MAGNETISM &

ELECTROMAGNE
TISM
MAGNETISM
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 MAGNETISM

◉ The ability to attract iron and stehe knowledge of

magnetism goes back to the Ancient Greeks who realized
that a certain rock (Lodestone) attracted pieces of iron.
When they hang a piece of this material, it rotates until it is
pointing in a north-south directio0n of the earth.

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 MAGNETISM

◉ Magnets are named after the town magnesia (a distrivt in

Thessaly) in Lydia, Asia Minor where the lodestone was
mined in ancient times. Natural permanents were called
Lodestone (magnetic, Fe3O4) after lodestar (or guiding star).
Lodestone was first permanent magnetic material to be
identified and studied. The regions near the ends of a
magnet are called its poles.

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 MAGNETISM

Magnetic Materials:
◉ Iron
◉ Steel
◉ Nickel
◉ Cobalt

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER ACCORDING TO THE
MAGNETIC PROPERTY

FERROMAGNETIC
◉ Ferromagnetic materials are characterized by spontaneous
magnetism that exist in the absence of a magnetic field.
They can retain the ability to attract metals even after the
magnetic field that induced magnetism to it has been
removed. Iron is a soft ferromagnetic material. Steel is
called a “hard” ferromagnetic material.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER ACCORDING TO THE
MAGNETIC PROPERTY

DIAMAGNETIC
◉ Have the ability to slightly repel magnetic field. Ex.
Buismuth and glass.
PARAMAGNETIC
◉ Some substances clearly not permanent magnets are
nevertheless attracted by magnetic fields and these
materials are named paramagnetic.

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 MAGNET &
MAGNETIC FIELD
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 MAGNET

◉ Is any object that has a magnetic field. It attracts ferrous

objects like pieces of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt.
◉ One of the most common magnets - the bar magnet - is a
long rectangular b ar of uniform cross-section that attracts
pieces of ferrous objects.

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 MAGNETIC FIELD

◉ Magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet, in which

magnetic force is exerted.

How is a magnetic field created?

◉ When current flows in a wired, a magnetic field is created
around the wire. From this it has been inferred that fields
are produced by the motion of electrical charges. A
magnetic field of a bar magnet thus results from the motion
of negatively charged electrons in the magnet.

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 FLUX DENSITY (β)

SI CGS ENG

Wb/m2 Max/cm2 lines/in2

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 FLUX PER UNIT POLE (Φ) OR MAGNETIC LINES OF
FORCE

◉ A magnetic field is described by drawing the magnetic lines

of force.
◉ The magnetic lines of force are the lines drawn in a
magnetic field along which a north magnetic pole would
move.

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 PROPERTIES OF THE MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE

◉ Magnetic lines of force originate from N pole to S pole.

◉ They come closer to one another near the poles of the
magnet but widely separated at other places.
◉ They do not intersect or cross one another.

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 MAGNETIC FLUX (Φ)

◉ Number of magnetic lines of forces in a magnetic field

◉ Maxwell (Max) - unit of magnetic flux = line of force
◉ Weber (Wb) - SI unit of magnetic flux = 108 lines or Maxwell

CONVERSION

q = 1.602x10-19 C 1 kgf = 9.81 N 1 N = 105 Dynes

1 lbf = 4.4484 N 1 Tesla = 104 Gauss

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 ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITY OF A
MEDIUM

◉ Permeability - the ability of a material to conduct magnetic

flux through it.
◉ Relative Permeability - ratio of the permeabilty of material
to the permeability of air or vacuum.
◉ Absolute permeability µ0 = 4x10-7 Henry/meter, constant
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◉ Relative Permeability µr = 1

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MAGNETISING FIELD STRENGTH/FORCE/MAGNETIC
INTENSITY (H)

◉ Field strength at any point within a magnetic field is

numerically equal to the force experienced by a N-pole of
one Weber placed at that point.
◉ mmf (magnetomotive force) per unit length of path of the
magnetic flux.
◉ UNITS:
◉ Oersted = Gilbert/cm, cgs unit for magnetic field strength
◉ AT/m, SI unit for H
◉ 1 oersted = 79.577 AT/m

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 MAGNETISING FIELD STRENGTH (H)

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 FORMULAS

Long straight Long Solenoid Circular coil Square coil

wire

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INDUCTORS
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 INDUCTANCE

◉ Inductance is the property of a device that tells us how

effectively it induces an emf in another device. In other
words, it is a physical quantity that expresses the
effectiveness of a given device.

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 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

◉ When two circuits carrying time-varying currents are close

to one another, the magnetic flux through each circuit
varies because of the changing current I in the other circuit.
Consequently, an emf is induced in each circuit by the
changing current in the other. This type of emf is therefore
called a mutually induced emf, and the phenomenon that
occurs is known as mutual inductance (M).

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 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

◉ The ratio of emf in a circuit to the corresponding change of

current in a neighboring circuit. Measures the mutual
induction between two magnetically linked circuits, given
as the ratio of the induced emf to the rate of charge of
current producing it, measured in Henries (H)

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 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

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