Work System Design

Usability of the
product
and
improve productivity
To
of the
performance system

How to measure
productivity ?

Aim
: to
design inclusively
voice
based
ATM :

interaction
BCE
- Brain computer

complicated cockpits can

cause problems if the

faces issues
pilot
 1.
pilot training
remember

{
↳ has to

stress
↳ has to be alert

↓ mind
of
state

defined
productivity is

safety here .

as

Drivi -insEinc
-
accidents

- mechanical failures

- human deficiencies

- human alertness

variation by
-

grip
weather ,
road type
substance abuse
-
?⃝
 :÷:::÷
out /
-

can be sprayed
failures
CCTV broken e-
multiple
bY
-

cameras
-
2D → ⑦

Space/

,j¥¥actiuityrecognit
and wide
range
-
-

memoir -1
spectrum
and visibility
-
thermal of camera

mode suspicious

↓
across
walls -

portability
accidents
-

)understandingmn%
?⃝
?⃝
 Productivity

↳
ontpntproduced.in
put resources utilised

Partial productivity
:

→ human
1 .
Labour
machine
-3
2 .
Capital
Material
reduce
↳ wastage ,

procurement

)Aggr.ontp
Labour input / man-hours)
?⃝
 hours unit
n man
per
-

Y output units

Labour prod
,¥
.
=

=L
✗

↳change in

process or

design

BASIC WORK CONTENT

"
↳ minimum "
irreducible time

for a work ( one unit of

output)
 work content
Total

Basic work content 1-

=

Excess time

o→☐→→☐→

,
1- ,
1-2
total work
content

[ 1-
2) idle time
( 1- ,
+ +

man , ,,
,
.in#
,

uncertainties + damage
2
- iministers + pile up time
-

-
strikes -
-
passenger inefficient design/ operational
issues
-
failures
-
power cuts ,
availability
?⃝
we were doing a

method study

work study

time
method
study study

(
"
"
cream .

to work )
excess time ) times

arrive at a

single numeric
value
 /

Basic motion elements

Gilbreth
17
therbligs
TE
Transport empty
-

l .

hand to
↳
transporting
the to be
element
transported

2 .
Grasp -

3 Transport loaded TL

4
Hold H
.

5 Release Loald RL
6
Preposition
PP
↳ alignment

7 Position P

u
8 Use

9 Assemble A

Disassemble ☐A
10

11 Search 5h

12 Select St

13 Plan Pn

14
Inspect 1-

is unavoidable Delay UD

16 Avoidable Detail AD

17 Rest R
 indicative
only
can
diff apps
change in
.
.

Classification Effective Ineffective

TE , G FL H
physical , ,

PP ,
U IRL

Mental t

P A. DA
Physical +
mental ,

AD
elements R UP ,
Delay

when

time can be
actively reduced

not tiontributing
to actual process
 work measurement

i. Direct Time Study ( DTD

Time
2.
Predetermined motion

system / PMTD
Standard Data System / 5b$ )
3 .

/ ws)
4. Work
sampling

Jobs

↓
Tasks WS

↓
work Elements DTS , SPS

Basic motions PMTS

 Time study
-

method
Inputs
:

^
.
Job

: Labour productivity ?
standardised time
Outputs
:

Direct Time Study :

/ \
Performance
observed time
rating
PR
Tots
 Normal time (Tn) =

T◦±④
Tstd = Tn ( ' +
Apfd)
personal fatigue
,
,

←
Allowance
factor

PM
↳ Predetermined : Database of
ther
brigs ( maybe xD

Normal time of normal time

→
their
tugs of tasks
i. PR not required
 SDS :

c-
Normal times of
Database :

work deterrents

to
3 Tailored specific
industries

worksaw-ip.mg
:

i. statistical techniques to

study / estimate proportions

different
of times spent on

activities
Can also be used for
7.
machine utilisation ,
allowance factor
3. Pre regs.
:

worker
g) Average

2) standard performance
standard method
3)
standard work unit
a)

Allowances :

1) scheduled breaks

2) PFD
3) Contingency allowance ; party process
,

eunipment
wage incentive
↳ Policy allowance
:

system
 Tstd-tnwfltn-p.to)
allowance
+ Tm /
n+Am)→ d- machine

time
↳ machine

allowance
5) Training
allowance
6) Learning

É
Poor Fair Good Very good
Accuracy
 Isis

ˢ
Fast
Slow Medium

Relative application speed

NS.iveryneryslo#
1. Define and conceptualize the

following terms :

final product after

1) Job - The

lot of tasks
a

elements
work
2) Task many
-

task a
make up
together
Element Smallest unit of
3) Work -

work that can be performed

independently
smallest definable
motion
a)
-

Basic
performed by a

work motion
person / machine
to perform a

task

between direct time study

Diff
,

2 .
.

ws
standard data system ,
MTM ,
•
 DTS MTM SDS WS

wont
A' "
pet
"
Beste 'B✗| Best

for
calculate calculate specific
to
for industry
by sitting time
irmicro calculatetime
and looking motions
d- a for making
+.
.
made

doesn't does it
interferes
interfere
with interfere ?
with
work
work

fastest slowest
speed Stowe
slower

r ↑ ↑ ↑
 Work
Sampling

Normal R.v. ✗ ~ Niu ,o)

17T¥
-

e-
Pdf
-_÷
In on
-

2--

2 ~ N( 0,1)

cdf = 012) = Plz ≤ 2)

2
-272
ftp.edz
=

- to
?⃝
t.EE .

d G.) = 12 ≤ E)

P /2 > 2s)
= I -

= I - L

2¥ "ᵗIp÷
=

.int
↓
on

n- axis
 of
2
10011 d)
-
percentile
,
the standard normal
distribution

sampling

" "

~
" " "

Nla ,oD
'
"

¥;×
Mᵗⁿ2___m#
F-Sample mean =

(F)
± (1--14)+17×2 -7--14
f- =
)
.
?⃝
Varen
) =¥-l*)-
not
:-.
=

=
Ñn

Inn (µ ,

ñ_ follows standard
normal
 of
Desired level accuracy

= as -
In

P
/ I -0 ,
< µ
< ñ +02 ) = 0.95

0.95
1- 2h =

L =
0.025

=
1. 96
22

( at
1.961--0.95
ñ,
i. <
P -

<
 ( big ≤ ñ
60¥ )
i a i. a
P I - -
L µ +

= 0 .
9 S

P (I -

2am
Ern
< µ < F +2212
%)

= I - L
 sided
One range

P(%÷n
circus ) -0.9s

P
( I
-1.645%
c µ
) = 0.9s

1-
P(i÷gn <
- i. us
)=o .
as

c- i. one ) = 0.0s

P(ñ-↑-rn
 0-05
P
/ I +1.6450=2
rn
)
µ =

True proportion / 1 occurrence

'
.

p=

estimated from sample

pd
=

P (F -
I. a
bop ≤ p ≤ ¢+1.969)
= 0.9s

c-
✗ ~ Bin
hp , npq )
because
either up
or down
E = =p

varl :)
=

ⁿ%-=P•

op
=

limit -

of error =
" 96
¥-
-

3.
8u(P)%
-

n _
Find h
,
£ with G. as cont .

true of personal
5.7 .

proportion
and unavoidable delay is within

the interval f- 10-1 .

is expected
to be 81 .
.

":÷
=%%:É%:÷-
≈ 707
 A. away how much
change → is

I changes

Find n
given
an internal size

level
and confidence .

of the interval -_ 0.1

Length
confidence = 0.99

242--2.58
 = 0.1
2×2.58 a

n= 191.2

Work sampling

control charts
Using
VCL
7+-1 i.
- -
-
-
-
-

chart
p
-

E- ten
÷
- - -
-

-
-
- -
 3o=fÉ
= 0.10 n -180 each
p ,
day

Machine downtime : lathe dept .

capacity -4001dg
-

Given : -0.20
-

f. 1st of
p
.
=

confidence = 95.1 .

→ Find UCL , LCL

 3. 841-0-2×0.8

¥5
=
-

n
=
246+25=6150
≈ 15.37s

UCL =
:* 0.016$
 ⊕ ①
①
UCL

-
¥ - - - -
. .

⑦
- -

pro .z
-
-

Lew

p
-07 ①

LCL

with no
assignable
cause the will
p
be revised
 utilisation
Operator
the
12s obs .

186 obs .
,

worker is busy

p 1,2¥ 0.6795
= =

op
-_

F
= 0.034134

Pff -1.960 c- p≤F+:abo)

=O . 95
 I

P( 0.60831 P ≤ 0.742 ) -0.9s

the standard time

Determining

a-
Ip ÷
"
=

↳ for element i

Total time observed

1- =

P =
No .
of units produced
+
during
of occurrences

n÷ prop
/ working
.

=
i
of element
fraction
 0T 1- PR
NT =

ST =
NT
( it Aptd )

Prill press operator

480 mins
work time
=

Total
drilled 420
# units
=

fraction 86^1 .

work
=

1101
rating
.

Avg
=
.

1St ,
≈

Allowance

→ n8∅
÷
85 ✗

to
=
1.228
 Interaction
Human Computer

of human
Individual models

factors

law Model of
Fitt's
human motor

performance

characteristics or constraints

of the model :

movement is related
1 The
task
.

to target acquisition
2- Movement rapid & aimed
is
 error free motion
3.

the task difficulty

measuring
of difficulty
↳ index

→ distance
→ size of object

ID ✗

2- D= log ,
+

1)
↳ unit in

bits
Throughput
:=÷T→ movement
time

1%1,¥É )
÷

=i◦gt¥
°?fg◦ ,
=
0.792
 To measure
Objective
:

of
performance a

mouse
new

10 participants
6 tasks

o.oaufi. s
::#:÷÷:¥÷
"
MT )

z.ro
16 2
B. ' 7 2.87
1.104
32 2
2. ay
4.09
392
1.
UM
2.9s
e.
7^711
 Mean : 2.57 bits

5. D should be low

✗
MT
✗

✗ ✗

✗
✗

2- ☐

MT = a + BED
i. A - ork study engineer
conducted a stopwatch

÷÷÷÷:: :÷: :
observations the
the
taking
,

"
elements .
The observation
¥ of all
made on
u cycles

¥ S elements are
given
in

Calculate 1) normal
table
the
.

time
time ,
standard
allowances
of
relaxation
2) If a
of
allowance
D- Ya contingency
,
of 20-1 .

and incentive
-
2.1
job
.

for the
applicable
.

are

standard time
Find .
 time Performance
Element cycle
rating
I 2 3 4

1.328 1.298 1.306

I i. 2h6

0.972 0.895 0.798

2

/
" " " " " °"
"
0.896 0.896
2
1.68125 1.6812s
3
4 2.2215 2.443

S 1.51475 1. 51h7
. ., ,
 7.704ns
TN =

D
Noromal ( I 1- )
Allowance
5. T =

T ST ( It
incentive )
Final S =
-

= Tn (1+0.15)/11-0.2)
2)
U
Time
to manufacture pieces
the item was observed
of

time study Manufacturing

during
.

sts
f A, B C D
consist
◦
, , .

item
of

data
collected during the
The

time study
is
given .

Normal time , standard

Find :D
time and standard time

that
per piece given
Aps -
In
 Means 5.T

1.3 1.105
A

0.675 0.81
B

C 1.3 1.17

D 0.5
0.3£
3. 435

s.T=U.2÷
2h35
Tn =

I. 02s
 1
Approach

Ei Xi Yi
-

out = 2 =

Agg .

✗ i
= # units of
product i
i
✗ =
Price of product
i

Agg . input =

" M = % Mic ;
Material
labour
L =
Eiti hi

l ,
= man hrs . by

lab .cat .
i

hi rate
wage
=
 2:
Approach

Total factor
productivity
value added
(TFP)
=
-
in
labour in +
cap
.
.
.

VA =
St / Iz -
I
)
,
+N
- E

3 :

Approach
Rot =
Profit
total investment