Plane and Solid Geometry

Learning Outcomes:

 To compute and solve problems involving the areas for plane figures.
 To compute and solve problems involving the surface areas and volumes of the different
types of solids.

Plane Geometry
Polygons

A. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES:

Geometry - The word Geometry is taken from two Greek words, “geos” means earth
and “metron” which means measurement. It is the branch of mathematics which deals
with questions of size, shape and relative position of figures and with properties of space.
Polygon – is a closed spaced bounded by lines. They are named in accordance with the
interior angles and number of sides. Polygons of equal length of the sides are called
regular polygons.

Classification of Polygons Based on Their Interior Angles

1. Convex Polygon - are polygons with no interior angle greater than 180 0.

2. Concave Polygon – (sometimes called re-entrant polygon) are polygons with at least one
angle greater than 1800. It is a polygon in which you can draw at least one straight line that
crosses more than two sides.

Types of Polygons Based on the Number of Sides

Number Name of Polygon Number Name of Polygon

of Sides of Sides
3 Triangle/Trigon 11 Undecagon/Hedecagon
4 Quadrilateral/Tetragon 12 Dodecagon
5 Pentagon 15 Pentadecagon/Quindecagon
6 Hexagon 16 Hexadecagon/Hexakaidecagon
7 Heptagon/Septagon 20 Icosagon
8 Octagon 100 Hectogon
9 Nonagon/Enneagon 1000 Chiliagon
10 Decagon 10000 Myriagon
* For other polygon, use: n-gon
 Key Formulas for Regular N-sides Polygon
 Number of Diagonals Area of Regular Polygon with N-sides
Nd = n / 2 (n – 3) n = no. of sides A = ¼ (nb2 cot 1800/n)

 Interior Angles Area of N-sides Polygon Inscribed in a Circle

Θeach = (n – 2)1800 / n A = ½ (nr2 sin 3600/n)

 Sum of Interior Angles Area of N-sides Polygon Circumscribed a Circle

Σθ interior = (n – 2)180 0
A = nr2 tan 1800/n

 Sum of Exterior Angles

Σθexterior = 3600
MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Key Formulas and Theorems on Circle

 Area and Circumference of a Circle

A = π r2 C = 2 πr r = radius of the circle
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 Sector of a Circle Arc Length

A =1/2 (r2 θ) S=rθ θ = in radians, 1800/ π

 Segment of a Circle
Asegment = Asector – ATriangle = ½ r2 (θ−sin θ ¿ ¿

Areas and Perimeters of Common Geometric Figures

1. Rectangle – is a quadrilateral whose adjacent sides are perpendicular.
A=Lxw P = 2L + 2w D = √ L2+ w 2 L = length, w = width

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2. Square – a rectangle of equal sides
A = x2 P = 4x D = √2 x x = sides

3. Triangle

MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

a. Given triangle based and height
A = ½ bh b = base, h = height

b. Given three sides of the triangle

A =√ S (S−a)(S−b)( S−c ) (Heron’s Formula)
S = (a + b + c) / 2 a, b, c = sides of the triangle

c.Two adjacent sides and the included angle

A = ½ a b sin θ

d. Triangle inscribed in a circle

A = (abc) / 4r r = radius of the circle
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e. Triangle circumscribing a circle

A=rS S = (a + b + c) / 2

f. Right Triangle
A = ½ bh P = a + b + c c2 = a2 + b2
g.Equilateral Triangle
A = ½ x2 sin 600 = √ 3 x2 / 4

h. Isoscles Triangle
A = ½ x2 sin θ

4. Parallelogram – is a quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel.

A = ab sin θ A = ½ d1d2 sin β A = bh P = 2a + 2b

5. Rhombus – a parallelogram of equal sides.

 A = a2 sin θ A = ½ d1d2 A = ah P = 4a

6. Trapezoid – a quadrilateral with one pair of sides parallel to each other.

MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

A = ½ (a + b) h Median = ½ (a + b) h = distance between base a and b

7. Trapezium – is also known as general quadrilateral or a polygon of four sides.

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a. Given four sides and sum of opposite angles

A = √ ( S−a )( S−b ) ( S−c )( S−d )−abcd cos 2 θ
S = (a + b + c + d) / 2 θ = (A + C) / 2 = (B + D) / 2

b. Given the diagonals of the quadrilaterals

A = ½ d1d2 sin β

8. Cyclic Quadrilaterals- is a quadrilateral that lie in a circle

A = √ ( S−a )( S−b ) ( S−c )( S−d ) Bramaguptha’s Formula
r = (√ (ab+cd )(ac +bd)(ad+ bc) ) / 4A

9. Special Quadrilaterals
a. Ellipse

√
P = 2 π ( a +b )
2 2
3 A = π ab
2
a = is the semi-major axis b = is the semi-minor axis
 b. Parabolic Segment
c b2 4 a+c
A = 2/3 ab P = + ln ( )+b
2 8a b

MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Examples:
1. The angle of a sector is 300 and the radius is 15 cm. What is the area of a sector?
Solutions:
A = ½ r2 θ
A = ½ (15)2 (300 x π / 1800) = 58.90 cm.

2. If the sides of a parallelogram and an included an included angle are 6, 10, and 100
degrees respectively, find the length of the shorter diagonal.
Solutions:
d2 = 62 + 102 – 2(6)(10)cos 800
d = 10.73 units

3. How many sides are in polygon if each interior angle is 165 0?

Solutions:
Θ = 180(n – 2) / n 360 = 180n – 165n
165 = 180(n – 2) / n 360 = 15n
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165n = 180n – 360 n = 24 sides

4. Two triangles have equal bases. The altitude of one triangle is 3 units more than its
base and the altitude of the other is 3 units less than its base. Find the altitude if the
areas of the triangle differs by 21 square units.
Solutions:
h1 = b – 3 h2 = b + 3 b1 = b2 = b
A2 = A1 + 21
bh2 / 2 = bh1 / 2 + 21 b(b + 3) – b(b – 3) = 21(2)
b=7 h1 = 7 – 3 = 4 h2 = 7 + 3 = 10

5. The area of a circle inscribed a hexagon is 144π m2. Find the area of the hexagon.
Solutions:
A = ½ r2 sin θ (n) r = √ 144 π /π
Θ = 3600 / 6 = 600 r = 12 m
Ahex = ½ (r2) (sin 600) (6) Ahex = ½ (12)2(sin 600)(6)
Acircle = π r2 = 144π Ahex = 374.12 m2
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Solid Geometry
 Polyhedron – is a closed bounded by planes.

Rectangular Parallelepiped – is a polyhedron with six faces which are all rectangles.
V=Lxwxh Atotal surface = 2 (Lw + wh + Lh) Alateral = 2(wh + Lh)
MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Cube – is a polyhedron with six faces which are all squares.

V = x3 Atotal surface = 6x2 Alateral = 4x2
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Prism – is a polyhedron having two faces which are equal polygons in parallel planes and
whose other faces are parallelograms. Right prism if the lateral faces are all perpendicular
to the base otherwise it is Oblique prism.
a. Right Prism
V = Abaseh Alateral = Pbaseh Atotal surface = Alateral + 2Abase

b. Oblique Prism
V = Abaseh V = A⊥L Alateral = P⊥L Atotal surface = Alateral + 2Abase

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 P⊥= perimeter of the right section A⊥ = area of the right section L = slant height

Truncated Prism
V = Abasehaverage V = Abase (h1 + h2 + ……hn)/n n = no. of height

MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Prismatoid – is a polyhedron having for bases two polygons in parallel planes and for
lateral faces triangles or trapezoids with one side lying in one base and the opposite
vertex or side lying in the other base, of the polyhedron.
V = h/6 (A1 + A2 + 4Am) Am = area of the middle section

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Regular Polyhedron – a polyhedron whose faces are equal regular polygons and all of
whose polyhedral are equal. Faces are the portions of the bounding planes included by
the edges. Vertices are the intersection of the edges.

Regular No. of No. of No. of Volume Type of

Polyhedron Faces Vertices Edges Formulas Faces
Tetrahedron 4 4 6
V=
√ 2 a3 Triangle
12
Hexahedron 6 8 12 V = a3 Square
Octahedron 8 6 12
V=
√ 2 a3 Triangle
3
Dodecahedro 12 20 30 V = 7.66 Pentagon
n a3
Icosahedron 20 12 30 V = 2.18 Triangle 6
a3

Where: a = length of one edge

Lateral Area = (Number of faces) (Area of one face)

 No. of vertices + No. of faces = No. of edge + 2

Cylinder – is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface of two parallel planes

which are the bases.
V = Abaseh V = A⊥L Alateral = P⊥L Atotal surface = Alateral + 2Abase
MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Right Circular Cylinder – is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface which

are perpendicular to the circular bases.
V = π r2 Alateral = 2 π rL Asurface = Alateral + 2Acircle
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Pyramid – is a polyhedron whose base is a polygon of any number of sides with

one face called the base and whose other faces are triangles with a common
vertex.
V = 1/3 Abaseh Alateral = sum of face areas Asurface = Alateral + Abase

Frustum of a Pyramid – is the portion between the base of a pyramid and a section
parallel to the base.
V = h/3 (A1 + A2 + √ A 1 A 2) A1 = area of lower base A2 = area of upper base

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Cone – is a solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface) whose directrix is a
close curve and a plane (base) which cuts all the elements.
V = 1/3 (Abaseh) V = 1/3 ( π r2) h Alateral = π rL

MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Frustrum of a Cone – is the portion between the base of a cone and a section
parallel to the base.
V = h/3 (A1 + A2 + √ A 1 A 2) V = π h/3 (R2 + r2 + Rr) Alateral = π L (R + r)

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Sphere – is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant

from a fixed point called the center.
V = 4/3 ( π r3) A = 4 π r2

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Spherical Lune – is that portion of a spherical surface bounded by the halves of two
great circles.
Alune = π r2θ / 900 θ = must be in degrees
 Spherical Zone – is the portion of the spherical surface between two parallel planes.
A spherical zone of one base has one bounding plane tangent to the sphere.
Azone = 2 π rh
MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Spherical Segment – is the portion of a sphere bounded by a zone and the planes of
the zone’s bases.
V = π h2/3 (3r – h) V = π h/6 (3a2 + h2) V = π h/6 (3a2 + 3b2 + h2)
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Spherical Wedge – is the portion of the surface of a sphere included between two
great semicircles having a common diameter.
V = π r3θ / 2700 θ = must be in degrees

Spherical Cone – is a solid formed by the revolution of a circular sector about its
one side (radius of the circle).
V = 1/3 (2 π rh) Asurface = Azone + Alateral of cone

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Spherical Pyramid – is the portion of a sphere bounded by a spherical polygon and
The planes of its sides.
V = π r3E / 5400 E = Σ Angles = (n – 2) 1800
Examples:
1. If one edge of a cube measures 12 cm. Calculate for the surface area of the cube and the
volume of the cube.
Solutions:
For Surface Area:
Asurface = 6a2 = 6 (12)2 = 864 cm2
For Volume:
V = a3 = (12)3 = 1728 cm3

2. A pyramid with a square base has an altitude of 25 cm. If the edge of the base is 15 cm.
Calculate the volume of the pyramid.

MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

Solutions:
V = 1/3 Abaseh
V = 1/3 (15)2 (25) = 1875 cm3
3. If the volume of a sphere is 345 cm3. Solve for its diameter.
Solutions:
V = 4/3 π r3 r = 4.35 cm
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345 = 4/3 π r d = 2r = 2(4.35) = 8.70 cm
r = √ 3(435) / 4 π
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4. A frustum of a regular pyramid has an upper base of 8 m x 80 m and a lower base of 10 m x

100 m and an altitude of 5 m. Find the volume of the pyramid.
Solutions:
V = h/3 (A1 + A2 + √ A 1 A 2 V = 5/3 (640 + 1000 + √ (640)(1000)
2
A1 = 8 x 80 = 640 m V = 4066.67 m3
A2 = 10 x 100 = 1000 m2
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