1. Abatement - Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.

 
2. acceleration marks - created on acceleration if the engine provides more power that the tire can
transmit. 
3. Accident (Legal meaning) – an accident is any happening beyond the control of a person the
consequences of which are not foreseeable
4. Accused - A person who’s case was forwarded to the office of the prosecutor and filed in court. 
5. Actus Reus - proof that a criminal act has occurred.
6. Addiction - A person has an addiction when he becomes dependent on or craves a drug and
believes he needs the drug to live. All an addicted drug user can think about is getting the next
dose after getting high. 
7. Administrator - any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building
for him.
8. Admission - is a voluntary acknowledgment, confession, or concession of the existence of a fact
or the truth of an allegation made by a party to the suit.
9. Admission - refers to statement of facts not directly constituting an acknowledgement of guilt.
10. Adulterant - Material used to increase the mass of a controlled substance. Adulterants produce
physiological effects and give the illusion that more controlled substance is present than its
actual content. 
11. AFIS - Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) is a biometric identification (ID)
methodology that uses digital imaging technology to obtain, store, and analyze fingerprint data.
12. Alcohol - fermented or distilled liquids or drug  containing ethanol and intoxicating substances. 
13. Alkaloid - One of a group of nitrogenous organic bases, especially one of vegetable origin, having
a powerful toxic effect on animals and man, such as nicotine, cocaine, strychnine, or morphine. 
14. Amateur- can be described as experiment
15. Amateur Intermittent Offender - These types of robbers view themselvesas lifetime robbers and
commits infrequent robbery offenses, often recklessly.
16. Amitriptyline - A tricyclic antidepressant drug, found to impair skilled performance and to be
additive with ethanol in its adverse effects. 
17. Amobarbital - A barbiturate derivative used as a sedative or hypnotic; available in ampules for
intravenous or intramuscular injection for the control of seizures. 
18. Amphetamine - A drug that is representative of a class of structurally related compounds known
as phenethylamines. Basis of a group of hallucinogenic,habit-forming drugs that affect the
central nervous system.The sale and use restricted to physicians; trade name Benzedrine. 
19. Analgesic - Any drugs, such as salicylates, morphine, or opiates used primarily for the relief of
pain
20. Anaphylaxis - An allergic hypersensitivity reaction of the body to a foreign protein or drug. 
21. Animus Lucrandi - means intent to gain, in Robbery. 
22. Antidepressant - A drug, such as imipramine and tranylcypromine, that relieves depression by
increasing central sympathetic activity. 
23. Antisera - Injecting human serum into various animals, such as the horse, goat,sheep, rabbit,
duck, hen, or guinea pig, can produce antihuman sera. 
24. Antiserum - Any immune serum that contains antibodies active chiefly in destroying a specific
infecting virus or bacterium. 
25. Appropriate Time - General rule - (ASAP) as soon possible while facts are fresh in the memory of
interviewees.
26. Area Patrol – Conduct observation either by moving patrol or stationary observation in a certain
area, which included a number of streets roads or sections of a highway. 
27. Armed Robbery - This involves the use of weapons such as firearm, aknife or other dangerous
weapons. 
28. Arrest - The legal taking of a person into a custody in order that he may be bound to answer for
the commission of an offense. 
29. Arrest Warrant - An order in writing issued in the name of the Philippines commanding or
directing a peace officer to arrest the person described therein and brings it before the court. 
30. Arson - An act of willfully and maliciously damaging or destroying a building or other property by
fire or explosion.
31. Arson - intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire. 
32. Arson - intentional or malicious destruction of property by fire.
33. Articulated Vehicle - shall mean any motor vehicles with a trailer having no front axle and so
attached that part of the trailer rest upon the motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight
of the trailer and of its load is born by the motor vehicle. 
34. Associative Evidence - is evidence that ties a suspect to the crime scene, the victim or some
other bit of evidence. Fingerprints, footprints, hair, fibers, blood and otherbodily fluids, knives,
bullets, guns, paint, and many other objects and substances,even soil, can link a suspect to the
scene.
35. Autopsy - known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy, autopsia cadaverum, or obduction, is
a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to
determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that maybe
present
36. Azimuth - uses polar coordinates. This method requires two people; one to hold each end of a
tape measure. This type of  measuring convention is best suited for large open areas
where there might not be any fixed reference points.
37. Backdraft - a phenomenon in which a fire that has consumed all available oxygen suddenly
explodes when more oxygen is made available, typically because a door or window has been
opened. 
38. Background Interview - time and place of interview are not a consideration except for busy
person
39. Barbiturates - drugs that affect the central nervous system causing sedation. 
40. Barkada Kontra Droga - is a peer-based program designed as a preventive education and
information strategy to counter the dangers and disastrous effects of drug abuse.
41. Benzoylecognine - A cocaine metabolite. 
42. Bienes Muebles - in Robbery, means personal property belonging to another.
43. Blasting Agent - any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off
explosives.
44. Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off
explosives.
45. Boiling Point - The temperature of a substance where the rate of evaporation exceeds the rate
of condensation. 
46. Box Junction - is a road traffic control measure designed to prevent congestion and gridlock at
junctions. A road area at a junction marked with a yellow grid, which a vehicle should enter only
if its exit from it is clear
47. braking marks - if the brakes "lock-up" and cause the tire to slide. 
48. Broken White Lines – is used to define or separate traffic lanes. It permits crossing from one lane
to another if there is ample passing distance, and if the opposing lane is clear of traffic. 
49. Broken Yellow Lines – is a two way/highway which means no  overtaking or passing is permitted
only when the road ahead is clear. 
50. Bugging - is the act of concealing a miniature microphone in (a room or telephone) in order to
eavesdrop on or record some one's conversations secretly.
51. Bureaucratic/ Corporate Model- The corporation, the police, and the military are examples of
bureaucracies, that mode of organization essential for efficiently carrying out large scale tasks.
52. Burned - when an investigator  has been exposed. The target has become aware that he is being
watched.
53. Butabarbital - A short- to intermediate-acting barbiturate derivative. 
54. Caffeine - a stimulant found in coffee.
55. Cannabidiol - A constituent of cannabis, which, upon isomerization to a tetrahydrocannabinol,
has some of the physiologic activity of marijuana. 
56. Cannabis - A genus of tall annual herbs in the family Cannabaccae having erect stems, with 3 to
7 elongated leaflets and pistillate flowers in spikes along the stem. Commonly known as
marijuana or sometimes referred to on the street as grass or pot.
57. Carnapping -  is the taking, with intent to gain, of a motorvehicle belonging to another without
the latter's consent, or by means of violence against or intimidation of persons, or by using force
upon things. 
58. Cellulose nitrate or Nitro cellulose - a highly combustible and explosive compound produced by
the reaction of nitric acid with a cellulose material. 
59. Cellulose nitrate plastic (Pyroxylin) - any plastic substance, materials or compound having
cellulose nitrate as base. 
60. Certificate of Exemption - is issued to exempt products or  preparations containing dangerous
drugs and/or controlled substances that are below and above the 30% threshold from  certain
regulatory control measures. 
61. Chain of Events – is the making up of accident or the link which explains the occurrence of the
accident and its components are present in every accident. 
62. Chemical Abuse – is an instance when the use of a chemical has produced a negative or harmful
consequence. 
63. Chemicals – is any substance taken into the body, which alters the way, the mind and the
bodywork. 
64. Chinese water torture - interrogation technique, repeatedly dripping water on the forehead of
the suspect. The goal is to drive the suspect to near insanity thereby obtaining a confession.
65. Chronic - Persistent, prolonged, repeated. 
66. Chronic effect - A pathologic process caused by repeated exposures over a period of long
duration. 
67. Chronic tolerance - The gradual decrease in degree of effect produced at the same blood
concentration in the course of repeated exposure to that drug. 
68. Circumstantial Evidence - also known as indirect evidence. It is distinguished from direct
evidence, which, if believed, proves the existence of a particular fact without any inference or
presumption required. Circumstantial evidence relates to a series of facts other than the
particular fact sought to be proved.
69. Class A Fire - Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber
and many plastics.
70. Class B Fires - Fires involving flammable liquids, greases and gases.
71. Class C Fires - Fires involving energized electrical equipment. 
72. Class D Fires - Fires involving combustible metals, such as  magnesium, titanium, zirconium,
sodium and potassium. 
73. Class K Fires - Class K is a new classification of fire as of 1998 and involves fires in combustible
cooking fuels such as vegetable or animal fats.
74. Cocaine - A colorless to white crystalline powder. Used as a local anesthetic (medicine or
dentistry), usually as the hydrochloride. Also known by street names, such as coke, snow, or
freebase. 
75. Cocaine - a natural stimulants derived from the plant erythroxylon coca. 
76. Cocaine - is a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, giving rise to
what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy.
77. Cocaine Hydrochloric – it is an odorless fine white crystalline that is most readily available
formed which is medically used as anesthetic.
78. Codeine - Methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrheal
properties. It is marketed as the salt codeine sulfate and codeine phosphate. It is also often used
as recreational drugs. 
79. Coefficient of Friction - is a dimensionless scalar value which describes the ratio of the force of
friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together. 
80. Combustible fiber - any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton,oakum,rags,waste
cloth,waste paper,kapok,hay,straw, Spanish moss,excelsior,and other similar materials
commonly used in commerce. 
81. Combustible liquid - any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8 degrees Celsius or 100
degrees Fahrenheit. 
82. Combustible/Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire. 
83. Combustion - is the self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel being reduced by an
oxidizing agent along with the evolution of heat and light.
84. Combustion - or burning - is the sequence of exothermic chemical reaction between fuel and an
oxidant accompanied by the  production of heat and conversion of chemical species.The result
of the heat can result in the form of either glowing or flame. 
85. Compressed Air Car - is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor powered by compressed air.
The car can be powered solely by air, or by air combined (as in a hybrid electric vehicle) with
gasoline, diesel, ethanol, or electric plant. 
86. COMPUTER CRIME-any crime accomplished through special knowledge of computer technology
87. Concealed Observation – Stationary observation in which the observer is not visible to persons
using ordinary power of observation form the roadway being observed. 
88. Concentration - The amount of a substance in a stated unit of a mixture or solution. Common
methods of stating concentration are percent by weight,percent by volume, or weight per unit
volume. 
89. Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of energy through  matter from particle to particle. Heat
may be conducted from one body to another by direct contact of the two bodies or  by an
intervening heat-conducting medium. 
90. Conductive/conduction heat transfer - heat is transferred by direct contact and the rate of
transfer is dependent on factors such as the thermal conductivity of the material and the
temperature difference between the cooler and warmer areas. 
91. Confession - A confession in criminal investigation may be defined as an out-of-court statement
by a suspect in which he or she voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently acknowledges that he or
she committed or participated in the commission of a crime.
92. Confession - An express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth
of his guilt as to the offense charged, while admission refers to statements of fact not directly
constituting an acknowledgment of guilt. 
93. Confirmatory test - Second test by an alternative chemical method for unambiguous
identification of a drug or metabolite. 
94. Conspicuous Observation – Stationary observation in which  the observer remains in full review
of traffic conditions.
95. Convection -  is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. Transfer of
heat by the movement o air or liquid.
96. Convective/convection heat transfer - transfer of heat through physical movement of materials
and occurs only in liquids and gases. Hot gases rise and spread heat to nearby ceilings and walls. 
97. Corpus delicti - (latin for the body of the crime) - used to describe the physical or material
evidence that a crime has been committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim.
98. Corpus Delicti - Latin for the “body of the crime”.
99. Corpus Delicti - the facts and circumstances constituting a crime. Concrete evidence of a crime,
such as a corpse.
100. Corrosive liquid - any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or
with certain chemicals.
101. Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or
with certain chemicals. 
102. Corruptee- a public officials, law enforcement officers or anybody who not a member of
the organization who can helps the organization
103. Corrupter- the one who corrupts or bribes, intimidate or threatens, negotiate or “sweet
talks” into a relationship with public officials, law enforcement officer, or anyone who would be
of help in obtaining security and immunity from possible arrest, prosecution and punishments
104. Crack - Concentrated form of cocaine, which is used in vapor form. It is smoked or
inhaled through crack pipes. It is a highly addictive drug that causes psychotic behavior, which is
often violent. 
105. Crime - A generic term referring to many types of misconduct forbidden by law.
106. Crime Scene - A venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been
committed
107. Crime Scene - The geographical area where the crime was committed. 
108. crime scene sketch- depicts the overall layout of a location and the relationship of
evidentiary items to the surroundings. 
109. Crime scene - a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been
committed.
110. Criminal - A person who is convicted by final judgment. 
111. Criminal Investigation - The collection of facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims
– to identify the guilty party, to locate the guilty party and to provide evidence of his (suspect)
guilt.
112. Criminal Investigator - A well-trained, disciplined and experienced professional in the
field of criminal investigation. 
113. Criminal Investigator - a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation
of all criminal cases as provided for and embodied under the revised penal code, criminals laws
and special laws which are criminal in nature.
114. Criminal Law - One that defines crimes treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment.
115. Criminalist - The officer responsible for recording a crime scene and recognizing and
preserving physical evidence. 
116. Criminalist- The officer responsible for recording a crime scene andrecognizing and
preserving physical evidence.
117. Crosswalks - are designed to keep pedestrians together where they can be seen by
motorists, and where they can cross most safely across the flow of vehicular traffic.
118. Cryogenic - descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction
with other elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings. 
119. Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction
with other elements produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings. 
120. Curtain board - a vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to
and extending below the bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof
into separate compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent. 
121. Curve Markings – are used to show where parking is legally prohibited or not allowed,
such Bus Stop, or in front of a fire hydrant, drive way. 
122. Custodial Investigation -Refers to “any questioning initiated by law enforcement officers
after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any
significant way”.
123. Custodial Investigation - investigation conducted by law enforcement officers after a
person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action.
124. Cut-off concentration - Concentration of a drug in a specimen or sample used to
determine whether the specimen or sample is considered positive or negative. 
125. Damper -  a normally open device  installed inside an air duct system which
automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire. 
126. Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically
closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire. 
127. Dangerous Drug – broad categories of controlled substances are pharmacological
classification, effect and legal criteria of drugs According to Legal Categories
128. Dangerous Drugs - are those that have high tendency for abuse and dependency, these
substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose harm to those who use them
129. Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 - marked the government assurance to strict policy against
drug abuse. The act was subsequently amended through Presidential Degree No. 44. Dangerous
Drug Board was created to implement the provisions of the Dangerous Drug Act as the national
policy making body and deal with other related matters on drug abuse prevention and control. 
130. Dangerous Drugs Board - is the policy making and strategy-formulating body, under the
office of the President, in the planning and formulation of policies and programs on drug
prevention and control. 
131. Dangerous Drugs Board Certification - is issued to attest that substance/s manufactured
or imported by companies are not included in the list of dangerous drugs and controlled
precursors and essential chemicals. 
132. DDB-DIAL - (DDB Drug Information Action Line) is an action center created to receive
reports and complaints related to drug abuse as well as to provide relevant information
and assistance to the public.
133. Deductive-judgment is one you decide is the answer of the case, and which you then
attempt to prove with a collection of facts. 
134. Defensive Driving – is an act of driving while preventing accidents despite of the wrong
actions of others aggravated by the existence of adverse driving conditions
135. Defensive Driving – is an act of driving while preventing accidents despite of the wrong
actions of others aggravated by the existence of adverse driving conditions. Which requires
knowledge, alertness, foresight, judgment and skill. 
136. Demand Reduction Strategy - refers to the concept of keeping the  potential users away
from drugs.
137. Dependency - is the state of physical and psychological dependence, or both, on a
dangerous drug, or drugs, experienced by a person following the use of that substance on a
periodic or continuous basis.
138. Deposition - in Criminal Investigation,is a formal written statement, made for example
by a witness to a crime or by the perpetrator of a crime.
139. Depressant - "downers" - a drug reducing functional or nervous activity. Lower the level
of arousal when taken. 
140. Depressant - A depressant is a drug that slows a person down. Doctors prescribed
depressants to help people be less angry, anxious, or tense. Depressants relax muscles and
make people feel sleepy or like their head are stuffed. 
141. Depressants - Drugs that depress the action of the central nervous system such as
phenobarbital, pentobarbital, and alcohol. 
142. Depressants - they are drugs that affects the central nervous system causing it to relax.
143. Designer drugs - Drugs that are produced illicitly by means of chemical technology.They
can cause uncontrollable tremors, chills, or sweating and faintness and paranoia when injected
or taken in pill form. 
144. Diazepam - (valium) The second benzodiazepine derivative to have been approved for
human usage has been one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in the United States. It is
administered as an antianxiety agent,muscle relaxant, or anticonvulsant. 
145. Dielectric Heating - The heating that results from the action  of either pulsating direct
current, or alternating current at high frequency on a non-conductive material. 
146. Direct Causes – the direct causes of an accident are observable by witness and
participants, or may be constructed from physical evidence found at the scene. 
147. Distillation - the process of first raising  the temperature to separate the more volatile
from the less volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to
produce as nearly purified substance.
148. Distillation - The process of first raising the temperature in separate the more volatile
from the less volatile parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to
produce a nearly purified substance. 
149. DNA Fingerprinting - is a test to identify and evaluate the genetic information, called
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), of a person's cells.
150. DNA Profiling - (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a
technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their
respective DNA profiles. 
151. Double Strip Search Method - modification of the strip search method. The rectangle is
traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.
152. Double Yellow Line – indicates two way traffic; were crossing of pedestrian and motorist
is not allowed. It separates the opposing flow of traffic.
153. Drug - Any natural or synthetic substance that is administered to produce specific
physiological or psychological effects. 
154. Drug Abuse - is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the
substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others.
155. Drug abuse - The nonmedicinal use of a drug in a manner that is not socially acceptable. 
156. Drug Addiction – a state of periodic or chronic (continuous) intoxication (drunk)
detrimental to individual and to the society produced by the repeated consumption of drugs. 
157. Drug addiction- is a complex, and often chronic, brain disease. It is characterized by
excessive drug craving, seeking, and use. Addiction is caused by brain changes caused by
constant drug use. 
158. Drug addiction- refers to the behavioral condition wherean individual’s need to obtain
and use (especially, self-administer) drugs becomes a strong fixation.
159. Drug Dependence - A state of psychic or physical dependence, or both on dangerous
drugs, arising in a person following administration or use of a drug on a periodic or continuous
basis.
160. Drug dependence-describes the state when an individual is dependent upon the drug
for normal physiological functioning. 
161. Drug Experimenter - One who illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses any narcotics
substances, marijuana or dangerous drugs as defined not more than a few times for reasons of
curiosity, peer pressure or other similar reasons. 
162. DRUG REHABILITATION – it is the term used for the processes of medical or
psychotherapeutic treatment of a person.
163. Drug Syndicate - it is a network of evil. It is operated and manned by willful criminals
who knowingly traffic  human lives for the money. Large sum of money, they can make in their
illegal and nefarious trade.
164. Drug Trade- from the farmers to the producers, the smugglers, the street dealers, and
the users, the drug trade is deeply rooted in the global economy.
165. drug trafficking -refers to the illegal process through which narcotics and other illegal
drugs are produced, transported, and sold.
166. Drugs - are chemicals that affect a person in such a way as to bring about physiological,
emotional, or behavioral change. 
167. Dry Chemicals and Halons - method of fire extinguishment, interrupt the flame
producing chemical reaction, resulting in rapid extinguishment. 
168. Duct system -  a continuous passageway for the transmission of air. 
169. Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air. 
170. Dust - a finely powdered substance which when mixed with air in the proper proportion
and ignited will cause an explosion. 
171. Early cause of an accident - is an act or negligence on the part of an individual or an
organization which causes or permits a mediate cause to exist. 
172. Early Causes - An early cause of an accident results from the act of any individual, or the
failure to act by any person,  which creates conditions leading to the chain of events making up
an accident. 
173. Eavesdropping - is secretly or stealthily listening to the private conversation of others
without their consent.
174. Economic Crime- any act characterized by fraud, concealment, or a violation of trust and
are not dependent upon the application or threat of physical force or violence
175. Electrical arc - an extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric
current across a space between two conductors or terminals due to the incandescence of the
conducting vapor. 
176. Elevation sketch – portrays a vertical plane rather than a horizontal plane.
177. Ember - a hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned and is still
oxidizing without the manifestation of flames. 
178. Enabling - is any action taken by a concerned person that removes or softens the
negative effect or harmful consequences of drug use upon the user.
179. Endothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a substance absorbs heat
energy. 
180. Enforcer- the one who makes for the arrangements for the killing (injuring or carrying
out the task physically, economically or psychologically) the members or non members
181. Environmental Crime-the deliberate evasion of environmental laws and regulations by
individuals and companies in the pursuit of “personal interest and benefit.”
182. Evidence -  The means by which facts are proved.
183. Exothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a substance gives off heat
energy. 
184. Exploded view or cross-projection sketch – consists of acombination of the first two
sketches. It is similar to a floor plan except the walls have been laid out flat and objects on them
have been shown in their relative positions
185. Explosive combustion - can occur when vapors, dust of gases, premixed with
appropriate amount of air are ignited.  
186. Facility Based/Treatment Based Data - are data gathered from the residential and out-
patient treatment and rehabilitation centers in the Philippines. 
187. Fahrenheit - On the Fahrenheit scale, 32 degrees is the melting point of ice; 212 degrees
is the boiling point of water. 
188. Felony - a higher level crime usually punishable by more than one year in prison.
189. Finishes - materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective
purposes.
190. Fire - the active principle of burning characterized by the heat and light of combustion. 
191. Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warm the
occupants of the building or fire fighting elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable
them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress the fire. 
192. Fire Alarm - any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the
occupants of the building or the fighting element of the presence or danger of fire to enable
them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress the fire. 
193. Fire analysis - the process of determining the origin, cause and responsibility  as well as
the failure analysis of fire or explosion. 
194. Fire analysis - the process of determining the origin, cause and responsibility  as well as
the failure analysis of fire or explosion.
195. Fire cause - the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ignition source
together with proper air or oxygen. 
196. Fire cause - the circumstances or agencies that bring a fuel and an ignition source
together with proper air or oxygen.
197. Fire door - a fire restrictive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or
partitions. 
198. Fire Hazard - any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the
probability of the occurrence of fire or which may obstruct,delay,hinder or interfere with
firefighting operations and the safeguarding of life and property. 
199. Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and
unobstructed at all times for the expedient operation of fire fighting units. 
200. Fire Lane - the portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and
unobstructed at all times for the expedient operations of firefighting units. 
201. Fire National Training Institute - (FNTI) the Institution for training on human resource
development of all personnel of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP). 
202. Fire point - The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce vapors sufficient to
support combustion once ignited.  The fire point is usually a few degrees above the flash point. 
203. Fire point/flame point - the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel produces
a flammable vapor in sufficient quantity such that if a source of ignition is introduced, the vapor
will ignite and is usually a few degrees above the flash point 
204. Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - any device intended for the protection of
buildings or persons to include but not limited to built in protection system such as sprinklers
and other automatic extinguishing system,detectors for heat,smoke and combustion products
and other warning system components,personal protective equipment such as fire
blankets,helmets,fire suits,globes and other garments that may be put on or worn by persons to
protect themselves during fire. 
205. Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and installation of walls, barriers, doors,
windows, vents, means of egress, etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in
order to minimize danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is
evacuated
206. Fire Safety Constructions - refers to design and installations of  
walls,barriers,doors,windows,vents,means of egress etc. integral to and incorporated into a
building or structure in order to minimize danger to life,from smoke,fire,fumes or panic before
the building is evacuated. 
207. Fire spread - the movement of fire from one place to another. 
208. Fire Trap - a building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks
adequate exits or fire escapes. 
209. Fire Triangle - Oxygen, Fuel, Heat 
210. FIREARMS- includes handguns, revolvers, pistols, rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns,
cannons and all other deadly weapons from which a bullet, ball, shot, shall or other missile may
be discharged by means of gunpowder or other explosive.
211. FIREARMS TRAFFICKING-refers to the act of any person who, through the use of any
fraudulent machinations,shall import or bring into, or export from, the Philippines, or assist in so
doing, anyfirearm or parts thereof, explosive or ammunition or machine, implements,
equipmentsor tools for the manufacture of firearms.
212. Flame - A gas-phased combustion. 
213. Flaming combustion -commonly recognized type of fire and occurs with gaseous fuel
sources only. The color of the flame can give some indication of the composition of the fuel. 
214. Flammable or Explosive Limit - The percentage of a substance in air that will burn once it
is ignited.  Most substances have an upper (too rich) and a lower (too lean) flammable limit. 
215. Flash fire - a fire that spreads with extreme rapidity such as the one that races over dust,
over the surface of flammable liquids or through gases. 
216. Flash point - the lowest temperature at which liquid fuel produces a flammable vapor.   
217. Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapors
to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the surface
218. Flash Point - the minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in
sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air. 
219. Flashover - an instance of a fire spreading very rapidly across a gap because of intense
heat. Occurs when a room or other area becomes heated to the point where flames flash over
the entire surface or area. 
220. "Follow Up Interview- additional interview in addition to vitalpoints if necessary.
221. "
222. Force Majure – is an inevitable accident or casualty, an accident produced by any
physical cause which is irresistible.
223. Forcible Rape - Sexual intercourse carried out against a person’s will by the use of
physical violence. 
224. Forcing - a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or
dimensions. 
225. Forcing - A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or
dimensions. 
226. Formal Interview- interview conducted by the investigation assigned to the case.
227. Fortuitous Event – an event which takes place by accident and could not have been
foreseen. In other words it is an Act of God which could neither be foreseen nor resisted, such
as earthquake, lightning, flood, and the like. 
228. Fuel - is the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process.
Material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power.
229. Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle - FCHV was developed by Toyota in 2005. The vehicle is
powered by the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to power the motor driving
the vehicle. 
230. Fuel load - the total quantity of combustible contents of the building, spaces or fire area,
including interior finish and trim expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood. 
231. Fuel load - the total quantity of combustible contents of the building, spaces or fire area,
including interior finish and trim expressed in heat units or the equivalent weight in wood.
232. Fuel Removal - method of fire extinguishment, fire is effectively extinguished by
removing the fuel source.  This may be accomplished by stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous
fuel or by removing solid fuel in the path of the fire or allow the fire  to burn until all fuel is
consumed. 
233. Fulminate - a kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion
234. Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion. 
235. Geneva Convention on Road Traffic - September 19, 1949. Promotes the development
and safety of international road traffic by establishing certain uniform rules. 
236. Glowing Combustion -  A condensed phased combustion. 
237. Gottlieb Daimler - He invented the high-speed petrol engine.He is also thought to have
invented the first real motorcycle in 1885. 
238. Grid method- is best used in large crime scenes such as fields or woods. Several
searchers, or a line of them, move alongside each other from one end of the area to be searched
to the other. Imagine a string of a dozen officers walking at arm's length down a football field.
239. Gridlock - a traffic jam so bad that no movement is possible. 
240. Group Oriented Organized Crime- manned by semi-organized individual with the end
view of attaining psychological gratification such as adolescent gangs
241. Group/Pretext Interview - for hostile witness or witness who refuse to cooperate.
242. Gustave Trouve - In November 1881, Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled
electric automobile at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris
243. Hallucinogen - A hallucinogen is a drug, such as LSD, that changes a person's mood and
makes him see, hear, or think things that aren't really there. Hallucinogens change the way a
person feels time, making it seem to slow down. 
244. Hallucinogen/Psychedelics - sometimes known as “all rounder's”and “mind expanders”
these drugs affects the person perceptions, awareness, emotions and can also
cause hallucinations as well as illusions.
245. Hardcore addicts - those whose activities revolves almost entirely around drug use and
securing supplies. They show strong psychological dependence on the drug. 
246. Hashish - It is the dark brown resin that is collected from the tops of potent Cannabis
Sativa. It is at least five times stronger than crude marijuana. 
247. Hazardous operation/process - any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion etc., or
produces materials which are likely to cause fires or explosions.
248. Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion, etc.,
that uses or produces materials which are likely to cause fires or explosion. 
249. Heat - The form of energy that raises temperature.  Heat is measured by the amount of
work it does. 
250. Heat - the quality of being hot; high temperature. A form of energy arising from the
random motion of the molecules of bodies, which may be transferred by conduction,
convection, or radiation. 
251. Heat from Arcing - Heat released either as a high-temperature arc or as molten material
from the conductor. 
252. Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the combustion (oxidation)
process. 
253. Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the combustion (oxidation)
process. 
254. Heat of Decomposition -  The release of heat from decomposing compounds. These
compounds may be unstable and release their heat very quickly or they may detonate.
255. Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from decomposing compounds.
256. Heat of Solution -  The heat released by the mixture of matter in a liquid.  Some acids,
when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose exposure problems to nearby combustibles. 
257. Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture of matter in a liquid.
258. Heat release rate - is a measure of the amount of energy a specific type of fuel can
contribute to the heat flux in a fire. 
259. Heat transfer - the mechanism in which fire can spread from its origin to other sources
of fuel. 
260. Heroin - is also known as Diacetylmorphine, is a semi synthetic opioid. It mimics
endorphins and creates a sense of well being upon entering the bloodstream usually through
intravenous injection. 
261. Hierarchical- An organized crime has a vertical power structure with at least three (3)
ranks. The authority is inherent in the position and does not depend on who happens to be
occupying it at any given time.
262. High - A high is the feeling that drug users want to get when they take drugs. There are
many types of high, including a spacey feeling, euphoria, or a feeling that a person  has “special
powers”, such as the ability to fly or see into the future. 
263. Highway - any public road. A main road especially one connecting major town or cities. 
264. Hippies - Those who are addicted to drugs believing that drug is an integral part of life. 
265. Hit and run - is the act of causing a traffic accident and failing to stop and identify
oneself afterwards. 
266. Hit-and-run - is the act of causing (or contributing to) a traffic accident (such as colliding
with a person or a fixture), and failing to stop and identify oneself afterwards. It is considered a
crime in most jurisdictions. 
267. Horizontal exit - passage way from one building to another or through or around a wall
in approximately the same floor level. 
268. Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through or around a wall in
approximately the same floor level
269. Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored
and arranged for fire fighting. 
270. Hose Box - a box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored
and arranged for firefighting. 
271. Hose Reel - a cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is
connected.\. 
272. Hypergolic fuel - a rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels and
oxidizers which ignite simultaneously on contact with each other. 
273. Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant which consist of combinations of fuels and
oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on contact with each other. 
274. IDADIN - Integrated Drug Abuse Data and Information Network- is an online drug data
pooling and collection system that  allows better management and assessment of the over-all
drug demand and supply reduction efforts undertaken by the government.
275. Ignition Temperature - The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air must be heated
in order to start self-sustained combustion independent of the heating source.
276. Ignition/auto-ignition temperature - the temperature at which a fuel will ignite on its
own with out any additional source ignition.
277. Important Criminal Cases - should be conducted in places other than the subjects
home/office to prevent him/her feeling confident.
278. Impramine - The prototype of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs. 
279. Imprudence – indicates deficiency of action. If a person fails to take the necessary
precaution to avoid injury to a person or damage to property, there is imprudence. Imprudence
usually involves lack of skill. 
280. Inductive- reasoning collects all the facts available first and allows them to determine
the judgement.
281. Industrial Baking and Drying - the industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for
the purpose of removing solvents or moisture from the same and,or to fuse certain chemical
salts to form a uniform glazing the surface of materials being treated. 
282. Industrial Baking and Drying - The industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for
the purpose of removing solvents or moisture from the same, and/or to fuse certain chemical
salts to form a uniform glazing the surface of materials being treated. 
283. Informal (on the scene interview) - conducted by police/investigator at the crime scene
to get description of criminal if seen.
284. Information - The general term referring to the knowledge acquired by criminal
investigator from various sources. Data gathered by an investigator from other persons
including the victim himself and other sources. 
285. Information - data gathered by an investigator and other person incluiding the victim
himself and from public records, private records and modus operandi file.
286. Instrumentation - The application of instrument and method of physical science in the
detection and investigation of crime.
287. Instrumentation - scientific examination of real evidence, application of instruments and
method of physical sciences in  detecting crime.
288. Interrogation - The vigorous or aggressive questioning of person suspected of having
committed an offense or a person who is reluctant or willing to make a full disclosure of
information in his possessions, which is pertinent to the investigation of a criminal case. 
289. Interview - skillful questioning of witness and suspects.
290. Interview - The simple friendly questioning of people who have the information officially
needed by investigators. 
291. Investigare - is a Latin word which means to track or trace by footprint and to study or
examine closely.
292. Investigation - The collection of basic facts establishing that a crime has been committed
and that some other person is responsible thereof.
293. Investigation - an inquiry, judicial or otherwise for the discovery and collection of facts
concerning the matters involved.
294. Jumper - a piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an
electrical system. 
295. Kastle–Meyer Test - is a presumptive blood test, first described in 1903, in which the
chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible presence of hemoglobin. 
296. Key Event – means the one which characterizes the manner of the occurrence of the
traffic accident. It determines the time, place, and type of accident. 
297. KID Listo - is a mascot created to stand as an icon or representation of the drug abuse
prevention program. KID means Kalaban ng Ilegal na Droga. It was brought to different schools
and communities all over the country to promote the anti-drug advocacy
298. Last Clear Chance - it means that the driver who is in the better position to prevent the
accident shoulders the responsibility of preventing the accident.
299. Last Clear Chance - it means that the driver who is in the better position to prevent the
accident shoulders the responsibility of preventing the accident.
300. Lebanon - also became the transit country for cocaine from South America to illicit drugs
markets.
301. Legal Risk -the possibility that lawsuits, adverse judgments or contracts that turn out to
be unenforceable can disrupt or adversely affect the operations or condition of a bank
302. Line Patrol – Conducts observation either in moving or stationary observation at a
certain route or point of a major street in a city.
303. Macadam- he method simplified what had been considered state of the art at that
point. Single-sized aggregate layers of small stones, with a coating of binder as a cementing
agent, are mixed in an open-structured roadway.
304. Marijuana - obtained from an Indian hemp plant known as “Cannabis Sativa” a strong,
handy ,annual shrub which grows wild in temperature and tropic regions. 
305. Mary Ward - worlds first road traffic death including a motor vehicle, is alleged to have
occurred on august 31, 1869, when she fell out of her cousins steam car and was run over it. 
306. Mediate and Early Causes – These mediate and early causes of an accident are also
termed condition causes in formalized accident investigation procedure. 
307. Meperidine hydrochloride - A fine, white, odorless, crystalline powder; very soluble in
water, soluble in alcohol, and used in medicine as a narcotic. 
308. Mercenary/Predatory organized crime -perpetuated for the attainment of direct
personal gain but prey upon unwilling victims.
309. Mesopotamia - (Present Iraq) location of the oldest constructed roads discovered to
date. The stoned paved streets date back to about 4000 BC, in the Mesopotamia cities of Ur and
Babylon. 
310. Metabolic tolerance infers a faster removal and oxidation by the liver. Functional
tolerance infers a change in sensitivity of the organ to the effects of the drug. 
311. Methadone hydrochloride - A synthetic narcotic. Used medicinally as a sedative and also
useful in treating heroin addiction. 
312. Methamphetamine - Colorless, volatile liquid; characteristic strong odor and slightly
burning taste. Highly toxic, flammable, as well as a dangerous fire risk. Basis of a group of
hallucinogenic, habit-forming drugs that affect the central nervous system. 
313. METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE (SHABU) – stimulates and alerts the body. It is
referred to as POOR MAN’S COCAINE because it is cheap.
314. Methamphetamine/Amphetamine - man made stimulants drugs.
315. Milestone - The earliest road signs, giving distance or direction. milestone is one of a
series of numbered markers placed along a road or boundary at intervals of one mile or
occasionally, parts of a mile
316. Miranda Doctrine - The principle on the rights of a suspect against forced self-
incrimination during police interrogation.
317. Miranda vs. Arizona - Ernesto Miranda had confessed to rape and kidnapping, after two
hour interrogation. Because the interrogators failed to inform Miranda of his right to counsel
and remain silent, his conviction was overturned.
318. Misdemeanor - a lower level crime, usually punishable by less than one year in prison.
319. Modus Operandi - Methods of Operation, Modes of Operation, Manner of committing
the crime.
320. MONOPOLISTIC- An organized crime group eschew competition. It strives for hegemony
over a particular geographic area, a particular “industry”, legitimate or illegitimate, or a
combination of both
321. Morphine - is a strong opiate analgesic drug and is the principal active agent in opium. It
acts directly on the central nervous system relieving pain. It is claimed to be six (6) times more
potent than opium
322. Morphine - White crystalline alkaloid, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; highly
toxic, narcotic, habit-forming drug. 
323. Motbok - an alcohol rationing system with personal ration record book employed by
Sweden from 1914 to 1955.
324. Motor Vehicle – shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular
power using the public highways, but exempting road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers,
bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles which runs only on rails or tracks, tractors,
trailers, and traction engine.
325. Motor Vehicle – shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular
power using the public highways, but exempting road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers,
bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, cranes, vehicles which runs only on rails or tracks, tractors,
trailers, and traction engine. 
326. Murder-Suicide - An act in which an individual kills one or more other persons
immediately before or at the same time as him or herself. 
327. Narcotics - refers to any drugs which produces insensibility, stupor, melancholy or
dullness of mind with delusion and  which may be habit forming. 
328. NATURAL DRUG – can be found in animal and plants.
329. Negligence – indicates a deficiency of perception. If a person fails to pay proper
attention to use due diligence in foreseeing the injury or damage impending to be caused there
in negligence. Negligence usually involves lack of skill.
330. Neighborhood Investigation - one of the most crucial steps in kidnap for ransom cases
which is often overlooked. The objective is to identify and interview in person all individuals in
the area where the victim was kidnapped or last known sighting area during the window of
opportunity.(last time seen until the time discovered missing.
331. Nicotine - an addictive substance usually obtained from cigarette smoking. 
332. Normal Interview- for willing or cooperative witness.
333. Object Markings – are painted on fixed poles, and on vertical  ends of bridges and ports
to avoid accidents. 
334. Occupancy - the purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to
be used
335. Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to
be used. 
336. Occupant - any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by
virtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the
latter. 
337. Occupant - Any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by
virtue of a lease contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the
latter. 
338. Operational Risk -the risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate or failed
internal processes,people and systems or from external events
339. Opiates - Natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substances with morphine-like effects in
the body. They are primarily employed as analgesics and can be considered narcotic in their
effects. 
340. Opium - Obtained from a female poppy plant known as “Papayer Somniferum”. It comes
from the Greek word which means “juice”. It is the original components of Morphine and
Heroin.
341. Opium Preparation - The smoking of opium does not involve the burning of the material
as might be imagined.
342. Oplan Iwas Droga - is the national flagship program on drug  abuse prevention launched
by the DDB in 1995. 
343. Organic Peroxide - a strong oxidizing organic compound which release oxygen readily. It
causes fire when in contact with combustible materials especially under conditions of high
temperature. 
344. Organized Crime- poses a direct threat to national and international security and
stability, and continues a frontal attack on political and legislative authority.
345. Organized crime - a combination of two or more persons who are engaged in a criminal
or virtual criminal activity on a continuing basis for the purpose of profit or power using
gangland style to attain their purpose.
346. Organized crimes- disrupt and compromise social and economic institutions, thus
causing a loss of faith indemocratic process.
347. Organized criminal group - a structured group of three or more persons existing for a
period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crime or
offenses.
348. ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUP-shall mean a structured group of three or more persons,
existing for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of committing or more serious
crimes or offenses established in accordance with this convention, in order to obtain, directly or
indirectly , a financial or material benefit.
349. Overdose - An excessive dose of medicine or narcotic substance. 
350. Overview sketch – consists of a bird’s-eye-view or floor plan sketch of the scene
351. Owner - the person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real
property.
352. Oxidizing Material - a material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to
stimulate or support combustion
353. Painted Crosswalk – are placed at intersections and other places where there is
considerable pedestrians traffic to provide pedestrians with safety zones when crossing 
354. PD 1911 - a law authorizing the disposal of of unclaimed recovered and impounded
carnapped motor vehicles. 
355. Pedestrian - is a person traveling on foot whether walking or running. 
356. Pedestrian Crossing - is a place designated for pedestrians to cross a road. 
357. Peyote - The common name for the small Mexican cactus, Lophophora williamsii,which
contains the hallucinogen, mescaline. 
358. Pharmacodynamics - The study of the relationship of drug concentration to drug
effects. 
359. Pharmacokinetics - The study of the time course of the processes
(absorption,distribution, metabolism, and excretion) a drug undergoes in the body. 
360. Phencyclidine (PCP) - Has an anesthetic activity and is manufactured legitimately for use
as a veterinary anesthetic. It has no legitimate use in humans because of its hallucinogenic
actions.
361. Phenomena - A circumstance, event or occurrence as it actually exists or existed. 
362. Photography -  The most reliable means of preserving the crime scene or evidence. 
363. Physical Dependence - An adaptive state caused by repeated drug use that reveals itself
by development of intense physical symptoms when the drug is stopped (withdrawal
syndrome).
364. Physical evidence - evidenced addressed to the senses of the court that are capable of
being exhibited, examined or viewed by the court. This includes but not limited to fingerprints,
body fluid, explosives, hazardous chemicals, soil/burned debris, bombs, electronic parts used in
the commission of the crime.
365. Picking - Adherence of a drug to the face of the punch used to produce a tablet.Picking
creates holes in the surfaces of pressed tablets, usually near letters such as A or R. 
366. PNP Highway Patrol Group - is an operational support unit of the PNP in charged of anti-
carnapping, highway robbery and hi-jacking incidents. Formerly called Traffic Management
Group. Traffic Management in Metro Manila is managed by the MMDA. 
367. Point of origin - the exact physical location where a heat source and fuel comes in
contact with each other and a fire begins. 
368. Point of origin - the exact physical location where a heat source and fuel comes in
contact with each other and a fire begins.
369. Police Blotter - is an 18" x 12" logbook with hard bound cover that contains the daily
register of all crime incident reports, official summary of arrests and other significant events
reported in a police station. A separate police blotter shall be maintained for offenses requiring
confidentiality like violence against women and children and those cases involving a child in
conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant to RA 9262 (anti violence against women
and children act of 2004) and RA 9344 ( juvenile justice and welfare act of 2006).
370. Political Graft- committed by political criminals for purposes of gaining profit though
violence or force for the attainment of political goals or ambitions such as used of private
armies, buying of votes or threatening voters
371. Political terrorists - The use of force or the fear of force to achieve a political end. 
372. Polydrug Abuse - Many people who abuse on drug tend to take all sorts of drugs. Some
play chemical “Russian roulettes” by taking everything including unidentified pills. This is called
polydrug abuse. 
373. Power-Reassurance Rapist - The rapist who psychologically doubt his masculinity and
seeks to dispel this doubt by exercising power and control over women. 
374. Pressurized or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - type or burner where the fuel is
subjected to pressure prior to discharge into the combustion chamber and /or which includes
fans or other provisions for the introduction of air above normal atmosphere pressure into the
same combustion chamber. 
375. Professional- builds or bombs or does both for profit
376. Professional Driver – shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or
operating a motor vehicle, whether for private use or for public. 
377. Professional Robber - This characterized as having a long-term commitment to crime as
a source of livelihood, planning and organizing crimes before committing them and pursuing
money to support a particular lifestyle.
378. Profilograph - devised used to measure pavement surface roughness. 
379. Propoxyphene - A mildly effective narcotic analgesic, somewhat less potent than
codeine, that bears a close structural relationship to methadone. 
380. Psychoactive Drugs - These are often described as a psychotropic (mind affecting) or
mind altering drugs. It is a chemical substance that changes ones thinking, feelings, perceptions
and behaviors. 
381. Psychoactive drugs that cause subjective change in perception,thought,emotion and
consciousness. 
382. Psychological Dependence - An attachment to drug use which arises from a drug ability
to satisfy some emotional or personality need of an individual. (Physical dependence not
required but it does not seem to reinforce psychological dependence. 
383. Psychopathic- acts without rhyme or reason
384. Public Assembly Building - any building or structure where 50 0r more people
congregate, gather or assemble for any purpose. 
385. Public Way - any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the
sky, dedicated for public use. 
386. Pyrophoric - descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to
air. 
387. Qualitative test - A test that determines the presence or absence of specific drugs or
metabolites, proteins, or enzymes in the specimen or sample. 
388. RA 4136 - Land Transportation and Traffic code of the Philippines. 
389. Radiation -  Electromagnetic waves that directly transport  energy through space.
390. Radiative/radiation heat transfer - heat is transferred if the form of electromagnetic
energy directly from one object to another. ex. infrared radiation from the sun. 
391. Rail Adhesion - grip wheels of a train have on the rails. 
392. Random Search Method: This is the most common method employed by the
investigators, because of the feasibility at any location.
393. RANSNATIONAL CRIME- a continuing illegal activity of group of person which is primarily
concerned with the generation of profits, irrespective of national boundaries as a result of
globalization
394. Refining - a process where impurities and,or deleterious materials are removed from a
mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation
and electrolysis. 
395. Refining - A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are removed from a
mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation
and electrolysis. 
396. Reflectorized Markings – are used to mark hazardous areas  and also used as delineators
or road limits, these delineators are aids especially during night driving, particularly when  the
alignment of a road changes and might confused the   operator of the vehicle. 
397. Rehabilitation - is a dynamic process directed towards the changes on the health of the
person to prepare him from his fullest life potentials and capabilities, and making him law-
abiding and productive member of the community without abusing drugs. 
398. Rekindle - a return to flaming combustion after incomplete extinguishment of a fire
reigning at some time after being put out.
399. Reputational Risk-the potential that adverse publicity regarding a bank’s business
practices and associations, whether accurate or not, will cause a loss of confidence in the
integrity of the institution.
400. Right of way - is a strip of land that is granted, through an easement or other
mechanism for transportation purposes such as for a trail, driveway, rail line or highway. 
401. Road Intelligence – Unusual points of serious congestion must be noted.Note and report
unnecessary delay at stop signs or signals which are installed when traffic is heavier. Note and
report congestion that ties up traffic for a block or more. 
402. Road Texture - affects the interaction of tires and the driving surface. 
403. Rouges Gallery - is a police collection of pictures or photographs of criminals and
suspects kept for identification purposes.A compilation of descriptions, methods of operation
having places and names of criminal and their associates.
404. Rough Sketch -  The first pencil-drawn outline of the scene and the location of objects
and evidence within this outline. 
405. Routine Criminal Cases - interview should be carefully planned. Busy person can be
interviewed at night, privacy is important.
406. Rules of the road - are the laws and the informal rules that may have developed
overtime to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic. 
407. Secobarbital - A barbiturate derivative of short duration of action; used as either a
sedative or hypnotic. 
408. Self Closing Doors - automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and
heat and delay the spread o fire.
409. Self-Closing Doors - Automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and
heat and delay the spread of fire. 
410. Serial Killer - is someone who murders 3 or more people with "cooling off" periods in
between.
411. SERIOUS CRIME- shall mean conduct constituting an offence punishable by maximum
deprivation of liberty of at least four years or a more serious penalty
412. Shabu - In the mid 80’s it was introduced in the Philippines and has gained popularity
not only in urban areas but rural communities as well. It is also regarded as poor man’s cocaine.
413. Sit On - conduct a stakeout or stationary surveillance.
414. Situational user - those who use drugs to keep them awake or for additional energy to
perform an important work. Such individual may or may not exhibit psychological dependence. 
415. Sketch - a rough drawing or painting, often made to assist in making a more finished
picture.
416. Skid mark - is the mark a tire makes when a vehicle wheel stops rolling and slides or
spins on the surface of the road. 
417. Smelting - melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities
from pure metals. 
418. Smuggling-also known as trafficking, is the clandestine transportation of goods or
persons past a point where prohibited, such as out of a building, into a prison, or across an
international border, in violation of the law or other rules
419. Solid White Line – is used to separate opposing streams of traffic. Crossing is unlawful
except where ample distance  exists and where the opposing traffic lane is clear of traffic. 
420. Solid Yellow Line – is your driving lane prohibits you from  passing other vehicles. 
421. Solvent - A substance capable of dissolving another substance (solute) to form a
uniformly dispersed mixture (solution) at the molecular or ionic size level. 
422. Solvents and Inhalants - volatile liquids that give off a vapor, which is inhaled producing
short term excitement and euphoric followed by a period of disorientation.
423. Spalling - chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces. 
424. Spalling - chipping or pitting of concrete or masonry surfaces.
425. Special Crime Investigation - It is a special study of modern techniques in the
investigation of serious and specific crime. This focus on specific crimes which by their nature
are difficult and complex to investigate. 
426. Special Crime Investigation - The investigation of cases that are unique and often require
special training to fully understand their broad significance. 
427. Spectrometry - modern detection method of alcohol and drugs. 
428. Speed limit - define the maximum, minimum or no speed limit and are normally
indicated using a traffic sign. 
429. Spiral Method-This is well suited for lager indoor and outdoor crime scene with less
obstacles (like furniture etc.). The searcher will start either from the center of the room
(outward) or from the periphery (inward) search as show in the images below. Also, two
investigators can search together, one moving from the center towards the periphery and other
one vice versa.
430. Spiral Search Method - The searchers (3 person is good) follow each other along the
path of a spiral beginning on the outside and spiraling in towards the centre.
431. Spiral search- search method in which the investigator move in an inward spiral from
the boundary to the center of the scene or in an outward spiral from the center to the boundary
of a scene. 
432. Split Friction - dangerous condition arising due to varying friction on either side of a car. 
433. Spontaneous combustion - the ignition of organic matter with out apparent cause,
typically through heat generated internally by rapid oxidation. A process whereby a material self
heats. 
434. Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance  without the addition of
external heat. 
435. Spree user - school age user who take drugs for "kicks", adventure, daring experience or
a means of fun. 
436. Sprinkler System - an integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a
building, structure or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically
discharges water when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire. 
437. Standpipe System - a system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be
attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to the outlet as
needed. 
438. State of Necessity – there is state of necessity even if the injury to a person results in his
death, because self-preservation always makes the actor feel that his own safety is greater than
that of another. Elements or requisites under the law; 1.) the evil sought to avoided actually
exists ; 2.) the injury feared be greater that that done to avoid it; 3.) that there is no other
practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
439. Stationary Observation – Observation of traffic conditions of a selected place, usually
one with unfavorable accident experiences for traffic law supervision.
440. Stimulant - A stimulant speeds up a person's body and brain. Stimulants, such as
methamphetamines, have the opposite effect of depressants
441. Stimulants - "Uppers" - increase mental  and/or physical function. A substance that
raises the levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body. 
442. Stimulants - chemical substances that generally speed up central nervous system
function, resulting in alertness and excitability. 
443. Stimulants - Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system, creating
feelings of confidence and energy. A drug that produces a temporary increase of functional
activity or efficiency.
444. Stop Line – it indicates where stop should be made. 
445. Strip method - the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The searchers (3
person is good) proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the
rectangle.
446. Strip or Parallel Method: In this method the virtual strips or line are being imagined to
walk through on the crime scene and look for the evidences. The method is well suited for the
crime scene like class rooms, where rows are present already, each row can be considered as a
strip.
447. Striped Curb Markings – are markings used in traffic islands  in order to warn the driver
of the traffic island on the road  and aids the motorist to its traffic lane. 
448. Strychnine - An alkaloid found together with the less active brucine in the seed of
Strychnos nux-vomica, a tree indigenous to India. It is a potent central nervous system stimulant
and convulsant, acting by the selective blockage of postsynaptic neuronal inhibition. 
449. Substance abuse - Use of alcohol or drugs that results in adverse effects on the user.
Substance abuse is a major health and social problem in the United States among adolescents.
450. Suicidal- major attack weapon in recent years, particularly among Islamic terrorist
groups
451. Supply Reduction Strategy - which refers to the concept of keeping the  drugs away from
the potential drug users. 
452. Suspect - A person arrested for a crime.
453. Syndicated Crimes -comes with a structure organization that participates in illicit activity
in society using force
454. , or intimidation.
455. SYNTHETIC DRUG – it is the drug that is artificially prepared with the use of chemicals.
456. Tail - to conduct a moving surveillance.
457. Terrorism - The unlawful use of threat of violence against person or property to further
political or social objectives. 
458. TERRORISM-the word terror derives from the Latin word terrere, meaning “to frighten”
459. Tetrahydrocannabinol - (THC) It is the psychoactive agent of marijuana. The more THC
present in marijuana, the more potent is the drug. It is also known as the “sinister element” in
marijuana. This is what causes the “high lift” or “trip” in marijuana users. 
460. Thermal inertia - the ease at which a material can be ignited.
461. Tolerance - A state that develops after long-term exposure to a drug.
462. Tolerance - it is the increasing dosage of drugs to maintain the same effect. 
463. Trace - means to find or discover by investigation.
464. Traffic – is a movement of vehicles along a route where passengers and cargoes are
carried by transportation.
465. Traffic accident - occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian,
animal, road debris or other statutory obstruction such as tree or utility pole. 
466. Traffic Actuated Signal – is controlled by an individual using his hands in signaling the
flow of traffic wherein traffic shall proceed in accordance with the desire of the individual
controlling the flow of traffic. 
467. Traffic Code - (also motor vehicle code) refers to the collection of local statutes,
regulations, ordinances and rules that have been officially adopted by countries to govern the
 orderly operation and interaction of motor vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians and others upon the
public (and sometimes private) ways. 
468. Traffic Congestion - "traffic jam" - is a condition on roads, streets or highways that
occurs as use increases. 
469. Traffic Education – comprises all means for public information and the safety education
of both drivers and pedestrians as to traffic laws and the use of traffic facilities and an adequate
training programs in traffic control throughout the police unit. 
470. Traffic Engineering - is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to
achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. 
471. Traffic Flow - the total number of vehicles passing a given point in a given time. Traffic
flow is expressed as vehicle per hour. 
472. Traffic Island - a small raised area in the middle of a road which provides a safe place for
pedestrians to stand and marks a division between two opposing streams of traffic. 
473. Traffic Law Enforcement – comprises all police activities in connection with the direction
of traffic, regulation and education of drivers, determine potential offenders, constant patrol,
giving of assistance in the prosecution of offenders, investigation of accidents, follow-up
complaints, requesting police action, warning, summoning or arrest of violators, reporting of
road hazards and obstruction. 
474. Traffic laws - are the laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles, while rules of the
road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have developed over time to facilitate
the orderly and timely flow of traffic
475. Traffic laws - laws which govern traffic and regulate vehicles. 
476. Traffic Light Signals – is a power operated traffic control device by which traffic is
warned or directed to take some specific actions. 
477. Traffic lights - a set of automatically operated coloured lights, typically red, amber, and
green, for controlling traffic at road junctions, pedestrian crossings, and roundabouts.
478. Traffic Management – it comprises all public surfaces , facilities and agencies having
responsibility for licensing, approving, maintaining and controlling the flow of traffic and the use
of traffic facilities.
479. Traffic Patrol – Traffic patrol refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior
of the drivers and other users of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law
enforcement and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public. 
480. Traffic signal/Traffic light - a visual signal to control the flow of traffic at intersections. 
481. Traffic signs/road signs - are signs erected at the side of the roads to provide
information to road users. 
482. Traffic Waves - "stop waves" "traffic Shocks" - are traveling disturbances in the
distribution of cars on a highway. 
483. TRAFFICKING IN PERSON (TIP)- a form of modern-day slavery
484. Tranquilizers - are drugs which relieves uncomfortable emotional feelings by reducing
anxiety and promoting relaxation.
485. Transfer Evidence – it is an evidence found at the accident scene that will connect to the
suspected vehicle and with the crime scene. 
486. TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME- is a crime perpetuated by organized criminal
group which the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain
 directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefits committed through crossing of
borders or jurisdictions
487. Treatment – Is a medical service rendered to a client for the effective management of
hit total conditions related to drug abuse. It deals with the physiological without abusing drugs. 
488. Triangulation - is a method that can be used when the scene is irregularly shaped. Two
control points are used for this  method.
489. Triangulation - method of locating object where measurements are taken from two
fixed points at the scene to the object you desire to locate 
490. Tribometer - an instrument that measures friction on a surface. 
491. Vapor Density - the density of the vapor relative to the density of air and is calculated by
dividing the molecular weight of the gas by that of air. 
492. Vertical Shaft - a enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor as
well as from the base to the top of the building. 
493. Vestibule - a passage hall or ante chamber between the outer doors and the interior
parts of a house or building. 
494. Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior
parts of a house or building
495. Victimology/victim profiling - a detailed account of the victims lifestyle and personality,
assist in determining the nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim and the type of
person who could have committed the crime. Complete information regarding the victims
physical description, normal behavior patterns, the family dynamics and known friends and
acquintances should be obtained as soon as possible.
496. Visible Observation – Stationary observation in which observer  is full view but so
located, for example, at Side Street, so  as to require effort on the part of traffic users to
discover  the observer. 
497. Waterboarding - refers to the practice of strapping a suspect to a board with his or her
head lowered, then the face is covered and water is poured over it causing the suspect to gag
and experience the sensation of drowning.
498. Wheel Search Method - the area is considered to be approximately circular. The
searchers gather at be approximately circular. The searchers gather at the center and proceed
outward along radii or spokes.
499. Wheel Search Method- This method is only applicable to the lager outdoor scenes like
fields, desert, or other such open areas. 
500. Wiretapping - is the practice of connecting a listening device to a telephone line to
monitor conversations secretly.
501. Withdrawal Period - From the point of habituation or drug dependence up to the time a
drug dependent is totally or gradually deprived of the drug. 
502. yaw marks - if the tire slide sideways.