Mastication - grinding of food into Pathway: SMALL INTESTINE - 6m long

smaller pieces Oral Cavity Duodenum -first & shortest segment

Bolus - mixture of food and saliva Lips (25cm)
Chyme - semifluid of digested food & Cheeks Jejunum - between the duo and ileum
digestive secretions Vestibule (2.5 m)
Peristalsis - begins in the esophagus Ileum - final section (3.5 cm)
when a bolus of food is swallowed Tongue Villi - finger-like foldings
Stomach - bean-shaped; storage; 4 TYPES OF PAPILLAE
primary digestion Fungiform - sweet & sour, TIP ENZYMES
Large intestine - vital task to absorb Filiform - covers most of DORSAL Peptidases - breaks pepsin
water and nutrients; converts surface Carbohydrases - break down
digested food to feces Vallate - BACK of palatine, v shape Maltase- maltose->glucose
Bile - produced by the liver, aids formation towards throat Lactose- galactose->glucose
digestion of lipids in small intestine Foliate - SIDE Sucrase- fructose->glucose
Gall bladder- hollow organ where bile Lipases - breaks lipids
is stored before it is released into the TEETH Nucleases - breaks nucleic acid -
small intestine (temporary) Deciduous - milk teeth, shed after >nucleotides
Permanent - pushes milk teeth
Methods of nutrition: Incisors - front teeth (first 1, humans LIVER
Autotrophs - produce own food have 8) -neutralizes chyme acidity
Heterotrophs - dependent Canines - cuspids (fangs, 2) (3rd) -aids in fat absorption
Carnivore,Herbivore,Omnivore* Premolar - crushing & tearing food (8, -emulsifes fats and hastens digestive
Coprophagy - feeds on feces 6th) action of enzymes
*unable to absorb nutrients (dogs, Molar - grinding, chewing (wisdom -stimulate peristalsis, where a great
pigs, rabbits, beavers) tooth) percentage of glycogen is stored
Ruminants - from plant-based food -center of fat & carbohydrate
by fermenting it in specialized STRUCTURES metabolism
stomach prior to digestion (cattle, External:
sheep, goat, moose, giraffe, buffalo) Crown *Gall bladder
Sanguivore - consumes blood Cusps *Bile
(mosquito,bat,leech) Root *Cholecystokinin - stimulates release
Frugivore - fruit eater (male Neck of bile into the intestine & secretion
mosquito, passerine birds) of enzymes by the pancreas
Filter feeders - straining suspended Internal:
matters, feed on planktons Pulp cavity PANCREAS
Vermivores - feed on worms Dentin Exocrine - with pancreatic ducts
Scavenger - consumes corpses Enamel - typsin, chrymotipsin,
Decomposers - consume Cementum carboxypeptidase
dead/decaying organism, bacteria Alveoli - sockets
Gingiva/gums Pancreatic amylase
Human Digestion; IDAAE Periodontal ligament Panceatic lipase
Ingestion -take in food Periodontal disease Pancreatic bicarbonate
Digestion - breakdown food Secretin - stimulates secretion in
Absorption - absorb nutrients STOMACH pancreas
Assimilation - utilization Sphincters - cardiac and phyloric
Egestion/Elimination - eliminate Endocrine - islets of langerhans
4 REGIONS (CFBP) *produces and controls INSULIN and
Under Ingestion: Cardiac - mucous secreting glands; GLUCAGON
Mouth - mechanical digestion closest in espohagus Insulin - (absorption of) sugar
*Teeth - breaking up food Fundus - largest art; contain gastric Glucagon - raises blood glucose
glands
Mouth - chemical digestion Body LARGE INTESTINE - 5 feet
*Saliva - allows bolus to pass from Pylorus - secretes 2 types of mucus Cecum
mouth to espohagus easily and hormone gastrin Appendix
Amylase - digests starch Colon
Mucin - slippery protein, protects soft COMPOSITION OF GASTRIC JUICE Descending and Sigmoid crypts
lining of DS, lubricates food for easy Chief cells Rectum
swallowing Pepsinogen - converted pepsin by GA Anal Canal
Buffers - neutralizes acid to prevent Rennin - curdles milk
tooth decay
Anti-bacterial chemicals - kill bacteria Parietal cells - pyramidal cells; source
Stomach - produces mucosa that of GA
helps in breaking down food Goblet cells - produces mucus
Gastrin - secreted in pylorus;
Accesory organs: secretion of parietal cells
Tongue - membrane skeleton
Teeth Hunger pangs - contraction of empty
Salivary glands: stomach
Parotid - near the ears Borborygmus - stomach rumbling
Sublingual - under the tongue
Submandibular - under mandible