy
• Mechanical properties
• Corrosion resistant
• Yield strength high-strength low-alloy
• Tensile or ultimate strength
• Percent elongation
• Chemical composition
• Percent carbon
• Other requirements – limit undesirable
chemicals, provide desired properties

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Mechanical Testing of Steel
Tension Test
• Determine yield strength,
ultimate (tensile) strength,
elongation, and reduction of area
(Poisson's Ratio)
• Plate, sheet, round rod, wire, and
tube can be tested
Typical specimens are
round or rectangular
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 Testing Set Up

Extensometer
Specimen

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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Sample Loaded to Failure

Cup and cone Neck area

failure

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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Typical Stress-Strain Behavior of Mild Steel
• s-is linear elastic up to proportional limit
•Then non-linear elastic up to elastic limit = yield point =
strain increases at constant stress
•Then plastic deformation until failure

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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Effect of Carbon on Mechanical Behavior

Structural Steel
0.12 to 0.30

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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Bend Test
• Ability of steel or a weld to
resist cracking during bending
• Steel is often bent to a desired
shape, especially rebar
• Bend the specimen through a
certain angle and to a certain
inside radius

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Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Classification of Steel Components

• Structural steel members include steel cross sections, such as I-sections, H-

sections, T-sections, C-sections (channels), L-sections (angles), plates, pipes,
and rectangular tubes (hollow sections).
• Cold-formed (or light-gauge) steel members are made from thin sheets of steel
by bending sheets to various corrugated profiles at room temperature, hence the
term cold-formed.
• Reinforcing steel is in the form of deformed round bars (also called rebars) that
are used in concrete slabs, beams, and columns.
• Pre-stressing steel is used in precast concrete or post-tensioned concrete members as a
replacement for (or in conjunction with) reinforcing steel.
Preservation of steel
Rusting
• Oxidation of iron at the surface, which is activated by presence of
moisture and carbon dioxide and accelerated by atmospheric pollution
• Iron → ferrous bicarbonate → ferric bicarbonate → hydrated ferric
oxide
• Corrosion: Phenomenon of slow but steady eating away of metal due
to rust formation

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Preservation of steel
Sheradizing
Acid solution washed metal surface is covered with zinc dust and heated
in furnace to form a thin layer of molten zinc
Tin plating
Dipping in bath of molten tin
Electroplating
Depositing a thin film of nickel, chromium, cadmium, copper or zinc by
the electrolysis process. Metal surface is cathode and deposition metal is
anode
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