The criminals behind this highly profitable business seize the opportunity created by the need or desire of people

to escape not just

poverty and lack of employment opportunities but also natural disaster, conflict or persecution. (PENYEBAB)

Many migrants die of thirst in deserts, perish at sea, or suffocate in containers. (AKIBAT)
Smugglers take advantage of people who need to escape poverty, natural disaster, conflict or persecution, or lack of
employment and education opportunities, but do not have the options to migrate legally. (PENYEBAB)
https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/migrant-smuggling/migrant-smuggling.html

According to the UN Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, migrant smuggling is defined as “the
procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State
Party of which the person is not a national or permanent resident” (UNODC,icat 2000). 

An element of exploitation is required in trafficking but not in smuggling. Smuggling must be consensual and it must be transnational.

smuggling can lead to trafficking, making it difficult to discern one from the other. It is also important to note that human trafficking
generally is a crime against an individual, whereas smuggling is a crime against the state (ICAT, 2016).

According to UNDP estimates, there were about 50 million irregular international migrants in the world a decade ago (2009), but this figure
most likely   includes many migrants who entered a country legally and overstayed.

Recent surveys of policy concerns show that governments are increasingly focusing on irregular migration, including migrant smuggling
(UN, 2014).

As for movements from North Africa to Europe, over 181,000 migrants crossed the Mediterranean from North Africa to Italy in 2016, the
majority of whom are believed to have used smuggling services (IOM, 2017). 

The UN Office for Drugs and Crime (UNOCD)’s launched the Knowledge Management Portal on Migrant Smuggling in May 2017 with the
aim to disseminate information related to the implementation of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. The Portal
provides three databases on Migrant Smuggling: a case law database, a database of legislation, and a bibliographic database. These can
be searched using criteria such as crime type and/or country/region, providing user-friendly access to sources on migrant smuggling. 
https://www.migrationdataportal.org/themes/smuggling-migrants

A key difference is that victims of trafficking are considered victims of a crime under international law; smuggled migrants are not—they
pay smugglers to facilitate their movement.

people who are smuggled can be extremely vulnerable to human trafficking, abuse, and other crimes, as they are illegally present in the country of
destination and often owe large debts to their smugglers. Smuggled migrants sometimes flee violence in their home country; others simply seek better
lives, economic opportunities, or to reunify with family members abroad.

https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/272325.pdf

https://www.unodc.org/pdf/HT_indicators_E_LOWRES.pdf

https://migration.ucdavis.edu/cf/more.php?id=100

human trafficking background https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2019/09/human-trafficking

Human trafficking involves the recruitment, movement or harbouring of people for the purpose of exploitation - such as sexual exploitation,
forced labour, slavery or organ removal. Victims can be children or adults, boys, girls, men or women, and are trafficked by the use of improper
means such as the threat or use of force, fraudulent schemes, deception, or abuse of power. It can occur within a country or across borders.
Human trafficking is therefore characterized by an act (recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of people), specific means
(threats or use of force, deception, fraud, abuse of power, or abusing someone's vulnerable condition) for the purpose of exploitation (for
example sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or organ removal). https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/secondary/human-trafficking-and-migrant-
smuggling.html

https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/People-smuggling/People-smuggling-the-issues

https://english.radio.cz/czech-uk-conference-tackles-scourge-human-trafficking-8265071

https://english.radio.cz/czech-republic-ranked-europes-third-worst-slavery-haven-8542144

https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/czecseptemberh-republic/ 2021 reports

https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/1392/file/fc3360f262951e196b07cac2ed02.pdf (national strategy against human trafficking)

https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ECPAT-Country-Overview-Czechia-Czech-Republic-2019.pdf

https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/situational_report_trafficking_in_human_beings-_europol.pdf
https://www.globalwps.org/data/CZE/files/National%20Strategy%20for%20Combating%20Trafficking%20in%20People%20in%20the%20Czech
%20Republic.pdf

https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/member-states/czech-republic-3-implementation-anti-trafficking-policy_en

https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tip/2021/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf

https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/

https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/SOM_Toolkit_E-book_english_Combined.pdf (past actions)

https://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/31/world/europe/human-trafficking-arrests/index.html

occasion of the 14th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Reducing and preventing crime is our long-term common goal. Already the
ancient Roman philosopher Seneca said that he who does not prevent a crime when he can encourages it. implementing programs focused on restorative
justice, comprising also the provision of assistance to victims, including women and children, but also assistance to perpetrators. It thus operates right at
the roots and contributes to the prevention of recidivism, to the increase of safety in the society and this way also to sustainable development. The Czech
Republic thus contributes to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, in particular its SDG 16. (2021-03-09)
https://www.unodc.org/documents/congress//01_Statements_HLS/8Mar/CZE.pdf

allies : malta (uni eropa) kayaknya sih

ada lagi nih dr memb Europol (harusnya uni eropa sih)

Human trafficking is a major problem in the EU and a priority for Europol and law enforcement agencies in EU Member States.
Indeed, it is one of the EMPACT priorities, Europol’s priority crime areas, under the 2018–2021 EU Policy Cycle.

In addition, the EU Strategy on eradicating human trafficking 2012-2016 identifies five key ways to do this:

 identify, protect and assist victims of trafficking;

 step up the prevention of trafficking in human beings;
 pursue the prosecution of traffickers more robustly;
 enhance coordination and cooperation among key actors, including at the level of policy;
 increasing knowledge of, and producing effective responses to, all forms of human trafficking.
Europol’s strategic and operational support focuses on organised criminal gangs engaged in human trafficking in at least two EU
Member States.

In 2007, Europol launched an operationally focussed project addressing human trafficking.   Twenty-five countries are now
participating.

In 2014, law enforcement in these countries made 3 820 contributions  to Europol’s dedicated team on human trafficking, an
increase of 65 % on the previous year. (EUROPOL WEB YG HUMAN TRAFFICKING)

Between 16-25 September, Europol coordinated the EMPACT Large-Scale Joint Action Days (LS-JAD) 2019. The actions targeted
synthetic drugs and new psychoactive substances and, human trafficking, migrant smuggling, document fraud and environmental
crime and involved law enforcement authorities from EU Member States, third-party countries and EU bodies *.

*Overall participation confirmed: 25 Member States (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia,
Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom) and Switzerland, Europol, Eurojust, Frontex and EFCA.

**Participation in the action against human trafficking for sexual exploitation and forced begging: 22 Member States (Austria,
Bulgaria, Czechia, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom) and Switzerland 

The main results of the hit on human trafficking networks include:

 476 victims identified (16 of which minors);

 162 suspects arrested (41 for human trafficking);
 111 new investigations opened;
 20 counterfeit documents seized. 

https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/476-potential-victims-of-human-trafficking-identified-during-large-scale-joint-action-
days-2019
https://www.legislationline.org/download/id/1392/file/fc3360f262951e196b07cac2ed02.pdf

The fundamental goal of the National Strategy for the Period 2020 – 2023 is to raise awareness and strengthen the protection and standards of
protection of victims of trafficking in human beings by preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, protecting the fundamental
human rights of victims of trafficking and promoting international cooperation in combating trafficking in human beings.

Cross-sectionally, the National Strategy 2020 – 2023 applies gender mainstreaming to victims of trafficking in human beings, a particularly
sensitive approach to victims who have been exposed to particularly serious means of coercion, as well as a specific approach to victims in a
more vulnerable position, such as persons from socially excluded areas and migrants.

file:///C:/Users/nafis/Downloads/National_Strategy_of_Combating_THB_in_the_Czech_Republic_2020_-_2023.pdf

https://www.coe.int/en/web/children/resource-centre/-/asset_publisher/W8vA4RpuvyLr/content/national-strategy-for-combating-
trafficking-in-human-beings-in-the-czech-republic-for-the-period-2016-2019-czech-republic?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fchildren%2Fresource-centre%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_W8vA4RpuvyLr
%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-4%26p_p_col_pos
%3D1%26p_p_col_count%3D2

https://eucpn.org/document/program-of-support-and-protection-of-victims-of-trafficking-in-human-beings-in-the-czech

legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes/country/35/Croatia/show

https://rm.coe.int/168008371d

In 2019 Czechia was the number 45 economy in the world in terms of GDP (current US$), the number 27 in total exports, the number 29 in total imports,
the number 41 economy in terms of GDP per capita (current US$) and the number 7 most complex economy according to the Economic Complexity
Index (ECI).

https://oec.world/en/profile/country/cze#monthly-trade-exports-imports

https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Model_Law_Smuggling_of_Migrants_10-52715_Ebook.pdf
Allocated Country Allocated Council Topic discussed Past Actions Allies and Current valid Solutions and policy
opponents statistical data, recommendations
facts, and news
 Part of Czechoslovakia  Interpol HUMAN  Between 16-25  Allies: Austria,  Girls and young  Established measures
until the "velvet (International TRAFFICKING September, Bulgaria, Czechia, women belonging and the
divorce" in January Criminal Police  Defined as the Europol Croatia, Cyprus, to socially establishment of
1993, the Czech Organization) transfer, coordinated the excluded deeper cooperation
Denmark, Finland,
Republic (Czechia) has established in 1923. accommodation EMPACT Large- communities who between individual
France, Germany,
a robust (kuat, kokoh,  Consisting of police or employment Scale Joint Action are lured abroad, actors in the field of
tangguh) democratic forces from 194 of a person, Days (LS-JAD) Hungary, Ireland, mostly to the combating trafficking
tradition. countries. through 2019. The actions Latvia, Lithuania, United Kingdom in human beings to
 Formerly known as  INTERPOL has four kidnapping, targeted synthetic Netherlands, and Ireland, under eliminate this type of
Bohemia. official languages : threats, coercion, drugs and new Poland, Portugal, the pretext of criminal activity.
 Located in the Central Arabic, English, deception or psychoactive Romania, Slovenia, marriage with men (2020-2023)
Europe, Bordered French, Spanish. fraud. substances and, from third  Establish centralized
Slovakia, Spain,
by Austria to the  To ensure and  The aim of human trafficking, counties, in data collection from
exploiting them migrant smuggling, Sweden, United particular all relevant
south, Germany to the develop the broadest
west, Poland to the mutual cooperation in forced work: document fraud Kingdom, Bangladesh, authorities and their
northeast, between all criminal "slavery", and environmental Switzerland, Afghanistan and distribution by
and Slovakia to the police authorities prostitution or crime and involved Greece, Pakistan. gender, age,
east. within the framework the trade of law enforcement  According to nationality, form of
 Prague is the capital of existing laws in human organs. authorities from statistical exploitation, and
city, with a population different countries  Types : For EU Member States. information ensure their analysis.
of 10.6 millions of and in the spirit of forced labour, (Czechia collected by the  Ensure effective
people, and an area of the Universal forced criminal berpartisipasi). Ministry of the prosecution of the
30,450 sq miles, with Declaration of Human activites,  Operation Balko Interior, the police criminal offence of
major language Czech Rights. trafficking in (Austrian identified, as part trafficking in human
and major religion  To support police women for Bundeskriminalam of criminal beings, including
Christianity. efforts in combating sexual proceedings, 38 identification of
t Jahresbericht,
 Current president is cross-border crime. exploitation, victims of human victims.
2009) 'Operation trafficking in 2016
smuggling of  Ensure uniform
 Milos Zeman since  INTERPOL is strictly migrants and Balko' is the name (29 women, 8 girls coordination of
2013 with Prime prohibited from human trafficking used by Austrian and 1 boy), 14 in stakeholder activities.
minister Andrej Babis, interfering in matters to eradicate authorities for a 2017 (10 girls and  Ensure broad
since June 2018. of a political, military, organs. 4 men) and 11 in awareness of the
criminal
 Joined EU in May religious or racial  Carried out for 2018 (11 girls) issue of trafficking in
organisation based
2004, and joined nature. the purpose of  According to human beings.
INTERPOL September  To ensure efficient selling, in the Czech reports,  Introduce adequate
1993. communication purchasing or Republic that was unaccompanied and mandatory
 Mostly temperate between police abducting involved in the foreign children training for all those
continental and agencies to make the persons, smuggling of (e.g. from who may come into
oceanic climate. world safer by exploiting them migrants and in the Afghanistan, Syria, contact with victims
 Government type: creating a world in in acts Ukraine) making of human trafficking
production of
Parliamentary which every law unwillingly in their way towards and strengthen the
inhumane forged documents. Western Europe
Republic enforcement officer involvement of some
can communicate, conditions, the  In 2019 (17 – 18 and transiting the entities, particularly
share and securely exploitation and October), a Czech Republic are the Labour
access critical police ill-treatment of defence of the particularly at risk Inspectorate, in the
information through domestic fourth periodic of trafficking for fight against
Interpol, wherever servants. report on the sexual trafficking in human
and where needed.  The employment exploitation, but beings.
fulfilment of
 To providing of children in there are also  Improve the financial
innovative and mines and obligations arising Czech, Slovak, compensation system
sophisticated factories. from the Romanian and for victims of
solutions.  Sexual International Bulgarian children trafficking.
 Working to prevent exploitation such Covenant on Civil trafficked for  Conduct research on
and fight criminality, as pornographic and Political sexual exploitation trafficking in human
and giving access to propaganda. in the Czech beings as an
Rights, which,
police data and  Economic Republic important source of
among other
information from all determinants as information for
over the world. among the most things, deals with further policy-making.
 To combat people relevant risk the prohibition of  Ensure that victims of
smuggling and factors affecting slavery and forced trafficking have the
trafficking, INTERPOL victims’ labour, was carried opportunity to return
 is working to ensure susceptibility to out. voluntarily, free of
that police agencies trafficking in  Has not submitted charge and safely to
are equipped to persons an ICJ jurisdiction their country of
identify and  elements related origin.
declaration;
investigate cases of to economic  Continue
human trafficking in need, such as accepts ICCt international
all its forms. poverty, jurisdiction. cooperation in the
 In addition to working unemployment,  Czechs break fight against
to protect children, and lower human trafficking trafficking in human
by establishing income levels, as ring with Germany beings, both in the
partnerships. highly relevant to And Austria investigation of
explain the social international cases of
dynamics that  The MOI’s Program trafficking in human
govern trafficking of Support and beings and in
in persons. Protection of establishing further
 Jobs offered by Victims of cooperation whether
the traffickers, Trafficking in with governmental
for example, Human Beings (the bodies or NGOs in
included countries of origin,
Program) remained
elements of transit or destination
greater financial the only official in the area of
stability or better source of data on assistance to victims,
social status. In a victim identification rapid identification of
few cases, and protection, victims or as a part of
victims were also although the 2020- preventive activities.
deceived about 2023 national  Adopt national
the working and measures to prevent
strategy included
living conditions and address sexual
(mostly data collection exploitation and
concerning reform as a key abuse of children
salary, working objective.  online.
hours and type  Raise awareness and
of strengthen the
 accommodation), protection and
or, more standards of
generally, the protection of victims
quality of life to of trafficking in
be expected in human beings by
countries of preventing and
destination. combating trafficking
in human beings
PEOPLE  Protecting the
SMUGGLING fundamental human
 Smuggling rights of victims of
networks trafficking
facilitate an  Promoting
individual's illegal international
entry into a cooperation in
country. combating trafficking
 Once the in human beings
smuggler is paid,  Specific approach to
the relationship victims in a more
between the vulnerable position,
migrant and the such as persons from
smuggler ends. socially excluded
 Facilitate the areas and migrants
illegal transit,
attempt to cross
or enter a person
across
international
borders, in
violation of the
laws of several
countries, in
secret or by
 deception, the
use of forged
documents.
 People who are
smuggled can be
extremely
vulnerable to
human
trafficking,
abuse, and other
crimes, as they
are illegally
present in the
country of
destination and
often owe large
debts to their
smugglers.
 Smuggled
migrants
sometimes flee
violence in their
home country;
others simply
seek better lives,
economic
opportunities, or
to reunify with
family members
abroad.
Topic Background in Country’s policy Past news Past Convention Facts and Country’s stances Partnerships
Czechia (International current news
treaty, past UN
resolutions, relevant
convention)
 It represents a source  The Czech  Czech gang  In addition to the  As stated  It is also true that  The Chair of this
country especially for Republic prohibits forced men and Council of Europe previously, the police cooperation Group is the
the United Kingdom, trafficking for women into Convention on Ministry of the between the Czech Minister of the
where a larger commercial sexual slavery in Action against Interior is Republic and target Interior, who is
number of citizens of exploitation and Manchester. Trafficking in Human responsible for (European) the National Co-
the Czech Republic labour exploitation  A human Beings, the Czech the countries is on a ordinator of
have been identified through Sections trafficker who Republic is party to implementation better level of action against
as victims of 232a and 204 of its brought the United Nations of the Strategy quality than is the trafficking in
trafficking in human criminal code, and women from Convention against for Combating case of cooperation human beings.
beings in recent years. punishments the Czech Transnational Trafficking in with the source The Deputy
(2016-2019) prescribed under Republic to Organized Crime Human Beings countries. Ministry of the
 More victims from these statutes Bristol and (ratified in and the co-  The fight against Interior acts as
Romania, Bulgaria and range from two to forced them to September 2013) ordination of trafficking in human executive Vice-
Ukraine were 15 years' work in the sex and its Protocol to the fight beings requires a Chair of the Co-
reported in the imprisonment, trade Prevent, Suppress against comprehensive ordination
Program. In recent commensurate with  A woman from and Punish trafficking in approach. Group. Other
years, there was an those prescribed for the Czech Trafficking in human beings (SOLUTIONS) members include
increase in victims other serious Republic who Persons, especially at national  Police data the Head of the
from the Philippines crimes, such as was lured to Women and Children level. collection focused Crime Prevention
that became the most rape. England and (“Palermo Protocol”,  Further, the on perpetrators Department of
common source  INTERNATIONAL made to work ratified in December Ministry of the rather than victims the Ministry of
country for the Czech LAW OF PEOPLE as a prostitute 2014). Interior  The first National the Interior
Republic SMUGGLING was raped in a  Party to the UN finances the Strategy for (fulfilling the role
 Europe and North  INTERNATIONAL Lancashire Convention on the Programme for Combating THB in of Secretary of
America, the most LAW OF HUMAN restaurant, a Rights of the Child Support and the Czech Republic, the Group and
frequent destination TRAFFICKING court has and its Optional Protection of which was adopted National
 countries for irregular  Article 9, paragraph heard. Protocol on the Sale Victims of in 2003, focused on Rapporteur) and
migration and migrant 4 of the United of Children, Child Trafficking in sexual exploitation representatives
smuggling, have also Nations Trafficking in Prostitution and Human Beings,  priority areas of other
been amongst the Persons Protocol Child Pornography to the amount combating human competent
most heavily asserts “States (ratified, to CZK 1.6 trafficking for the Ministries and
impacted by the Parties shall take or respectively, in 1993 million purpose of labour agencies
COVID-19 outbreak. strengthen and 2013), the (approximately exploitation and (Ministry of
Information strongly measures, including Convention on the 66,000 euros) punishing Labour and Social
suggests that through bilateral or Elimination of All per year, which offenders, as well Affairs, Ministry
migrants have not multilateral Forms of is being as combating child of Health,
been discouraged cooperation, to Discrimination implemented trafficking. The Ministry of
from reaching, or alleviate the factors against Women by NGOs focus is placed in Justice, Ministry
attempting to reach, that make persons, (ratified in 1993), as  The National particular on the of Regional
these destinations especially women well as to relevant Centre for development of Development,
despite the risks of and children, conventions Combating mechanisms for the Ministry of
contagion. vulnerable to elaborated under the Organised identification of Foreign Affairs,
 Czech Republic is a trafficking, such as auspices of the Crime is victims and the Ministry of
country of poverty, International Labour responsible for prosecution of Education, Youth
destination, transit underdevelopment Organization (ILO). the offenders. It is and Sports,
and origin of victims and lack of equal  Party to a number of investigation of stated that the fight Police
of trafficking opportunity.” Council of Europe all cases of THB against THB is one Department for
 The main countries of conventions in the and migrant of the priorities of Combating
origin of the victims criminal field which smuggling combating Organised Crime,
are Romania, Bulgaria, are relevant to  police officers organised crime. Supreme State
Ukraine and the action against THB trained and Prosecutor’s
Slovak Republic  As a member of the specialised in Office,
 The number of Czech European Union dealing with Government
citizens trafficked (EU), the Czech THB cases. Council for
abroad has decreased Republic is bound by Human Rights,
in recent years, with Directive Government
the United Kingdom, 2011/36/EU of the Council for Equal
Ireland and Germany European Parliament Opportunities of
being the main and of the Council of Women and
 countries of the EU of 5 April Men,
destination. 2011 on preventing Government
 According to the 2016 and combating Council of
and 2017 Status trafficking in human National
Reports on Trafficking beings and Minorities).
in Human Beings in protecting its victims Currently, five
the Czech Republic,  NGOs have full
trafficking for the membership in
purpose of sexual the Co-ordination
exploitation continues Group, as does
to be the most IOM.
common form of  The Ministry of
trafficking identified, Labour and Social
with a recent increase Affairs offers
in the number of grants for
victims from Asia and agencies focusing
Africa on providing
 In recent years, there social services
has been an increase  the State Labour
in the number of Inspection Office
homeless and socially under the
disadvantaged Ministry of
persons recruited to Labour and Social
work in the UK (in car Affairs monitors
washes, poultry employment
farms, fruit and conditions and
vegetable sorting helps to detect
machines) or possible cases of
trafficked for the THB
purpose of obtaining  The Ministry’s
social benefits and Child Protection
credit fraud. Department
 According to police
 records, the majority
of child trafficking
cases related to
exploitation through
prostitution or the
production of child
sexual abuse material,
with a small
proportion being
trafficked for the
purposes of labour
exploitation, forced
begging and theft.
 In 2018, three
unaccompanied
children placed in the
Facility for Foreign
Children (under the
Ministry of Education)
were identified as
potentially being
victims of trafficking

Czechia termasuk high income economies

World-Social-Report-2020-FullReport.pdf (un.org)

Czech Republic From the Criminal Code, section 171a:

(1) A person who makes arrangements for another person to illegally cross the State border, or who enables another person to illegally cross the State
border shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of up to one year or by a fine.

(2) The perpetrator shall be punished by imprisonment for six months to three years,
a. If he commits the act described in paragraph 1 with the intention to cover up or to facilitate another crime

b. If he commits such act for payment, or

c. If he commits such act as a member of an organized group

Criminal Code, Section 176 Forging and altering an official document

(1) A person who forges an official document or substantially alters its contents with the intention that it should be used as an authentic document, or who
uses such document as an authentic document, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of up to two years or by a fine.

(2) The perpetrator shall be punished by imprisonment for one year to five years,

a. If he commits the act described in paragraph 1 as a member or an organized group, or

b. If he causes extensive damage to another especially serious consequence by such act

Toolkit to combat the smuggling of migrants (unodc.org)

Czech telah bekerja sama dengan EU, UNODC, INTERPOL, NGOs, UN, EUCPN, COE, EUROPOL, UN WOMEN, MOI,

During the years of the financial crisis and its aftermath in 2008-2013, countries like Czechia, for example, saw lower unemployment rates and a shorter
period of economic stagnation. Correspondingly, no increases in the identification of Czech victims of trafficking in the Netherlands were observed

Cases of child trafficking at the hands of the parents are reported in different parts of the world and for different forms of exploitation, though, mostly,
these cases involve sexual exploitation

*GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf (unodc.org)