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GROUP 4 BSCE 1B - Group Activity 3
GROUP 4 BSCE 1B - Group Activity 3
GROUP 4 BSCE 1B - Group Activity 3
Section: BSCESEP – 1B
Members:
Buquid, Ramirson H.
Cayabyab, Ma. Angela L.
Laurio, Romar A.
Lubarbio, Aubrey
Mamental, Bai Shahan M.
Nullas, Juaren G.
Peñalba, Trisha Jeanna O.
Siervo, John Michael C.
Simba, Nicole Ann L.
GROUP ACTIVITY 3
Research and answer the following Questions:
of institutions to provide agricultural credit and other inputs; processing and marketing of agricultural produce; and
establishment of ago-based industries, and others. It ensures the rehabilitation of landless farmers or farmworkers
to have their own land, which they will acquire through a legal process. Agrarian reform respects the rights of every
landowner. In the case of individual beneficiaries and small landowners, they are expected to maintain a financially
viable farm through appropriate incentives. According to Republic Act No. 6657, the agrarian reform program is
founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands
they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. This also undertakes the
just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities and retention limits set forth in this Act, having taken
into account ecological, developmental, and equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just
compensation.
3. What are the roots of Agrarian Reform Problem? Enumerate and explain.
• Social class - It's been a silent issue within the country. Ever since, fertile farming land has, of course, become the
property of people who belong to a higher social class because they can afford it compared to farmers. Due to this,
the unjust distribution of land among a community has been an issue, especially for farmers who do not have their
land due to these landowners.
• Industrial development – For years, machinery has been innovating to make farming and crop production easier.
Due to the inaccessibility of these for farmers, they can’t have the high-tech machinery that would help them
effectively produce and harvest the best quality crop.
• Insufficient funds – Farmers who don’t have enough funds for their job can’t provide their best product. In managing
an agricultural field and crops, of course, they need fertilizers, tractors, and manpower. Because of insufficient
funds, they tend to sacrifice their profit, and sometimes they are even in debt due to their expenses in planting
crops.
• Violence due to land issues – Land ownership has been a problem between landlords and farmers. Some farmers
demand to have the farmland named for them because they have been utilizing it for years and decades. There are
some incidents wherein landlords use violence in order to shoo away the farmers and prevent them from using the
land.
• Low profit – With inflation on the rise, it’s difficult for farmers to produce a high-quality product and sell it for a
higher price. Some opportunists are using the farmers and buying only their harvest for a very low price. Due to
this, farmers can’t have enough income for their families.
Group 4
Section: BSCESEP – 1B
4. What are the early causes of agrarian unrest? (Social and Economic Factors)? Enumerate.
SOCIAL FACTORS THAT CAUSE THE AGRARIAN UNREST IN THE PHILIPPINES:
• Social class - Having a different social class affect the benefits and sometimes it is unfair to the lower class
because the more power you have the more benefits you will gain. That is why agrarian reform cannot be executed
well because of the different opinions of these social classes.
• Reference group - Having a reference group affects your decisions. It influences on how you think and act on a
situation. So, with the influence of people around you, it will cause an agrarian unrest due to the fact that you have
that principle of yours which later influenced by your reference group so it will change on how you will handle the
situation. This also make a clash between different groups with different perspectives depending on the situation or
groups they are in.
• Family - Situation in the family has the biggest factor or impact on the attitude, behavior, and decisions you will
make. It is like you will do everything for the sake of your family.
• Income and wealth - One thing that most people are looking first is the wealth of a person. Some people will base
their actions towards you depending on how wealthy and powerful you are. So again, equality is not being practice
here because it favors more on the wealthy side rather than the farmers who needs more help and it results to
agrarian unrest.
• Debt - This is also a factor of agrarian unrest because the rich became richer while the poor becomes poorer.
Instead of helping the poor or in need they will turn a blind eye and just supports themselves for their personal gain.
• Discrimination - This social factor never gets old. Being discriminated and stigmatized makes you feel lowly and not
that important which is not true because you have the rights and benefits as a human including to your role in the
society. This should be practiced to avoid social unrest. Every right and benefits should be given to the rightful
owner not on personal agendas or gain.
• Rights and freedoms - Every person has the rights and freedom so these should be voice out and hear out. Also,
for the agrarian reform to work those conditions and opinions should be weigh equally to make a rightful
judgement.
• Working conditions - This cause an agrarian unrest because some working conditions are not acceptable or not
fair. Addition to these is the unfair treatment that are mostly given to the low social class. They did not receive the
right treatment they deserve.
is one of the reasons why agrarian reform has been so difficult to implement because it only benefits the upper
classes.
• Labor - Farmers who work 5 to 7 days a week for a minimum wage is frequently overlooked by those who work in
an air-conditioned office. Labor can be a factor in agrarian unrest because most people in the upper classes have
never worked in the middle of a blazing heat. It is simple for them to impose policies despite their lack of knowledge
about how difficult it is to work as a farmer.
• Wages - Farmers in the Philippines are among many Filipinos who are underpaid in terms of wages. Landowners
who hire people to work for them are not always fair when it comes to paying their employees. Even though there
are policies that should be followed, and local farmers are fighting for their rights, their unfair treatment to their
workers continues.
• Law and Policies - Agrarian unrest can be aggravated by laws and policies. Since then, a plethora of laws and
regulations have been enacted. However, most of the time it only benefits those in the upper class, while those in
the lower class continue to suffer even though they have the right to express their concerns, because when you
have the money and power, it is easy for you to manipulate everything.
• Recessions - Recessions cause increased unemployment, lower wages and incomes, and lost opportunities in
general. As a result, this can be an origin of agrarian unrest in the farming industry. Low wages and lost
opportunities are major concerns for local farmers, but due to the country's economic situation, some landowners
and even the government are unable to impose a proper solution.
• Deflation - Deflation is a major issue for local farmers because it takes place when the price of their goods declines
rapidly, resulting in financial losses. Agrarian unrest is prevalent in this situation because it is uncontrollable. Before
deciding on a possible solution, it is always necessary to assess the country's economic situation.
Group 4
Section: BSCESEP – 1B
5. How will you describe the land reform/Agrarian reform policies during:
One of the During the time of the The rise of an agrarian This period is also
Land is commonly governorships of Spaniards, the reform movement has called as “The Era of
owned by Legazpi's first unequal distribution of significantly Hukbalahap” The
communities called important measures land and contributed to the Second war II started
Barangay that was to identify all landlessness, the government's agrarian in Europe in 1939
consist of 30 – 100 territories in the establishment of reform program's and within the Pacific
families. Philippines as public haciendas, and the partial success. in 1941.
domain, regardless of encomienda system However, the
Everyone in the HUKBALAHAP
government has not
barangay, regardless local customs. As a resulted in numerous
(Hukbo ng Bayan
result, the crown was peasant uprisings. been able to fully
of their social status, Laban sa Hapon) is a
free to give large This prompted the harness the power of
can access the land. group that aims to
swaths of Philippine American colonizers this movement in
Also, they share rebel and fight
land as incentives to to implement land order to push for more
equally with
loyal civilians and reform policies in the rapid and meaningful against the Japanese
everyone the harvest government. They
military personnel. Philippines. A series agrarian reform.
or crops that they controlled the entire
Period of the Spanish of laws were enacted During the American
produce.
Empire (1521-1898). in an attempt to Colonial Period, tenant Central Luzon. Lan
Filipino social system farmers were owners who sided
redistribute land to a
was feudal even In effect, collective dissatisfied with the with the Japanese
broader segment of
before the pre- land ownership slid sharecropping system lost their agricultural
the population.
Spanish period. into the background as well as the lands and properties.
Warlord exists and throughout time. The According to dramatic increase in Peasants has been
they have serfs and concept of private Constantino (1975), population, which put able to conquer the
land ownership was the first land issue financial strain on the land of the
Group 4
Section: BSCESEP – 1B
slaves who labor and introduced. Every addressed in the early tenant farmers' landowners. People
serve them. municipal resident years of the American families. As a result, who supported the
was granted his administration was the Commonwealth Huks have earned
Within the Filipino
choice of land for the controversy over launched an agrarian fixed rental fee in
social structure, the
cultivation, free of the friar estates reform program. favor of them.
datus (chiefs)
charge, under this covering 166,000 However, the
comprised the Unfortunately, by the
arrangement. acres, which were program's success
nobility (maharlikas). end of the war, this
purchased and has been hampered
Then there are the Period of the Spanish also is the end of the
distributed to 60,000 by ongoing disputes
timawas (freemen), Empire (1521-1898) ownership of the
farmers. However, between tenants and
followed by the The Spanish monarch peasants on the
due to the tenants' landowners. Policies
aliping namamahay handed deserving lands that they
ignorance of the law either favored
(serfs) and aliping Spaniards large conquered.
and the colonial landowners at the
saguiguilid (slaves). expanses of
government's policy expense of tenants or Upon the arrival of
uncultivated land not
A serf would serve of selling the lands at vice versa. the japanese within
confined within a
his master or lord exorbitant prices, the Unfortunately, the Philippines in
certain municipality.
(datu/Maharlika) and majority of these agrarian reform during 1942, peasant and
The encomienda was
he would take care assets went to the Commonwealth workers have
the name given to this
of his land. Master American companies, period was not as gathered strength
type of ownership.
and serf would businessmen, and successful as you and armed
Land laws have
equally divide the landlords. think it is. One of themselves to fight
always had measures
harvest or the land. these conflicts was against the
that allowed powerful Furthermore, the
and tilled his land. initiated by Benigno Japanese. They even
landowners to get American
Both master and Ramos through his labelled themselves
outside the law or administration's
serfs equally divided Sakdalista movement, as anti-Japanese
even exploit it to homesteading
the produce of the which advocated for group, the
maintain and program encouraged
land. tax cuts, land reforms, HUKBALAHAP
strengthen their the relocation and
the dismantling of (Hukbo ng Bayan
The slaves serve positions of power. settlement of Filipinos
large estates or Laban sa Hapon).
their lord or master in in unpopulated and
haciendas, and the
Group 4
Section: BSCESEP – 1B
both his house and On the other hand, uncultivated areas to severing of ties with They organized the
farm. They could the system developed help develop these the United States. A HUKBALAHAP on
share the produce of into encomienderos areas, but the hundred people were March 29, 1942 as an
the land. However, abusing their power. program failed killed in the Central anti-Japanese group;
slaves are properties The tribute quickly because Filipinos Luzon uprising in May took over land and
of masters so they turned into land preferred to remain in 1935. gave them to poor
can be sold as well rentals for a few sitios and people as well as the
President Quezon
by their owner. powerful landlords, poblaciones. harvest. They are
implemented a huge
and indigenous known to be a pro-
One common Furthermore, resettlement program
peoples who had poor group. However,
practice during the homesteading failed when peasant
previously cultivated after the war, the
pre-Spanish period is due to landlord uprisings erupted in
the land in freedom landlords retrieved
kaingin farming. In exploitation, the 1930s, during the
were reduced to their land from the
this process, they unsystematic surveys, Commonwealth
share tenants. group and peasants.
burn and set fire to strict productivity period. President
the forest or the land standards, a lack of Magsaysay pursued
before they can plant infrastructure, and a this approach after the
the crops that they lack of credit. Tenant Pacific War to weaken
need. farmers, unlike the Huk Rebellion's
landowners, did not backbone. The
Barter trade is a
receive legal government,
common way of
assistance due to particularly on
exchanging goods
illiteracy and high Mindanao Island,
during that time
transaction costs. The made huge
since people don't
Philippine Bill of 1902, uncultivated and
have money. One
on the other hand, unpopulated areas
medium of exchange
established a fixed available for
before is rice.
private ownership homesteading. As
The Maragtas Code limit of 16 hectares for some of the
is one example of individuals and 1,024 resettlement sites
Group 4
Section: BSCESEP – 1B
6. Enumerate the Contributions of different past presidents to the development of Land reform / Agrarian reform.
Presidents according to
Year of their term Contributions in Land/Agrarian Reform
their chronological order
corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares
for corporations.
• Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit
Cooperative Financing Administration) -- Provided small
farmers and share tenant’s loans with low interest rates of six
to eight percent.
Carlos P. Garcia just continued the programs of the late president
Carlos P. Garcia 1957-1961
Ramon Magsaysay. No new reformation law passed.
President Diosdado P. Macapagal enacted the following law:
• The Agricultural Land Reform Code, also known as Republic
Act No. 3844, was enacted on August 8, 1963, with the intent
of establishing owner-cultivatorship, implementing all labor
Diosdado Macapagal 1961-1965
rules for both industrial and agricultural wage employees
equally and without prejudice, and providing a more robust
and systematic land resettlement program and public land
distribution.
President Ferdinand E. Marcos enacted the following laws:
• The Code of Agrarian Reforms of the Philippines, or Republic
Act No. 6389, was enacted on September 10, 1971, revising
Republic Act No. 3844.
• Republic Act No. 6390 (September 10, 1971), which
established an agrarian reform special account in the general
treasury to provide the necessary funds to speed up the
Ferdinand E. Marcos 1965-1986
execution of the agrarian reform program.
• The entire country was declared a land reform area by
Presidential Decree No. 2 (September 26, 1972).
• Tenants were emancipated from the bonds of the soil by
Presidential Decree No. 27 (October 21, 1972), which
granted them ownership of the land they tilled and provided
the necessary instruments and mechanisms.
Corazon C. Aquino 1986-1992 President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:
Group 4
Section: BSCESEP – 1B
References:
https://www.dar.gov.ph/about-us/agrarian-reform-history/
https://olfu.instructure.com/courses/54327/files/2729598?module_item_id=3359962
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/06/05/dar-president-aquino-remains-resolved-to-pursue-agrarian-reform/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/02/20/republic-act-no-7881/
https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1315
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/10/09/administrative-order-no-363-s-1997/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/12/22/republic-act-no-8435-s-1997/
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1998/ra_8532_1998.html
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/17/executive-order-no-228-s-1987/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/22/executive-order-no-229-s-1987/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/22/proclamation-no-131-s-1987/
https://lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_129_a_1987.html
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1988/06/10/republic-act-no-6657/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/06/14/executive-order-no-405-s-1990/
https://lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1990/eo_406_1990.html
https://lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1990/eo_407_1990.html
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1951/06/09/executive-order-no-448-s-1951/
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1971/ra_6389_1971.html
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1971/ra_6390_1971.html
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/09/26/presidential-decree-no-2-s-1972/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/10/21/presidential-decree-no-27-s-1972/
https://leap.unep.org/countries/ph/national-legislation/agricultural-tenancy-act-philippines-republic-act-no-1199