BOILERS – PART - 2

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 Simple Vertical boiler: heating surface & to increase
 A simple vertical boiler produces steam circulation of water.
at low pressure and in small quantities.
 Used for low power generation and at
places where space is limited.
 Consists of a cylindrical shell
surrounding a cylindrical fire box.
 The fire box is slightly tapered towards
the top to allow the ready passage of
steam to th surface.
 The fire box is fitted with 2 or more
inclined cross tubes to increase the
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Working pressure 7.5 - 10 bar

Steam capacity 2500 kg/h

Heating surface 120 m2

Efficiency 70-75 %

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 Boiler Pressure range Low below 20 bar
Low Pressure boilers
Medium 20-55 bar
Simple vertical boiler 7.5 – 10 bar
Cochran boiler 6.5 bar (15 bar max.) High Above 55 bar

Cornish boiler 12 bar

Lancashire boiler 16 bar
Locomotive boiler 14 bar
Scotch boiler 17 bar
High pressure boilers
Babcock-Wilcox boiler 40 bar (max.)
Loeffler boiler up to 100 bar
Benson boiler 500 bar
Lamont 140 bar
Velox ---
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 Cochran Boiler or Vertical Multi-tubular gases from combustion chamber enters the
Boiler smoke box through smoke tubes.
 A Cochran boiler is said to be the most  The gases from smoke box is passed on to
efficient type among various multi-tube atmosphere through chimney.
boilers.
 The shell and fire box are both
hemispherical.
 The hemispherical crown shape provides
maximum space & strength to withstand
the pressure of steam inside the boiler and
to resist the intense heat.
 The combustion chamber is connected
with firebox through a small pipe. The flue

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 Specifications of Cochran Boiler

Diameter of the shell 2.75 meters

Height 5.79 meters

Working pressure 6.5 bar (Max. pressure: 15 bar)

Steam capacity 3500 kg/h

Heating surface 120 m2

Efficiency 70-75 %

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Lancashire Boiler

Diameter of the shell 2 to 3 meters

Length of the shell 7 to 9 meters
Maximum working pressure 16 bar
Steam capacity 9000 kg/h
Efficiency 50-70%
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 A Lancashire boiler is horizontal, fire tube, internal fired, natural circulation type
boiler.
 There are two fire tubes. The fuel is burnt on the grate and hot flue gas is produced.
The flue gas moves along the furnace tubes and is deflected up by fire bridge.
 As the flue gas reaches the back of main flue gas tubes, it deflects downwards and
travels through the bottom flue gas tube.
 The bottom flue is just below the water shell and heats the lower portion of the shell.
After travelling from back to front, the flue gas bifurcates into separate paths in the
side flues
 It then travels from front to back in side flue and heats the side of the water shell.
These two streams of flue gas meet again in the main flue passing and through
damper they are discharged to atmosphere through the chimney.

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LOCOMOTIVE Boiler

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 Specifications of locomotive boiler
Barrel Diameter 2.095 meters
Length of the barrel 5.206 meters
Size of the superheater tubes 14 cm
No. of superheater tubes 38
Size of ordinary tubes 5.72 cm
No. of ordinary tubes 116
Height 5.79 meters
Grate area 4.27 m2
Coal burnt/hr 1600 kg
Working pressure 14 bar
Steam capacity 9000 kg/h
Heating surface 271 m2
Efficiency 70 %
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 It is mainly employed in locomotives though it may also be used as a stationary boiler.
 It is compact and its capacity for steam production is quite high for its size as it can raise
large quantity of steam rapidly.
 The locomotive boiler consists of a cylindrical barrel with a rectangular fire box at ono
end and a smoke box at the other end.
 The coal is introduced through the fire hole into the grate which is placed at the bottom of
the fire box. The hot gases which are generated due to burning of the coal are deflected by
an arch of fire bricks, so that walls of the fire box may be heated properly.
 The fire box is entirely surrounded by water except for the fire hole and the ash pit which
is situated below the fire box which is fitted with dampers at its front and back ends. The
dampers control the flow of air to the grate.
 In this boiler natural draught cannot be obtained because it requires a very high chimney
which cannot be provided on a locomotive boiler since it has to run on rails.
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 The hot gases pass from the fire box to the smoke box through a series of fire tubes
and then they are discharged into the atmosphere through the chimney.
 The fire tubes are placed inside the barrel. Some of these tube are of larger diameter
and the others of smaller diameter.
 The superheater tubes are placed inside the fire tubes of larger diameter. The heat of
the hot gases is transmitted into the water through the heating surface of the fire tubes
and the steam generated is collected over the water surface.
 A dome shaped chamber known as steam dome is fitted on the upper part of the
barrel, from where the steam flows through a steam pipe into the chamber. The flow
of steam is regulated by means of a regulator.
 From the chamber it passes through the superheater tubes and returns to the
superheated steam chamber (not shown) from which it is led to the cylinders through
the pipes, one to each cylinder.
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Cornish Boiler:
 Cornish boiler is similar to Lancashire boiler but the number of tubes is only one.
 The dimension of drum is smaller than that of Lancashire boiler.

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Tubes : These are present inside the shell and hot gases flow through them.
Shell : A big shell which contain water inside it as well as tubes. Heat
transfer between hot gases and water is take place here
Side flue : Flue are the tubes which take hot gases after they passes out from
the fire tubes. Flue present at side of the horizontal shell are called
side flues.
Bottom flue : Flue present at the bottom of the shell is called bottom flue. Bottom
flue take the smoke toward the chimney.
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Grate : Grate is the place where fuel is added for burning.

Ash pit : Ash pit the one which contain the ashes of fuel aster they are
completely burn.

Chimney : Chimney take smoke from the bottom flue and take it out to the
atmosphere.

Stop valve : It is used to regulate the flow of steam from boiler

Safety valve : Purpose of this valve is to stop the steam pressure from exceeding
the maximum limit

Blow of cock : Blow of cock is used to clean boiler by discharging the water and
sediments from bottom of boiler

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 Fuel is added in the grate area where it burn to produce hot gases. There hot gases
move into the fire tube which take it inside the shell where it exchange its heat with
surrounding water.
 Water take heat and after some time it start boiling to produce steam. Hot gases upon
reaching at the end of the fire tube, divided into two section and each move into the
one of two side flue which take them once again at the front section of the boiler
 they then move into the bottom flue and bottom flue take them toward the chimney.
Chimney throw these gases out of the boiler into the atmosphere.
 In this process hot gases travels complete length of boiler thrice that is once in fire
tube then in side flue and at last bottom flue.
 Maximum heat transfer is taken place at fire tube and shell section then taken place at
side flue and at last at bottom flue.

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