Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Q3 Science 10 Module 3
Q3 Science 10 Module 3
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Nervous System in Action!
Science – Grade 10
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Nervous System in Action!
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.
Science
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Nervous System in Action!
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
ii
Let Us Learn
Hello, learner! You are now on the module 3 for this quarter! In the past
lesson you have learned how our human body is made up of different systems
that coordinate with one another to perform their functions. In this module
you will be able to understand organisms having feedback mechanisms being
coordinated and regulated by the nervous system in maintaining
homeostasis.
To start with our learning, it is best to set our target goals. By the end of this
module, you should be able to:
• identify the parts of the nervous system and their functions.
• differentiate Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS); and
• trace how the nervous system coordinates and regulates feedback
mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
1
Let Us Try!
1. The following are the body activities associated with the Autonomic
Nervous System, EXCEPT
A. Thought or information processing.
B. Peristalsis of the intestines.
C. Breathing
D. Beating of the heart.
5. Which statement best describes how you can keep your nervous
system healthy?
A. Eat a balanced diet.
B. Make it a goal to get 7 to 8 hours of sleep.
C. Avoid smoking and drinking excessive alcohol.
D. All the above.
2
Let Us Study
Major Divisions and Parts of the Nervous System
Your nervous system connects all your body parts and transmits
signals from one part of the body to another. It has three broad functions:
sensory input, information processing, and motor output. Its primary
function is to coordinate, regulate the body’s responses to internal and
external stimuli and control the body functions. Each part of the nervous
system plays a specific role and important function to our body (Acosta, et al.
2015).
The nervous system is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS)
and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
3
Table 1. The Parts and Functions of Central Nervous System
Parts Function
4
Table 2. The Parts and Functions of Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The PNS connects the central nervous system to the organs, muscles, and
senses in the periphery of the body. It has two main divisions: Somatic
Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.
Parts Function
a. Somatic Primarily sense the external environment (through
Nervous hearing, touch, and sight) and controls voluntary
System (SNS) muscle activities. It has two main parts: spinal nerves
(Voluntary system, and cranial nerves.
muscle movement)
Spinal Nerves The nerves that carry motor, sensory, and autonomic
signals between the spinal cord and the body.
Cranial Nerves The nerve fibers that carry information related to the
eyes, mouth, tongue, ears, neck, and shoulders into
and out of the brain stem instead of the spinal cord.
b. Autonomic The relay between the CNS and internal organs and
Nervous glands. Primarily senses and monitors the conditions of
System (ANS) the internal environment and controls involuntary
(Involuntary control activities such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and
system, digestion. It has two subdivisions which typically
subconscious)
function in opposition but complementary in nature to
each other: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic
nervous systems.
Sympathetic It is activated when the body is in a dynamic role (full of
Nervous System energy) or stress and other emergency situations. It
(Fight-or-flight controls the body’s automatic response to danger,
response) preparing the body for stress-related activities (e.g.,
increasing the heart rate and breathing, dilating of the
pupils and the blood vessels, sweating, having
goosebumps, etc.) allowing the body to access energy
reserves to either fight off the threat or to run away to
safety.
Parasympathetic It maintains body functions and restores the body to
Nervous System normal or relaxed mode when the threat has been
(Rest-and-digest or resolved. It stimulates activities that occur when the
Feed-and-breed body is at rest, like sexual arousal, slowing the heart
responses)
rate, lowering blood pressure, stimulating digestion,
salivation, urination, defecation, etc.
5
from different body parts and make decisions about how you should react in
each situation (Adams 2018).
All the organ systems in the body work together to maintain a stable
internal environment. Homeostasis is the tendency of an organism to
maintain a stable, relatively constant internal balance or equilibrium by self-
regulation (OpenStax College 2013). Homeostatic control mechanisms have at
least three components: a receptor, the control center, and effector. Control
centers are in the central nervous system. The hypothalamus is a portion of
6
the brain that plays a significant role in maintaining homeostasis; it is
involved in many functions of the autonomic nervous system, and it serves as
a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system (Sargis 2015).
The nervous system coordinates and regulates bodily functions. By
functioning together, the organ systems can provide the cells with the energy
they need, remove their wastes, maintain the body temperature, pH, and other
conditions right for the body to support life.
Our body systems maintain homeostasis by using feedback
mechanisms. This is primarily through negative feedback loops or can be by
positive feedback loops.
3. Input:
Information is Control 4. Output:
sent along Center Information is
afferent sent along
pathway to Control efferent pathway
control center. to effector.
center
determines
2. Change the
is detected
Receptor appropriate Effector
by receptor. (senses) response
and course
of action. 5. Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
1. Stimulus: magnitude of
Produces change stimulus and
in the (body) returns the
system. Disrupts system to
the state of System (Body) in Homeostasis homeostasis.
balance or
homeostasis.
7
Examples of negative feedback loops are thermoregulation, blood sugar
regulation, osmoregulation, and blood pressure regulation.
When you feel hot, or have a fever, the body’s temperature rises
(stimulus), the skin (receptor) and brain sense the change. The brain (control
center) triggers a command to the skin (effector) to sweat (response) and the
blood vessels (effector) near the skin surface to dilate to give off more heat
(response). These responses lower the body’s temperature. When the body
temperature returns to normal 37°C, the negative feedback will cause the
response to end.
On the other hand, when you are cold or the body temperature is low,
the brain triggers a command to the muscles to shiver, the body hair to stand
on end to produce goosebumps, and for the blood vessels to constrict to help
the body produce and retain heat.
8
oxytocin until the contractions will be powerful enough to cause childbirth.
Childbirth is a positive feedback loop because it maintains the direction of the
stimulus and accelerates it.
Let Us Practice
9
Major Division and Parts
of the Nervous System
10
Activity 2: Show and Tell
Direction: Our immune system protects our body from pathogens like
bacteria and viruses that cause infections and diseases. Using the given
concept map below trace the role of the nervous system in the homeostatic
mechanism of our immune system. Arrange the sequence of the process by
writing the appropriate statements or descriptions on the numbered box to
complete the concept map. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
▪ Certain white blood cells (WBCs) will attack the pathogens and release
pyrogens in the blood.
▪ Pyrogens travel to the Hypothalamus where they disturb its functioning
and trick it into thinking the body is cooler than it is.
▪ The fever stimulates the production of more of white blood cells and
may directly kill or inhibit the growth of some pathogens. The brain
maintains the fever until the pathogen is present.
▪ The Hypothalamus sends signal to the body to increase the body
temperature above the normal - producing a fever.
▪ Pathogens or disease-causing organisms invade the body.
Homeostatic mechanism
in maintaining a healthy
body.
11
Let Us Remember
• Central Nervous System – serves as the main processing center for the
entire nervous system. It consists of two main components: the brain
and spinal cord.
• Cerebrum – Large, upper part of the brain that controls activity and
thought.
• Brain Stem – The part that connects the brain to the spinal cord and
controls automatic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate,
and blood pressure.
• Spinal cord – This serves as channel for signals between the brain and
the rest of the body and controls simple musculoskeletal reflex without
input from the brain.
• Spinal Nerves – The nerve that carry motor and sensory signals
between the spinal cord and the body.
• Cranial Nerves – The nerve fibers that carry information into and out
of the brain stem to regions of the head and neck.
12
activities such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion. It has
two subdivisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems.
• Nerve cell – also known as neuron, the basic unit of the nervous
system. They are cells with the special ability to carry signals or
impulses.
• Nerve impulse – is the way nerve cells communicate with one another.
It is an electrochemical signal moving along neuron either in response
to a stimulus or as an instruction from the brain.
• Synapse - a small gap at the end of neuron that allows signal to pass
from one neuron to the next.
13
• Positive feedback loops – a type of feedback in which a change in the
stimulus in a given direction causes additional change in the same
direction; enhances or accelerates the output of a system created by an
activated stimulus to further increase the output.
Let Us Assess
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it
on a separate sheet of paper.
2. What do you call the gap between two neurons where the
neurotransmitter crosses to stimulate the nerve impulse to start in the
next dendrite?
A. Synapse C. Axon Terminals
B. Dendrites D. Axons
3. Reiner was chased by a dog, his heart rate increased, now that he has
escaped, his heart rate is slowly returning to normal, this reaction is
the work of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System?
A. Sympathetic C. Parasympathetic
B. Somatic D. Peripheral
14
4. Which of the following body activities are NOT regulated by the
Autonomic Nervous System?
A. Beating of the heart.
B. Breathing
C. Peristalsis of the intestines.
D. Thought or information processing.
9. You and your friends went swimming in the cold mountain spring
resort at Eden-Bayabas, Toril. As you enter the pool, your body felt the
cold and freezing water. As a response, you start quivering or shivering.
What is your body trying to achieve by shivering?
A. Hematopoiesis C. Hormone regulation
B. Homeostasis D. None of the above
15
10. Insulin and glucagon help maintain homeostasis. The glucagon
increases blood sugar levels while the insulin reduces blood sugar
level. After eating pizza and ice cream, what is most likely to happen to
insulin and glucagon levels for the body to maintain homeostasis?
A. Insulin and Glucagon levels decrease.
B. Insulin and Glucagon levels remain the same.
C. Insulin levels increase and Glucagon levels decrease.
D. Insulin levels decrease and Glucagon levels increase.
11. Which of the following is TRUE when the body is under homeostasis?
A. The body is under the state of equilibrium.
B. The body is at an appropriate temperature and no longer needs to
regulate it.
C. The body cannot generate its own heat in very cold conditions.
D. The body can self-sustain without anything from the environment.
12. Belinda is in labor in a maternity clinic, the baby’s head pushes against
the cervix causing it to stretch, this stretching causes the nerve
impulses to be sent to the brain to stimulate the pituitary gland to
release oxytocin, causing the uterus to contract more.
What feedback mechanism is Belinda’s body undergoing?
A. Negative feedback loop C. Positive feedback loop
B. Neutral feedback loop D. None of the above.
13. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback loop?
A. Thermoregulation via sweating.
B. Ovulation via the Luteinizing Hormone surge.
C. Lactation via prolactin production.
D. Childbirth contraction via oxytocin release.
15. Which of the following statements would best describe how to keep
your Nervous System healthy?
A. Avoid smoking and drinking excessive alcohol.
B. Eat a balanced diet.
C. Make it a goal to get 7 to 8 hours of sleep.
D. All the above
16
Let Us Enhance
Q1. What might happen to a person when the nervous system fails to regulate
and maintain homeostasis?
Q2. Suppose you are in a dessert. How does the nervous system respond to
the increase of environmental temperature to maintain homeostasis?
Q3. Your friend Mikael skipped his lunch, and you have a P.E class right after
the lunch break. What part of the nervous system is the responsible in
regulating and signaling his body to cope up the low blood sugar level?
Let Us Reflect
All the systems within the body work together to maintain a stable
internal environment, equilibrium, or homeostasis. The organ systems
provide the body with all the substances it needs and eliminate its wastes.
The organ systems also coordinate with each other to keep the body
temperature, pH, and other conditions at the proper levels to support the life
of the organism.
The nervous system controls all body activities, and the endocrine
system produces the hormones that regulate these activities.
How does the body maintain homeostasis? The body regulates its
internal environment mostly through negative feedback. Negative feedback is
a type of response to a stimulus that keeps a variable close to a normal value.
It causes a change in the opposite direction of the stimulus; the system is
either shut off or turned on when it varies from a set value to bring it back to
its normal level of functioning.
17
change in the same direction; the output of a system created by an activated
stimulus results to further increase the output.
18
19
Activity 3. Think and Relate Activity 1. Fill Me and Complete Me
Answers may vary.
Activity 2. Show and Tell
Let Us Assess Let Us Try
1. C 1. A
2. A
3. C 2. C
4. D 3. D
5. D 4. A
6. C
5. D
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. A
14. C
15. D
Answer Key
References
Acosta, Herma D., Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre, Ma. Pilar
P. Carmona, Aurelia S. Garcia, Arlen Gatpo, et al. 2015. Science-Grade
10 Learner's Material. Pasig City: Department of Education.
Adams, Lawrence. 2018. "What are the differences between a CNS and a
PNS?" Sciencing. March 13. Accessed January 20, 2021.
https://sciencing.com/differences-between-cns-pns-8223236.html.
Bekolay, Trevor. 2012. "Learning in large-scale spiking neural networks."
ResearhGate 1-141. Accessed January 19, 2021.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Illustration-of-the-main-parts-
of-a-neuron_fig1_267411352/actions#reference.
Betts, J. Gordon, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon
Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble,
and Peter DeSaix. 2013. openstax. April 25.
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/12-1-
basic-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-system.
Biologydictionary.net Editors. 2018. "How does the nervous system maintain
homeostasis." Biology Dictionary. April 15. Accessed January 2021.
https://biologydictionary.net/how-does-the-nervous-system-
maintain-homeostasis/.
CK-12, Jean Brainard, and Rachel Hendersen. 2018. ck-12. August 10.
Accessed January 18, 2021. https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-
12-college-human-biology-flexbook-
2.0/section/10.5/primary/lesson/central-nervous-system-chumbio.
2017. difference.guru. December 3. Accessed January 18, 2021.
https://difference.guru/difference-between-the-somatic-and-the-
autonomic-nervous-system/#.
Hons, Adrian Rad BSc. 2020. Anatomy of the central nervous system.
October 29. Accessed January 24, 2021.
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-central-nervous-
system.
Jmarchn, William Medium69. n.d. Nervous system diagram unlabeled.
Wikimedia Commons.
Letitzki, M., D. Stefanovic, J-J. Meyer, S. Schimpf, and P. Schonknecht.
2020. "Autnomic balance determines the severity of COVID-19
courses." Bioelectronic Medicine 1-9.
2020. NursingAnswers.net. December 15. Accessed January 20, 2021.
https://nursinganswers.net/essays/homeostasis-nervous-system-
9690.php.
OpenStax College. 2013. "Homeostasis." Lumen Learning. October 17.
Accessed January 19, 2021.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
biology/chapter/homeostasis/.
Sargis, Robert M. 2015. "An overview of the hypothalamus." Endocrine Web.
April 8. Accessed January 21, 2021.
https://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-
hypothalamus#:~:text=The%20hypothalamus%20plays%20a%20signif
icant,Heart%20rate%20and%20blood%20pressure.
Tzafestas, Spyros G. 2018. Energy, Information, Feedback, Adaptation, and
Self-organization. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: