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Review Article

Interocclusal Records: A Review

Aditya Sonawane, Seema Sathe
Department of Prosthodontics Crown and Bridge, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed to be University),
Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India

Abstract
To achieve a successful prosthesis, it is important to achieve harmony between the maxillomandibular relationship and anatomy of the patient.
This relationship is not a simple opening or closing but a complex relationship which exists in three dimensions. Variations may occur in any
direction – vertical, anteroposterior, or mediolateral. Thus, it is essential to record this relationship with the least possible error to obtain a
successful prosthesis. However, when relating the maxillary and mandibular dental casts, the ultimate accuracy depends on the accuracy and
dimensional stability of the material and the technique used to record the maxillomandibular relationship. An accurate interocclusal record
minimizes the need for intraoral adjustments during prosthesis insertion. They are essential in providing high‑quality restoration and reducing
treatment time and cost. The success of the prosthetic rehabilitation treatment depends on several aspects related to the precise mounting of
casts in the articulator for full‑mouth situations. This article helps us in understanding the various materials and techniques for prosthetic
rehabilitation.

Keywords: Articulators, interocclusal records, maxillomandibular relationships

Introduction relationships from the mouth to an articulator. An accurate

Oral rehabilitation involves a sequence of steps that must be
followed in a highly judicious manner. The success of any
prosthetic rehabilitating treatment depends on several aspects
related to the precise mounting of casts in the articulator.[1]
When the maxillary and the mandibular casts are to be held
together in a stable and reproducible manner, a tripod of
vertical support as well as a satisfactory horizontal stability
is necessary. Tripod of vertical support is essential to prevent
the rocking of the casts during mounting. Horizontal stability
is essential to prevent the horizontal rotation or translation
between the casts and is generally present when good
intercuspation exists between the two opposing arches. An
interocclusal record is mainly used to achieve the horizontal
stability.[2]
The interocclusal registration material records the occlusal
relationship between the natural and/or artificial teeth for
planning the prosthesis for construction of removable and
fixed partial dentures. Interocclusal records are the maxilla
mandibular records that are used to transfer interarch
Submitted: 05‑Dec‑2020  Revised: 15-Dec-2020 
Accepted: 25-Dec-2020  Published: 11-May-2021
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interocclusal record minimizes the need for intraoral
adjustments during prosthesis insertion. They are essential
in providing high‑quality restoration and reducing treatment
time and cost.[3]
The Glossary of Prosthodontics defines an interocclusal record
as “a registration of the positional relationship of the opposing
teeth or arches; a record of the positional relationship of the
teeth or jaws to each other.”[4]
The accuracy of the interocclusal material is the crucial factor
in the success of any type of prosthesis. The basic requisites
of an ideal interocclusal material are:
1. Limited resistance before setting for mandibular closure
2. Rigid or resilient after setting
3. Minimal dimension changes after setting
4. Accurate record of the incisal and occlusal surface of teeth
5. Easy to manipulate
Address for correspondence: Dr. Aditya Sonawane,
B303, Mahindra Royale, Nehru Nagar, Pimpri, Pune ‑ 411 018,
Maharashtra, India.
E‑mail: adityasonawane06@gmail.com
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which
allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long
as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical
terms.

For reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com

DOI:
10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_184_20 How to cite this article: Sonawane A, Sathe S. Interocclusal records: A
review. J Datta Meghe Inst Med Sci Univ 2020;15:709-14.

© 2021 Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 709
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Sonawane and Sathe: Interocclusal records: A review
6. No adverse effects on the tissues involved in the recording
procedure
7. The interocclusal record is verifiable.[5]
Materials for Interocclusal Record
The various interocclusal record materials used are:
Alginate impression material
• Zinc oxide–eugenol paste
• Corrected wax
• Metalized wax
• Elastomers
• Impression plaster
• Acrylic resin
• T‑scan
• Pressure‑sensitive films
• Typewriter ribbon
• Transparent acetate sheet
• Occlusion sonography.[6]
The recording material should exhibit low viscosity initially
and not resist the path of mandibular closure. A high viscosity
material has the potential to displace periodontally involved
teeth and results in mandibular deviation leading to jaw
registration inaccuracies. The material used should permit
passive and positive location of the dental casts. Rigid or high
surface reproducibility materials may prevent seating of casts
easily, often requiring force to articulate the models. This can
lead to distortion of a polyvinylsiloxane interocclusal record
because of high compressive forces. In addition, the use of
addition‑cured silicones may lead to a “rebound” action, which
can open the seating.[7]
Alginate Impression Material
Korioth reported on the number and location of occlusal
contacts in intercuspal position using alginate impression
material. A technique suggested and used by Ingervall, using
indexes of alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid) impression
material were applied to record the number and location of
posterior occlusal tooth contacts including canines.[8] The
selected subjects were asked to rest their backs and heads on
a reclined dental chair (approximately 30° to the floor). After
spatulation, the impression material was applied to the occlusal
surfaces of all lower canines, premolars, and molars on both
sides. Subjects were instructed to close the mouth gently and
occlude the teeth together with moderate pressure until the
impression material was set. Impressions were made on the
same day. After their careful removal, the left and right indexes
were examined against the light, and the number and location
of perforations were registered as occlusal tooth contacts for
each subject.[9]
Modelling Wax
Thermoplastic waxes are most frequently used for interocclusal
registration either as records or as carriers for registration.
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Although wax is probably the most maligned, it is yet the most
versatile and widely accepted material. This is due to its cost
and ease of manipulation. However, studies have demonstrated
that wax as interocclusal record material when compared with
other materials is inferior.[10]
Millstein and Kronman (1971) studied the accuracy of two
types of baseplate wax. They studied closing pressures,
storage environments, time intervals, and seating pressures.
They found (1) complete closure under pressure comparable
to a clinical setting, 172 p.s.i., was not achieved when the
wax was present. (2) Storage of the wax registration resulted
in distortion. Storage of the record in cold water showed
the greatest dimensional change; air cooling produced the
least. Furthermore, cooling from mouth temperature to room
temperature caused distortion of the record. (3) There was
considerable vertical and slight horizontal change when
the model was gently placed into a previously formed wax
registration. (4) Exact reproduction of the original wax
recording was never achieved.[11]
Zinc Oxide–Eugenol Paste
Zinc oxide–eugenol paste is an effective and reliable
interocclusal registration material. It is simple to use,
sufficiently rigid, and easy to store. However, it dehydrates,
is significantly brittle, and sticks to the teeth, and important
portions of the record may be lost due to breakage.
Besides, once used, it rarely can be used again. It is advisable to
use a minimum amount of zinc oxide–eugenol to avoid excess
flash as flash around the teeth can interfere with the accurate
seating of the casts.[11]
Zinc oxide–eugenol was considered to be dimensionally stable.
Craig (1975) found a slight shrinkage of 0.1% or less at the
end of 30 min after mixing. No significant change occurred
at the end of 24 h.[12]
Elastomers
Silicone elastomers
Two types of silicone elastomers are available as interocclusal
registration materials: condensation silicone and additional
silicone. Over a 48 hour time period they were found to be
dimensionally stable and highly accurate with negligible
weight change. They do not require a carrier.[13]
Polyether elastomers
Polyether interocclusal registration material consists of the
basic impression material augmented by plasticizers and fillers.
The advantages of this material as an interocclusal registration
material are accuracy, stability after polymerization and during
storage, fluidity, and minimal resistance to closure and can be
used without a carrier.[13]
Impression plaster
Historically, impression plaster was used as a bite registration
material. Its chief constituent is calcinated calcium sulfate
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Sonawane and Sathe: Interocclusal records: A review
hemihydrate. On mixing with water, this reacted to form
a rigid mass of calcium sulfate dihydrate (Combe, 1975).
Berman  (1960) found plaster flows readily, but it fractured
easily because a thin mix was used for the registration and
lacked adherence.[14]
Skurnik (1969) noted that working with plaster was
complicated and not conducive to a neat and clean field of
operation. Further, if undercuts were present, plaster would
fracture upon removal from the mouth. Craig (1975) noted that
the popularity of dental impression plaster had waned with the
introduction of the elastic materials.[15]
Impression plaster is basically a plaster of Paris with modifiers.
Modifiers accelerate setting time and decrease setting
expansion. Records of impression plaster are accurate, rigid
after setting, and do not distort with extended storage. Studies
show that the plaster records, along with a few others, showed
the least dimensional changes after 30 min of storage and
remained dimensionally stable for more than 24 h. However,
the use of plaster is more complicated than wax or zinc oxide–
eugenol paste. It is difficult to handle because the material is
fluid and unmanageable prior to setting. The final interocclusal
record is brittle.[16]
Acrylic Resin
The most frequent application of acrylic resins for interocclusal
records is in the fabrication of single‑stop centric occlusion
records. Acrylic resin is both accurate and rigid after setting.[17]
Techniques
The recording material is not the only parameter that influences
the accuracy of an interocclusal record material. According
to many studies, the recording techniques have also been
responsible for the error encountered. According to a study
conducted by Strohaver, the least variable of all methods is
the method of hand articulation of patients casts in maximum
intercuspation. This method is one of the most commonly used
methods and commonly employed when the patient’s centric
relation is coincident with the maximum intercuspal occlusion,
for fabrication of single crown and when the indicated fixed
restorations do not interfere with the stable tripodization of
maximum intercuspation.[18]
Dawson’s technique
He used bimanual manipulation to guide the mandible to
centric relation.
Wax bite record
A brittle hard wax is used for this technique. Wax is softened
and placed against the upper arch to indent it. The mandible
is manipulated to Centric relation (CR) and the patient
closes into the wax. Keep upward loading compression on
the condyles as the patient closes; otherwise, the patient may
protrude the jaw. There should be no impingement into soft
tissues.
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Anterior stop technique
When the mandible is closed, the lower incisors strike against a
stop that is precisely fitted against the upper incisors. The stop
should be thin enough so that the first point of tooth contact
barely misses but under no circumstances should any posterior
tooth be allowed to contact when the anterior stop is in place
[Figure 1]. A  firm setting bite registration paste is injected
between the posterior teeth and allowed to set.[19]
Situation when a few teeth are present in the mouth and
interarch stabilization is difficult to achieve
When the distal most molar is prepared as the abutment for 3 to
5 unit posterior Fixed partial denture (FPD), a clinical situation
arises where the interdigitation of the patient’s interocclusal
relationship is unstable. In such circumstances, stability is
accomplished by supplementing the maximum intercuspation
with an interocclusal record or occlusal stop. In a study on
creating an occlusal stop for interocclusal record, the author
describes a method of making an accurate interocclusal record
when the most distal tooth is an abutment of FPD. The method
uses conical stops, prepared in the enamel of the abutment or
made of composite or a metal core covered with composite
to maintain the vertical dimension of occlusion and to act as
the third point of reference for a stable occlusal relationship
when occluding definitive casts. Materials generally used are
polyether, silicone, or acrylic resin.[20]
Stephan Papazian et al. described a procedure for making
an interocclusal record without the use of record bases for a
combined fixed/removable prosthesis. Try the metal castings
for the fixed restorations in the mouth to verify their fit and
adjust as necessary. Make an acrylic resins anterior stop to
hold the desired vertical dimension of occlusion. In the dental
laboratory, adapt Triad material to the buccal and lingual
surfaces of the castings and extend over the edentulous spaces.
Make these extensions comparable to the mesiodistal and
faciolingual dimensions of an occlusion rim so that they will
provide adequate support for the recording medium. For each
edentulous space, splint at least two adjacent castings.
with the Triad material to support the extension over the
edentulous ridge. Place the castings with the attached
extensions in the mouth and verify occlusal clearance of
the extensions. Make an interocclusal record with extra
hard baseplate wax and then reline the wax record with zinc
oxide–eugenol paste. Mount the master casts with the use of
this record.[21]
Eccentric interocclusal registrations
The purpose of eccentric interocclusal registrations or
“check‑bites” is to assist the clinician in setting the articulator
fossa elements on a semi‑adjustable articulator.
There are two types of eccentric registration.
• Lateral‑excursive records
• Protrusive records.
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Sonawane and Sathe: Interocclusal records: A review
Figure 1: Represents anterior stop technique
a b c
Figure 3: Enamel island method. (a) Abutment, (b) Enamel Island (c)
Crown
Lateral interocclusal records
Lateral positional records are useful to correct the errors
incorporated due to the slight shifting of the teeth in the
wax as well as during processing. They can also be used to
obtain bilateral balanced occlusion in new denture wearers
or to correct the occlusal interferences in existing dentures.
Arthur Michael La Vere has suggested a method to use lateral
positional records with the Hanau model articulator.[22]
Protrusive interocclusal records
The purpose of recording protrusive jaw relation is to
adjust the condylar elements of the articulator such that
they have inclinations as near as possible to those in the
temporomandibular articulation. Pound has described a method
of recording accurate protrusive registrations for patients
edentulous in one or both jaws.[23]
Graphic methods
Maxillomandibular relations have also been recorded using
graphic methods like intraoral or extraoral Gothic arch tracing,
pantographic tracing. Donald A. Curtis had conducted a
study wherein he had compared the protrusive interocclusal
records to pantographic tracings using wax and polyvinyl
siloxane addition silicone as interocclusal recording medium.
He concluded that pantographic recordings of protrusive
movement were slightly higher when compared to silicone
recording material but significantly higher when compared to
wax laminate records.[15]
Triple‑tray technique
A plastic registration frame (triple bite impression tray) is
used in this method to carry the interocclusal registration
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Figure 2: Represents triple-tray technique
Figure 4: Intraoral resin coping
material. The frame is tried in the mouth on the side with
the prepared teeth. Trim away the film that covered the
unprepared teeth. Apply the bite registration material evenly
on to both top and bottom of the frame and insert the tray in
the mouth. Centering the loaded portion over the prepared
tooth or teeth. Cut excess material that extends over the
unprepared teeth adjacent to preparation. Remove the excess
thickness of the record so that only the imprint of the cusp tip
should remain [Figure 2]. The part of the recorded facial to
the mandibular buccal cusp tips is cut off all the way through
the posterior member of the frame, and the facial segment of
the record is discarded.[24]
Enamel island method
This method preserves a centric stop on an abutment as an aid
when making an interocclusal record [Figure 3].[18]
Interocclusal registration technique with vacuum
formed
On the teeth opposing the planned abutments, a 0.20‑inch
vacuum‑formed matrix is made. Prepare the opposing teeth
abutments and make the definitive impression in the material
of choice. Place the matrix on the opposing dentition and
ensure that it clears the opposing occlusion completely. Add
autopolymerizing acrylic resin to the surface of the matrix to
record a cusp of the preparation in maximum intercuspation
or centric occlusion.[25,26]
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Sonawane and Sathe: Interocclusal records: A review
Figure 5: Interocclusal records made in centric relation
Intraoral resin coping
Select a preformed polyethylene core former of
appropriate size
• Fill the polyethylene matrix (about one‑third) with the
resin mixture and place it over the prepared structure
• Lubricate occlusal surfaces of antagonistic teeth with
petroleum jelly. Add small quantities of low shrinkage
autopolymerizing acrylic resin to the occlusal surface
of the coping and ask the patient to close into maximum
intercuspation [Figure 4]
• Keep teeth in contact until complete polymerization. After
polymerization, the record is trimmed to remove flash,
leaving the impression of the opposing cusp tips intact.[24]
Interocclusal registration for fixed implant‑supported
prosthesis
Omid Savabi described a method for interocclusal registration
with the impression copings for a fixed implant‑supported
prosthesis. Make an impression with a custom tray and
elastomeric impression material. Insert the provisional
restoration. Place the impression coping. Remove any part of
impression copings that interferes with complete closure in the
maximum intercuspation position with a sharp scalpel. Make
the interocclusal record with a putty‑type vinyl polysiloxane
impression material. Place the impression copings and
interocclusal record over the shoulder of implant analog on the
definitive cast. Mount the mandibular cast in an articulator with
the aid of the interocclusal record. Evaluate the fit and occlusion
of definitive restoration and lute the definitive restoration.[11]
Digital Cad Cam Techniques
A range of intraoral scanners are available to permit data
acquisition of the dental arches or tooth preparation(s), which
is coupled to software for designing the virtual restoration(s)
and a computerized milling device to construct the definitive
restoration.  Following scanning of the dental arch or area of
specific interest to obtain an optical impression, an instant
interocclusal record can be obtained by taking a buccal scan
of the teeth in the intercuspal position, as in the case with the
iTero® and Lava™ Chairside Oral Scanner systems [Figure
5]. Another system involves placing registration material over
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the prepared tooth only, and a scan is taken to determine the
occlusal relationship and height of the planned restoration.
Restoring implants require the presence of a scan body, a
plastic coping with references to establish three‑dimensional
orientation of implant location.
Discussion
Construction of a prosthetic restoration involves many steps
and it is important to understand that incorporation of error
can occur at any step. However, a major source of error is
while taking the registration records and transferring them
to the articulator. These errors can be minimized by proper
selection of the materials and technique used by knowledgeable
application of the properties and the various shortcomings of
the interocclusal recording mediums and the technique used
to record the relationship.
Based on the existing clinical condition, the clinician needs to
decide the most suitable material‑technique combination. In a
clinical condition wherein there is good intercuspation between
the existing teeth, no record may be needed, whereas if there
is poor intercuspation, a full‑arch or segmental record may be
made using elastomeric materials or a segmental record may be
made only over the prepared tooth/teeth using rigid materials
such as wax, plaster, resin, or paste.
Registration taking is an exacting task. Hence, it should not
be done in a hurry by the clinician. The patient, on the other
hand, must also be co‑operative. Once the record is obtained,
it must be carefully handled by the laboratory personnel while
using it to mount the models on the articulator.[27-34]
Conclusion
An interocclusal record is a precise recording of
maxillomandibular position. It should be capable of maintaining
extreme accuracy even under such varying condition as storage
and handling .Even though a record may appear to be fixed
and accurate it may still undergo dimensional changes which
can only be evaluated microscopically. The clinical change
in interocclusal record can be only evaluated by dentist or by
the patient in reference to high points. The cause of occlusal
discrepancies attributable to the interocclusal record can be
divided into three categories: one cause is related to biologic
characteristics of stomatognathic system, the second cause is
attributed to iatrogenic errors, and the third cause is associated
with the properties of interocclusal recording material. To
avoid diagnostic treatment errors conducted with meticulous
attention to manipulation of these materials with specific
instruction for each material, selection of an ideal material
for making interocclusal records would allow the placement
of indirectly fabricated prosthesis in patients’ mouth with no
occlusal errors.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
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Sonawane and Sathe: Interocclusal records: A review
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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