.

1.10
MAIICS-'h
+ 1)+ 1
n +2 3q + 2+2 3(q when divided by 3
=

remainder 1
n +2 leaves
n+2 is not divisible by 3
=
3 +2
Again, n

n+4 =
3q +2+ 4 =
3(q + 2)
n+ 4 is divisible by3
but n and n+ 2 are not divisible by 3.
Thus, + 4 is divisible by 3
13 of every three
Prove that positive integers is divisihlo
one
consecutive
EXAMPLE
sOLUTION Let n, n +1, n +2 be threeconsecutive positiveintegers. We knowthat
we have the following cases:
the form 3q, 3q + 1 or, 3q + 2. So,
CASEI When n = 3y: In this case,

n is divisible by 3 but n +1 and n + 2 are not divisible by 3.

CASE II When n = 3q +1: In this case,

n+2 3q+ 1+2 =3(q +1) is divisible by 3 butn and n+1 are not divisibleby3.
CASE I1I When n = 3q + 2: In this case,

n+1 = 3q +1 +2 = 3(q +1) is divisible by 3 but n and n+2 are not divisible by 3.
Hence, one of n, n + 1 and n +2 is divisible by 3.

EXERCISE 1.1
LEVEL-1
1. If a and b are two odd positive integers such that a > b, then prove that one of the two

a +b
numbers and is odd and
2
the other is even.
2. Prove that the product of two consecutive
positive integers is divisible by 2.
3. Prove that the
product of three consecutive positive integer is divisible by 6.
4. For
any positive integer n, prove that 1r-n
divisible by 6. INCERT EXEMPLARI
5. Prove that if a
positive integer is of the form 6q + 5, thenit is of the form 3q +2
integer q, but not tor some
conversely.
6. Prove that the
square of any positive integer of the form 54 +1 is of the same
7. forin
Prove
3m +2.
that the
square of any positive integer is of the
form 3mn or, 3m + 1 but not of the form
8. Prove that the
square of any positive integer is of the form 4qg or 49 +1 for some
ine
9. INCERT EXEMPLARI
Prove that the
square of any positive integer is of the form ome
integer 9. 5q, 5q + 1,54 * *
*
10. Show
that the
square of an odd
integer q. positive integer is of the form
89t
 1.11
REAL NUMBERS

1 or, 69 + 3 or, 67 + 5, where 9 1s

11. show that
any positive odd integer is of the form 6q +

Some integer. NCERTI

LEVEL-2
6m +2 6m + 5 rOr
of any positive integer cannot be of the form[NCERT
or
12. Show that the square
EXEMPLAR]
any integer m.
anda
13. Show that the cube of a positive integer is of the form 6q + r, where q is an integer
r=0, 1,2,3, 4,5. INCERT EXEMPLAR
+16 is divisible by 5, where
14. h o w that one and only one out of n, n +4, n +8, n+12 and n NCERTEXEMPLAR]
n is any positive integer.
+1 6q +3 for
positive integer can be ofthe form 69
or
15. Show that the square of an odd
INCERT EXEMPLAR]
some integer q.
16. A positive integer is of the form 3q+ 1,q beinga natural number. Can you write its square

in any form other than 3m + 1, 3m or 3m + 2 for some integer m? Justify your

answer.

the form 3m + 2, where m isa

17. Show that the square of any positive integer cannot be of
natural number.

HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

be two consecutive positive integers. Then,

their product is (n
-

1)
2. Let n
-1 and n

n = n- Now, proceed as in example 6.

n.

3. Let n be any positive integer. Since any positive integer

is of the form 6q or, 6q +1 or,

3 or, 6q + 4 or, 6q + 5.
6q +2 or, 6q +
Ifn= 6q, then which is divisible by 6
n (n +1) (n + 2) =6q (6g + 1) (6q +2),
If n = 6q+1, then
n (n +1) (n (6q + 1) (6q +2)(6g + 3)
+ 2) =
=
6 (64 + 1)(3q +1) (24 +1),
which is divisible by 6.
If n= 64 +2, then
+ 3),
(6q + 2) (6q + 3) (6q + 4) 12 (3q+ 1) (2+ 1) (2q
=

n (n + 1) (n + 2) =

which is divisible by 6.
6q+3 or, 69 + 4 or, 6q +5.
Similarly, n(n+1) (n+2) is divisible by ifn
6 =

4. Wehave,
which is product of three consecutive positive integers.
n-n (1n 1) (7) (n + 1),
=
-

3.
So, proceed as in Q. No. is of the
5. Let =6q n + 5, where q is a positive integer. We know that any positive integer
+ 2.
form 3k or, 3k +1 or, 3k
3k +1 or, 3k +2
g 3k or,
If q =
3k, then
3m+2, where m = 6k + 1
=6q+ 5
n 18k + 5 =
3 (6k +1)+2 =

If q 3k +1, then
2 3m 2, where m 6k +3
3(6k + 3) +
=
5 +
n =6q + 5 =
6 (3k +1) + =
 1.12
MILM
If q = 3k + 2 , then

6.
6 (3k +2) +5 3 (6k +5) +2 =3m +2, where
Let n = 5q + 1. Then,
n= 6q+5 = =

m=6k.
+5
25q* 10q+1 5(5q +29) +1 = = 5m+
1, where m 5q+2 =

n is of the form 5m+1.

7.
Any positive ingeger n is ofthe form 34, 3q+ 1 or, 3q + 2.
Ifn 3q, then
n =
9q =
3 (3q) =
3m, where m
=3q2
If n = 3q +1, then

n =9q+ 6q +1 3q (3q + 2) + =
1 =3m +1, where
If n = 3q +2, then
m
=q (3q +2)
=
(3q+ 2 =
9+ 12g+4 3(3 +4q+ 1)+1 3m
Hence, is of the form 3m or, 3m + 1 but
+1, where m= 3q +49+1, =

not of the form 3m +2.

8. Any positive integer n is of the form 2m or, 2m +1
If n = 2m, then

n 4m= 4q, where q =m2

Ifn = 2m+1, then

n (211 +1) 4m* + 4m +1 4m (m+1) +1

=
=
=

4q +1, where =

9. Any positive integer n is of the form 5m or 5m+1, or 5m +2or 5m +3 4 =m(m +1)

If n = 5m, then or 5m+4.
n 25m 5 (5m*) 5q, where q =

If n = 5m + 1, then
=
5m
= (5m +1) =5m (5m + 2) +1
If
=
5q + 1, where q m(5m + 2)=

n =
5m + 2, then

n =
(5m +2) =
5m (5m + 4) + 4 =
5q + 4, where q =m(5m + 4)
If n = 5m+3, then

n = (5m +3) = 5 (m + 6m + 1) + 4 5q + 4, where q = 5m* + 6m +1

If n = 5m + 4, then

n
5 (5m* + 8m + 3) +1 5q +1, where q =5m* +8m +3
=

Hence, is of the form 5q or,

5q+1 or, 59 +4.
10. Since, any odd positive integer n is
of the form 4m +1 or 4m +3.
Ifn =4m+1, then
n (4m+ 1)* 16m
=
=
+ 8m + 1 8m (m +1) +1 8q = + 1 where q =
m(m+)
If n =4m+3, then
n4m+3)* = 16m* + 24m +9 = 8 (2m+ 3m + 1) +1 = 8q + 1, whereq = 2nr+3m

Hence, n is of the form 8q +1.

11. Leta be h that
any odd positive integer and b 6. Then, there exist integers qana rsu =

a =
6q + r, 0 <r < 6 By division algorithm
REAL NUMBERS 1.13

a = 67 or, 69 + 1 or, 6q + 2 or, 6q + 3 or, 6q + 4 or, bg + 5

But, 6q, 6q + 2 and 6q + 4 are even

positive integers.
a = 69 + 1 or, 6q + 3 or, 6y +5

12. We know that any positive integer x can be of the form 6m, 6m + 1, 6m + 2, 6m +3,
6m+4 or 6m + 5 i.e., N = 6m + r, r = 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5.

Now, show that r is of the form 61, 6n+ 1 or 6m + 4.

Hence, cannot beof the form 6m + 2 or 6m + 5.
13. We know that any positive integer x can be of the form 6m, 6m + 1, 6m + 2, 6m + 3,

6m+4 o r 6m + 5.
CASEI When x =
6q:In this case,
(64) = 6 (36q*) = 61m, where m = 364°

CASEII When x = 6q +1: In thiscase,

+1
r =
(6q +1) =216q + 108q2 +
18q + 1 =
6 (36g° 18 + +
39)
= 6m + 1, where m = 364 + 18q + 3q and so on.

1, 5q 2, 5q + 3 or
14. We know that any positive integer can be of the form 5q, 5q + +

5q + 4.

15. We know that any positive integer can be of the form 6m, 6m + 1, 6m + 2, 6m + 3,
form
6m +4 or 6m + 5 for some integer m. So, an odd positive integer x is of the
6m+1 or 67m + 3.

CASEI When x = 6m + 1: In this case,

= (6m + 1) =
36m +12m +1 =
6 (6m + 2m) +1 =
6q + 1, where q 6m = + m

When x= 6m + 3: In this case,

CASEII
= (6n + 3) = 36m+ 36m +9 (36m = + 36m +6) +3
3, where q 6m + 6m +3.
=
6 (6m + 6m + 1) + 3 =
6q + =

3m +1
16. No. (3q+ 1) =
9q + 6g + 1 =
3 (34 +29) +1 =

17. Any positive integer written x can be as 3q, 3q + 1,3q +2.

CASEI
When x 3q: In this case, =

x= (3q) =
9q =
3 (3q ) =
3m, where m =
3q
When x =
3q + 1: In this case,
CASE II
2 =
(3q +1)
=
9q + 6q + 1 =

3 (3q + 2q) +1 =3m +1, where m 3q* +2q =

When x =
=3q + 2: In this case,
CASE III
3m 1,
r= (3q +
2) =9q 4+ 124 + 4 =

(9qs + 12q + 3) +1 =
3 (3q*+ 44 +1) +1 = +

where m = 3q5 + 4q + 1
 1.27
REAL NUMBERS

Therefore, last divisor 8 (or the remainder

weobservethat the remainder at this stage is zero.
at the earlier stage) is the HCF of 56 and 72.
From (ii), we get
8 56 16 x3
8 56-72 - 56 x 1)x3 : 16 72 56 1(from (i))|
8 56 3 x 72 +56 x 3
8 56 x 4 +(-3) x 72
x = 4 and y = -3.

Now, 8 56 x 4 +(-3) x 72
8 56 x 4 +(-3) x 72-56 x 72+ 56 x 72
8 56 x 4 - 56 x 72+ (-3)x 72+ 56 x 72

8 56 x(4-72)+{(-3) + 56} x72

8 56 x (-68) + (53)x 72

x = -68 and y = 53.

Hence, X and y are not unique.

EXERCISE 1.2

LEVEL-1
1. Define HCF of two positive integers and find the HCF of the following pairs of numbers:
) 32 and 54 (ii) 18 and 24 ii) 70 and 30
(iv) 56 and 88 (v) 475 and 495 (vi) 75 and 243.
(vii) 240 and 6552 (vii) 155 and 1385 (ix) 100 and 190 ICBSE 2009]
(x) 105 and 120 ICBSE 2009]
2. Use Euclid's division algorithm to find the HCF of
(i) 135 and 225 (ii) 196 and 38220 ii) 867 and 255. INCERT
(iv) 184, 230 and 276 (v) 136, 170 and 255 (vi) 1260 and 7344 [CBSE 2019]
(vii) 2048 and 960 CBSE 2019]
3. Find the HCF of the following pairs of integers and express it as a linear combination of
them.
963 and 657 (ii) 592 and 252 (iii) 506 and 1155
(i)
(iv) 1288 and 575
4. Find the largest number which divides 615 and 963 leaving remainder 6 in each case.
5. If the HCF of 408 and 1032 is expressible in the form 1032 m - 408 x 5, find m.
6. If the HCF of 657 and 963 is expressible in the form 657 x + 963 x - 15, find x

7. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32

members in a parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns.
What is the maximum number of columns in which they can march?
8. A merchant has 120 litres of oil of one kind, 180 litres of another kind and 240 litres
of third kind. He wants to sell the oil by filling the three kinds of oil in tins of equal
capacity. What should be the greatest capacity of such a tin?
9. During a sale, colour pencils were being sold in packs of 24 each and crayons in
packs of 32 each. If you want full packs of both and the same number of pencils and
crayons, how many of each would you need to buy?
 1.28 MATIIAIICSA

144 cartons of Coke Cans and 90 cartons of Pepsi Cans are to be stacked in a Canteen. If
10. each stackis of the same height and is to contain cartons of the same drink, what would
would have?
be the greatest number of cartons each stack
1249 leaving remainders 9 and 7
11. Find the greatest number which divides 285 and
respectively. 280 and 1245 leaving remainders 4 and
12. Find the largest number which exactly divides
3, respectively.
13. What is the largest number that divides 626, 3127 and 15628 and leaves remainders of 1.

2 and 3 respectively?
14. Find the greatest number that will divide 445, 572 and 699 leaving remainders 4,5 and

6 respectively.
and 2623 leaving remainders 9 and 5
15. Find the greatest number which divides 2011
respectively.
16. Using Euclid's division algorithm, find the largest number that divides 1251,9377 and
15628 leaving remainders 1, 2 and 3 respectively. INCERT EXEMPLAR, CBSE 2019

LEVEL-2
17. Two brands of chocolates are available in packs of24 and 15 respectively. IfI need to buy
an equal number of chocolates of both kinds, what is the least number of boxes of each
kind I would need to buy?
18. Amason has to fit a bathroom with square marble tiles of the largest possible size. The
size of the bathroom is 10 ft. by 8 ft. What would be the size in inches of the tile required
that has to be cut and how manysuch tiles are required?
19. 15 pastries and 12 biscuit packets have been donated for a school fete. These are to be
packed in several smaller identical boxes with the same number of pastries and biscuit
packets in each. How many biscuit packets and how many pastries will each box contain?
20. 105 goats, 140 donkeys and 175 cows have to be taken across a river. There
only one
boat which will have to make many trips in order to do so. The lazy boatman has his
own conditions for transporting them. He insists that he will take the same number of
nimals in every trip and they have to be of the same kind. He will
naturally like to take
the largest possible number each time. Can
you tell how many animals went in each trip?
21. The length, breadth and height of a room are 8 m 25 cm, 6 m 75 cm and 4 m 50 cm,
respectively. Determine the longest rod which can measure the three dimensions of the
room exactly.
22. Express the HCF of 468 and 222 as 468x + 222y where x, y are integers in two diterent
ways.

ANSWERS
1. )2 (i) 6 (ii) 10 iv) 8 (v) 5 () 15
(vi) 3 (vii) 24 (vii) 5 ) 10
2 45 (i) 196 (iil) 51 (iv) 46 (v) 17 (vi) 36 (vii) 64
3. (i) 9 = (-15) x 963 +22x 657
i) 4 = 77 x
252+(-20) 592
ii) 11 =16 x 506+(-7) x 1155 (iv) 23 =
(-4) x 1288 +9 x 575
87 5. 2 6. 22 7. 8 columns 8. 60 litres
 REAL NUMBERS

10. 18 11. 134 12. 1

9. 4packets of colour pencils, 3 packets of crayons

13. 625 14. 63 15. 154 16. 625 17. 5of first kind, Hof scond kind
18. 24 inches, 20 tiles 19.4 biscuit packets, 5 pastries
22. 6 468x 9 222 19,6 468 213 222 449)
20. 35 21. 75 cm

1.5 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC

thata
numbers. Tet u s recall
In earlier classes, we have learnt about primeand composite
| and the only positive divisors of p are
and
p. For
pOsitive integerPis prime if p learnt that
example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,... are thefirst few primes.We have
Ifa given positive integer y a

every positive integer, other than 1, is cither primeorcomposite. These factors in turn
composite number, it can be written as the product of two of its factors.
are also cither prime orcomposite. If composite, the factors can be split up further. If we krp
on doing this tactorization, ultimately we will arrive at a stage when all the factors are prime

numbers as shown below for the positive integer 1176.

(1176

588

294

147
2
49

(3)

Thus, we have
2 x2 3 7x 7
1176 2 x x x

Also, we have
1176
392

56

28
2
14
 1.3
REAL NLMBERS

n = p"p2"p3-Pk

n=2x(p1"P:°Ps".P*")
odd positive integer)
n=
(A non-negative power of 2)x (An of 2 and an
Hence, in either case n is expressible as the product of a non-negative power
odd positive integer.
less than or equal
EXAMPLE 8 Prove that a positive integer n is prime number, if no prime p
to yn divides n.
less than or equal yn to
SOLUTION Let positive integer such that no prime
n be a
Then,
n is not a prime integer.
divides n. Then, we have to prove that n is prime. Suppose
we may write

n = ab where 1<asb

as yn and b 2 vn
Let p be a prime factor of a. Then, p s a S Vn and pla

P ab
Pn
divides
a prime less than n n.

prime less than vn divides n. So, our

This contradicts our assumption that no
assumption is is wrong. Hence, n is prime.
a

EXERCISE 1.3

LEVEL-1
1. Express each of the following integers
as a product of its prime factors:
(i) 468 (ii) 945 iv) 7325
() 420
factorisation of each of the following positive integer:
2. Determine the prime
(i) 20570 ii) 58500 (ii) 45470971
numbers.
3. Explain why 7x 11x 13 +13 and 7x6x5x4x3x2x1+5 arecomposite
4. Check whether 6" can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n. [NCERT
7 is a composite number. INCERT EXEMPLARI
5. Explain why 3 x 5 x7 +

ANSWERS

1.i) 22 x 3x5x7 (iü) 22 x

3 x 13 (ii) 3x5x7 (iv) 5x 293

5x112 17 (i) 2 3 x5 13 (ii) 72 x

13 x 172 x 19
2. (i) 2x x x x

Since 7x 11x 13 +13 = (7x 11+1) x 13

and, 7x 6x 5x4 x 3x 2x1+ 5 (7 x

6 x 4x3x2x1+1) x 5 4. No
1.36
MATHEMATICS-x
HINTS To SELECTED PROBLEMS
4. Wehave, 6" =
(2x 3" 2" x 3". Therefore, prime factorisation of 6" does not contain
=

5as a factor. Hence, 6" can never end withthedigit 0 for any natural number.
5. Since 3 x5x7 +7 (3 x5+1) x7
=
(15 + 1)x7 16x7. Hence, it is a
composite
number.
 1.39
RE AL NUMBERS

LUION The Number of room will be minimum ifeach room accomodates maximum
number of participants. Since in each room the same number of participantsare to beseate
and all of them must be of the same subject. Therefore, the number of participarnts in eacn
and 108 are as
room must be the HCF of 60, 84 and 108. The prime factorisations of 60, 84
under:
60 2 x3x5,84 2 = x 3x7 and 108 =
2 x3
HCF of 60, 84 and 108 is 22 x 3 12
Therefore, in each room 12 participants can be seated.

Number of rooms redotal number of participants

12

60+84+10825221 =

12 12
EXAMPLE9 Three sets of English, Hindi and Mathematics books have to be stacked in such a way
that all the books are stored topic wise and the height ofeach stack is the same. The number of English
books is 96, the number of Hindi books is 240 and the number of Mathematics books is 336. Assuming
that the books are of the same thickness, determine the number of stacks of English, Hindi and
Mathematics books.
SOLUTION In order to arrange the books as required, we have to find the largest
number that divides 96, 240 and 336 exactly. Clearly, such a number is their HCF.
We have,
96 2 x 3, 240 2 x 3x5 and 336 24x 3x7
HCF of 96, 240 and 336 is 2 x 3 = 48

So, there must be 48 books in each stack.

Number of stacks of English books =2

240
Number of stacks of Hindi books =
5
48

336
Number of stacks of Mathematics books
= 7
48

EXERCISE 1.4

LEVEL-1
and verify that
1.Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers
LCMx HCF = Product ofthe integers:
(iii) 336 and 54 (iv) 404 and 96 [CBSE 20181
(i) 26 and 91 (i) 510 and 92
Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation
method:

(i) 12,15 and 21 [NCERTI (i) 17,23and 29 [NCERT] (ii) 8,9and 25 [NCERT
iv) 40, 36 and 126 (v) 84, 90 and 120 (vi) 24, 15 and 36
3. (i) Given that HCF (306, 657) =9,
find LCM (306, 657). INCERTI1
(ii) Write the smallest number which is divisible by both 306 and 657. ICBSE 20191
 1.40
MATHEMATICS-X
4. Can two numbers have 16 as their HCF and 380 as their LCM? Give reason.
5. The HCF of two numbers is 145 and their LCM is 2175. If number is
one
725, find the
other.
The HCFof two numbers is 16 and their product is 3072. Find their LCM..
7. The LCM and HCF of twonumbers are 180 and 6
find the other number.
respectively. Ifone of the numbers is 30.

8. Find the smallest number which when increased

LEVEL-2
and 468.
by 17 is exactly divisible by both 520
9. Find the smallest number which leaves remainders 8 and 12
when divided by 28 and 32
respectively.
10. What is the smallest number that, when divided by 35, 56 and 91 leaves remainders
in each case? of 7
11. A
rectangular courtyard
is 18m 72 cm longand 13 m 20 cm broad. It is to
square tiles of the same size. Find the least possible number of such tiles.be paved with
12. Find the greatest number of 6
digits exactly divisible by 24, 15 and 36.
13. Determine the number nearest to 110000 but
divisible by each of8, 15 and 21. greater than 100000 which is exactly
14. Find the least number that is divisible
by all the numbers between 1 and 10 (both
inclusive).
15. A circular field has a circumference of 360 km. Three
48, 60 and 72 km a day, round the field. When will cyclists
start together and can
cycle
16. In a morning walk three
they meet again?
persons step off together, their steps measure 80 cm,
85 cm and 90 cm
respectively.
he can cover the distance in
What is the minimum distance each should walk
so that
17. On a morning walk, three
complete steps?
persons step out together and their steps measure 30 cm, 36 cm
and 40 cm respectively. What is the
minimum distance each should walk so that each
can cover the same distance in complete steps?
18. Find the largest number which on ICBSE 2019]
and 3 respectively.
dividing 1251,9377 and 15628teaves remainders 1,2
[CBSE 20191

ANSWERS
1. i) LCM 182, HCF =13,() LCM
=

23 460, HCF =2,(i) LCM 3024, HCF =6

=
=

(iv) LCM= 9696, HCF = 4

2 LCM HCF 3. (i) 22338 (ii) 22338 4. No 5. 435
) 420 3 6. 192 7. 36 8. 4663
(ii) 11139 1 9. 204
ii) 1800
10. 3647 11. 4290
1 12. 999720 13. 109200 14. 2520
(iv) 2520 15. 30 days 16. 122 m 40 cm
(v) 2520 6 17. 360 cm
18. 625
(vi) 360 3

HINT TO SELECTED PROBLEM

12. Greatest number of 6 digits is 999999.
24, 15 and 36 i.e., by 360. Required number must be divisible by the LCMO
Hence, required number =
999999 -

Remainder when 999999 is divided by 360

 REAL NUMBERS 1.49

a -pc*0
Hence, C 0

Putting c = 0 inbs -

ac =
0, we get b = 0
Putting b = 0 and c = 0 in a + bp + cpl = 0, we get a = 0

Hence, a =b =c = 0.
EXAMPLE 12 For any positive real number x, prove that there exists an irrational number y such
that 0 < y < x.

SOLUTION Ifris irrational, then y =

is also an irrational number such that 0 <y<*.
Ifxis rational, then i s an irrational number such that <x as v2 >1.
V2
y
2 1S an irrationalnumber such that 0 <y<x

EXERCISE 1.5
LEVEL-1
1. Show that the following numbers are irrational.

() (i) 7/5 (ii) 6+ 2 (iv) 3-V5

2. Prove that following numbers are irrationals:
2
() 5325 (ii) 4+ V2 (iv) 52
3. Show that 2- V3 is an irrationalnumber. ICBSE 200s]
4. Show that 3 + v2 is an irrational number. ICBSE 2009]
5. Prove that 4 - 5/2 is an irrational number.
ICBSE 2010]
6. Show that 5-23 is an irrational number. ICBSE 2009]
7. Prove that 2/3 1 is an irrational number. ICBSE 2010
8. Prove that 2 -3/5 is an irrational number. ICBSE 2010
9. Prove that 5 + 3 is irrational. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
10. Prove that 2+ 3 is an irrational number. INCERT EXEMPLAR]
11. Given that is irrational, prove that (5 +3/2) isan irrational number.[CBSE2018]

12. Prove that

2+ v3 is an irrational number, given that 3 is an irrational number.
5
ICBSE 2019
13. Prove that 2 +53 is an irrational number, given that /3 is an irrational number.
[CBSE 2019]
LEVEL-2
14. Prove that for any prime positive integer p, yp is an irrational number.
 MATHEMATICS-
1.50

is an irrational number.
that yp +
4
15. It p, q are prime positive integers, prove
INCERT EXEMPLAR
HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMSs

1 there exist positiveco-primes

a and bsuch that
1. (i) If possible, let be rational. Then,

: 22
2 -b
2|
21b
b 2c for some positive integer c

2a b 2a =4c2a = 2 2|a 221

2a
This is a contradiction to the fact that a, bare co-primes.

Hence, 1 sis irrational

(i) Let 75 be rational. Then,

75 5 =7b V5 isrational,a contradiction.

75 is irrational.
a
(iii) Let 6+ v2 bea rational number equal to where a, bare positive co-primes. Ihen.

6+

V2 4-6b

v2 is rational.
This is a
contradiction.
Hence, 6+ V2 is irrational
(iv) Let 3- V5 be a rational equal to Then,
3-5

5 3-4b
 REAL NUMBERS
1.51

5= 3-a
b

5 is rational.
This is a contradiction.
Hence, 3- V5 is irrational.

9. Let 5+ v3 be rational equal to Then,

5 =-3

=5--6) [Squaringboth sides]1

2433 b

2 - - 2/3 b

23
a-2b3 V3 is rational, a contradiction.
2ab

Hence, 5+ v3 is irrational.
12. Let is rational.
us assume on the contrary that yp Then, there exist positive co-primes
a and b such that

P
a

bp=
Pla :plbpl
Pla
a= pc for some positive integer c.

Now, bp =
a
: a = pc]
bp p?2
 1.52 MATLMAI

pb
pib
Pla and p|b
This contradicts that a and bare co-primes.

Hence, yp is irrational.

13. Let usassume that p + Ja is a rational number equal to wherea and bare integer

having no common factor.

Now, yp+Va=

((-4)
.

*9-p
a2+b 9P)
b
a #+b (g -p)
2ab
i s a rational number.
This is a contradiction as ya is an irrational number.
Hence, yp +Vg isan irrational number.
1.6.3 DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE DECIMAL EXPANSIONS OF RATIONAL NUMBER
RS

ther
In class IX, we have studied that the decimal expansion of a rational number 1s ete
it is
terminating or non-terminating repeating (or recurring) without knowing when .
xplore
terminatin8 and when it is non-terminating repeating. In this section, we wil e n
exactly when the decimal expansion of a rational number is terminating and when it iser
terminating repeating. In earlier classes, we have also learnt that any rationai "se
having terminating decimal expansion can be written as a rational numo
denominator is some power of 10. For
example,
875 875 1512
(i) 0.875 1 1 0 (ii) 1.512= 1512
1000 10 1000 10
(i) 0.01764 =1764_1764
100000 10
(iv) 26.7624 =
267624 2676 etc.
10000 10
1.56
MATHIMAIICS

Hence, the decimal expansion of 29 is non-terminating repeating.

343
(iv) We have,
15 3 3
1600 320 2x5
15
This means that the prime factorisation of the denominator of
600 is of the form 2" x
5
Hence, it has terminating decimal expansion which terminates after 6 places of decimals.
(vWe have,
13 13
3125 20x55
13
This shows that the prime factorisation of the denominator of
a195
31
is of the form 2" 5 x

Hence, it has terminating decimal expansion which terminates after 5 places of decimals
23
(vi) Clearly, the prime factorisation of the denominator of 3 2 is of the form 2" x 5". So,
it has terminating decimal expansion which terminates after 3 places of decimals.

LEVEL-2
EXAMPLE 2 What can you say about the prime
rationals:
factorisations of the denominators ofthefollowing
i) 34.12345 i) 34.5678
sOLUTION (i) Since 34.12345 has terminating decimal expansion. So, its denominator is of
the form 2" x 5", where m, n are
non-negative integers.
(i) Since 34.5678 has non-terminating repeating decimal
has factors other than 2 or 5. expansion. So, its denominator

EXERCISE 1.6

1. Without actually performing the

LEVEL-1
long division, state whether the
numbers will have a terminating decimal following rational
decimal expansion. expansion or a non-terminating repeatn
125 35
(il) 441 (i) INCERT

(iv)INCERT
210 ()
129
x7 10500
987
(vi) 10500 INCERTEXEMPLARI
2. Write down the decimal
expansions of the following rational numbers by writi
their denominators in the form 2" x
5", where n are m, non-negative integets.
15 7
(i) 125 (ii) 80
RAL NLIMBERS
1.57

14588
(iv) 129
625 INCERTI
3. Write the denominator of the rational 257
number 5000 in the form 2" x 5", where m, n
are non-negative
division.
integers. Hence, write the decimal expansion, without actual

LEVEL-2
4. What can you say about the
rationals:
prime factorisations of the denominators of the following
) 43.123456789 (i) 43.123456789
(ii) 27.142857 ICBSE 2010] (iv) 0.120120012000120000.. INCERT
5. A rational number in its decimal
expansion is 327.7081. What can you say about the
primefactors of q, when this number is expressed in the
form?Give reasons.
INCERT EXEMPLAR

ANSWERS
1. () Terminating (i) Non-terminating repeating (ii) Terminating
iv) Non-terminating repeating (v) Non-terminating
2.
repeating. (vi)
(i) 0.375 (ii) 0.104 (ii) 0.0875 (iv) 23.3408 (v) 0.0004128 Terminating
3. 23 x 5; 0.0514
4. (i) Prime factorisation of the denominator is of the form 2" x 5", where m, n are non-
negative integers.
(i) Prime factorisation of the denominator contains factors other than 2 or 5.
ii) Prime factorisation of the denominator contains factors other than 2 or 5.
(iv) Prime factorisation of the denominator contains factors other than 2pr 5.
5. Since 327.7081 is a terminating
decimal number, so, q must be of the form 2" x 5"; m,n
are natural numbers.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Mark the correct alternative in each (MCQs)
of the following questions.
1. The exponent of 2 in the prime factorisation of
144, is
(a) 4 (b) 5
()6 (d) 3
2. The LCM of two numbers is 1200. Which of the
(a) 600 (b) 500 following cannot be their HCF2
(c) 400 (d) 200
3. If n 23 x 3 x 5" x7, then the
=

natural number, is
number of consecutive
zeros in n,
wheren is a
(a) 2 (b) 3
4. The (c) 4
sum of the (d) 7
(a) 1 exponents of the prime factors in the
b) 2 prime factorisation of 196, i
(c)4 (d) 6
 MAIIMAICS

5. The number of decimal places after which the decimal expansion ot the rational
23
number ,2 x 5 willterminate, is
1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(a)

6. If Ph and p, are prime numbers such that Pi P2, then pf

two odd
> -

ps is

(a) an even number (b) an odd number

(c) an odd prime number (d) a prime number
7. If two peositive ingeters a and b are expressible in the forma=pq* andb =pq; p,.4
being prime numbers, then LCM (a, b) is
(a) pq (b) p' () p' (d)p4
8. InQ.No.7, HCF(a, b) is

(a) pq b) p' (c)p' (d) p'q2

9. If two positive integers m and n are expressible in the form m = pq° and n = p'g,
where p, q are prime numbers, then HCF (17, n) =

(a) pq (b) pa (c) p' (d) p'g* [NCERT EXEMPLAR]

10. If the LCM of a and 18 is 36 and the HCF of a and 18 is 2, then a =

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1

11. The HCF of 95 and 152, is
(a) 57 (b) 1 (c) 19 (d) 38
12. If HCF (26, 169) = 13, then LCM (26, 169) =
(a) 26 (b) 52 (c) 338 (d) 13
13. If a = 2 x 3,b = 2x 3x 5,c = 3" x 5 and LCM (a, b,c) = 2* x3* x 5, then n =

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

14587
14. The decimal of the rational number
expansion Will terminate after
1250
(a) one decimal place (b) two decimal place
(c) three decimal place four decimal [NCERT EXEMPLARJ
(d) place
15.
If p and q are co-prime numbers, then p* and q are

(a) coprime (b) not coprime (c) even (d) odd

16. Which of the following rational numbers have terminating decimal?
16
i) 185
7
) 25 (ii) 21 (iv) 250
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (ii) (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (i) and (iv)
17. If 3 is the least prime factor of number a and 7 is the least prime factor of numDer b
then the least prime factor of a + b, is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 10
18. 3.27 1S
(a) an integer (b) a rational number
(c) a natural number (d) an irrational number
1 T h e smallest number by which 27 should be multiplied so as to get a rational
number is

(a)27 (b) 33 (c) 3 (d) 3

20. The smallest rational number by which should be multiplied so that its decimal
expansion terminates after one place of decimal, is
3 3
(a)10 (b) 10 (c) 3 (d) 100
21.If n is a natural number, then g2 - 42 is always divisible by
(a) 5 (b) 13 (c) both 5 and 13 (d) None of these
Hint: 9 - 4" is of the form a2n - b which is divisible by both a - b and a + b
9M-43 is divisible by both 9-4 = 5 and 9+ 4 = 13.]

22.If n is any natural number, then 6" - 5" always ends with
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7

[Hint: For any n e N, 6" and 5" end with 6 and 5 respectively. Therefore, 6" - 5"
always ends with 6 - 5 = 1.]

23. The LCM and HCFof two rational numbers areequal, then the numbers must be
(a) prime (b) co-prime (c) composite (d) equal
24. If thesumof LCM and HCF of two numbers is1260and their LCM is 900 more than their
HCF, then the product of two numbers is
(a) 203400 (b) 194400 (c) 198400 (d) 205400

25. The remainder when the square of any prime number greater than 3 is divided by 6, is

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4

number greater than 3 is of the form 6k t 1, where k is a natural

Hint: Any prime
numberand (6k t 1)* =36k 12k+ 1 =6k (6k 2)+ 1]

26. For some integer m, every even integer is of the torm

(a) m (b) m + 1 (c) 2m (d)2m+1 INCERT EXEMPLARI
for some every odd integer is of the form
7 integer q,
(c) 2 (d) 2q+1 INCERT EXEMPLARI
(a) 4 (b)9+1
28. n-1 is divisible by 8, if n is
(a) an integer (b) a natural number
(c) odd (d) an even integer INCERT EXEMPLARI
an
integer
33
29, The decimalex
expansion of the rational number will terminate after
2
(a) decimal (b) two decimal places
one
place
(c) (d) more than 3 decimal places
three decimal places
 MATHLMATICS-
30. If two positive integers a and b are written as a =x'y* and b = xy°; x, y are prime
numbers, then HCF (a, b) is
(a) xy (c) x'y
(b) xy (d) x*ys INCERT EXEMPLAR
31.The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10 (both inclusive) is
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 504 (d) 2520
32. The largest
number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and 8,
respectively, is
(a) 13 (b) 65 (c) 875 (d) 1750
33. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65m - 117, then the value of m is
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3
34. Euclid's division lemma states that for two
positive integers a and b, there exist
unique integers q and r such that a = bq+r, where r must satisfy
(a) 1<r <b (b) 0<r<b (c) 0r <b (d) 0<r<b
35. The
product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is
(a) always irrational (b) always rational
(c) rational or irrational (d) one INCERT EXEMPLAR

1.(a) 2. (b)
ANSWERs
3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6.(a) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b)
11. (c) 10. (c)
12. (c) 13. (b)
16. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21.(c) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (a)
26.(c) 27. (d) 28. (c)
31.(d) 29. (b) 30. (b)
32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (a)

FILL IN THE BLANK TYPE

1. If a and b are two QUESTIONS (FBQs)
positive co-prime integers such that a =12b, then HCF (a, b) =

2. If two positive integers m and n are

expressible in the form m =
a^b° and n = aD
where a,b prime numbers, then HCF (m, n)
are
and LCM (a, b) = -==

3. If the HCF and LCM of two

positive integers a and b are x and y
respectively, tne
ab2

4. A positive integer m when divided by 11 gives remainder 6. If

11, the remainder is. 4m+5 is divided Dy
5. IfHCF (306, 657) =9, then LCM (306,
657)
6. The LCM of the smallest prime number and the 1S
smallest odd composite numb
 1.61

The sum ot the exponents of prime factors in the prime factorisation of 250 is

s. The LCM of the smallest prime number and the smallest composite number 1s

9. 6" can not end with digit 0 for value of n.

10. The ratio between the HCF and LCM of 5, 15 and 20 is
11. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 33 and 264 respectively. When the first
number is completely divided by 2 the quotient is 33. The other number is

12. If the prime factorisation of a natural number n is 2* x 34 x 53 x 7, then the number

of consecutive zeros in n, is .

13. If 2520 2" x

3 5x x 7a, then a +b -

2c 3 d =

14. If n is a natural number, then the number of consecutive zeros in 7", is

15. Two numbers are in the ratio 21:17. If their HCF is 5, the numbers are
and
16. If the least prime factors of two positive integers a and b are 5 and 13 respectively,
then the least prime factor of a + b, is .

17. If 23 x 3 x bx 7 is the prime factorisation of 2520, then 5a +2b =

18. Given that LCM (91, 26) = 182, then HCF (91, 26) = .

17
19. The decimal expansion of will terminate after. places of decimal.
8
20. One of the three consecutive positive integers is always divisible by
21. 6 cannot end with digit 5 for value of n.
22. The values of the remainder r, when a positive integer 'a' is divided by 3, are_
- value of n.
23. with the digit 0 to 5 for
12" cannot end
24. Two numbers are in the ratio 3:4 and their
LCM is 120. The sum of the numbers is

25. The LCM of 2x, 5x and 7x is where x is a positive integer.

ANSWERS

4.7 5. 22338 6. 18
1. 12 2. ab,a*S3. 1
10. 1: 12 11. 132 12. 3
7.4 8. 4 9. any
15. 85, 105 16. 2 17. 20 18. 13
13. 0 14. Nil
22. 0, 1 and 2.23. any 24. 70
19. 3 20. 3 21. any
25. 70x
TYPE QUESTIONS (VSAQs)
VERY SHORT ANSWER

either in one word or one sentence or as per requirenment

Ar each of the following questions
SUer
of the questions:
1. State Euclid's division lemma.
2State Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
3. Write 98 as product of its prime factors.
of 144.
4 Write the exponent of 2 in the prime factorization
factorization of 98.
of factors in the prime
prime
Write the sum of the exponents
 A

It the prime t.rtorization ot natural number

a n is 2' x

3 x5 x7, write the numbr

ot conseTutive in
7eros n
It the product ot two numbers is 1080 and their HCF is 30, find their LCM.

8. Writ the condition to be satisticd by so thata rational number has a

terminating derimal expansion. ICBSE 2008
9, Write the condition to be satisfied by q so that a rational number has a non-
terminating decimal expansion.
10. Complete the missing entries in the following factor tree.

2
ICBSE 2008|

11. The decimal 43

enpansion of the rational number ill terminate after how
many places of decimals? 2x5
ICBSE 2009
441
12. Has the rational number a
terminating
representation?
72 or a
nonterminating decimal
ICBSE 20 101
13. Write whether 245 +3/20
on simplification gives
25 a rational or an irrational
number.
14. What is ICBSE 2010
an
algorithm?
15. What is a lemma?
16. If p and q are two
prime numbers, then what is their HCF?
17. p q two prime numbers, then what is their
If and are

18. What is the total number of factors of a LCM?

19. What is a prime number?
composite number?
20. What is the HCF of the smallest
composite number and the smallest prime number:
21. HCF of two numbers is always factor of their a
ICBSE 2018)
LCM (True/False).
22. is an irrational number (True/False).
T

23. The sum of two

prime numbers is always a prime number
2-4. The product of any three consecutive natural (True/False).
numbers is divisible by 6
25. Every even integer is of the form 2n, where m is (True/False).
26. Every odd integer is of the form 2m 1, where m is
an
integer
-
(True/False).
The product of two irrational numbers is an
an
integer (True/False).
irrational number (True/False).
28. The sum of two irrational numbers is an irrational
number (True/False).
29. For what value of n, 2" x 5" ends in 5.
30. If a and b are relatively prime numbers, then what is their
HCF?
31. If a and b are relatively prime numbers, then what is their
LCM?
12, Two numbers have 12 as their HCF and 350 as their LCM
(True/False).
 1.03
LNBR

27
33. Find after how many places of decmial the decimal form of the number
25.3
will terminate. CBSE 20191
CBSE 20191
34. Express 429 as the product of its prime factors.
35. Two postive integers a and b can be written as a =
r'y and b =
ay', where x, y are
prime numbers. Find LCM (a, b). ICBSE 2019
36. If HCF (336, 54) = 6, find LCM (336, 54). ICBSE 2019
ANSWERRS

1. See text 2. See text 3. 2x72 4.4

5.3 6.2 36

8. The prime factorization of q must be of the form 2"

x 5", where m, n are non-

negative integers.
9. The prime factorization of q is not of the form 2" x 5", where m, n are non-negative
10.42, 21 11.4
integers.
13.Rational Number 16.1
12. Terminating
18. 2 20. 2 21.True
17.px4
22. True 23. False 24. True 25.True
28. False 29. No value of n
26. True 27. False
32.False 33. Four places
30.1 31. ab

36.3024
34. 3 x 143
35.ay
ACTIVITY
Euclid's Division
the HCF of two numbers experimentally based on
O8JECTIVE To find
Lemma.
different colours a pair of
MATERIALS REQUIRED Cardboard sheets, glazed papers of
scissors, ruler, sketch pen, glue etc.
STEPS OF cONSTRUCTION
sizes.
STLPI Take some cardboard sheets of convenient
a units. One strip of
out one strip of length
STEP From the cardboard sheets cut
each of lengthc units (c b;b +c a),
< one =

length b units (b < a), two strips units

b), and two strips each length
of e
2c +d =

strip of length d units (d < c; sheets.

(e< d;e +d =c; 2ed) from the cardboard
=

1.1 to
on these strips as shown in Fig.
Paste glazed papers of different colours
Fig. 1.5.

a units

Fig.1.1
REAL NUMBERS 1.65

From Fig. 1.9, we find that

d 2e d =ex2 +0 (q 2, r = 0)

Clearly, HCF (d, e) e.

=

Using Euclids Division Algorithm, we find that

HCF (a, b) = HCF (b, c) = HCF (c, d) = HCF (d, e) ==e

Hence, HCF(a, b)=e,

OBSERVATION

On actual measurement (in mm)

******* . .,=

So, HCF (a, b)

= . . .

REMARK The above activity can be used for finding the HCF of two or more numbers, which is
known as finding HCF of numbers by division method.

SUMMARRY

1. Euclid's division lemma: Given positive integers a and b there exist whole numbers q
and r satisfyinga = bq + r,0sr <b

2. Euclid's division algorithm: In order to compute the HCF of two positive integers, say
a and b, with a> b by using Euclid's algorithm we follow the following steps:

STEPI Apply Euclid's division lemma to a and b and obtain whole numbers 91 and r

suchthat a =
bgi +7,0sh <b.
SIEP II If 0,b = is the HCF ofa andb
STEPI f 7 * 0, apply Euclid's division lemma to b and r and obtain two whole num-

bers q and r , such that b = q1 +2

STEP IV f r =
0, then ri is the HCF ofa and b.
0, then apply Euclid's division lemma to n and rz and continue the above
STEP V If r *

The divisor at this stage i.e. r-1, or the non-

process till the remainder r, is zero.
a and b.
zero remainder at the previous stage, is the HCF of

. The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed

(tactorised) as a and this factorisation is

product of primes, unique except for the
order in which the prime factors occur.
. Every composite number can be uniquely expressed as the product of powers of

primes in ascending or descending order.

positive integer and p be prime number such that pla*, then p|a.
Leta be a a

6. There are infinitely many positive primes.

product of non-
Cvery positive integer different from 1 can be expressed as a

negative power of 2 and an odd number.

Positive integer n is prime, if it is not divisible by any prime less than or equal
to Vn.
1.66
MATHENMATC
9.If p is a positive prime, then p is an irrational number. For example, 5
V5, 7, V11 etc. are irrational numbers.
2, 13,
10. Let x be a rational number whose decimal expansion terminates. Then, x can
n be
expressed in the form, where p and q are co-prime, and the prime factorization at
f
1s of the form 2'"x 5", where m, n are non-negative integers.

11 Let = be a rational number, such that the

prime factorization of q is of the formm
2" 5" where m, n are
x
non-negative integers. Then, x has a terminating decimal
expansion which terminates after k places of decimals, where k is the
and n. larger of m

12. Let x = be a rational number, such that the

prime factorization of q is not of the
form
2 5", where m, n are non-negative
x

repeating decimal expansion. integers. Then, x has non-terminating

NOTE: Formative assessment also includes lab
work), oral and visual testing.activities, projects, assignments (Homne