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Power Flow Analysis of 230/110 kV Substation using ETAP

Conference Paper · February 2014

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 Power Flow Analysis of 230/110 kV Substation
using ETAP
1
K.Rajesh, 2A.Arjunamuthu, 3M.Karuppasamypandiyan, 4A.Bhuvanesh
1,2,3,4
Department of EEE, Kalasalingam University, India.
1k.rajesh@klu.ac.in, 2arjunproudindian@gmail.com, 3pandi1081@gmail.com,
4bhuvanesh.ananthan@gmail.com.
Abstract—The requirement of power is very much essential for the
development of any country. The power/Load flow analysis is a
technique to determine the characteristic of the power system under
stable condition and to evaluate the various operating states of an
existing system. The Load flow analysis of a 230/110 kV substation
in an Indian Utility system using Electrical Transient Analyzer
Program (ETAP) is carried out to surmount the problem of under-
voltage. To overcome the problem of under-voltage, the optimal size
and location of capacitor/reactors are identified.
Index Terms—Capacitor bank, demand, ETAP software, load flow
analysis, losses, reactive power, substation, under voltage, voltage
profile.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power system engineering mainly deals with the concept of
study and analysis of power system and the electrical generated
power has to be transmitted and distributed to the consumer’s
with specified quality and reliability as and when consumers
need.
The application of software tools for power system studies has
been increasing over the years. After the development of
powerful computer based software and the recent advances in
engineering sciences have brought a revolution in the field of
electrical engineering. This work deals with the use of ETAP
software for load flow analysis of large electrical power system
which comprises of large power distribution network emanating
from 230/110 kV.
The load flow studies determine whether the system voltage
remains within the specified limits under various contingency
conditions, and any overloading of equipment such as
transformers and conductors. Load-flow studies are also used to
find any need for additional generation, capacitive, or inductive
VAr support, or the placement of capacitors and /or reactors to
maintain system voltage within specified limits.
The load flow analysis using ETAP software provides reliable
and accurate results. The ETAP software performs numerical
calculations of large integrated power system with fabulous speed
besides generating output parameters. This study makes use of
ETAP software to carry out load flow analysis of 230/110 kV
substation. The actual ratings of Power Transformers, Circuit
Breakers, Current Transformers, Potential Transformers and
Isolating switches are modeled in ETAP. The under-voltage is the
serious concern in any Utility systems.
The difference in voltage causes reactive power (VArs) to flow
and voltages on a power system are only +/- 5 percent of nominal
is considered to be small. This difference does not cause large
amount of reactive power (VArs) to be flow over long distances.
So, under heavy load conditions Reactive power (VArs) cannot
be transmitted very long, so it must be generated close to the
consumption side. At the load center, reactive power (VAr) is not
available, level of voltage goes down. The excess faults are
caused by chronic under voltages [1]. The single line diagram of
the substation is simulated in ETAP based upon actual data and it
is seen that 230/110 kV feeder bus there is under voltage [2]. To
overcome the problem of under voltage at 230/110 kV feeder bus
capacitor bank of suitable ratings are placed.
II. EQUIPMENT DETAILS
The details of the equipment are taken from 230/110 kV
substation of Indian utility system. It comprises of 2 Power
Transformers, 22 Circuit Breakers, 22 Current Transformers, 5
Potential Transformers and 25 Isolating switches. The details of
the equipment are provided in Table 1.
The 230/110 kV substation consists of 14 bus; 4 generation buses
and 8 load buses and 2 transfer buses. In this analysis of load flow,
4 generation buses are acts as swing bus. The total generation of
is 1100 MW; 3 of generating bus having 300 MW each and the
remaining one generating bus has 200 MW. The total load is 610
MW. Out of 8 load bus, 2 load bus draws 70 MW each and the
other 6 load buses draw 150 MW, 30 MW, 90 MW, 70 MW, 50
MW and 80 MW respectively. Single line diagram of the
substation is shown in Figure 1.
III. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
The load flow analysis of 230/110 kV substation using ETAP
is shown in Fig. 2. The Newton-Raphson method is used to
analyze the load flow [3]- [6]. It is observed that at the bus 1A,
bus 5, bus 7, bus 9 and bus 10 there is an under voltage, which
can be clearly seen from Fig. 2 . The voltage level at bus 1A is
0.9401 p.u; at bus 5 is 0.9478 p.u; at bus 7 is 0.9201 p.u; at bus 9
is 0.9301 p.u and at bus 10 is 0.9301 p.u are found to be under-
voltage buses. Table 2 shows the Demand and Losses summary
report, which tells us about the total demand of the system and
the losses that occurs in a system.
 TABLE 1 DETAILS OF THE EQUIPMENT TABLE 2 SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION, LOAD AND DEMAND
Rating
Component Type Parameters MW MVAr MVA % PF
Primary Secondary
Auto Transformer 1 230 kV 110 kV 99.3
Swing bus 572.814 69.951 577.069
transformers Transformer 2 230 kV 110 kV Lagging
99.3
Current CT 1-16 150 A 1A Total demand 572.814 69.951 577.069
Lagging
Transformers CT 17-22 300 A 1A
Total static load 546.057 0.082 - -
Potential
PT 1-5 110 kV 120 V Apparent Losses 26.757 69.869 - -
Transformers
Circuit CB 1-16 245 kV/3000 A IV. ETAP ALERTS DURING LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Breakers CB 17-22 121 kV/600 A
Isolating
SW 1-40 230 kV/1000A
While performing load flow analysis ETAP provides various
Switches alerts, which need immediate attention for smooth running of the
Load 1 70 MW
system. After carrying out load flow analysis using ETAP an alert
Load 2 70 MW
Load 3 80 MW summary report is generated which tells us which part of the
Load 4 150 MW system needs immediate attention and it can be clearly seen from
Feeders
Load 5 30 MW the Table 3 shows that the bus 1A, bus 5, bus 7, bus 9 and bus 10
Load 6 50 MW are operating at an under voltage. The voltage level at bus 1A is
Load 7 90 MW 0.9401 p.u; at bus 5 is 0.9478 p.u; at bus 7 is 0.9201 p.u; at bus 9
Load 8 70 MW
Generation 1 300 MW
is 0.9301 p.u; and at bus 10 is 0.9301 p.u are found to be under
Generation 2 300 MW voltage bus. The result shows that the one 230 kV buses and four
Generation 3 300 MW 110 kV bus are operated in under voltage condition.
Generation 4 300 MW

Fig. 1 single line diagram of 230/110 kV substation

 Fig. 2 Result of load flow analysis of 230/110 kV substation (before adding capacitors)

TABLE 3 ALERT REPORT BEFORE ADDING CAPACITOR BANK V. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS TO OVERCOME THE
% PROBLEM OF UNDER VOLTAGE
Bus No. Rating Calculated Condition
Value
Under The simulation of the 230/110 kV substation is carried out in
Bus 1 A 230 kV 216.443 94.1 ETAP by placing the capacitor banks in required place to
voltage
Bus 5 110 kV 102.117 94.3
Under overcome the problem of under-voltage. The capacitor bank with
voltage calculated rating of 18 MVAr in bus 1A; 36 MVAr in bus 1B; 45
Under
Bus 7 110 kV 103.754 92.8
voltage
MVAr in bus 3 B; 28.5 MVAr in bus 1 C; 6.05 MVAr in bus 5;
Under 27 MVAr in bus 7; 9 MVAr in bus 9; 9 MVAr in bus 10 are taken.
Bus 9 110 kV 103.325 94.3 The capacitors are used to supply reactive power. For the efficient
voltage
Bus 10 110 kV 103.754 93.9
Under power flow in the transmission line the reactive power
voltage
compensation is needed. The reactive power compensation is
done by placing appropriate capacitor bank
.

Fig 3 Analysis of 230/110 kV substations after adding capacitor bank

 Fig 3a Sectional view of analysis of 230 kV of 230/110 kV substations after adding capacitors

Fig 3b Sectional view of analysis of 110 kV side of 230/110 kV substations after adding capacitors
 TABLE 4 ALERT REPORT AFTER ADDING CAPACITOR BANK VI. CONCLUSION
To evaluate various operating states of an existing system, the
%
Bus No. Rating Calculated
Value
Condition power flow analysis is essential. The problem of under-voltage is
minimized by placing capacitors in suitable location/bus. Load
Bus 1A 230 kV 225.308 97.96 Normal
Bus 5 110 kV 105.831 96.21 Normal Flow study using ETAP software is carried out with an approach
Bus 7 110 kV 108.031 98.21 Normal to surmount the problem of an under voltage in a 230/110 kV
Bus 9 110 kV 106.073 96.43 Normal substation. Load flow studies can be used to determine the
Bus 10 110 kV 106.524 96.84 Normal optimum size and location of capacitors to surmount the problem
Table 4 provides an alert report after adding capacitor bank. By of an under voltage. In addition, they are useful in determining
comparing Table 3 and Table 4 the problem of under-voltage is the system voltages under conditions of suddenly applied or
cleared by placing appropriate capacitors. Hence the power flow disconnected loads (Transient conditions). This simulation
throughout the 230/110 kV electrical network system is efficient studies can also be helpful for utilities in their planning and
by surmounting the problem of under voltage. Table 5 shows the enhancement sectors.
demand and losses summary report after adding the capacitors
that tells us about the total demand of the system and about the
losses that occurs in a system. The summary report after placing REFERENCES
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