SECTION 1 Questions 1-14 Questions 1-8 Read the text below and answer Questions 1-8. How to become a successful crime writer British authors have always excelled in one genre in particular: that of crime fiction. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie for some are synonymous with the genre, attaining the same celebrity status as their fictional creations, the eponymous Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot, respectively. In the cre- ation of such memorable characters, these two authors raised the bar for future crime fiction writers. So how can you, too, write gripping fiction that also will stand the test of time? Here are some simple tips that will help you on your way and improve your chances of getting into print. Tip 1 The fiction world is awash with different types of crime novels. Before you put pen to paper, devour as many fiction novels as possible with varying sto- rylines. In this way you will learn how to create cre-dible fictional characters and plots. Of course the make-or-break in any crime novel is the end- ing. Surprise revelations or an unexpected turn-of- events will delight readers. After all, even the expe- rienced armchair detective likes to be kept guess- ing until the end. Tip 2 We have established that a great cliff-hang- er of a novel is the key ingredient to all crime novels. But how do we build up the suspense and throw the reader off the scent of the real culprit? Well, the answer is to use as many red herrings and sub-plots as possible without becoming too involved. The sub-plots and false clues should never obscure the main plot entirely; otherwise, the reader will become lost in all the intricacies and minutiae of the sub-plot. __ Tip 3 Its important to establish your facts. If set- ting your novel in the past, beware of including | modern-day devices or inventions that did not | exist at the time you are writing. Many a Hollywood blockbuster has been spoiled by anachronisms, the wearing of a watch in ‘Gladiator’ set in the Roman era is one such example. The same holds true for | the written word. If, on the other hand, you are using a contemporary setting then ensure you are fully knowledgeable of modern hi-tech detection methods and forensic techniques. Internet search engines such as Géogle will help you get your head around the most up- to-date procedufes. Your research should include: © DNA analysis + Forensic anthropology and pathology * Forensic criminology, psychiatry and psychology * Fingerprinting * Interviewing techniques * Computer forensics Tip 4 Don't lose the plot! Keep a track of not just your leading but also minor characters and their actions. It is important to have good continuity throughout. Whilst people may not be so rational or consistent in real life, your fictional creations need to have a certain level of consistency in their thoughts and actions otherwise they may cease to maintain credibility with the reader. Sketching out a general overview of the plot before writing will also help to maintain structure to your novel. Tip 5 Lacking inspiration? They say truth is stranger than fiction so why not look to real-life events to inspire you? A rummage through a few local and national papers may uncover a potential story-line. After all, it worked for celebrated crime author Jeffrey Archer, so why not you? It goes without, saying that a degree of fictional embellishment of real-life people is necessary to avoid being accused of libel and a sudden curtailing of an oth- erwise budding career. Tip 6 Now you have written your best-selling novel all you need to do is find a publisher! Again, research on the Internet will reveal a list of pub- lishers most likely to publish your literary genre. Should you fail to find a publisher keep trying. After all, some of the most celebrated authors were initially turned down on their first attempt!Questions 1 - 8 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this ], So famous were the fictional characters of Conan Doyle and Christie’s crime novels, that they eclipsed the fame of their authors. The novels of Conan le and Christie are less accomplished than a ip! those of modern crime writers. 3, It is more challenging to portray fictional than real-life characters inanovel. 4. ‘To write about modern crime detection techniques, some knowledge of forensics may be required. 5. Would-be crime authors should always write about their own life experiences. 6. Characters based on real-life people is a practice best avoided. 7. First-time crime authors may be turned down by publishers. 8. Seasoned crime novel readers like being able to guess the culprit in advance.Questions 9-14 Read the texts below and answer Questions 9-14. A. Buttercup cafe Enjoy the cosy atmosphere of this cafe and sample the good, ‘no-frills’ honest home-cooked wiches filled with locally sourced, fresh ingre- dients. The cafe is not licensed but there is a | large selection of teas and soft drinks available, Cafe open: Weekends: Mon-Fri !0am-5pm. Sat | lam-6pm Sundays closed paceenatsccias 4 C. Chiquito Restaurant "Boasting an extensive menu, you really are “| spoilt for choice at Chiquito’s, if Mexican is ‘ your thing. The kitchen team offers a first- rate experience for all diners, no matter i what the occasion. With a variety of meat dishes ranging from succulent chicken served over fajita vegetables to beef chilli burgers or a full rack of lip-smacking ribs, whatever you choose, you can’t go far wrong. Opening hours: Weekdays 12pm-10pm Weekends 11am-1pm E. Gelato Gusto Extending over two storeys this cafe is bright, stylish and down-to-earth. The sheer variety of ice-cream flavours available is impressive. Bespoke concoctions also on offer. You can also buy takeaway tubs of ice-cream to enjoy at your leisure, | B. Dolce Antonio and Lucia are the proud owners of this small, authentic Italian pizzeria | which has been recently awarded Trip Advisor's ‘Certificate of Excellence’. Whilst Antonio is essentially responsible for front-of-house duties, he has been known to give a hand in the kitchen, _turning out his own speciality pizza. His wife usually stays behind the scenes | turning out simply delicious dishes, | the recipes for which were handed _ down from her grandmother. For that _ special occasion, tailor-made private | parties and large dinner groups can be accommodated. A striking function | room, ideal for an intimate gathering is | also availabe. | Restricted weekday opening (Please check our | website for details). Open every weekend from | 11am-midnight. Website: www.dolcevit com D. Frankie and Benny’s A great little restaurant with plenty of atmosphere. This is a family-run restaurant where everyone in the family helps with the cooking in equal measure. All the delicious dishes have been created by the two head chefs, Dario and Alessandro and their highly trained team. Together they have created a menu of contemporary dishes which is quite regularly updated. Diners are encouraged to make use of the covered terrace for a spot of alfresco dining and people-watching. 12stions 9-14 at the five advertisements, A-E. Which venue offers the following? the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet. ‘may use any letter more than once. Only non-alcoholic drinks. Custom-made orders. An outside seating area. Aroom especially designated for small parties. A constantly-changing menu. ‘Simply-cooked food.Ss TION 2 Questions 15-28 Questions 15-21 list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet. Money can buy happiness It’s what is inside, that counts more Recipients of gifts are rarely grateful A familiar feeling ve Practicality is the key | vi. Itis better to give than to receive | vil. Romance need not come at a price os Don’t waste time and energy SECTION 15 Section A 16 Section B 17 Section C 18 Section D | 19 Section E 20 Section F 21 Section G List of Headings | | vill. Present-giving has become more challenging ix. Recipients value inexpensive gifts and pricey gadgets alike HEADING f | 15 Section A 16 Section B | 17 Section C | 18 Section D | 19 Section E 20 Section F 2| Section G The text on the next page has seven sections, A~G. Choose the correct heading for each section from the 14The Art of Gift-Giving A Anticipation builds, the wrapping paper is ripped off in happy expectation... And then, our enthusiasm takes a down-turn as we extricate a jokey Christmas pullover, a pair of woolen socks or a knitted tea-cosy. Yes, we have all been there. However, recent scienti research on how to give the ideal gift could be set to change all that. 8 Yale researcher Novemsky, claims to have singled out the factor that deter- mines if a gift will be well received or not. Perceived ease of use is apparently paramount in the eyes of the recipient. A non-user-friendly gift will therefore lead to disappointment, however expensive the actual gift might have been. c Another tip for successful gift-giving is to avoid giving unsolicited presents. We often try to second-guess the would-be recipient's taste, believing our personal effort will be appreciated. But this invariably results in disappointment for the recipient of the gift. Far better a gift that has actually been explicitly requested by the recipient than one chosen by the giver, according to a study conducted by researchers Francis Flynn and Francesca Gina (Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 2011). So, best to save fruitless hours spent trawling the internet for gifts or pounding the high streets in vain and just be direct: ask the recipient what they want, then give it to them; simple as that! D A further tip which flies in the face of conventional thinking with regard to present-giving, is to err on the side of frugality. In accordance with a 2014 study by Flynn and Gabriella Adams, the receiver's happiness was not found to be directly proportional to the money spent on a gift. In the study, recipients were given cheaper and more expensive versions Of a variety of items, ranging from an iPad to jewellery, wine and books. In all cases, the costlier gift was not valued more than the cheaper option. The thought, therefore, really does count. , E An interesting extension to this study, is that this finding holds true for one of the most expensive and status-conscious gifts: that of the engagement ring. Whilst diamonds may be a girl’s best friend, as the saying goes, they do not necessarily have to be top-of-the- range to win a girl’s heart. Cheaper alternatives are just as valued as their costlier counterparts, If you have successfully negotiated the mine-field of present-buying, then you still aren’t home and dry yet. Another hurdle has yet to be overcome: present wrapping. Failure to appropriately wrap a present can undo all the effort you have put into buying the gift so far. A perfectly wrapped present is always more welcome than a hastily wrapped one; unless the gift is markedly less attractive than its outward wrapping, as found by Novemsky and Yale colleague, Ravi Dhar, since this creates a dissonance between the anticipated and real worth of a gift. 6 Should all the above advice seem bewildering, then never fear. According to 3 the 2011 study by Flynn and Francesca Gina, gift recipients are more than happy to receive cash in place of an actual gift.Questions 22-28 Read the text below and answer Questions 22-28. f | | A. Those who have not entertained the idea that research into family ancestry might reveal a blue-blood- ed relative or historical celebrity, must be few and far between. Most of us are intrigued with our ori- gins and if genealogical research turns up a famous family member on the way, then so much the bet- ter. B. Accordingly, there is a plethora of genealogy websites ready to be accessed on the internet, to satiate the curiosity of those so inclined. Just type in the name of one of your ancestors into a search engine and you will be immediately inundated with genealogy sites. Whilst some sites may be free, others will be on a pay-as-you-go or subscription basis. Often the sheer number of websites can initially overwhelm the would-be genealogist. - . C. So by what criteria do you select a website to aid your research into your family tree? Whilst free websites may seem the most attractive option, they may not adequately meet your needs. A fee-pay- ing website, however, might provide access to a wider range of resources, such as birth and death cer- tificates, or at least indexes to the certificates, as well as census returns. Such resources and access to them are fundamental to your research. D. When you access certificates, try to ensure that they are a digitised form of the original copy, since transcripts are usually poor substitutes for the original. Whenever possible, opt for the copies of the original thereby obviating the possibility of human error in copied or miscopied transcripts. E. Having obtained or accessed, at least, essential documents, you can then proceed to more specialised websites providing military or employment information. Before paying for access to such sites, first | establish if the site contains the records you are seeking. You shouldn't have to pay access to the site to do so. | Ideally, find out if there is a contact name or address for whoever is responsible for the site. A specialist on hand to answer more detailed queries is always a bonus. G. Finally, if websites fail to uncover the information you are seeking you can always try good old-fash- ioned archives. Not all information is available on websites, so, sooner or later you will probably find yourself doing research in an archive, anyway. Hopefully, a combination of websites and archives will deliver the information you require and uncover a fascinating heritage to boot. | gprs enero seemenenmetennenen eee TNT TTIJuestions 22 and 23 ‘omplete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each inswer. Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. 22 There is such a wealth of genealogy sites available online, that at times you may feel 23 It is preferable to ... etc] bye) ee uestions 24-28 iplete the information-chart below. se NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. ite your answers in boxes 24-28 on your answer sheet. Many people are curious to find out about their family tree. Follow these steps to ensure you access the information you require. First, enter the name of a family ancestor into 24 .. Next, choose a website that will 25 providing sufficient information on your family tree, | When accessing a document from your chosen website, avoid 26 .... whenever possible, favouring instead the original version. Once you have done the essential groundwork to obtain necessary documents to continue your search, you require access to more 27 This may require a financial outlay. Finally, if your research stil fails to turn up the information you require, then it is best to resort to 28. as a back-up.uestions 29-40 Read the text below and answer Questions 29-35. How a Humble Vegetable Changed the Wor ‘A. A fashionable adornment, aphrodisiac or cause of fever, leprosy and widespread famine? The per- ceived attributes of a humble tuber, otherwise known as the potato, have certainly varied over histori- cal eras and with shifts in belief systems. Accordingly, attitudes towards the potato have ranged from curiosity and acceptance to fear and suspicion and even, downright hostility, as the British populous took to the streets in the 18th century to denounce the tuber in public protests, rallying under the cry | ‘No Potatoes, No Popery!” B. So, why did a humble tuber excite so much suspicion and mistrust? One has but to look to the roots - if you will pardon the pun - of the controversial crop to understand how the potato managed to initially incite such distrust in many, despite saving millions from starvation in later centuries. C. The potato, together with the eggplant (aubergine) and tomato, originates from the same family as the deadly belladonna (also known as deadly nightshade) and equally toxic, henbane. Common to all these plants is the presence of the lethal toxin solanine, a neurological poison. Ingestion of the toxin may lead to paralysis and death. In addition, the presence of another toxin, tomatine, in potatoes is simi- larly potentially deadly. One might be forgiven in thinking, therefore, that the potato is not an attractive item to have on the menu. Add to this the belief that the tuber was thought to be a source of leprosy too, then it is little wonder that the potato took time to win acceptance in European circles after its introduction in the 16th century. D. Obviously, the potatoes we eat today bear little resemblance to the toxic-laden wild potatoes of Peru from where they originate. There, the potatoes in their natural form are so toxic that they can only be ingested if accompanied by clay particles. As far back as the 16th century, Peruvian Indians were utilising such knowledge, dipping the bitter potatoes in a gravy mix of water and clay particles. The latter served to absorb excess solanine thereby rendering the potato edible. Nowadays, centuries of cross- | breeding between species has greatly diluted the toxin and its lethal potential. E. Today, the potato is hailed as a saviour. A French pharmacist named Parmentier is to be largely cred- ited with the about-face in attitude towards the potato as a food source in the I7th century. Prior to | this period, public repugnance towards the vegetable as much as reluctance to use it other than as cattle fodder, prevented its appearance on the dining table. A prior ill-fated introduction of the tuber by Sir Walter Raleigh to the court of Elizabeth | had done the tuber no favours: the decision of the queen's | cook to serve up the plant's indigestible leaves as opposed to the edible tubers had resulted in universal indigestion amongst court members on this occasion. Parmentier however turned public opinion regarding the tuber by encouraging its addition to the menus of Louis XVI's court. So successful was his personal cam- paign for the potato's introduction, that the queen, Marie Antoinette, enthusiastically adorned her hair with potato flowers, sparking off a fashionable trend amongst court circles. Parmentier’s intervention on behalf of the humble potato was timely and without doubt ultimately saved millions from starvation. Public acceptance of the potato however initially lagged significantly behind that of court circles. In fact, it took an edict from the Paris Faculty of Medicine in 1772, verifying that potatoes were edible, in addition to the famine of 1785 to bring the public around. Thereafter, the potato became a staple in the diet of the rich and poor alike. G. So significant a role is the potato thought to have played in world history, with regard to staving off famine and aiding population increase, that historian WH. McNeill has attributed the building of empires to the humble tuber. The potato, he argues, fuelled the rise of the West between 1750 and 1950 as Euro- pean nations became no longer beholden to famine and were able to take dominion over other countries. Hi. The rise of the potato from maligned tuber to worldwide food source, becoming the fifth most important crop globally after wheat, corn, rice and sugar cane, also had its downside. The over-dependence of Euro- pean countries on the potato, arising in a virtual monoculture, led to the Irish Famine and mass emigration when crops failed in 1845. Subsequently, increased knowledge of pesticides and more stringent controls cover crop production have largely warded off the significant crop failures that were so devastating in the past. 1Questions 29-35 ‘The text has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet. deadly relations the potato as a catalyst for change the authorities intervene pioneers meet with varied success prejudices incite public action unsound agricultural practice brings about a demographic shift au x 2 fa) Ge 5 o 4 o historical and modern solutions to a common problem Question 36-40 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. The potato polarised public opinion from the outset. Whilst the potato won 36 ... with some, others reacted with extreme actions of prejudice. Unwillingness to accept the potato was perfectly understandable. Coming from the same family as its deadlier counterparts, belladonna and henbane, the potato was believed to be poisonous and certainly not 37 ‘Those who did eat potatoes in the wild state, had to neutralise the main 38 . present in the tuber by the addition of clay particles, Various attempts over the centuries were made by historical figures and authorities alike to try and encourage the public to eat potatoes. Only later did the potato become a 39 .. .. European foodstuff. So important was the potato as a source of calories and nutrients to the Europeans that it is said to have sustained European populations to such an extent that they were able to build global empires. Unfortunately, 40 .. ‘on just one crop proved Ireland's undoing. Many died after the Irish famine whilst others were forced to migrate en masse in order to survive.SECTION 1 Questions 1-14 Questions 1-8 Read the text below and answer Questions 1-8. If you want to be healthy and save the environment at the same time, then the edible water bottle is probably right up your street! The creation of design student, Rodrigo Garcia Gonzalez, this ingenious container could be the answer to plastic pollution. Whilst Gonzalez may have had trouble previously convincing a sceptical public as to the merits of his remote-controlled ‘Hop! suitcase in 2014, this time he may actually be onto a winner. The need for such an inventi quite patent. Discarded plastic bottles make up an alarming statistic: there are 46,000 pieces of floating plastic originating from plastic bottles, for every square mile of ocean. Add to that the 1.5 million tonnes of crude oil required annually to manufacture enough bottles to provide the 50 billion plastic bottles supplied annually to the US, and it’s clear that something needs to be done. Whilst environmentalists may be pinning their hopes on Gonzalez’s invention to reduce plastic pollution, the prototype edible plastic bottle, christened ‘Ocho,’ is however very much in its early stages. For a start, the ‘bottle’ itself is more reminiscent of a beach-stranded jellyfish in appearance, than a conven- tional water bottle. Translucent and squishy in texture, it would probably take a very committed envi- ronmentalist to be able to actually consume the bottle when it’s empty. Ooho's inventor does however claim in its favour that the taste is at least palatable even if the flavour is somewhat nondescript. Gastronomic failings apart, Ooho bottles also present challenges for storage and hygiene. With regard to the former problem, the bottles are somewhat flimsy in construction. Gonzalez however, is current- ly working on a fortified bottle with a double membrane construction but has yet to produce a bottle that is more resilient than the skin found in fruit. As for the latter problem of hygiene, well, would you like to consume a casing that has been manhandled throughout manufacture, transportation and again | by countless consumers when placed on the shelves in supermarkets? A solution would be to encase the bottles of course in a hermetically-sealed outer covering; but to encase them in a plastic casing defeats the whole point of the object of reducing plastic pollution. So it's back to the drawing board as regards the finer points of retailing the bottles. Gonzalez though, is not to be deterred by the finer points of construction weaknesses and hygiene issues. Currently he has secured a creative commons licence for his project which means that his Ooho bottle will soon be available for sale online. Hopefully all teething problems to date will have resolved themselves by the time online sales go ahead. In the meantime, those who are truly conservation- minded would do best to just recycle and refill old water bottles with filtered water. This is surely a pler and more effective solution to plastic pollution than any manufacturer or designer could comeQuestions 1-5 Write the correct letter, a, b, ¢ or d, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 1. Gonzalez has a proven track record in design. is a winning designer. has yet to produce a publicly-approved design. currently sells designs online. 2. Action on plastic pollution is necessary since a. crude oil used in plastic bottle manufacturing is polluting the oceans. b. too many discarded plastic water bottles are floating on the oceans. the debris from plastic water bottles is polluting oceans. 4. the public are demanding action on pollution. 3. People may hesitate to consume the Ooho bottle a. due to its unpleasant flavour. because of its unattractive appearance and feel. ©. as it is likely to be indigestible. 1. since it is unconventional in design. 4, Structurally, the Ooho bottle is a. stronger than the skin found in fruit. as strong as the skin found in fruit. stronger than the current bottles. di. similar in appearance to fruit skin. 5. The manufacture of Ocho bottles is a. a response to public demand. >. a process that needs refining. . a response to pressure by environmentalists. d. a better alternative to recycling plastic water bottles. 6. Choose the most suitable title for the text from the list below. a. Changes in public attitude towards plastic pollution. . Problems in manufacturing recyclable plastic water bottles. c. Environmental pollution caused by plastic. d. The edible water bottle as a possible solution to plastic pollution. Questions 7 - 8 Complete the following sentences using words from the text. Do not use more than THREE words for each sentence. 8. Gonzalez's bottles need to be to withstand handling and transportation.Questions 9-14 Read the texts below and answer Questions 9-14. Lond | A. London Architecture Walks A professional interest is not a prerequisite to enjoy this leisurely tour of London's most prominent buildings. Taking in a range of archi- | tectural designs spanning several centuries, this tour will delight young and old alike. Routes vary so please call in advance for details of daily departure points. Tel: 020 4578 8894 Contact: londonarchitecturewalks.co.uk C. Original London Sightseeing Walks This well-established tour is always well- subscribed. Come rain or shine, we will take you on what is the most comprehen- sive tour of London. Taking in the familiar sights as well as the more tucked-away treasures of the capital, you will improve your knowledge of London as well as be entertained by our knowledgeable, fully- qualified guides en route. Combined tick- ets for city walk and bus tour available with special discount. Cost for walking or bus tour only: £7 Combined Ticket: £10.50 Under 13: £3.50 for walking or bus tour only £5.50 for combined ticket Departure point: Tower Hill Station Tours on the hour from 10am-6pm. Retrace the final steps of the Ripper’s with renowned Ripper expert, David Thomson. Places are limited and tickets are sold on a first-come-first-served basis. | See London from an entirely new per- | spective as you plunge into the River | Thames on your semi-submersible World | War Il DUKW vehicle. Cruise past major | London landmarks before re-emerging | upstream at Westminster Bridge for our | land-based tour. Multiple daily departures | from 10.30am. | Tickets: £21, Child: £14 | Tel: 020 7926 3134 ontact: londonducktours.co.uk Departure point: Waterloo railway station E. Big Bus Tours Non-stop multilingual tours from 9am-7pm around the city’s very best sights. A hop-on hop-off ticket with 50 stops. Tickets valid for 24 hours, plus three free walking tours and a River Thames Cruise pass included. Tickets: £26, Child: £13 Departure: Charing Cross underground and railway station. Tel: 020 4635 8896estions 9-14 ‘h the statements for each question with the appropriate tour, A, B, C, D or E as described texts. Which tour: has restricted places? caters for qualified experts as well as amateur enthusiasts? has the least restrictive itinerary? ‘operates only in good weather? offers no price reduction for children? promises to be the most informative?SECTION 2 Questions 15-28 Questions 15-21 The text on the next page has seven sections, A~G. Choose the correct heading for éach section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet. List of Headings A 5 ond 3 £ CS) = oo i S| cy Ahead of their time The role played by the observer Hidden potential A limited appeal Asscientific failing ‘An amazing transformation No coincidence A rough science A hypothesis proven ‘An unforeseen consequence SECTION HEADING 15 Section A 16 Section B 17 Section C 18 Section D 19 Section E 20 Section F 21 Section GThe British Museum is host to a wealth of historical artefacts, representing the accomplishments of past civilisations. A Roman-era drinking cup would not, on the face of it, seem to be a contender to rival the museum’s more illustrious exhibits. After all, an ancient drinking chalice rarely excites the attention of all but the most dedicated history buff or expert. B However, the Lycurgus Cup, so-called due to the depiction of King Lycurgus on its outside, is not what it seems. Lit from in front, the relief depicted on the cup, glows green. Backlit the cup glows red. This light-induced colour change is all the more remarkable given the up's rather bland-looking exterior which holds no clue as to its concealed secret. c The unusual qualities of the Lycurgus Cup has piqued scientific curiosity since the 1950s when the cup’s puzzling colour-changing ability was first uncovered. Only in the 1990s was the secret of the cup revealed: inclusion of miniscule particles of gold and silver into the cup’s surface were found to effect the colour transformation. The particles themselves had been deliberately ground down into nanoparticles, each particle being 50 nanometres in diameter, or equivalent to one thousandth the size of a grain of salt! Moreover, the exact proportions of materials had been included in order to create the illusion of changing colour. It would seem therefore, that nanotechnology can no longer be considered cutting-edge science. It is humbling to realise that Roman artisans, living in 400 A.D were putting nanotechnology to practical use when scientists today are still exploring this relatively ‘new’ field. The illusion of the Lycurgus Cup can be explained by the effect of electrons within the metallic components of the chalice, vibrating in response to being hit by light and emitting different colours. The colour actually perceived depends on where the viewer is stationed at the time. F It was engineer Gang Logan Liu, of the University of Illinois, who correctly sus- pected though, that in Roman times, the illusion was primarily effected not through change in lighting or observer position but by the addition of different liquids to the drinking cup. By adding a variety of liquids to a recreation of the cup interior, his original hunch was confirmed. As each liquid was added, a different colour was emitted from the mock-up version of the chalice. Liu’s experiment most importantly may have a huge impact in the diagnoses of disease. Addition of fluids such as saliva and urine to nano-sized receptacles based on the origi- nal Lycurgus cup could reveal the presence of pathogens. Moreover, the same laboratory-manufac- tured receptacles could detect the presence of biohazards at security checkpoints and hence thwart terrorist attacks.Questions 22-28 Read the text below and answer Questions 22-28. | Leadership and its various forms | Leadership styles vary vastly, very observable differences being seen not only between companies and institutes but also within such bodies. On a more global basis, these types of leadership styles are used to govern countries the world over. Whether one particular leadership style is more effective than another, is dependent on whether the needs of a particular organisation or country are being met and those of the individuals who are subject to the authority or governing bodies concerned. In addition, as needs change, certain leadership styles may no longer be appropriate, necessitating the adoption of a | new approach. Below the five main types of leadership styles are set out. Laissez-Faire A laissez-faire leader does not directly supervise employees‘and does not set great store by regular feedback to those under his supervision. Whilst highly experienced and trained employees may thrive under this leadership style, those employees requiring supervision will tend to flounder when placed in this situation. The real downside to the laissez-faire approach is the lack of leadership and supervision that can result in an escalation of costs, poor production and lack of control. Autocratic Epitomising this type of leadership style are the countries of Cuba and North Korea. Autocratic leadership denies the right of the individual to challenge the authority of the leader who imposes their will on those around him. It is deemed unacceptable to challenge the leader’s decisions. In a working environment, those who respond best to this kind of leadership are individuals requiring clear guidance and decisions made on their behalf. Those least suited to the autocratic leadership style are creative employees who require a considerable degree of autonomy. Participative Participative leadership is synonymous with the democratic leadership style. Unlike autocratic style leaderships, the contribution of team members and peers is welcomed. The participative leader will, however, have the final say in any decision-making process. This style of leadership has the effect of boosting employee morale since employees are free to make contributions to the decision-making Process which in turn makes them feel valued by the company concerned. Since the leadership-employee role is more interactive than in other forms of leadership, changes within a company are more readily accepted by employees since they play a role in the process. Transactional This leadership style is highly results-oriented. Input from employees amounts to setting predeter- mined goals with team managers, employees then following the direction and leadership of the manag- er to accomplish those goals. A system of rewards and punishments is set up by team managers to ensure tasks are satisfactorily completed. Transformational Whilst this type of leadership is goal-oriented as with transactional styles of leadership, transformational leaders play a more prominent role in the workplace, ensuring goals are attained by employees. ‘Managers who adopt this type of leadership role, maintain a high visibility and open communication with employees, acting as motivators and enhancing productivity to meet goals. Such managers will tend to delegate smaller tasks to the team to accomplish goals.uestions 22 and 23 iplete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each xr. Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. 22 Sometimes it is debatable as to which leadership style is the most since different styles meet different needs. 23 When dynamics within a company change, then . to leadership may be called for. estions 24-28 at the following descriptions and the list of terms in the box below. Match each description with the ct term A-E. Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 24-28 on your answer sheet. 4 reciprocal relationship between the leader and employees is encouraged, to the benefit of all concerned. A two-way relationship between the leader and employees is harshly discouraged. 6 Employees are constantly monitored and encouraged to realise goals in a positive way. 7 Employees receive positive or negative reinforcement on the basis of their performance. Leaders are notably absent in the workplace relying on worker autonomy to get the job done. a List of Terms Laissez-faire Autocratic ‘Transactional A B Participative D E ‘TransformationalSECTION 3 Questions 29-40 Questions 2! Read the text below and answer Questions 29-35. A. Cosmetics have been in use almost since time immemorial across diverse cultures. Not only do they serve to enhance natural beauty but they also provide a means of self-expression. From Cleopatra to the modern day, cosmetics have played an integral role in women’s daily beauty regimes. B. The fashion for cosmetics first started in Ancient Egypt and was later actively embraced by the Romans. In the latter era, cosmetics and their use transcended all classes, as aristocracy and poor alike availed themselves of all manner of beauty products. However, nail colour was exclusively the preserve | of aristocrats, as it continued to be in China in later years. In China this trend even became enshrined in law and transgressors crossing the social divide separating the working class from aristocracy by daring to sport nail colour, were summarily executed in public. Quite literally, people died for fashion. C. As cosmetics grew in popularity, women began to betome more extravagant in their use of cos- metics. Imported beauty products from as far away as China, Germany and Gaul were lavishly used by ‘women in their quest for beauty. Excessive use of these costly products ultimately incited public con- troversy, leading to the introduction of the Lex Oppia Law of I89BC. The law curbed the use of cos- metics and over-adornment of women generally, in public places. Prior to the law’s introduction, women had been becoming ever more competitive in keeping up appearances, even gambling away huge fortunes on the costly cosmetics. D. In the following interim period between the Roman era and the Middle Ages, use of cosmetics all but disappeared. The Dark Ages, as this era was termed, saw only very limited use of make-up amongst restricted sectors of the public. An edict issued by the Church, denouncing all those wearing cosmetics as heathens and devil-worshippers, ensured that cosmetics suffered a rapid loss in popularity amongst the public. Overwhelmingly, the use of cosmetics during this era was associated with women of ill repute and actors for whom society had scant regard. E. Only much later, in the Elizabethan era, did cosmetics become popular once again. Lead prepara- | tions were particularly favoured as women sought to lighten their skin. The pallid complexion of Elizabeth | was famously attributed to the application of a poisonous lead compound. Nor were poison- ‘ous applications merely restricted to applications of lead substances. Belladonna, obtained from the deadly nightshade plant was used to enlarge pupils in the belief that this made women more attractive. In addition, mercury compounds, such as mercury sulphide, were applied to the lips for colour: I small wonder therefore, that Queen Elizabeth | lived long enough to be one of England’s longest-reigning ‘monarchs, her reign lasting a total of 45 years. F._ After a brief resurgence in popularity, during the Elizabethan period, cosmetics only became popular again years later during the reign of another long-reigning monarch, Queen Victoria (1837-1901). As in the Elizabethan era, a pallid complexion was favoured over a tanned look. Mercifully, the pale look was attained through applying concoctions of lemon juice and vinegar as opposed to the more lethal lead preparations of the past. Overt applications of make-up were frowned upon, with lipstick and rouge being studiously avoided. . Since make-up was deliberately understated in the Victorian as well as the subsequent Edwardian era (1901-1910) purveyors of cosmetics were few and far between. Purchase of cosmetics was even a somewhat furtive affair, with clients obtaining products from local chemists or from shops with concealed | back door entrances. H, Only with the advent of Selfridge’s in Oxford Street, London (1909) and the establishing of a cosmetics counter where women could publicly try out cosmetics before purchase, did buying and wearing of cosmetics gain acceptability. Today the sheer diversity of cosmetics available and the freedom to apply them sparingly, liberally, or not at all, is largely due the burgeoning of the cosmetics industry, spearhead- ed in the UK by Gordon Selfridge and the influence of Hollywood in the 1920s.Questions 29 - 35 The text has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet. class distinctions are upheld a fashion only for a despised minority a legislative response to public outcry the motivation to wear cosmetics health comes a poor second to maintaining appearances a healthier approach to fashion freedom of expression Questions 36 - 40 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. Throughout the ages, cosmetics have rarely been out of fashion for long. Beauty products have to the pursuit of physical perfection, although the popularity of cosmetics has waxed and waned in different eras. been and continue to be 36 ‘Cosmetics have often been used not only as a means of enhancing beauty, but also as a form of 37. between classes. Distinctions between the ruling class and the underclasses, with regard to the observation of fashions, were the in addition to maintaining the 38 most stringently observed in China where transgressors were often punished by death. In certain eras, such as the Dark Ages and the Edwardian period, the obvious use of cosmetics was 39. and positively discouraged. Only in the post-Edwardian era, with 40 of cosmetics counters in major department stores and the fascination for Hollywood, did cosmetics enjoy a resurgence in public popularity.Questions 1-8 Read the texts below and answer Questions 1-8. A. Hotel Cala Vinas Majorca This all-inclusive, 4-star hotel is reserved exclusively for adults. Facilities include a buffet-style restaurant, outdoor and indoor pools and spa. : Live entertainment 4 nights a week. Porterage at your hotel included in package. Single rooms available with a supplement. ie aR Ta | C, Costa Marina Apartments § Minorca _ Modern self-catering apartments " situated in the family-friendly resort of Costa Marina. All apartments are "fully furnished with fully equipped kitchens and spacious open-plan lounge and sleeping areas. Apartments are located around a | large, heated communal pool with poolside bar. || Optional excursions can be \ arranged with your travel repre- | sentative who will be on site 2 days | per week. 8. Hotef Miguel San Miguel Bay, ibiza Perched above inviting San Miguel Bay in north Ibiza, this superb 4-star hotel commands fabulous coastal at the hotel include a restaurant with views. Fi table sefvice, an outdoor solar-heated swimming pool with terrace and indoor gym. Stays can be upgraded to all-inclusive from half-board on request. Included and optional excursions available; please refer to your travel representative for more details. | | | D. Hotel Playa Azul WViarinas de Nerja, Spain Located in a tranquil setting, this hotel is ideally situated for the beach and nearby fishing village of Fuenigirola. A complimentary shuttle bus operates between the hotel and the town of Nerja, which is a 20-minute journey away. Stays are on a full-board basis only. Facilities include a self-service restaurant, indoor heated plunge pool and spa ©. Hotel Quintamar Asturias, Spain Stay in a less well-trodden area of Spain and enjoy a warm welcome in this family-run hotel. Board is on a bed & breakfast basis. Extra meals available by prior arrangement with the management. A regular local bus service connects the hotel with the small village of Barro, 10 km away.Questions 1-8 Look at the five advertisements, A-E, Which advertisement mentions the following? Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once. a remote location all meals included (not drinks) feel Bees ee free transport waiter service an elevated location free luggage assistance all food and drinks included willingness to accommodate childrenQuestions 9-14 Read the text below and answer Questions 9-14. How your breakfast habits may reveal more about you than you realise Incredible though it may seem, your breakfast habits may reveal your innermost personality. | At least, that’s according to a recent study jointly commissioned by Duerr’s Marmalade and Robert’s Bakery. The study uncovered 15 personality types in all, ranging from ‘Thrill-Seeker’ | and ‘Perfectionist’ to the more eyebrow-raising ‘Status Quo Lover’ and ‘Tribal Chief”. Quite | what the latter 2 types are exactly, is left to speculation. |The test itself was the brainchild of Dr. Sandi Mann, Senior Lecturer in Psychology at the | University of Central Lancashire. Apparently the reasoning, for there is one, behind the test is that subconscious motives prompt even the simplest of choices. ‘How we eat our toast and | marmalade might seem intuitive but the fact is we each individually make a series of choices | at breakfast, based on learnt preferences, innate behaviour and conditioned learning, which | could underscore your personality type, claims Dr. Mann. Key factors analysed in the test |_ were butter-spreading techniques, amount of butter applied and the subject’s conserve of | choice. | Certainly, Mann’s analysis makes for interesting reading. In particular, a handful of personality |_ types had intriguing breakfast habits that in most cases were somewhat predictable in hindsight. | ‘Perfectionists’ for example, gave themselves primarily away by their butter-spreading tech- |_ niques. Those falling into the Perfectionist category ensured total coverage of toast when |_ spreading it with butter. ‘Intolerant’ types, however, first removed crusts before eating, whilst | so-called ‘Achievers’ tended to be a sloppy bunch preferring to dip their butter knives in the | jam and eat the crusts on their bread. Finally the ‘Thrill-Seekers’ were the ones who always went for the novelty jams on offer. | If you have not yet identified your personality type from any of the above, you can reveal your innermost character traits by doing the online version of this test to find out where you sit on the scale. Have fun and Bon Appetit!Questions 9-14 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? In boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet, write ‘TRUE if the statement agrees with the information F if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this © The writer clearly believes the test is a valid measure of personality. Some personality types mentioned are not clearly defined in Dr. Mann's analysis. The test fails to account for environmental factors. Dr. Mann believes that nothing we do is by chance. Several contributors devised the test. ‘The online version of this test is offered for free. Pewee) bor iee aeReading SECTION 2 Questions 15-28 Questions 15-21 The text on the next page has seven sections, A~G. Choose the correct heading for each section from the i list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet. List of Headings Defining the problem Explore different routes _ Some problems are easier to solve I nt decisi Implement your decision acts Evaluate and Learn Probl rs Teen 19 Section E roblems than they are aye re = igger ley Saeed i. d lem eres seenes 21 Section G . Find the right problem to solve Select the best solution Never overanalyse 15 Section A 16 Section B 17 Section C SECTION HEADING 15 Section A 16 Section B 17 Section C 18 Section D 19 Section E 20 Section F 21 Section GHow to effectively problem-solve A In life we can sometimes be overwhelmed by problems. The reason behind this is that we wait for problems to find us. We would do far better to take a proactive approach, actively seeking out potential problems and deciding on which are worth tackling in the first place and taking appropriate action. B Next, one has to resist the temptation of going straight into problem analysis. n. As with the first step, this stage is one of the secrets of effective problem-solving. Having already decided upon what problems are worthwhile solving, at this stage, you need to. establish what exactly you are trying to solve. G Now you are ready to get down to work on actually tackling the problem you have identified. You need to break down the complexity of the problem, stripping away the superficial and getting to the causes/issues. Whilst this may take some time and thought, in the ong run you will reap the benefits of spending time in this more contemplative stage of the process. D There are always more than one ways to solve a problem, so take time to cre- ate and work upon plenty of creative possibilities to the problem. Think of it as a personal brain- storming session, However ludicrous a solution may seem initially, write it down nevertheless. You never know how effective a solution will be anyway until it is put into practice. E Next you need to make choices. You need to weigh up the relative merits and risks of the different options you generated in the previous step and decide which to go for. This is more of a filtering stage where you weed out the solutions that are less likely to work from the more plausible options. F Deciding on which course of action to take is only half the story, though. You need to carry the action through in an effective way if you are to deliver the outcomes essential to solving the problem you originally defined. G Hopefully once you have reached this stage your problem is now a thing of the past. Before you give yourself a well-deserved pat on the back though, it is worth taking time ‘out to reflect on what you have achieved so far and whether you in fact arrived at the anticipated outcome you had hoped for. Any perceived failings on your part in implementing the steps can then be addressed, allowing you to take more effective action in problem-solving situations in the future.Questions 22-28 Read the text below and answer Questions 22-28. The function and definition of play Play can be defined by three basic criteria: an expression of freedom of choice, personal enjoyment and an activity that is an end in itself. Its persistence through the ages and across diverse cultures demon- strates its functional role in human survival and development. In a nutshell, play serves to develop social and cognitive abilities as well as acting as a form of self-expression. Within the activity of play itself there are several clearly-defined types. These types range from simple physical play with objects such as baby rattles, to more complex cognitive play in games with many rules, such as cards or chess played by older children, At the most basic end of the play continuum, is passive play. Children exhibiting passive play behaviours are not involved physically in any play activity themselves. When play behaviour is exhibited by other children in their presence, they may be virtually oblivious to it, or they may observe but not participate, exhibiting ‘onlooker behaviour’. ‘At a more engaged level, children will exhibit involved play behaviours. To what extent this is a social activity varies greatly, depending on where the child is on the socio-developmental spectrum. At one end of the spectrum a child may be actively involved in play but alone or in parallel to other players. In both cases the child does not interact with other children in play activity. As the child learns to engage ‘more with other children socially, involved play behaviour will show acknowledgement but not complete interaction with other children in associative play and more complete engagement with other children in cooperative play which requires negotiation skills and turn talking. Asa child develops language and vocabulary skills, pretend play will evolve. This type of play serves to increase memory abilities and enhances reasoning and problem-solving abilities. Children at this stage use imagination to overcome what adults would term ‘problem-solving’. ‘As cognitive abilities develop in a child, they will begin to engage in cognitive play. Here, at a more complex level of this stage, the child will play games with set rules, such as chess or jacks, as well as ‘engaging in dramatic play that involves a degree of role play. At three to five years of age, when cognitive and social abilities are significantly more developed, a child will demonstrate socio-dramatic play. Role play is used and the child interacts with other children to narrate and act in stories with fluid story-lines that they then act out together.juestions 22 and 23 te the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each "r. Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. 22. Whilst play may seem a purely fun activity, it plays a 23 Asa child matures, they will engage in . play games. estions 24-28 at the following descriptions and the list of terms in the box below. Match each description with the term A-E. Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 24-28 on your answer sheet. List of Descriptions ‘4 The child engages in active play but may fail to acknowledge other children. No attempt is made by the child to engage in active play. Abstract rules are used in game playing that exercises cognitive functioning. 7 Interaction with other children is vital for play to evolve using rules devised during play. Play foreshadows more complex adult behaviour used in daily survival. List of Terms Passive play Involved play Pretend play Cognitive play Socio-dramatic play mon @ p>SECTION 3 Questions 2 Read the text below and answer Questions 29-32. The process of cheesemaking When it comes to cheese we are spoilt for choice. From the milder cheeses such as Gouda and | Emmental to the more pungent-tasting blue cheeses such as Danish Blue and Stilton, all tastes are | catered for. Whilst cheeses may vary greatly in taste and texture, they are all manufactured following the same 6-stage cheesemaking process: acidification, coagulation, separating curds and whey, salting, shaping and ripening. There is more than an element of art in this process, however, since cheesemakers will temper the process according to their own senses of sight, touch and smell. In the first stage, milk is inoculated with lactic acid bacteria, The purpose of the lactic bacteria is to convert milk sugar (lactose) into lactic acid in what is known as the acidification process. Next, a substance that is known as rennet, which is obtained from the stomach lining of ruminants (or | cud-chewing herbivores, like cows), is used in the coagulation process causing milk protein to solidify. | Rennet contains the active enzyme, rennin and it is this enzyme that acts on the milk protein caseinogen to turn it into an insoluble milk protein known as casein. Since casein is insoluble, it precipitates out of the milk as a gel-like substance or curd, which contains milk solids, fats and proteins. The lactic acid added earlier on in the process facilitates the curdling process. As casein precipitates out from milk, forming curds, the watery substance left surrounding the curds is known as whey. | In the following stage, the insoluble curds are removed from the whey in the separation process. The | curds are then removed and cut. Cutting encourages the curds to expel further liquid or whey, making | them more solid as a result. Harder cheeses like Cheddar and Gruyere are created by being cut into small pieces. Conversely, softer cheeses like Camembert and Brie are hardly cut, creating a much softer | texture. Salt is then added to the cheese and serves a dual purpose both as flavour enhancer and preservative. | itis important to preserve the cheese to avoid spoiling during long months or years of ageing cheese | to produce a more mature flavour. How salt is added, is up to the cheesemaker. Cheese may be fully immersed in a vat of brine, or salt may be rubbed onto the cheese rind. Another option is to add salt in |. the actual cheesemaking process itself. Once the cheese is fully-formed, it next has to be shaped. The cheese is placed into a basket or mould that will form the cheese into a specific shape. During this process any remaining liquid is removed by | applying weights to the cheese to squeeze out the excess liquid. Finally the cheese is left to ripen or age until it reaches its optimal ripeness. Close monitoring of the temperature where the cheese is stored is vital at this stage, otherwise the cheese will not develop the proper flavour and texture. According to the cheese being manufactured, the cheese will be subject to different processes at this stage. Mould is added to Brie cheeses by spray and by injection into blue cheeses. Other cheeses will need to be turned whilst others to be brushed with oil or washed with brine and alcohol.Questions 29-32 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? In boxes 29-32 on your answer sheet, write | TRUE if the statement agrees with the information | FALSE if the statement contradicts the information. UIVEN if there is no information on this Cheesemaking doesn't just rely on purely scientific methods. Solids are initially separated from liquids through a mechanical process. 1 Whey contains dissolved milk solids. 2 Harder cheeses need more maturation than soft cheeses. uestions 33-40 splete the flow-chart below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each . Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet. The Production Process | Lactic acid bacteria are first added to milk to change milk lactose to lactic acid. Rennet is then added. Its active enzyme, rennin 33 .. ‘caseinogen, a milk protein. Asa result, the protein, casein, is formed. | Being 34 Left behind after the curds have been removed, is 25 After separation from the whey, the curd is cut in order 36 Addition of salt has 37 Next the cheese is 38 .. in water, casein precipitates out of the milk, forming curds. . termed whey. excess water. acting as a preservative and to add flavour. . by being placed into a suitable container. . the cheese is left to mature. to achieve the desired result. In order to achieve 39 .. j Before the cheese is ready it may undergo 40 ..SECTION 1 Questions 1-14 Questions 1-8 Read the text below and answer Questions 1-8. UK Car Insurance for the over 50s If you're looking for insurance that gives you the kind of policy you deserve, call for a no-obligation quote today. Independent online research has shown that 3 out of 5 over 50s could save money with UK Car insurance. No upper age limit Statistically, older drivers have fewer accidents so we believe older drivers should be reward- ed and not penalised by car insurance policies. Unlike many other car insurance companies, we do not discriminate against more mature drivers. We pride ourselves on delivering an unbi- ased and great value policy to our older clientele. No extra charges for paying monthly Our policy is to give our customers a fair deal for their money. Hence, we will not charge interest if you choose to pay by monthly instalments. If you need to make a claim Should you have to make a claim and you have comprehensive insurance cover, you will be guaranteed a courtesy car in the event of an accident. You can therefore rest assured that you will never be left high and dry without a means of transport should your vehicle need to be taken in for repair. We also cover the cost of a medical transfer service for you or any passengers if hospitalisation is required and the trip exceeds a 50 mile radius from your home. For simple breakdowns, if it is not possible to repair your vehicle by the roadside, we will collect you and your vehicle. You can claim up to £100 should you break down more than 25 miles from home to cover costs of accommodation in the event of an emergency. Home service is also included in the cost of your insurance. Don’t delay, act today! : If you have already received a quote from us or bought a UK Car Insurance policy, thank you! If you're still making up your mind, why not call the UK-based team for a quote today on 0800 7893 234. Alternatively, pop into your local UK Car Insurance branch or get a quote online.Questions 1-8 . . Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. 1 Quotes are given with .. ++. to buy. 2 There is a tendency to ... drivers over a certain age. 3. Those payin; ‘will not be liable for extra interest. .-+ Will ensure you are not left without a means of transport. 4 Provision of ... 5 To receive full benefit from the policy, is required. 6 Should . .. be required, medical transfers may be possible. 7 Claimants are entitled to a maximum of £100 after a breakdown, should ... arise. ee . 8 By phoning our . ‘ou can receive a quote today. jrise ac) r is) noe ia) 0 a a co ESQuestions 9-14 . Read the texts below and answer Questions 9-14. Winter Events | It’s not improbable that you indulged a Lego habit as a child. When you see this exhibition you might wish you had kept going. Former corporate lawyer turned master of tiny bricks, _ Nathan Sawaya, never stopped. Returning from a tour of Asia, America and Australia, the show is headed for Brick Lane, London (where else?) for its UK debut at the Old "Truman Brewery. a mons ‘Venue: Old Truman Brewery, Brick Lane, E! 6QL C. Covent Garden Glittering baubles and twinkling fairylights 8 turn the cobbled piazza into a winter — wonderland. Wander amongst the street H buskers and living statues and experience # the lively atmosphere of the market. = Even if you’re not a fan of bric-a-brac |; and crafts, Covent Garden is irresistible zB at this time of year, tempting even the |) most reluctant of shoppers. Every Saturday a live reindeer-will put in an appearance to add to the festive fun. # Liquid refreshments will be nearby as = well as festive fare. |" Venue: Covent Garden Piazza E. Winter Sun Installation in London B. Harry Potter Tour A walking tour for fans of JK. Rowling's much-loved fictional character, Harry Potter. The tour explores film locations and inspira- tions for the books with props and trivia, Ten percent of proceeds go to charity. Group sizes are restricted so booking is essential. A travel card is also needed as a short tube ride is incorporated in the tour. Venue: London Bridge. Please refer to our website pottertours@london.co.uk for further details. D. Somerset House Skating Rink No matter how impressive your skating skills, a trip to this 900-m* outdoor rink is highly recommended. With the magnificent eighteenth-century Somerset House as a stunning backdrop and a rink that is aglow with fairylights as dusk falls, this is the perfect Christmas setting. The now well-established, Skate School and Penguin Club are on hand to help visitors of all ages build confidence and learn new tricks. Tickets available now! Advance bookings recommended for peak sessions during weekends. Venue: Somerset House, Strand WC2 R1LA Offering up a more unorthodox form of entertainment, but promising to chase away the January blues, ‘Winter Sun’ is a commission undertaken by a 3-strong team of two artists and one architect. Doubling up as an event space and bar, the circular, metallic construction is covered on the outside by mini ‘suns’ that mimic the effect of natural daylight. Within, the space functions as a bar and venue for events. If the mini ‘suns’ fail to lift your spirits then step inside and cheer yourself up with a selection of warming winter drinks and enjoy the entertainment on offer. Granary Square, London NCI 4AAQuestions 9-14 Look at the five advertisements, A-E, referring to winter events in London. Which advertisement mentions the following? Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet. You ‘may use any letter more than once. additional costs fluctuation in public attendance a possible source of regret seasonal food on offer aa change in career seasonally-induced mood changes 7 a iN a ey a i‘) a i aSSECTION 2 Questions 15-28 Questions 15-21 The text on the next page has seven sections, A~G. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet. List of Headings A previously proven correlation An unwelcome inheritance Old habits die hard A modern advantage A departure from the mundane A physical interaction An unexpected finding Fantasies become reality 20 Section F 21 Section G A theory is disproved Theory is put into practice SECTION HEADING 15 Section A 16 Section B 17 Section C 18 Section D | | 19 Section E 20 Section F |? | 21 Section G LLunar cycles and Sleep A Sleep specialist Professor Wiseman recently set out to determine if sound could affect dream content. However, he also ended up uncovering an uncanny correlation between lunar cycles and sleep processes. B Volunteers in his study, were played a variety of sounds ranging from bird- song to traffic. If sensors detected the subject was sleeping, shortly before the alarm was set to 80 off, the sounds were played. The reasoning behind this was that sleepers recall dreams more accurately just after waking and so would still remember sound-induced dreams. c Whilst the content of dreams was found to remain constant with the seasons or the days of the week, it showed considerable variation with the full moon. Dreams became increasingly bizarre, bearing little relation to the usual pedestrian dreams we normally have about being late for work or losing personal items. In some cases, subjects became super-heroes such as Batman or Superman. D The findings build on research that had previously demonstrated a link between lunar cycles and duration and quality of sleep, rather than content. These earlier findings revealed a more fitful sleep in subjects ‘during the full moon and difficulty initially falling asleep. E Biclogically, an inability to sleep soundly during a full moon is probably attributable to low levels of the sleep hormone melatonin. The waxing and waning of the moon can directly affect melatonin levels and hence sleep quali F Wiseman believes that the evolutionary advantage conferred on our predecessors by such sensitivity to lunar rhythms was incalculable. Sleeping lightly at the full moon would have heightened our awareness to predators. In addition, a full moon may have been the opti- mum conditions for our ancestors to g6 hunting by. This accounts for the lunar influence on our sleeping habits today. 6 Sensitivity to the moon’s rhythms and concurrent lack of good quality sleep is likely, however, to be seen as a source of irritation to most. This is because contemporary Man is unlikely to derive the same benefit from moon-induced sleep changes, compared to his ancestors. A a 5 tral a X A >Questions 22 Read the text below and answer Questions 22-28. Different ways to exercise and get healthy As the pounds pile on we may become more complacent about keeping fit. However there is a lot at stake if you resign yourself to an indolent lifestyle. Cosmetic concerns as to increasing girths and flabby abdomens aside, there is also your health to consider. Many diseases such as Type 2 diabetes and cancer arise from obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle. So here are some suggestions to kick start your exercise regime, focusing on body-specific areas that you might wish to improve upon. If you are seeking to improve stamina and cardiovascular fitness, then interval training is a good way to start. Activities are completed at high intensity for a specific length of time, followed by another cycle of low intensity exercises, termed ‘sets’ which are repeated throughout the routine. For those desiring speedy results and wanting to simultaneously boost overall fitness levels, then practising squats is the answer. Squats not only help burn fat, but they also build muscle strength and aid suppleness throughout the entire body, which in turn helps prevent injuries. Performing this exercise that is heavily focused on working the muscles along the hips and upper thighs can help streamline your body. Lunges are another ideal choice for toning and building thigh muscles. They are also regarded by fitness experts as one of the best functional activities during which the body is exercised through multiple planes of motion. Because the entire body is involved, lunges are a great exercise choice for hectic days as they offer multiple benefits within a short time frame. If your focus is more on improving your chest and torso then you would be better off doing push ups. In addition to working on the chest and torso, push ups also help define the shoulders, triceps and oblique muscles. If increasing body bulk takes precedence over improving fitness levels and general mobility, then weight training is for you. This activity aims to develop the size and strength of the skeletal muscles by using weight stacks, dumbbells and weighted bars to create gravity resistance, thereby increasing muscle mass. Since individual target goals will vary with regard to what muscle groups need to be developed, weight training programmes need to be adjusted to the | individual concerned. . . 64,Questions, 22 and 23 i Saath ; . Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. 22 There is too much .... ..» if you fail to keep to a healthy fitness regime. 3 . apart, there is also the matter of your health to think about. p IS8L 29199e1g Questions 24-28 Look at the following descriptions and the list of terms in the box below. Match each description with the correct term A-E. Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 24-28 on your answer sheet. List of Deseripions 24° Works on the upper body only. 25. Requires the individual to follow a tailor-made programme. 26 High impact exercises are interspersed with low impact ones. 27 General mobility is improved in addition to fitness levels and overall appearance. 28 Aworkout simultaneously affecting several areas of main body. List of Terms Interval training ° Squats Lunges Push ups Weight trainingSECTION 3 Questions 29-40 Questions 29-35 Read the text below and answer Questions 29-35. ‘Thought’ Crime A. In George Orwell's dystopian novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, the government attempts to not only curb the speech and actions but also the thoughts of its subjects. Unapproved thoughts are labelled ‘thought’ crime and draconically punished with the death sentence. It is undoubtedly a grim portrayal of the future. Alarmingly, it could soon become, partially at least, a reality. B. Future policing systems aimed at identifying deviant thought processes are currently in the pipeline. The US Department of Homeland Security believes that the system will be capable of detecting ‘hostile thoughts’ in individuals passing through border controls, airports and public places. C. Its critics believe that ‘Project Hostile Intent’, as it is called, is entering the realms of fantasy. The belief that sensors could single our ne’er-do-wells via increased pulse rate, breathing, skin temperature or fleeting facial expressions, is viewed by the project's detractors as frankly absurd and more akin to something out of the sci-fi movie Minority Report and the ‘pre-crime’ units featured in the movie. D. The project's promoters are not impervious to the public controversy that their proposed policing system has stirred up. So significant has the backlash been to the proposed project, that it has now been dubbed the less innocuous-sounding Future Attribute Screening Technologies (FAST). Whether re-branding quells public dissent remains to be seen. E. In the meantime, a pilot study to test the system has been undertaken. At an equestrian centre in Maryland, 140 paid volunteers walked through a machine kitted out with a battery of FAST sensors, in addition to cameras, infrared heat sensors and an eyesafe laser radar (named a Bio-Ladar) that measures pulse and breathing rate from a distance. F. According to individual briefing, subjects acted either shifty, hostile and evasive whilst others acted the exact opposite, conforming to model citizen behaviour. DHS science spokesman, John Vertico, claims the study was ‘promising’, achieving a 78% accuracy on mal-intent and 80% on deception. G. It could be argued, however, that such overt visual behaviour would be apparent without recourse to specialist equipment and that border control and security officers would do better to improve on honing their knowledge of body language. We judge people daily, after all, from their appearance, so this must count for-something. It's certainly a method that is a lot less obtrusive-than the FAST system. H. Finally, there is the matter of invasion of privacy. The FAST system is capable of detecting health problems such as heart murmurs in those passing through the security mechanism. Seemingly this would seem to open up a whole new moral debate. Should those previously unaware of health issues be informed, or nottAssurances have been issued, however, by pro- ponents of the FAST system, that individual data will not be stored on the database to avoid a breach of confidentiality, But why not pt nformation to good effect? If itis considered permissible to analyse the very thought of individuals then why is the assessment of | health considered too invasive? The FAST System has a long way to go yet in answering such 06, issues adequately.and becoming an acceptable method of surveillance.Questions 29-35 oe ° . The text has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet. an inconsistency in approach already, a new policing system is underway a public relations exercise fiction not transferable into fact the future foreshadowed in fiction a) = p ia) ag ia) ) q as ES effective, but commonplace assessment methods official confirmation of the efficacy of the FAST system Questions 36-40 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from. the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. The dystopian future predicted in Orwell's, novel 1984, may soon become reality. A policing .. Itis reputedly able to reveal system said to be thought-sensitve is in 36 37 3 and so is arguably of use at security checkpoints. Subtle changes in an individual's behaviour and physiological processes can be measured by the policing system. Unti which officials attempted to quell, by renaming the project ‘FAST’, a considerably less offensive title than the original ‘Project Hostile Intent’. So far,a 39 now the project has met with 38 ... .. has provided tentative confirmation of the efficacy of the FAST system. However, it is arguable that simple methods such as reading body language might be equally } | effective. More problematic is the possibility that the FAST system may uncover health issues | _an individual is unaware of. Whether to inform the individual or not is subject to 40...idalaqute= i {=-j5 -) SECTION 1 Questions 1-14 Questions 1-8 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. 1 We can... by acquiring new skills and knowledge. 2 Establish ... .. where you feel your knowledge is lacking. .. of information. 3. Always challenge any new .... 4 Ifyou... _ those seeking self-improvement, you are likely to learn more. 5 Itis better ... when subscribing to blogs. 6 Make a point of accessing knowledge that is in opposition to ...... 7 Ensure your new projects remove you from ..... so you benefit more. 8 Being. will enable you to take in information better.Read the text below and answer Questions 1-8. | 11. Do something novel | Often we allow ourselves to be governed by logical decisions. Learning does not need to follow | 14. Learn information that wil! be use Questions }-8 How to cultivate life-long learning Learning is not something that is confined to your school or college years. Throughout life we need to learn new things and acquire new skills in order to broaden our horizons. Learning is also an enjoyable experience in itself. Here are a few tips as to how to learn more effectively throughout life. 1, Alter your mindset Rely on internal rather than external influences to motivate you. The desire to learn has to come from within. 2. Compile a ‘to-learn’ list We all have a bucket list of what we would like to accomplish. Try to also have a ‘to-learn’ list. Identify areas in which you would like to gain greater insight. 3. Keep a book handy You don’t need to be a bookworm in order to be well-read. Set aside time to read every day and before you know it, you'll be well on your way to reading a book a week. 4, Question everything Don’t take received wisdom for granted. Always question your source. Albert Einstein once said ‘any man who reads too much and uses his own brain too little, falls into lazy habits of thinking’ Don't do the same yourself! 5. Impart your knowledge to others Passing on your learning to others, you will reinforce your newly-acquired knowledge. Use blogs and forums as an outlet of communication for this knowledge. 6. Move in more intellectual circles Keeping company with intelligent people alone does not suffice. Keep company with those who indulge their curiosity by constantly acquiring new skills. Their habits and knowledge will rub off on you. 7. Avoid information overload Don’t oversubscribe to blogs. You need to be selective in order to be effective in using knowledge. 8, Learn in groups Knowledge shared is more fun. Workshops and group learning experiences are a great way to learn and socialise at the same time, 9, Don’t take things for granted Always challenge your assumptions and actively seek out information that contradicts your worldview. 10. Opt for a challenging job Choose a career that is stimulating and is a learning curve. Don’t get sucked into a full-time job that encourages mental inertia. Undertake a new project. Anything that takes you out of your comfort zone will benefit you more than sticking to what you know. 12. Be intuitive a set path. Let yourself pursue a new avenue of knowledge whenever you feel so inclined, 13. Have a routine Set aside 15 minutes a day to educate yourself, Whenever you feel more mentally receptive, choose that time of day to read an article or blog to learn something new. if your learning has practical use, for example in helping others, this will be a great motivator. 15, Put it into practice Don't just learn skills; use them! Skill-based learning is useless if it isn’t applied!, foe h) E B21IIbAdgRead the texts below and answer Questions 9-14. Social and Activity Clubs B. Urban Ramblers Walking Group A. Pen to Paper Writers’ Group | Newly-established, this group is aimed at bud- ding writers. Guest speakers who are already acclaimed authors give fortnightly talks to our. members. All talks are always well-subscribed, so advance booking is essential. Our aim is to explore urban settings at a leisurely pace that can accommodate a wide range of age groups. In addition to taking in well-known sites we often go off the beaten track. Feel free to test our guide’s expert local knowledge. We round each walk off with a fun trivia Venus: The Queen's Hotel, Eastbourné'on | quiz and a prize for the lucky winner! the 3rd of the month. Meeting point: Weather permitting, outside Brighton Pier. Check our website for times and details: urbanwalks@brighton.co.uk fC. Through the Lens Photagraphers’ Club |) We are a diverse bunch, always ready to nurture new talent. Our workshops H are held in a variety of settings including studios, local venues and outdoors. D. Open to Debate Debating Society | An academic or formal background is not a prerequisite | for joining. All manner of topics are covered in the course | of an evening. Groups never exceed 20 people and | include a facilitator. The idea is for people to engage in dialogue without the constraints of an agenda. Venue: The Shakespeare's Head, Norfolk Square, Brighton. Every Tuesday: 7pm E, Babel intercambio Group (French Speakers) If your French is a little rusty and needs brushing up then this group is for you! Our 2-hour language exchange sessions alternate French with English in a spontaneous, non-regulated fashion. Venue: The Meeting House, Southover St. Plimpton.9-14 Questi Do the following statements agree with the information given in the texts? In boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this The Writers’ Group requires a subscription fee. 10 The Writers’ Group is aimed at recently-published authors. LL ‘The Photographers’ Club offers members useful advice... \ Walking Group members are tested on their knowledge. The Debating Society charges members for participating. The Intercambio Group for French Speakers welcomes linguists of all abilities. Rope ic) Beek ba erSECTION 2 Questions 15-28 Questions 15-21 The text on the next page has seven sections, A-G. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet. List of Headings Practice Test 5 Overcoming physical hardship ae ection a 16 Section B 17SectionC A shared familial peculiarity Rivalry amongst colony members «Not what you might expect A contribution to make Ability to overcome disease i, An alternative: means to the same end ‘ii. An Achilles’ Heel Of no apparent significance How findings may be linked SECTION HEADING 15 Section A 16 Section B 17 Section C 18 Section D 19 Section E 20 Section F 21 Section GAn unprepossessing rodent with superpowers A Blind, fleshy, furless and buck-toothed, naked mole rats seem best confined to ‘their subterranean existence. Contrary to popular belief they are neither moles nor rats. Furthermore, these confusingly-named mammals are more akin to insects such as wasps, termites and ants, in their social set-up, than to mammals. B Naked mole rats live in colonies numbering up to 300 members. Within the colony is a well-defined hierarchical system presided over by a breeding ‘queen’ attended by chaste subordinate workers and soldiers. With the exception of the related Damaraland mole rat, naked mole rats are the only vertebrates to have adopted this rigid social and breeding struc- ture. oe ocr ein c Unlike insects sharing a similar hierarchical system, the queen establishes the hierarchy through physical rather than chemical means. Whilst pheromones are used in insect colonies to establish a caste system, physical aggression is the order of the day in naked mole rats. Subordinate members in the mole rat colony are physically pushed around by the queen. Junior mole rats respond with a physiological stress reaction, releasing stress hormories that suppress ovulation and sperm production, rendering the subordinates, celibate. D Living a subterranean existence can certainly be challenging. Thé lack of oxygen in such suffocating conditions should in theory be lethal for a small mammal. Increased amounts of carbon dioxide along with low oxygen levels normally cause build-up of tissue acids causing excruciating pain. The mole rat, however, possesses a gene that switches off the pain response, rendering it insensitive to pain. In addition, its brain neurons possess an increased ability to with- stand low oxygen levels. E Whilst a resistance to oxygen depletion is explicable, the mole rat's amazing ability to resist cancer defies explanation. Despite being exposed to lethal carcinogens in laboratory experi- ments, mole rats never succumb to cancer. F Obviously the significance of such physical attributes to medical science cannot be underestimated. The mole rat it would seem, has a pivotal role to play in the discovery of a future cure for cancer as well as in the development of more effective painkillers and understanding brain function. 6 Things are not all rosy for the super-rodent, however. Despite its obvious physical adaptations, it is incapable of varying its body temperature to a significant degree. Confined to underground passages, the mole rat rarely encounters dramatic temperature changes and so has lost the ability to adjust to temperature drops below 15C. As a result, mole rats will die when exposed to low temperatures which other mammals can easily adapt to.Questions 22-28 Read the text below and answer Questions 22-28. What kind of headache is it? Headaches arising from stress are part and parcel of modern-day life. But are you misdiagnosing your headache as a tension headache when the root cause of your headache is entirely unre- lated to stress? Our tendency to misdiagnose headaches was revealed in a 2014 study that revealed ‘sinus’ headaches were in fact migraines in 80% of self-diagnosed patients. Here is a brief run-down of the 5 major headache types to help you more effectively self-diagnose. The most common type of headache is the tension headache. It is felt as a persistent ache or pressure around the head, in particular at the temples or back of the head and neck. Whilst uncomfortable, it rarely impedes the carrying out of daily activities. Nausea and vomiting are rare, Over-the-counter painkillers, like Ibuprofen, result in fast relief from pain. Unlike stress-related tension headaches, cluster headaches are cyclical in occurrence. Onset may be sudden, characterised by severe, debilitating pain on one side of the head. Headaches are often accompanied by a Watery eye and nasal congestion or a runny nose on the same side of the face. During an attack, sufferers feel unable to lie down, as someone with a migraine might. Cluster headaches have no known origin but may have a genetic component. No cure is available but medication can reduce frequency and duration. Headaches that are not cured, but are in fact caused, by painkillers such as Aspirin and Ibuprofen, are termed rebound headaches. Overuse of these painkillers resulting in such headaches may be attributable to one of two factors: withdrawal of medication or the increased excitability of the brain induced through such medication. Far more incapacitating are migraines. Such headaches may endure for up to 3 days from onset. Prior to the attack, sufferers may experience ‘aura’ which are visual distortions and hand numb- ness. Symptoms include sensitivity to light or sound, nausea and/or vomiting. Pain may be worsened by routine activities, which may in turn be impeded by the migraine itself. Finally a completely different category of headache are sinus headaches since they arise from an infection. The sinus, in sufferers, is inflamed from an infection which responds effectively to antibiotic treatment. Headaches can be diagnosed by accompanying fever.Questions 22 and 23 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. 22 There isa ... headaches as evidenced by results from a 2014 study. 23 Often .. ... of your headache may be completely different to what you think. : eae ay 5 : oO ® ry a o) Questions 24:28 : j Look at the following descriptions and the list of terms in the box below. Match each description with the correct term A-E. Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 24-28 on your answer sheet. List of Descriptions The headache is expected and proves debilitating when it at Onset is accompanied.by extreme restlessness in this sepa eafloghe which may run in families. Responds well to medication and is unpleasant rather than incapacitating. Headaches are accompanied by a rise in body temperature. ‘Treating the headache by conventional methods will only worsen symptoms. List of Terms A Tension headache |B Cluster headache © Rebound headache | D_ Migraine headache | E Sinus headache13 Questions 29-35 Read the text below and answer Questions 29-35. The Evolution of Long-Distance Communication ‘A. Long-distance signalling was employed as far back as the time of ancient civilisations in China, Egypt and Greece. Primitive as the methods may sound today, signalling took the form of mes- sages communicated through smoke or drumbeats. Inclement weather, however, would have often interrupted the line of sight between receptor'points, rendering such signalling methods ineffective. B. Even centuries later, the more sophisticated long-distance signalling method known as sema- " phore, proved susceptible to weather and other factors hindering visibility. Developed in the early 1790s, the semaphore consisted of a series of hilltop stations that each had large movable arms to signal letters and numbers and two telescopes with which to see the other stations. However, during bad weather, signalling would prove impossible. Clearly a different method of transmitting information was required to make regular and reliable long-distance communication workable. C. The beginning of the nineteenth century was to herald the invention ‘of two major techno- logical advances that would lay the groundwork for more effective long-distance communication. In 1800, Italian scientist Alessandro Volta invented the battery and in 1820 Dutch physicist Hans Christian Oersted demonstrated the connection between electricity and magnetism. Volta’s invention permitted electric currents to be stored and later used under controlled conditions, whilst Oersted’s discovery showed how a magnetic needle could be deflected by electric currents. D. Inthe mid-nineteenth century, Volta’s invention and Oersted’s discovery were coupled to create a major communications breakthrough: the telegraph. In its rudimentary stages, the telegraph systern comprised five magnetic needles that could be pointed around a panel of letters and numbers by using an electric current. £. Later, Samuel Morse, in scientific collaboration with a group of other inventors, would take the invention a stage further. Building on the telegraph system, Morse and his associates created a device capable of transmitting electrical impulses over a wire between stations. Morse then | devised a code of dots and dashés, corresponding to each letter of the English alphabet. The transcription of electrical impulses into letters was thereby affected, permitting complex messages to be transmitted across telegraph lines and thereby enabling long-distance communication with a device known as the telegraph. F In 1844, Morse sent his first telegraph message from Washington DC to Baltimore, Maryland. A deeply religious man, he ensured that the wording delivered a suitably fitting message: ‘What God hath wrought!" Just over two decades later, in 1866, the first telegraph line had been laid across the Atlantic from the US to Europe. G. The electric telegraph transformed how wars were fought and won and how journalists and newspapers conducted business. Rather than taking weeks to be delivered by horse-and- carriage mail carts, pieces of news could be exchanged between telegraph stations almost instantly, The telegraph also had a profound economic effect, allowing money to be ‘wired’ across great distances. Hi. With the advent of the 20th century, the telegraph had become virtually obsolete, replaced by speedier and more effective means of communication such as the telephone, the fax machine and, more recently, the internet. These inventions, though, would not have been possible without the telegraph first paving the-way for such technological breakthroughs. Morse is still remem- bered in the code that bears his name, and the world-famous emergency 5.0.5 code that is based on the Morse code.Questions 29-35" The text has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet. 29° the practical impact of technology 30. an old problem resurfaces 31. recognition of a higher authority 32 communication is scripted 33 an enduring legacy 34 certain practices seem basic in retrospect 35. dual achievements Questions 36-40 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. Smoke-signalling and drumbeating were employed by 36 ... as primitive forms of long-distance communication. However such communication methods in addition to the much later and more sophisticated semaphore signalling system, were at the mercy of the 37 - Aneed for a more effective long-distance communication system was evident. The nineteenth century was witness to a couple of 38 in a revolutionary form of long-distance communication: the telegraph. In its initial stages, the telegraph system was not capable of long-distance communication until its development by Samuel Morse and his associates. Morse is also to be credited with the development of .~ that transcribed electrical impulses into letters. The resulting invention was known as the telegraph and it soon became an intrinsic part of everyday life. Later, in the 20th century, more effective means of long-distance communication, such as the internet, phone and fax, rendered the telegraph 40 ...teestions Tid Questions 1-8 Read the text below and answer Questions 1-8. Tired of returning to an empty home, after work? Fed up with being single? Maybe speed dating is for you then. Try one of our speed dating events and follow these tips to meet your dream partner! 1. Do your research. Go on Internet sites to check out where speed dating venues are in your town. 2. Select a venue that is to your liking. You're more likely to end up meeting like-minded individuals choosing somewhere you feel more at home. w . Take a friend if necessary. It’s always best to take a friend for moral support; especially if ybu are a novice speed dater. Friends can be a shoulder to cry on if things don’t turn out well! 4, Dress appropriately. Dress in keeping with your personality, but the general rule of thumb is to not dress up too much; try to adopt a fairly low-key approach. w Decide on what you want. Before you go into a session, draw up a list of deal-breakers, such as drinking and smoking, so you can filter out incompatible partners. 6. Have a list of conversation topics ready. When a conversation dries up, especially with a stranger, it can be embarrassing, so have a few conversational gambits up your sleeve. x - Prepare how you want to present yourself. Remember: each speed date is only 3 minutes, so decide” what aspects of your personality you would like to emphasise. 8, Go into it with the right mindset. View speed dating as an ice-breaker and a first meeting; not a replacement for the entire dating cycle. 2 . Have fun. Approach speed dating in a light-hearted way; you will have more fun and maybe meet a compatible partner, 10. Keep notes. Keep brief notes on-daters’ clothes and certain outstanding characteristics, like height, smile etc, to avoid confusion over dates! 11. Mingle after the event. This way you can further gauge reactions of potential partners towards you and make a more informed decision about them, too. 12. Use feedback positively. If a chosen date failed to pick you, review what went wrong. Maybe you need to change your approach or maybe they were just unsuitable. 13. Forewarned is forearmed. If you weren’t successful first off, check your speed dating website for further dating advice and good luck next time!Questions 1-8 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. Choosing a suitable venue is important: it will attract more on your own wave-length. N Should the event not ... . to be a success, it's good to have a friend there with you. 3 Asstyle which is | onsuch occasions. is preferable to one that is too dressy, 4 Compiling a list of your own likes and dislikes in a potential partner can help you _ . those who may be unsuitable. Keeping some extra topics for conversation .. | embarrassing silences. a | © Itis important that participants don’t regard speed dating as a(n) | dating. | 7 The identity of individual participants can be remembered by recording the which distinguish them from the rest. 8 Should you fail to find your desired partner extra dating tips on your speed dating website. 91Questions 9-14 ‘ Read the texts below and answer Questions 9-14. - After work, most of us just like to chill out in front of the TV. But why don’t you learn something new and try out one of these 3-month evening classes? Creative Writing Fridays, 7-9 pm This course aims to unlock students’ creative potential through a series of interactive workshops and discussions. Ideal for budding bards! Introduction to Art Fridays, 6-8 pm Aimed at introducing those with just a basic grasp of art, to a broad spectrum of European artists | and styles, this course will adopt a broadly chronological and geographical approach, taking in major art movements from the Renaissance to Modern Art. *” introduction to Film Mondays, 6-8.45 pm | Designed to enhance your appreciation of film, the course covers some of the key movements, styles, genres and periods in the history of cinema, with reference to Hollywood mainstream films and films from the independent sector. | Opera Appreciation: Mozart's Operas Wednesdays, 6.30-8.45 pm This course offers an in-depth examination of all Mozart’s operas, setting his works in the context of his contemporaries and offers an insight into the creative process of this musical genius. Suitable for initiates and seasoned opera lovers alike. ‘The Middle East: History & Politics Wednesdays, 7-9 pm The aim of this course will be to provide students with an understanding of Middle Eastern/Arab culture, as well as some key Arabic phrases and vocabulary. 92estions 9-14 the following statements agree with the information given in the text? In boxes 9-14 on your r Sheet, write the statement agrees with the information the statement contradicts the information NOP GIVEN if there is no information on this 9 CREATIVE WRITING is not really aimed at established writers. 10 INTRODUCTION TO ART is a fairly comprehensive way to introduce people to art. it INTRODUCTION TO FILM is suitable for those hoping to break into the film industry. 12 OPERA APPRECIATION will help to some extent, to demystify how Mozart wrote his music. 13 OPERA APPRECIATION will focus purely on Mozart’s creative output. . 14 THE MIDDLE EAST suits those who would like to have a rudimentary knowledge of Arabic. ? 93SECTION 2 Questions 15-28 Questions 15-21 The text on the next page has seven sections, A~G. Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet. List of Headings Define bullying and include examples ii. Ensure the complainant is supported iii, Have the mindset that no complaint is too small | iv. Call for ‘active’ managing Provide reporting procedures Create a zero-tolerance anti-bullying policy Be attentive to warning signs . Causes of bullying in the workplace Promote awareness and training Types of bully SECTION HEADING 15 Section A 16 Section B 17 Section C 18 Section D 19 Section E 20 Section F 21 Section G 16 Section B 17 Section C 18 Section’ DF 19 Section E 94HOW TO GUARD AGAINST BULLYING IN THE WORKPLACE A Itis essential that everyone in the workplace should be clearly informed as to the organisation’s stance on bullying and the disciplinary procedures that will be followed in the event of any incident of bullying. Preferably, this information should be displayed in public places, such as the canteen, visible to all employees. B. What actually constitutes bullying, should be spelled out in no uncertain terms so that no-one is left in any doubt as to what constitutes unacceptable behaviour in the workplace. Sometimes, quite covert acts, such as taking the credit for another employee's work is a form of bullying in itself. Gs Workshops should be undertaken by all employees, focusing on the development of healthy and productive communication skills. Employers should also consider conductiplg periodic surveys of current employees to assess whether any destructive behaviour is impacting morale or creating other problems in the workplace. bo. Establish an independent contact for employees. Provide details of people within the organisation who are available to offer advice, information and support or receive complaints relating to workplace bullying. The contact officer should be objective, unbiased and able to provide assistance to the employee directly and should not be directly responsible for actually conducting the investigation. t i E Improve management's ability and sensitivity towards dealing with and responding to conflicts. Allowing management to have a more “hands on’ approach and greater involvement with the staff, can help managers better detect problems with personnel. rR ‘Any report of bullying, however inconsequential it may seem, should be acted upon and treated with as much gravity as an extremely overt action of bullying, such as name-calling or physical abuse. It can be amazing how quickly small, unperceived acts of bullying can escalate into very unpleasant situations, which are then more difficult to contain. + G. If there is a workplace bully in the organisation, it is imperative that management and HR recognise potential red flags. A pattern of resignations, discharges, or requests for transfers might be an indication of workplace bullying. Furthermore, conducting meaningful exit interviews with each individual who leaves the organisation will help identify any problems and patterns. 95: Questions 2 28 Read the text below and answer Questions 22-28. There are many different personality types within the workplace. Such a variety of personalities not only make the working environment more interesting, but each has a vital role to fulfil and a unique contribution to make. Below are listed 5 main different personality types that can be found in the workplace. However, this list is by no means comprehensive, as only the most prevalent types are reviewed here. The Duty Fulfitler Serious and quiet, interested in security and peaceful living. Extremely thorough, responsible and dependable. Can take any task and define it, organise it, plan it and implement it through to completion. They are very hard workers who do not let obstacles get in the way of performing what task is required of them to complete. They can work for-lengthy periods at a time and can put tremendous amounts of energy into doing any task which they see as important to fulfilling an objective. They can usually accomplish any task once they have set their mind to it. The Mechanic Quiet and reserved, interested in how and why things work. Excellent skills with mechanical things. Risk-takers who live for the moment. Usually interested in and talented at extreme sports. Uncomplicated in their desires. Loyal to their peers and to their internal value systems, but not overly concerned with respecting laws and rules if they get in the way of getting something done. The Nurturer Quiet, kind and methodical. Usually puts the needs of others above their own:needs. Stable and practical, they value security and traditions. Well-developed sense of space and function. Rich inner world of observations about people. Extremely perceptive of others’ feelings. Interested in serving others. The Artist Quiet, serious, sensitive and kind. Does not like conflict, and not likely to do things which may generate conflict, Loyal and faithful. Extremely well-developed senses and aesthetic appreciation for beauty. Not interested in leading or controlling others. Flexible and open-minded. Likely to be original and creative. Enjoys the present moment. The Inspirer ‘ Enthusiastic, idealistic and creative. Able to do almost anything that interests them. Great people skills. Needs to live life in accordance with their inner values. Excited by new ideas, but bored with details. Open-minded and flexible, with a broad range of interests and abilities.Questions 22 and 23 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet. | 22 Despite the disparity between individuals in the workplace, there is not one individual | that cannot make | 23. The types of personality reviewed in this article cannot considered to be a selection | thatis.. Questions 24-28 Look at the following descriptions and the list of terms in the box below. Match each description with the correct term A-E. Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 24-28 on your answer sheet. | List of Descriptions | 24 Conscientious and goal oriented, | | | 25 Nota forward-planner. Very responsive to external stimuli. 26 Rather self-effacing, displaying an altruistic nature. | | 27 Analytical, but not emotionally complex. | 28 Sees the bigger picture. Works best when motivated by personal goals. L | List of Terms | A The Duty Fulfiller |B The Mechanic | C The Nurturer D The Artist | E The Inspirer| SECTION3 — Questions 29-40 | Questions 29-35 Read the text below and answer Questions 29:40. | CLOTHES IN SOCIETY | Clothes have been worn for thousands of years, originating with our animal-skin clad Neanderthal ancestors, | through to sophisticated modern-day couture. So why are clothes so important? Here, we examine the | impact and importance of clothes in society. | A. Firstly we mustn’t underestimate the importance of clothing on human psychology. It’s true that you shouldn’t judge a book by its cover, but people still do. In the case of human beings, that ‘cover’ is, ina Large part, your clothing and others are looking at it in order to help gauge an impression of who you are. This is | because clothing is seen as an extension of our personality. So, before you choose your outfit for the day, think about how you would like to portray yourself and how you want other people to see you andinterpret | Your personality. ‘To others, your clothes speak volumes about your personality’ says Bridget Allen, a senior {level fashion industry expert. |B. In reality, most people favour a combination of clothing styles, wearing casual clothes one day and bust- ness garb the next, The key to using clothing to your advantage is to dress so you feel ready to take on the world. In fact, experts have found that dressing in this way has a real impact on your mood and your out- look. Consider what you wear to the gym. ‘Putting on a flattering outfit encourages pegple to actually go to the gym or to exercise outdoors in public, says performance coach Larina Kase, PsyD, MBA, president of | Performance & Success Coaching LLC, in Philadelphia, USA. . Many people believe clothing is not only a necessity; their clothing represents their cultures and beliefs. | Many factors affect the clothing worn by different civilisations. Some factors include region, beliefs, climate, | and gender. D. Some pieces of clothing remain almost synonymous with the cultures which crafted them. For instance, la billowing white toga is usually associated with the Roman Empire. A brilliantly coloured, ornate kimono is most often associated with Japan. ; E. It is also important to know the fashion and customs of certain regions to get a better grasp of how other cultures function. As Coco Chanel once said, ‘Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street; fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. F. Clothing also has a very practical use. Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements and can enhance’safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It pro- tects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles, by pro- viding a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Furthermore, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation. G. In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking” chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa, or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, India, lower-caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before establish- ment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signalled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. H. So what is the future of clothing? The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles; for example, clothes that can auto- ‘matically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images and even generate electricity. Researchers are, in addition, working on creating textiles with designer bacteria that survive off ‘dead’ skin and sweat, reducing the need to wash clothes. Such bacteria could also be used to create bio-luminescent fabrics. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments, made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics, that are coated with chemical mixtures which reduce the absorption of liquids, 7 98Questions 29-35 The text has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet. | 29 ‘Intelligent’ clothing that can adapt or react to the environment. | 30 Cultures cannot be understood in isolation, without reference | to contemporary factors and external factors. |3 Our assessment of others is not purely objective. 32 Certain types of clothing are intrinsically linked with some cultures. 34 The motivational impact of clothes on the human psyche. 35 Arelationship between clothes and outside influences. | | | 33 A direct relationship between status and skin exposure. Questions 36-40 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. People fail to realise how clothes impact on human psychology. Often clothes are used to ...an opinion of someone's personality. In addition, dressing From a practical are undertaken. Finally, the importance of status and society should not be overlooked as the two are perspective, clothes are a protection when 38 .. intrinsically linked. In certain societies, for example, more elaborate clothing and members. In the future, many factors will undoubtedly influence clothing styles; however, scientists are currently researching more functional uses for clothes, as contemporary culture comes | 36 to bolster your mood can-also affect 37 .. | | | accessories could only be worn by more 3) | | into contact with 40| SECTION 1 Questions 1-14 Questions 1-8 Read the text below and answer Questions 1-8, World Doughnut Day World Doughnut Day inspired me to go out into the streets and get my carbohydrate fix from these delicious hot sugary snacks, but | had no idea there were so many around the world. There are many variations of the doughnut, from sophisticated foie gras savouries to gold flake-topped ultra-luxe varieties. Some of my favourites include: . Beignet Fried choux pastry dough, usually square-shaped without a hole. Eaten throughout France and also New Orleans, Louisiana, in the United States, where the beignet is also hugely popular thanks to the French colonists in the 18th century. The place to have them in this American city is at the Cafe du Monde where you can dig into freshly-fried beignets served with large heaps of powdered sugar. Churros Usually choux pastry-based, these are piped through a star-shaped nozzle and fried in oil in long tube shapes. They are eaten throughout Spain and Latin America and are traditionally served fresh and hot for breakfast, dipped in bowls of thick hot chocolate. You can often find them served by street vendors at markets or on breakfast menus in cafes. Krapfen These treats are prepared with a swéetened yeast dough. They are circular, holeless cakes, fried in oil and then stuffed with a custard or fruity filling. They are quite popular in Germany. Baursaki This is a swag eggy-pastry fried in oil and served in the form of a ball or triangle without any holes. The treat is eaten'all over Kazakhstan and in many non-European parts of Russia, Although it tastes sweet, the Baursakiis often served with tasty soups and broths. Malasada This small, egg-sized ball of fried dough, is traditionally shaped in a ball. Sometimes it may be slightly flattened and twisted to create a small hole, served usually in sugar. The pastry comes from Madeira and also the Azores islands, but migrant workers took the recipe with them to Hawaii, in the United States, where its people came to love the sweet fried treat and have made it their own.