Review| Pedia
COLLEGE OF NURSING – | BATCH 2022
July 27-28, 2022 → 106-105 days until boards
PEDIA COVERAGE . ●
DAY 1
Stages of Development
1. Infant
a. Growth
b. Development
i. Gross motor skills
ii. Fine motor skills
iii. Language development
iv. Social skills
2. Toddler (RENT)
3. Pre-Schooler
4. School age
5. Adolescent
DAY 1- STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. INFANT
● Age 1 month to 12 months old
○ Psyche: up to 18 months old
(sigmund freud)
● Neonate: 0-28 days
● Key concept: fastest growth development
Growth
● Growth is the physical changes in terms of
SIZE of the baby, aka weight and height
● Other name: quantitative changes
● Parameters:
○ Weight: most sensitive (for drug 1. Gross Motor Development
dosage)
○ Height: linear growth
● Baby boys are heavier than girls– larger
body mass and height
● Average birth weight is 2,500-3,500g (kg to
lb: x 2.2)
● >3,500 grams = LGA/Macrosomia due to
gestational diabetes, increased placental
HPL is antagonist of insulin → increased
sugar to fetus→ LGA newborn priority is to
monitor blood sugar– risk of hypoglycemia
🔥
○ Monitor blood sugar by pricking
newborn heel– n=70-110 adult,
40-60 in newborn
○ Center of foot has increased nerve
bindings– aim for heel
🔥 important 💗 test taking skill
<2,500 grams = SGA/ microsomia
● #1 cause of SGA: maternal smoking due to
vasoconstriction – decreased nutrients to
fetus (umbilical cord has one vein and two
arteries)
● Birth length: baby must be supine– use
tape measure, with cm being more
specific/accurate
○ Average length: 45-55cm
Development
● Process of maturation– the unique skills
and capabilities of the child
Other name
● Qualitative changes
. ● Measurable! Sit, stand, walk, etc
○ Are observable
● Tools:
○ MMDST (filipino), metro manila
developmental screening rest
○ DDST for foreigner (denver
developmental screening test)
Parameters
1. Gross motor skills (large movements)
2. Fine motor skills (small movements, i.e
hands)
3. Language development
4. Social skills
In cephalocaudal order (head to toe)
● 0-1 month:Head lag (if fails: hydrocephalus)
● 2 months: able to lift the head
● 4 months: lift head/chest
● 5 months: roll over/fall
● 6 months: sit with support
● 7 month: bouncing
● 8 months: sit without support
● 9 months: crawl
● 10 months: stand with support
● 11 months: cruising
● 12 months: stand without support
○ Walk with support
● 15 months: walk without support
● 18 months: can jump
● 3 years old: running/ ride tricycle
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2. Fine motor development
● Proximo-distal development
○ Odd numbers (5 mos, 7 mos, etc)
● 1-3 months: close fist/arm movements
● 5 months: close & open fists, can hold
objects (rattle)--> develops sight & hearing
● 7 months: crude pincer grasp
● Throws temper tantrums especially when
security objects aren't available
○ Not yet well developed language:
cannot communicate feelings
therefore, throws tantrums
● Management for tantrums: ignore the
behavior(#2 priority) unless there is head

🔥
● 9 months: neat pincer grasp banging/danger→ #1 priority is SAFETY
○ Can pick up small objects! Risk or provide helmet/pillow & prevent
choking, aspiration, poisoning head injury!!!!
● 12 months: throws ball, eat with spoon Egocentric
Shapes: can draw… ● Self centered, don't consider others

🔥
● 2 yr: lines/scribbles (“mine!”)
● 3 yr: draws circle, curve, cross ● Parallel play, plays alone aka plays
● 4 yr: squares, rectangles next to others but doesn't play with each
● 5 yr: triangles, stars, diamonds other/ influence the other child (stays
● 6 yr: all shapes (houses, trees, etc) separate)
At 3 years old… Negativism
● Can draw all shapes? Early development, ● Practices autonomy– always says no
good IQ ○ Erik erickson autonomy vs
● Can only close/open fists? Delayed shame/doubt
development, decreased IQ, possible ■ In infants the mother/same
mental retardation caregiver consistently
● Genetic IQ: 95% from mother, 5% from caring for baby builds trust
father ● Management: provide choices/options for
the toddler
3. Language Development Toileting
● 1-2 months: cry with open mouth ● Sigmund freud psychosexual theory– anal
● 3 months: cooing sounds stage
● 4 months: vowel sounds ○ In infants it is oral– to gratify this,
● 5 months: consonant sounds promote breastfeeding
● 7 months: mmmmmmm cry
🔥
● Toilet training gratifies anal
● 9 months: 2 words (mama/dada) ● Perfect age to start toilet training is 18
● 12 months: 4 words (mama/dada + 2)
months old
● 2 yr: 50 words (plays with gadgets)
○ Maturation of anal sphincters to
● 3 yr: 100 words
control defecation
● 4 yr: 200-300 words
○ bowel control develops first in
children (age 18) before bladder
4. Social skills
control (daytime)
Sigmond freud– psychosocial theory
■ Bedwetting is normal up to
age 5 (nighttime)
2.TODDLER
● 1 to 3 years old
Deciduous Teeth
● The observable sign: the toddler’s
behaviors (mnemonic: RENT)
Ritualistic
● Ritual– Needs security objects
3. PRE-SCHOOLER
● Habitually look for teddy bear, etc.

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4. SCHOOL AGE

5. ADOLESCENT