Artificial intelligence

field of computer science and engineering

practices for intelligence demonstrated by
machines and intelligent agents

Artificial intelligence (AI)[1] is t he abilit y of a comput er program or a machine t o t hink and

learn.[2] It is also a field of st udy which t ries t o make comput ers "smart ". They work on t heir own
wit hout being encoded wit h commands. John McCart hy came up wit h t he name "Art ificial
Int elligence" in 1955.

In general use, t he t erm "art ificial int elligence"[1] means a programme which mimics human
cognit ion. At least some of t he t hings we associat e wit h ot her minds, such as learning and
problem solving can be done by comput ers, t hough not in t he same way as we do.[3] Andreas
Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define AI as a syst em’s abilit y t o correct ly int erpret ext ernal dat a,
t o learn from such dat a, and t o use t hose learnings t o achieve specific goals and t asks t hrough
flexible adapt at ion.[4]

An ideal (perfect ) int elligent machine is a flexible agent which perceives it s environment and
t akes act ions t o maximize it s chance of success at some goal or object ive.[5] As machines
become increasingly capable, ment al facult ies once t hought t o require int elligence are removed
from t he definit ion. For example, opt ical charact er recognit ion is no longer perceived as an
example of "art ificial int elligence": it is just a rout ine t echnology.
At present we use t he t erm AI for successfully underst anding human speech,[3] compet ing at a
high level in st rat egic game syst ems (such as Chess and Go), self-driving cars, and int erpret ing
complex dat a.[6] Some people also consider AI a danger t o humanit y if it cont inues t o progress at
it s current pace.[7]

An ext reme goal of AI research is t o creat e comput er programs t hat can learn, solve problems,
and t hink logically.[8][9] In pract ice, however, most applicat ions have picked on problems which
comput ers can do well. Searching dat abases and doing calculat ions are t hings comput ers do
bet t er t han people. On t he ot her hand, "perceiving it s environment " in any real sense is way
beyond present -day comput ing.

AI involves many different fields like comput er science, mat hemat ics, linguist ics, psychology,
neuroscience, and philosophy. Event ually researchers hope t o creat e a "general art ificial
int elligence" which can solve many problems inst ead of focusing on just one. Researchers are
also t rying t o creat e creat ive and emot ional AI which can possibly empat hize or creat e art . Many
approaches and t ools have been t ried.

Borrowing from t he management lit erat ure, Kaplan and Haenlein classify art ificial int elligence int o
t hree different t ypes of AI syst ems: analyt ical, human-inspired, and humanized art ificial
int elligence.[4] Analyt ical AI has only charact erist ics consist ent wit h cognit ive int elligence
generat ing cognit ive represent at ion of t he world and using learning based on past experience t o
inform fut ure decisions. Human-inspired AI has element s from cognit ive as well as emot ional
int elligence, underst anding, in addit ion t o cognit ive element s, also human emot ions considering
t hem in t heir decision making. Humanized AI shows charact erist ics of all t ypes of compet encies
(i.e., cognit ive, emot ional, and social int elligence), able t o be self-conscious and self-aware in
int eract ions wit h ot hers.[10]

History

AI research really st art ed wit h a conference at Dart mout h College in 1956. It was a mont h-long
brainst orming session at t ended by many people wit h int erest s in AI. At t he conference t hey
wrot e programs t hat were amazing at t he t ime, beat ing people at checkers or solving word
problems. The Depart ment of Defense st art ed giving a lot of money t o AI research and labs
were creat ed all over t he world.

Unfort unat ely, researchers really underest imat ed just how hard some problems were. The t ools
t hey had used st ill did not give comput ers t hings like emot ions or common sense. Mat hemat ician
James Light hill wrot e a report on AI saying t hat "in no part of t he field have discoveries made so
far produced t he major impact t hat was t hen promised".[11] The U.S and Brit ish government s
want ed t o fund more product ive project s. Funding for AI research was cut , st art ing an "AI wint er"
where lit t le research was done.

AI revived again in t he 90s and early 2000s wit h it s use in dat a mining and medical diagnosis. This
was possible because of fast er comput ers and focusing on solving more specific problems. In
1997, Deep Blue became t he first comput er program t o beat chess world champion Garry
Kasparov. Fast er comput ers, advances in deep learning, and access t o more dat a have made AI
popular t hroughout t he world.[12] In 2011 IBM Wat son beat t he t op t wo Jeopardy! players Brad
Rut t er and Ken Jennings, and in 2016 Google's AlphaGo beat t op Go player Lee Sedol 4 out of 5
t imes.

Related pages

Neural net works

Expert syst ems

Machine learning

References

1. "What is Artificial Intelligence?" (https://databasecamp.de/en/ml/artificial-intelligence) . Data

Basecamp. 7 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-07.

2. "Andreas Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence, Business and Civilization: Our Fate Made in Machines, Routledge,
2022" (https://www.routledge.com/Artificial-Intelligence-Business-and-Civilization-Our-Fate-Made-in-Mac
hines/Kaplan/p/book/9781032155319) .

3. Russell, Stuart J. & Norvig, Peter 2003. Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. 2nd ed, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-790395-2

4. Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (January 2019). "Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land?
On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence" (https://www.sciencedirect.
com/science/article/pii/S0007681318301393) . Business Horizons. 62 (1): 15–25.
doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2018.08.004) .
S2CID 158433736 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736) .

5. Hutter, Marcus 2005. Universal artificial intelligence. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-22139-5

6. Nilsson, Nils 1998. Artificial intelligence: a new synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 978-1-55860-467-4
 7. "Stephen Hawking believes AI could be mankind's last accomplishment" (https://betanews.com/2016/1
0/21/artificial-intelligence-stephen-hawking/) . BetaNews. 21 October 2016.

8. Kurzweil, Ray 1999. The age of spiritual machines. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-88217-8.

9. Kurzweil, Ray 2005. The singularity is near. Viking Press

10. "Artificial Intelligence: More Than a Natural Intelligence?" (https://medium.com/@shankardeyautomatio

n/artificial-intelligence-more-than-a-natural-intelligence-9a2389d748ba) . 16 November 2019.

11. Lighthill, James 1973. "Artificial intelligence: a general survey". In Artificial Intelligence: a paper
symposium. Science Research Council.

12. Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2020). "Rulers of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities
of artificial intelligence" (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681319301260) .
Business Horizons. 63: 37–50. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2019.09.003 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.
2019.09.003) . S2CID 211456730 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211456730) .

Blunders of AI (ht t ps://pickl.ai/blog/blunders-of-ai/)

ht t ps://aiscit e.blogspot .com/2021/08/what -is-art ificial-int elligence-in.ht ml

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