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Nmat Mathematics Appsoc1617
Nmat Mathematics Appsoc1617
REVIEWER
for Mathematics
Prepared by:
The Academics and Medical Education Committee
INTEGER EXPONENTS
LAWS OF EXPONENTS Division of Polynomials
● an x am = an+m
● (an)m = anm
● (ab)n = anbn
● If a is not equal to 0, then
○ an/am
■ an-m if n > m
■ 1/am-n if n <
m
■ 1 if n = m
● ( )( )
Binomial Expressions =( )( )
(x+y)n = 1 (a0xn + a1xn-1y +
a2xn-2y2 + … + an-2x2yn-2 +an-1xyn-1) y4
Expand (3x + y)5
=( )( )
= 1(3x)5 + 5(3x)4(y) + 10 (3x)3(y)2 +
10(3x)2(y)3 + 5(3x)(y)4 + 1(y)5 =( )=
= 243x5 + 405x4y + 270x3y2 + 90x2y3 +
15xy4 + y5 ● ( )÷( )
Special Products
● Difference of two squares
=( )( )
○ (x+y)(x-y) = x2 - y2
● Square of a binomial =( )( )
○ (x±y)2 = x2 ± 2xy + y2
● Product of binomials I: =
○ (x+a)(x+b) =
x2+(a+b)x+ab =
● Product of binomials II:
○ (ax+b)(cx+d) = ● +
acx2+(ad+bc)+bd
● Cube of a binomial = =
○ (x±y)3 =
x3±3x2y+3xy2±y3 =
● Sum or difference of two cubes
○ (x±y)(x2 ∓xy+y2) = x3 ± y3 ● -
x - - + +
INEQUALITIES
Linear Inequalities x-2 - - - +
-inequalities involving only polynomials
of degree 1. - + - +
● Find the solution set of 3x + 1 > x
+7.
The last row of the table
3x + 1 > x + 7
2x > 6 implies that the given
x>3 inequality is satisfied when x ∈
Thus, the solution set is (3, +∞). (-1,0) or when x ∈ (2, +∞). The
critical points x = -1 and x = 2 also
● Find the solution set of ≥
satisfy the inequality, but x = 0 does not.
+ Hence, the solution set is [-1,0) U
[2,+∞).
12( ) ≥ ( + )12 Inequalities Involving Absolute
Values
3(x + 1) ≥ 4(x) + 2(1)
● | |≤ 1
-x ≥ -1
-1 ≤ | |≤ 1
x≤1
Thus, the solution set is (-∞, 1].
Remainder Theorem
Let p(x) be a polynomial and r be a real
number. The remainder R when p(x) is
divided by x-r is equal to p(r).
● Find the remainder when p(x) =
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
3x5 + 5x4 - 4x3 + 7x + 3 is divided
Let f and g be functions such that:
by x + 2.
(f∘g)(x) = x for all x ∈ dom g
r = -2
Transcending Expectations, Redefining Standards
APPSoc 2016 - 2017
(g∘f)(x) = x for all x ∈ dom f ○ (ab)x = axbx
Then we say that g is the inverse ○ (a/b)x = ax/bx
function of f (and f is the inverse ○ (ax)y = axy
function of g). We denote the inverse o f ● If a > 1 and x < y, then ax < ay
by f-1 (and the inverse of g by g-1). ● If 0 < a < 1 and x < y, then ax > ay
● Find the inverse function of f(x) = Exponential Functions
-an exponential function with base b is
denoted by f(x) = bx where b, x ∈ R
y= such that b > 0 and b is not
equal to 1
y(3x-2) = ( ) (3x-2) ● dom f = R since bx is a unique
3xy - x = 1 + 2y real number for an x ∈ R
x(3y - 1) = 1 + 2y ● ran f = (0, ∞) since bx is
x= always positive
● If x = 0, bx = b0 = 1. So the y-
Interchanging the x’s and y’s, we obtain intercept is 1
y= ● If b > 1 and x1 < x2, then bx1 < bx2.
Thus, f(x) = bx is an increasing
● Determine f-1(x), dom f-1 and ran
function. If 0 < b < 1 and x1 < x2,
f-1 if f(x) = √ . then bx1 > bx2. Thus, f(x) = bx is a
Take y = √ and solve for x in decreasing function.
terms of y ● If x1 is not equal to x2, then bx1 is
y=√ not equal to bx2. Thus, f is one-to-
y2 = x + 3 one.
y2 - 3 = x Natural Exponential Function
Interchanging the x’s and y’s, we obtain - is the exponential function with base e,
y = x2 - 3. Thus f-1(x) = x2 - 3 with dom f-1 that is, f(x) = ex
= ran f = [0, ∞) and ran f-1 = dom Equations Involving Exponential
Expressions
f = [-3, ∞).
● 45-9x = 1/8x-2
(22)5-9x = (2-3)x-2
EXPONENTIAL AND
210-18x = 2-3x+6
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
10 - 18x = -3x + 6
Properties of Real Exponents
-15x = -4
● ax is a unique real number
x = 4/15
● a0 = 1 and a-x = 1/ax
● 9 + 2(3 ) - 3 = 0
x x
● If a = 1, then ar = 1r = 1
9x + 2(3x) - 3 = (32)x + 2(3x) - 3 =
● Laws of Real Exponents
(3x)2 + 2(3x) - 3
○ axay = ax+y
If we let y = 3x,
○ ax/ay = ax-y
y2 + 2y - 3 = 0
Transcending Expectations, Redefining Standards
APPSoc 2016 - 2017
(y + 3)(y - 1) = 0 √
y = -3 or 1 = logb
Since y = 3 , we have 3x = -3 or 1. If 3x =
x
● Given loga2=0.3 and loga3=0.48,
1 then x = 0. The case 3x = -3 is not
find the exact value of loga72.
possible since exponentials are always
loga72 = loga (8)(9)
positive. Hence, SS = {0}.
= loga (2332)
Logarithmic Functions
= loga 23 + loga 32
Let b be a positive real number not equal
= 3 loga 2 + 2 loga 3
to 1. If by=x, then y is called the
= 3 (0.3) + 2 (0.48)
logarithm of x to the base b, denoted y =
= 1.86
logbx.
Logarithmic Equations
● 5-3 = 1/125 = log5 1/125 = -3
● 2log5(x-2) - log5x = log5(x+1)
● Log416 = 4 because 44 = 16
● loga(ax) = x because ax = ax log5 =0
● loga 1 = 0 since a0 = 1
● logaa = 1 since a1 = a 50 =
Common and Natural Logarithms
-1=0
● The common logarithm of x (f(x)
= log x), denoted log x, is the =0
logarithm of x to the base 10, that
is log x = log10x. =0
● The natural logarithm of x (f(x) = -5x + 4 = 0
ln x), denoted ln x, is the x=⅘
logarithm of x to the base e = Observe that x = ⅘ is an extraneous solution
2.7182…, that is, ln x = logex. since it makes the expression x-2 negative.
Properties of Logarithms Thus, the solution set is null.
Logarithm of a Product:
logb(xy) = logbx + logby SEQUENCES
Logarithm of a Quotient: Arithmetic Sequence
logb( ) = logbx - logby nth term of an arithmetic sequence:
an = a1 + (n - 1)d
Logarithm of a Power:
● Find the 36th term of the
Logbxp = plogbx
arithmetic sequence 2, 5, 8, 11,
● Express ½logbm + 3/2logb2n -
14,..., set a1 = 2, n = 36 and d = 3.
logbm2n as a single logarithm
a36 = 2 + (36 - 1)3
with coefficient 1.
= 2 + 35(3)
= logbm1/2 + logb(2n)3/2 - logbm2n
= 107
= logb(m1/2(2n)3/2) - logbm2n
Arithmetic Series: Sum of Terms
Sum of first n terms of an arithmetic
= logb
sequence:
Product-to-Sum Formulas