10

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Feedback Mechanisms in the
Female Reproductive System
Science – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Feedback Mechanisms in the Female Reproductive System
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Regional Director: Evelyn R. Fetalvero, EdD, CESO IV

Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion, EdD, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jovie Jane P. Ompar

Editor: Artemia A. Habana
Reviewer: Rhiza T. Erbina
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Angelica P. Mendoza
Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz
Management Team:
Reynaldo M. Guillena, CESO V
Jinky B. Firman, PhD, CESE
Marilyn V. Deduyo
Alma C. Cifra, EdD
Aris B. Juanillo, PhD
Faye Genevieve P. Pasamonte

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Division of Davao City

Office Address: E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City

Telephone: (082) 227 4762
E-mail Address: lrms.davaocity@deped.gov.ph
 10

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Feedback Mechanisms in the
Female Reproductive System
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn

A wonderful day to you little scientist! In this module, you will learn
the concepts of feedback mechanisms in the female reproductive system. You
will learn how hormones play an important role in the menstrual cycle.

Specifically, this module will help you:

• Describe menstrual cycle;
• Identify the phases of menstrual cycle; and
• Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in the female
reproductive system (e. g menstrual cycle) (S10LT-IIIc-35)

Let Us Try!

Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on a separate paper.

1. What is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining with some blood,
released through the vagina, and occurs for a period of three to five
days?
A. Amenorrhea C. Menopause
B. Conception D. Menstruation

2. Which of the following phases of menstrual cycle does the follicle grow
into full maturity?
A. Follicular phase C. Menstrual phase
B. Luteal phase D. Secretory phase

3. When is a mature egg cell from the ovary released?

A. During the 7th day from the last period.
B. During the 14th day from the last period.
C. During the 7th day from the first menstrual flow.
D. During the 14th day from the first menstrual flow.

4. How long is the average menstrual cycle of a woman?

A. 8 days C. 28 days
B. 18 days D. 38 days

5. What event in the menstrual cycle releases of a mature egg from the
ovary?
A. Corpus luteum C. Menstruation
B. Follicle D. Ovulation

1
 Let Us Study

The good way to start this module is to review your understanding on the
previous lesson about the Reproductive Hormones through the illustration
below

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle refers to the monthly shedding of uterine lining or

endometrium with some blood which is released through the vagina for a
period of three to five days. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long;
however, a cycle in some women can be as short as 21 days or as long as 39
days.

2
 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

1. Follicular phase. In this phase, estrogen level rises which causes the
lining of the uterus to grow and thicken. It is also in this phase that the
hormone, FSH causes a follicle (a small sacs filled with fluid in the ovary)
to grow. During Days 10 to 14, only one follicle releases a fully mature egg
(ovum).

Sub-phases/Events:
a. Menstruation - it is the time when the lining of the uterus is shed
out through the vagina if pregnancy has not occurred. Most women
bleed for three to five days.

b. Ovulation- is the time when a mature ovum or egg cell from the
ovary is released.

3
2. Luteal phase. In this phase, progesterone level rises to help prepare the
endometrium for pregnancy. If the egg becomes fertilized by a sperm and
attaches itself to the uterine wall, the woman becomes pregnant. If the
pregnancy does not occur, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the
thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period. This
phase occurs on Day 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle.

The diagram below shows the specific events that occur during the
menstrual cycle.

Here is the sequence of events during the menstrual cycle:

1. The pituitary gland controls and starts the cycle. It releases hormones that
causes the egg in the ovary to mature.

2. The luteinizing hormone (LH) initiates the maturation of the follicles,

converts ruptured follicles into corpus luteum and causes the secretion of
progesterone. The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) assists in the
maturation of the follicles and causes the secretion of estrogen from the
follicles.

4
3. The ovary itself releases a hormone called estrogen, which causes the
uterine lining to increase in thickness. The uterine lining becomes thicker
so that the fertilized egg can attach to it. The ovary releases an egg cell on
day 14.

4. The egg cell moves through the oviduct (fallopian tube) and enters the
uterus. Meanwhile, the uterine lining continues to thicken.

5. When the egg cell is not fertilized, it will not attach to the uterus. Hence,
the thick uterine lining is no longer necessary. As a result, the cells of the
thickened uterine lining break down, and together with the unfertilized egg
cell and some blood, they get released through the vagina, in a process
called menstruation.

6. After the menstruation, the cycle starts again.

Feedback Mechanisms in the Female Reproductive System

A feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of one

substance (hormone) influences the level of another substance (hormone).
The diagram below shows the feedback mechanisms in the menstrual cycle.

5
 Positive Feedback
• During days 12-14, estrogen provides positive feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This causes a rapid rise in the
production of estrogen by the ovaries and leads to ovulation.
• The positive feedback is the effect of LH on estrogen. More LH leads
to more estrogen release.

Negative Feedback
• Estrogen stimulates the release of LH from the pituitary gland, which
controls the production of progesterone of the ovaries.
• The high level of progesterone inhibits the further release of LH. As
the progesterone level rises, it circulates around the body in the
blood.
• The increased levels of hormones give negative feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland to decrease or even stop the
production of hormones.
• Let
The estrogen and progesterone provide feedback to the
Us Practice
hypothalamus and pituitary gland keeping their levels more or less
constant during most of the menstrual cycle.

Activity 1: Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

Directions: For items 1-5, use the diagram provided. Answer the questions
that follow. Answer this in a separate sheet of paper.

6
 1. What event usually occurs on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
2. What event is characterized by the breaking down of the
endometrium?
3. What phase occurs on Day 1 to 14 of the menstrual cycle?
4. What phase occurs on Day 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle?
5. What happens to the endometrium as it prepares for the fertilized egg
to attach to it?
6. What breaks down during menstruation?
7. What substance is controlled through the feedback mechanism in the
menstrual cycle?
8. In a positive feedback mechanism, what happens to the level of
estrogen in the ovaries that leads to ovulation?
9. In a negative feedback mechanism, what happens to the level of
hormones that leads to a more or less constant level of estrogen and
progesterone?

Good job students! You’ve got it! You are now familiar on the phases
and events happening in the female reproductive cycle! Now, let us go
deeper your understanding on the next activity.

Let Us Practice More

Activity 2A: Let’s Phase It!

Direction: Identify each phase/event of the menstrual cycle. Write LP if the

event describes Luteal Phase, M if it is Menstruation, O if it is Ovulation,
and FP if it is Follicular Phase. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. If the egg becomes fertilized by a sperm cell, it attaches itself to the
uterine wall and the woman is pregnant.
2. Most women menstruate for 3-5 days.
3. In this phase, one follicle releases a full mature egg cell.
4. This event usually occurs on Day 14 where a mature egg cell is
released.
5. The endometrium breaks down and released through the vagina.

Activity 2B: Feedback Mechanisms

Use the diagram below to help you explain feedback mechanisms in the
menstrual cycle. Complete the statements by supplying the needed concepts.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

7
 1. The feedback mechanism is a process through which the level of one
substance _________ the level of another substance.
2. In a positive feedback mechanism, more level of luteinizing hormone
(LH) leads to _________ estrogen release.
3. In a negative feedback mechanism, when there is an increased level of
hormone, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland ______ the production
of hormones.
4. The diagram shows the ________ mechanisms occurring during a
menstrual cycle.
5. During menstruation, the level of estrogen and progesterone _______.
(Note: Estrogen and progesterone controls the thickening of
endometrium.)

The menstrual cycle of a woman typically cycles for 28 days. It affects

fertility depending on when a woman starts her period or menstruation.

8
 Let Us Remember

• Menstrual Cycle is the monthly shedding of blood from the uterus of

the endometrium, which is released through the vagina, typically for
a period of three to five days or a maximum of 7 days.
• The menstrual cycle has 2 major phases: follicular phase and luteal
phase.
• In the follicular phase, the level of hormone estrogen rises which
causes the lining of the uterus to grow and thicken. This occurs
between Day 1 to 14.
• In the luteal phase, the level of the hormone progesterone rises
to help prepare the uterine lining (endometrium) for pregnancy.
This phase occurs during Day 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle.
• The sub-events in the follicular phase are: menstruation or the
shedding of the endometrium, and ovulation where mature egg is
released.
• Feedback mechanism is the process through which the level of one
substance (hormone) influences the level of another substance
(hormone).
• In a positive feedback mechanism, an increased level of a hormone
results to the release of an increased level of another hormone. For
example, more LH leads to more estrogen release.
• In a negative feedback mechanism, when there is an increased level
of hormone, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland decrease/ even
stop the production of hormones. For example, the high level of
progesterone inhibits the further release of LH.

Let Us Assess

Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following phases of menstrual cycle does a follicle grow

into full maturity?
A. Follicular phase C. Menstrual phase
B. Luteal phase D. Secretory phase

9
2. Which of the following phases of menstrual cycle is described when the
lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for a fertilized egg to
develop?
A. Follicular phase C. Menstrual phase
B. Luteal phase D. Secretory phase

3. What event is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining with some
blood, released through the vagina, and occurs for a period of three to
five days?
A. Amenorrhea C. Menopause
B. Conception D. Menstruation

4. How long is the average menstrual cycle of a woman?

A. 8 days C. 28 days
B. 18 days D. 38 days

5. Which of the following period is the occurrence of a follicular phase in

the menstrual cycle?
A. 1 to 5 days C. 12 to 17 days
B. 1 to 14 days D. 15 to 28 days

6. Which of the events releases a mature egg from the ovary?

A. Follicular Phase C. Menstruation Phase
B. Luteal Phase D. Ovulation

7. Which of the following period is the occurrence of a luteal phase in the

menstrual cycle?
A. 1 to 5 C. 6 to 14
B. 1 to 14 D. 15 to 28

8. Which of the following phases of menstrual cycle does the level of the
hormone progesterone rises to help prepare the uterine lining for
pregnancy?
A. Follicular Phases C. Menstruation Phase
B. Luteal Phase D. Ovulation

9. When is a mature egg cell from the ovary released?

A. During the 7th day from the last period.
B. During the 14th day from the last period.
C. During the 7th day from the first menstrual flow.
D. During the 14th day from the first menstrual flow.

10
10. During 12 to 14 days, the estrogen provides positive feedback to the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The positive feedback is the effect
of LH on estrogen. What will happen to estrogen released if there is
more LH released?
A. There is less estrogen released.
B. There is more estrogen released.
C. There is constant estrogen released.
D. The level of estrogen released cannot be determined.

11. In the positive feedback mechanism, which of the following will

happen if there is an increased production of estrogen in Days 12-14
of the menstrual cycle?
A. There is constant level of estrogen in the ovaries.
B. There is a decreased release of estrogen in the ovaries.
C. There is an increased release of estrogen in the ovaries.
D. The level of released hormone cannot be determined

12. Which of the following feedback mechanisms in the menstrual cycle is

described when more LH leads to more estrogen release?
A. Negative feedback mechanism
B. Neutral feedback mechanism
C. Positive feedback mechanism
D. Both negative and positive feedback mechanisms

13. In a negative feedback mechanism, what is its effect on the level of

estrogen and progesterone during most of the menstrual cycle?
A. Estrogen and progesterone constantly increase.
B. Estrogen and progesterone constantly decrease.
C. Estrogen and progesterone levels are more or less constant.
D. Estrogen and progesterone levels cannot be determined.

14. What is a feedback mechanism?

A. It is the process through which the level of one substance
(hormone) is not affected on the level of another substance
(hormone).
B. It is the process through which the level of one substance
(hormone) does not influence the level of another substance
(hormone).
C. It is the process through which the level of one substance
(hormone) influences the level of another substance (hormone).
D. It is the process through which the level of one substance
(hormone) is independent on the level of another substance
(hormone).

15. What event is characterized by the onset of monthly bleeding among

women?
A. Last menstrual period C. Menopausal stage
B. Last normal menstrual period D. Menstruation

11
 Let Us Enhance

Activity 3: Fill in the Blanks

Direction: Read the situation below and fill each blank with the best
answer provided in the box below.

For a woman, (1) _________________ is her body’s way of releasing tissues

that are no longer needed in the uterus. Every month, a woman’s body
prepares for (2) _________________. The uterus gets thicker as preparation for
the development of a (3) _________________ egg. The egg is released from the
(4) _________________ of the ovary and is ready to be fertilized. The fertilized
egg attaches itself to the lining of the (5) _________________.

follicle menstruation ovulation uterus

pregnancy fertilized

Congratulations for completing this module! This time, you may reflect
your learning for this lesson in the “Let Us Reflect” section.

Let Us Reflect

We change as we grow. A man changes differently from a woman. A

woman undergoes a lot of changes when puberty hits. One of those changes
is having a menstrual cycle every month. This is the essential part of being a
woman to conceive and bear a child in her womb. It is complex and controlled
by many different glands and hormones that these glands produce and which
keep the woman’s body balanced through the feedback mechanisms.

12
 13
Let Us Enhance Let Us Practice More
Activity 3 Activity 2A
1. menstruation 1. LP
2. pregnancy 2. M
3. fertilized 3. FP
4. follicle 4. O
5. uterus 5. M
Activity 2B
1. influences
2. more / increased
3. decrease / even stop
4. feedback
5. drops / decreases
Let Us Practice Let Us Assess Let Us Try
Activity 1 1. A 6. D 11. C 1. D
2. A
1. Ovulation 2. A 7. D 12. C 3. D
2. Menstruation 4. C
3. Follicular phase 3. D 8. B 13. C
5. D
4. Luteal phase
4. C 9. D 14. C
5. Thickens
6. 1-7 days 5. B 10. B 15. D
7. endometrium
8. hormone
9. increase/rise
10. decrease/stop
Answer Key
 References

Rabago, Lilia, Jaoquin Cresencia, Lagunzad, Catherine Genevieve.

Functional Biology. Modular Approach. (Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House,
Inc.,2003), 364-365.

Acosta, Herma, Alvarez, Liza, Angeles, Dave, Arre, Ruby, Carmona, Ma.
Pilar, Garcia, Aurelia, Gatpo, Arlen, Marcaida, Judith, Olarte, Ma. Regaele,
Rosales, Marivic, Salazar, Nilo. Science Learner’s Material. (Pasig: REX Book
Store, Inc.,2015), 251-254.

“The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,” August 26,

2019, https://my.cleavelandclinic.org/health/articles/10132-normal-
menstruation/.

“FlexBooks,” August 17, 2016,https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-biology-

advanced-concepts/section/17.82/.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Davao City Division

E. Quirino Avenue, Davao City

Telephone: (082) 227 4762

Email Address: lrms.davaocity@deped.gov.ph