NURSING RESEARCH 1

Introduction to Nursing
Research- Think Tank
Week 2

ENRIQUEZ R. CAYABAN, MAN, PLT, RN

 Nursing
Research
OBJECTIVES
• To define Nursing Research
• To determine the significance of Nursing Research
• To identify the Roles of Nurses in Research
• To present the Evolution of Nursing Research
• To enumerate the Purposes of Nursing Research
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 NURSES MUST BECOME A LIFELONG
LEARNERS, CAPABLE OF REFLECTING ON,
EVALUATING, AND MODIFYING THEIR CLINICAL
PRACTICE BASED ON NEW KNOWLEDGE.

NURSING RESEARCH
• Is a systematic inquiry designed to develop
knowledge about issues of importance to the
nursing profession, including nursing practice,
education, administration and informatics.

NURSES ARE INCREASINGLY EXPECTED TO

BECOME PRODUCERS OF NEW KNOWLEDGE
ERC/2020 THROUGH NURSING RESEARCH.
 Quality of
Health
Life

FOCUS: Clinical
Nursing Research
• Designed to generate knowledge
to guide nursing practice and to
improve the health and quality of
life of nurse’s clients.
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 Nursing Research Questions:
1 What are the factors that determine the length of stay of patient in the Intensive
Care Unit undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (Doering,
Esmailian, Imperial- Perez, & Monsein, 2011)?

2 How do adults with acquired brain injury perceive their social interactions and
relationships (Peterson & Stewart, 2002)?

How a Controlled Trial of Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing, Incentive

Spirometry, and Deep Breathing Exercises in Preventing Pulmonary
3 Complications after Abdominal Surgery (Bartolome R. Celli , Katharine S.
Rodriguez , and Gordon L. Snider, 1983) ?

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 EVIDENCE-BASED
PRACTICE (EBP)
• Defines as the use of the best clinical evidence in making
patient care decisions.
• According to Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt (2005), “when
healthcare providers know how to find, critically appraise,
and use the best evidence, and when patients are confident
that their healthcare providers are using evidence-based
care, OPTIMAL outcomes are achieved for all”
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 Definitions of Evidence-Based Practice
Method that allows health care providers to accomplish the maximum quality of care when
addressing the multifaceted requests of their patients and families. (Melnyl & Fineout-
Overholt, 2005)

Care that integrates best scientific evidence with clinical expertise, knowledge of
pathophysiology, knowledge of psychosocial issues, and decision making preferences of
patients. (Rutledge and Grantt, 2002)

Is simply the integration of rthe best possible research to evidence with clinical expertise and
with patient needs. Patients needs in this case refer specifically to the expectations, concerns
and requirements that patients bring to their clinical experience. (Porter-O’Grady, 2006)

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 Nursing Research enables NURSES

To explain phenomena To predict the probable

that must be considered outcomes of certain
in planning nursing care nursing decisions

To control the To initiate activities to

occurrence of undesired promote desired client
outcomes behavior

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 Consumer- Producer Continuum in Nursing Research
Reads research
reports to develop Consumers
new skills and to keep of Nursing
up to date on relevant Research
findings that may
affect their practice.
Use of research
Research findings in a practice
setting- depends on

Utilization the intelligent nursing

research consumers.

Nurses who actively

participate in Producers
designing and of Nursing
implementing Research
research studies.
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 Roles of Nurses in Research
Participating in journal club
in a practice setting, which
involves regular meetings
among nurses to discuss and
critique research articles
Giving clients information
and advice about
participation in studies
Collaborating in the
development of an idea for a
clinical research project
ERC/2020
Attending research Discussing implications and
presentations at professional relevance of research finding
conferences with clients
Reviewing a proposed
Assisting in the collection of
research plan with respect to
research information
its feasibility in a clinical
(distributing questionnaires to
setting and offering clinical
patients)
expertise to improve the plan
Participating on an
Evaluating completed
institutional committee that
research for its possible use in
reviews the ethical aspects of
practice, and using it when
proposed research before it is
appropriate.
undertaken
 EVOLUTION OF NURSING RESEARCH

• Activity: Make a Research on the Evolution of Nursing Research

• Activity Title: NURSING RESEARCH: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
• Creative output are encouraged.
• Provide your synthesis at the end of your research output.
• Indicate your references.
• Email your output at enriquezcayaban90@gmail.com with subject NURSING
RESEARCH: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
• Deadline of Submission: September 7, 2021, 12NOON

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 Future Directions for Nursing Research
• Increased focus on outcome research
• Increased focus on bio physiologic research
• Promotion of Evidence-based Practice
• Development of a stronger knowledge base through multiple,
confirmatory strategies
• Strengthening of multidisciplinary collaboration
• Expanded dissemination of research findings
• Increasing the visibility of nursing research

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 Sources of Evidence for Nursing Practice

TRADITION
AUTHORITY
DISCIPLINED RESEARCH
CLINICAL
EXPERIENCE,
TRIAL & ERROR, LOGICAL ASSEMBLED
& INTUITION REASONING INFORMATION

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 TRADITION
• It is efficient as an information source
• It facilitates communication by providing a common foundation of
accepted truth
• It possesses some problems because many tradition have never been
evaluated for their validity
• Walker (1967) ritualistic practices/ traditional practice of nurses in
taking temperature, respiration, and pulse
• French (1999) many nursing interventions are based on tradition,
customs, and “unit culture”.
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 AUTHORITY
• People with specialized expertise- in every field
• Primarily based on their experience
• Like Tradition, their knowledge often goes unchallenged

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 CLINICAL EXPERIENCE, TRIAL AND ERROR, AND
INTUITION
• Clinical experiences represents a familial and functional knowledge
• Each individual’s experience is fairly restricted
• The same objectives event is usually experience or perceived
differently by two individuals
• Trial and Error- Alternatives are tried successively until a solution to a
problem is found.
• Intuition- it is a type of knowledge which can not be explained on the
basis of reasoning or prior instruction.

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 LOGICAL REASONING
• Solution to many perplexing problems are developed by logical thought
processes.
• Method of knowing combines experience, intellectual faculties and formal
systems of thought
• Inductive Reasoning- is the process of developing generalizations from
specific observation eg. A nurse may observe the anxious behaviour of
hospitalized children and conclude that in general children’s separation
from parents is stressful.
• Deductive Reasoning- is the process of developing specific predictions
from general principles eg. If we assume that separation anxiety occurs in
hospitalized children in general then we might predict that specific children
in Memorial Hospital whose parents do not room-in will manifest
symptoms of stress.
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 ASSEMBLED INFORMATION
• Healthcare professionals also rely on information that has been assembled
for a variety of purposes.
• Examples: Local, National and International Bench Marking Data provide
information on such issues as rates of using various procedures and can
serve as a guide in evaluating clinical practices.
• Cost Data- information on the costs associated with certain procedures,
policies or practices- are sometimes often used as a factor in clinical-
decision making.
• Quality improvement and Risk Data- such as medication error reports and
evidence on the incidence and prevalence of skin breakdown, can be used
to assess practice and determine the need for practice changes.

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 DISCIPLINED RESEARCH
• Research conducted in a disciplined format is the most sophisticated
methods of acquiring evidence that humans have developed.
• Most reliable other than methods of knowledge acquisition.

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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCHES
• Use mechanisms designed to control the study.
• CONTROL- involves imposing conditions on the research situation so that
biases are minimized and precision and validity are maximized.
• Gather empirical evidences
• EMPERICAL EVIDENCE- is rooted in objective reality and gathered directly or
indirectly through sense.
• Consist of observations gathered through sight, hearing, taste, or smell.
• Collects needed information using formal instrument

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 QUALITATIVE RESEARCHES
• Emphasis on understanding the human experience as it is lived,
usually through the careful collection and analysis of qualitative
materials that are narrative and subjective.
• Result in rich, in-depth information that has the potential to elucidate
varied dimensions of a complicated phenomenon.

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 PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH
General purpose is to answer questions and solve problems in
relevance to the nursing profession.
• BASIC RESEARCH- is undertaken to extend the base of knowledge in a
discipline or to formulate or refine a theory. Discovering general
principles of human behaviour and biophysiologic processes.
• A researcher may perform an in-depth study to better understand normal
grieving processes, without having explicit nursing applications in mind.
• APPLIED RESEARCH- focuses on the finding solutions to existing
problem. Designed to indicate how these principles can be used to
solve problems in nursing practice.
• A study to determine the effectiveness of a nursing intervention to ease
grieving.
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 Other Specific Purposes of Nursing Research
• IDENTIFICATION
• DESCRIPTION
• EXPLORATION
• EXPLANATION
• PREDICTION
• CONTROL

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 IDENTIFICATION
• “The basic social problem that affects the adherence to health care
directives among diabetic and hypertensive clients”

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 DESCRIPTION
• “Quantitative changes in physiological well-being and psychological
resources 6 months after heart transplantation”
• “In-depth Study to describe the experience of waiting in a critical care
waiting room”

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 EXPLORATION
• “Incidence and Severity of Nausea accompanying combinative
antiretroviral therapies among HIV infected patients and explore
patterns of nausea in relation to patient characteristics.”
• “Experiences of 18 nurses who cared for patients who have been
pronounced brain dead but kept alive to serve as organ donors”

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 EXPLANATION
• “A model to explain exercise behaviour among older adults on the
basis of social support, age, and self-efficacy expectations.”
• Development of a model explaining the psychological need of patient
in the critical care unit”.

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 PREDICTION AND CONTROL
• “The use of Neonatal data to predict academic performance and the
need for special services among school-aged children who had been
in a level 3 neonatal intensive care.”

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 THANK YOU
“NO RESEARCH WITHOUT ACTION, NO ACTION WITHOUT RESEARCH”- Kurt Lewin