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STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 14

Chapter VI: Research Strategies

MODULE OVERVIEW

The ideal strategy to adopt in conducting your research is one of the important challenges
you must address early on in your dissertation writing process. That is, how do you plan to address
the research topics you wish to look into? Determining your research approach entails determining
whether you want to do primary research or stick to current material.
A research strategy introduces the research issue and emphasis, the research perspective, the
research design, and the research methodology. It explains how you intend to answer to the research
questions and how you intend to carry out your strategy.
A case study is a research approach and empirical investigation that examines a phenomena
in its natural setting. Case studies are investigations into the reasons of underlying concepts that
focus on a specific person, organization, or event.
Experimental research employs the most rigorous study design and follows a scientific
procedure for doing research. It's known as the gold standard since it entails doing tests to establish
conclusions and may be based on past research results.

MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this study guide, you should be able to:

General Goals: To have a grasp of what Research Strategies are and its importance in the
research writing process.
Specific Goals:

 Identify the different types of research strategies.

 Be familiar with the criteria on how you should choose your research strategy.
 Establish a firm foundation on conducting a Case Study Research
 Oriented on the fundamentals of Experimental Research strategy

LEARNING CONTENTS (Research Strategies)

6.1 Eight Main Types of Research Strategies

The step-by-step plan of action that directs the researcher's cognitive process is referred to as a
research strategy. It allows a researcher to perform research in a methodical and timely manner.
The primary goal is to present the study's essential components, such as the research subject,
areas of attention, research design, and research methodologies.
Here are the eight main types of research strategies:
1. Case Studies- a research study that examines phenomena within its context.
2. Experiments/Experimental Research Strategy- used to show cause and effect correlations
among variables.

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3. Ethnography- a qualitative approach in which researchers watch and/or engage with

participants in a study's real-world setting.
4. Phenomenology- a kind of qualitative research that focuses on the shared experiences of a
group of people.
5. Ground Theory- aims to uncover or develop theory using evidence that has been collected
in a systematic manner and studied through comparative analysis.
6. Action Research- a collaborative approach that combines theory and practice, action and
contemplation together.
7. Mixed-Methods- refers to an emerging research paradigm that promotes the systematic
integration, or "mixing," of quantitative and qualitative data within a single study or long-
term research program.
8. Longitudinal- a form of correlational research study in which variables are examined over a
long period of time.

6.2 Which Strategy to choose?

In choosing a research strategy you should consider choices you have already made about the
research:

 Research Nature (exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory)

 Research Approach (deductive, inductive, or abductive)

 Research Design (Quantitative or Qualitative)

A research strategy is simply a plan of how you aim to achieve your research goal. With every
research requires their own research strategy.
Quantitative research
The data acquired in this sort of study is often presented in statistics and graphs to corroborate
hypotheses and assumptions. The material gathered is accurate knowledge about the subject.
Ex: Experiments, Surveys
Qualitative Research
Interviews, focus groups, case studies, discourse analysis, and literature reviews are used to better
comprehend people's opinions, concepts, and experiences. It is essentially a survey designed to
collect people's opinions and experiences.
Ex. Case Studies, Ethnography, Phenomenology, Ground Theory, Action Research, and
Longitudinal Research
Understanding differences between quantitative and qualitative research
Quantitative and qualitative research methods collect data in different ways, and they allow you to
answer different kinds of research questions.

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Quantitative research Qualitative research

Focuses on exploring ideas and
Focuses on testing theories and
formulating a theory or
hypotheses
hypothesis
Is analyzed through math and statistical Is analyzed by summarizing,
analysis categorizing, and interpreting
Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs, and
Mainly expressed in words
tables
Requires many respondents Requires few respondents
Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions
Key terms: testing, measurement, Key terms: understanding,
objectivity, replicability context, complexity, subjectivity
Table 5.1 Comparisons Between Quantitative and Qualitative Research. (from: editage.com)

When to use qualitative vs quantitative research?

A thumb rule for deciding whether to use qualitative or quantitative data is:

 Using quantitative analysis works better if you want to confirm or test something (a theory or
hypothesis)

 Using qualitative research works better if you wish to understand something (concepts,
thoughts, experiences)
Analyzing qualitative and quantitative data
Once you obtain data using the quantitative method, you can analyze the combined data by using
statistical analysis to discover patterns or commonalities in the data. The results can be reported in
graphs and tables.
 Applications such as SPSS, SAS or Excel can be used to calculate parameters like:
 Average score
 The number of times the particular answer was given
 Correlation between two or more variables
 The reliability of the results
Qualitative data is more challenging to analyze than the quantitative data. It consists of images, text
or videos instead of numbers.
Some conventional approaches to analyze the qualitative data are:
 Qualitative content analysis: To track the position, occurrence, and meaning of words or
phrases
 Thematic analysis: To closely examine the data to identify the main themes and patterns
 Discourse analysis: To study how communication works in social contexts
Mixed methods

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This includes a combination of in-depth exploration and numerical measurement.

Let's say you conduct interviews to find out how satisfied the students are with their studies and their
answers provide new insights. Later, you use the survey as a tool to test the insights on a large
scale.
Another approach could be to start with a survey to find out trends or opinions or beliefs, followed by
interviews to better understand the reasons behind the trends.
Ex. Case Studies

6.3 Case Study

What are case studies and why should you use them? Case studies, by definition, have as their
main topic chosen instances of a social entity in its natural setting. The case study, at its most
basic level, gives descriptive narratives of one or more instances, but it may also be used to
accomplish intellectually rigorous experimental isolation of one or more specified social aspects
within a real-life setting. As part of his justification of the approach, Robert Yin attempted to define
a case study as an endeavor to investigate:

 a contemporary phenomenon in its real life context, especially when;

 the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.
The case study is the most adaptable of all research designs because it allows the researcher to
keep the holistic qualities of real-life occurrences while looking into empirical events.
In general, a case study is an empirical inquiry which:

 investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context: when

 the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which
multiple sources of evidence are used.
Case studies may incorporate both qualitative and quantitative data, contrary to common belief.

Types of Case Studies

Descriptive case study

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A descriptive case study is a narrative about a real-life issue that individuals or organizations faced
and how they dealt with it. It includes a concise but thorough account of the facts of the situation,
as well as expert commentary to help the audience understand the causes of the problem, the
forces driving the solution, the implementation outcomes, lessons learned, and connections to
theories, concepts, policies, and tools relevant to the situation. Descriptive examples are meant to
be used as teaching aids rather than research papers. They need study, but that research provides
the case narrative with ideas and substance.
Explanatory case study

An explanation for a topic or a phenomena is the subject of an explanatory case study. An

explanatory case study is simply 1 + 1 = 2. The outcomes aren't up to interpretation.
A case study with a single individual or group would not be explanatory, since there are always
variables with people. There are always little differences that are difficult to explain.
Case studies of events, on the other hand, may be instructive. Let's imagine a car has been
involved in a series of accidents due to malfunctioning brakes. All of the collisions were caused by
brakes that were ineffective on ice roads.
Exploratory Case Study

Typically, an exploratory case study precedes a formal, large-scale research project. The purpose
of the case study is to show that further research is required.
The researcher might do an exploratory case study to see whether specific combat situations are
more likely to produce PTSD. After it has been shown, a large-scale study effort to establish which
events are most likely to trigger PTSD might be undertaken.
In psychology and the social sciences, exploratory case studies are particularly popular.
Psychologists are continuously seeking for new methods to treat their patients, and exploratory
studies provide them the opportunity to test out new hypotheses or concepts.

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Multiple-Case Studies or Collective Studies

Information from previous studies is used in many case or collective studies to establish the basis
for a new research. Using previous studies offers for more information without having to invest
more time and money on new research.
Using the PTSD problem as an example of a collaborative research is a great idea. A researcher
might utilize case studies from various wars to investigate what factors contribute the most to
wartime PTSD. Studies on PTSD among World War II veterans, Persian Gulf War veterans, and
Vietnam veterans, for example, might give a good sample of which wartime actions are most likely
to produce PTSD.
Intrinsic Case Study

The examination of a case in which the topic is the major focus is known as an intrinsic case study.
This may be seen in the "Genie" scenario. Genie herself, and how her experiences impacted who
she was, was the focus of the research, not psychology.
The subject is Genie. Genie is what the researchers are most interested in, as well as what their
readers will be. The researchers had no idea what they were going to uncover when they began
the investigation.
"Can a kid gain language abilities later in life if they are never exposed to language during the
critical early years of life?" they wondered. They didn't know the answer to that question until they
met Genie.
Instrumental Case Study
An instrumental case study investigates a phenomena via the use of a case.
A researcher interested in kid obesity rates, for example, may do a study with middle school
children and implement an exercise program. The emphasis in this scenario is not on the children

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or the fitness regimen. The goal is to figure out how children and exercise interact, as well as why
certain youngsters become fat.

Types of Subjects in Case Studies

 Person – This kind of research concentrates on a single person. To arrive at a conclusion,
this case study would conduct a variety of studies.

 Group – This form of research focuses on a certain group of individuals. This might be a
group of friends, a family, or even colleagues.

 Location – This type of research concentrates on a specific location, as well as how and
why people use it.

 Event – This sort of research focuses on a cultural or sociological event and how it impacts
individuals who are impacted. The Tylenol cyanide controversy is one example. This
incident had tremendous impact on Johnson & Johnson, the parent business, as well as the
general public.

Planning a Case Study

Selecting a Case
The first stage is to decide on a topic, case, or issue. You should choose a subject that interests
you and that your target audience will be interested in as well. If you are passionate about the
subject, you will be able to better comprehend the challenges and which resources will be most
effective in the study.
You must also choose a subject that will pique the attention of a broad audience. You want your
case study to reach as many people as possible, thus a subject that only a few people are
interested in will have a limited audience. A case study's primary purpose is to reach as many
individuals as possible.
Who is your audience?
Do you want to reach out to the general public? Or are you attempting to contact other industry
professionals? The subject you chose will be influenced by the audience.
You want as much broad knowledge as possible among your audience. When it comes time to
write the case study, you may need to spend some time clarifying and defining topics that the
audience may not be acquainted with.
Finally, you should avoid picking an outdated subject while selecting a topic. Current themes are
usually the most engaging, thus if yours is more than 5-10 years old, you may want to think about
something younger. If you select an older subject, consider what fresh and useful knowledge you
can bring to the table, as well as whether or not the issue is still relevant and vital.
Determine Research Goals
Identify the goals your research would like to achieve.

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Ethics
The ethical approval procedure is an important aspect of the case study process, and most case
studies need it. The researcher's institution or department is generally the source of this
permission. Ethics monitoring departments are found at many colleges and research institutes.
They will want you to demonstrate that you will not cause any damage to your research subjects or
participants.
This should be done even if the case study is on an older subject.
Developing the Case Study
Once you've decided on a subject, you may begin planning and developing your research.
Depending on the sort of case study you're doing, this approach will be different. Because most
case studies are based on the psychological model, we'll assume a psychological case study for
this part.
It's time to ask yourself some questions now that you've decided on a theme. What is the research
question you wish to answer?
A case study on PTSD in veterans, for example, is being considered by a researcher. The subject
is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veterans. What kinds of queries could be asked?

Each of these inquiries is a valid one, and knowing the answers, or at least the possibilities, would
be beneficial to both psychologists and PTSD patients.
Planning the Research
The most important parts of the case study are:
1. The case study's questions
2. The study's propositions
3. How information and data will be analyzed

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4. The logic behind the propositions

5. How the findings will be interpreted
When setting up your research, you will want to follow case study protocol. The protocol should
have the following sections:
1. An overview of the case study, including the objectives, topic and issues.
2. Procedures for gathering information and conducting interviews.
3. Questions that will be asked during interviews and data collection.
4. A guide for the final case study report.
When deciding upon which research methods to use, these are the most important:
1. Documents and archival records
2. Interviews
3. Direct observations
4. Indirect observations, or observations of subjects
5. Physical artifacts and tools
Planning Interviews
One of the most crucial aspects of the case study process is the interview. However, before any of
this can occur, the researcher must get informed permission from the individuals.
The informed consent method ensures that the subject is aware of their involvement in the
research and that their narrative will be included in the case study. You should have each subject
fill out a permission form.
The researcher must describe what the study's goals are and how their participation will benefit the
project. Assure the subject, if necessary, that their information will be kept secret if asked, and that
they are not required to provide their actual name if they do not want to. In case studies,
pseudonyms are often utilized.
One of the most essential sources of information for case studies is interviews. Interviews come in
a variety of shapes and sizes. They are as follows:

 Open-ended - In this form of interview, the interviewer and the subject converse on the
topic. The interviewer poses questions to the topic, who responds. The topic, on the other
hand, is free to expound and add information as they see suitable.
The open-ended technique allows a researcher to visit with a subject several times. This
may be a terrific method to get a better understanding of what's going on. However, the
researcher should not depend entirely on knowledge from a single topic and should have a
variety of sources.
 Focused - When a person is interviewed for a brief length of time and answers a series of
questions, this sort of interview is employed. This style of interview might be used to
confirm information obtained from another person in an open-ended interview. Focused

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interviews are usually conducted to validate existing knowledge rather than to gather new
information.
 Structured - Structured interviews are comparable to surveys in that they are conducted in
a structured manner. These are often employed for gathering information for big
populations, such as communities. The questions are pre-determined, and the intended
responses are typically straightforward.
Things to remember in conducting interviews

 Informed Consent The process by which permission is granted before beginning

medical or psychological research.
 Pseudonym A fictitious name used to hide ones identity.
It is important the researcher is clear regarding the expectations of the study participation. For
example, are they comfortable on camera? Do they mind if their photo is used in the final written
study.

6.4 Experimentation

Experimental research is study that uses two sets of variables and is performed in a scientific
manner. The first set serves as a constant against which the variations in the second set are
measured. Quantitative research approaches, for instance, are exploratory.
The Experimental Research Strategy's purpose is to show cause-and-effect correlations between
variables.
We demonstrate this in an experiment by demonstrating that changes in one variable are directly
responsible for changes in another.

Every research study contains four essential steps to do this:

1. Manipulate - the independent variable
2. Measures - the dependent variable in each treatment condition
3. Compares - the value of the dependent variable at each level of treatment
4. Controls - (as much a possible) extraneous variables
Variables
The independent variable refers to the variable that is being changed.
One unique value of the independent variable defines a treatment condition.

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To see whether the dependent variable changes at various levels of the independent variable,
researchers watch and measure it.
All variables in a research except the independent and dependent variables are considered
extraneous variables.
Types of Experimental Research Design
The classic experimental design definition is, “The methods used to collect data in experimental
studies.”
There are three primary types of experimental design:
 Pre-experimental research design
 True experimental research design
 Quasi-experimental research design
The way you classify research subjects, based on conditions or groups, determines the type of
design.
1. Pre-experimental research design: Pre-experimental designs are research schemes in
which a subject or a group is observed after a treatment has been applied, in order to
test whether the treatment has the potential to cause change.
You can break down pre-experimental research further in three types:
 One-shot Case Study Research Design - In this type of experimental study, only
one dependent group or variable is considered. The study is carried out after some
treatment which was presumed to cause change, making it a posttest study.
 One-group Pretest-posttest Research Design - This research design combines
both posttest and pretest study by carrying out a test on a single group before the
treatment is administered and after the treatment is administered. With the former
being administered at the beginning of treatment and later at the end.
 Static-group Comparison - In a static-group comparison study, 2 or more groups
are placed under observation, where only one of the groups is subjected to some
treatment while the other groups are held static. All the groups are post-tested, and
the observed differences between the groups are assumed to be a result of the
treatment.
2. True experimental research design: True experimental research is the most accurate
kind of study since it depends on statistical analysis to confirm or deny a concept. Only real
design, out of all the forms of experimental design, can demonstrate a cause-and-effect link
inside a group. Three conditions must be met in a genuine experiment:
 The posttest-only Control Group Design - In this design, subjects are randomly
selected and assigned to the 2 groups (control and experimental), and only the
experimental group is treated. After close observation, both groups are post-tested,
and a conclusion is drawn from the difference between these groups.
 The pretest-posttest Control Group Design - For this control group design,
subjects are randomly assigned to the 2 groups, both are presented, but only the
experimental group is treated. After close observation, both groups are post-tested
to measure the degree of change in each group.

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Solomon four group control design - As the name suggests, this type of true
experimental design involves the random distribution of sample members into 4
groups. These groups consist of 2 control groups that are not subjected to the
experiments and changes, and 2 experimental groups that the experimental
methodology applies to.
Out of these 4 groups, one control and one experimental group is used for pre-
testing while all the four groups are subjected to post-tests.
This way researcher gets to establish pre-test post-test contrast while there remains
another set of respondents that have not been exposed to pre-tests and so, provide
genuine post-test responses , thus, accounting for testing effects.
3. Quasi-experimental research design: The term "quasi" denotes a degree of
resemblance. Although a quasi-experimental design is comparable to an experimental
design, it is not identical. The assignment of a control group distinguishes them. An
independent variable is modified in this study, however group members are not allocated at
random. Random assignment is either irrelevant or not necessary in field situations, hence
quasi-research is employed.

Advantages of Experimental Research

Experimental research allows you to test your idea in a controlled environment before taking it
to market. It also provides the best method to test your theory, thanks to the following
advantages:
 Researchers have a stronger hold over variables to obtain desired results.
 The subject or industry does not impact the effectiveness of experimental research. Any
industry can implement it for research purposes.
 The results are specific.
 After analyzing the results, you can apply your findings to similar ideas or situations.
 You can identify the cause and effect of a hypothesis. Researchers can further analyze this
relationship to determine more in-depth ideas.
 Experimental research makes an ideal starting point. The data you collect is a foundation
on which to build more ideas and conduct more research.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

Extended Response: Answer the following questions.

1. Which do you think among the identified research strategies best suits your research title?
Explain in detail.

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______________________________________________________________________________
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2. Why is it important to choose the correct strategy in creating a research?

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3. Point out the differences and similarities Case Study Research and Experimental Research.

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LEARNING CONTENTS (Weaknesses in Disaster Planning – A Research Journal)

The Value of the Case Study as a Research Strategy

Charles Schell

First Published October 1, 1974 Research Article

Abstract

One of the most time-honoured forms of communication and knowledge transfer is the narrative: The
earliest abstract philosophical concepts were conveyed as allegorical accounts, either for the
purpose of education or debate, and a scientific tradition was built around the testing of the premises
which either supported or attacked the truth and validity of the implicit arguments made by these
stories. Few would question the relevance of the case study, the modern equivalent of the allegory,
as a basis for formulating hypotheses for further (quantitative) research, but many would contend,
as Matthew Miles (1979) did in an Administrative Science Quarterly article titled 'Qualitative data as
an attractive nuisance' that research based upon case study was unlikely to transcend story-telling.
Is case study a valid research tool or is it constrained by insurmountable methodological handicaps?
In the next few pages, we will consider the nature of the case study, in its various manifestations,
the factors to be taken into consideration when designing case study research, and situations where
the case study is an appropriate research tool. Management studies and organizational theory rely
heavily upon the case study as a form of data collection and even as a type of unstructured analysis:
As a form of research, the case study is unparalleled for its ability to consider a single or complex
research question within an environment rich with contextual variables. Observation, experiments,
surveys and secondary information (archival) have the advantage of producing sets of independent
and dependent variables suitable for quantitative analysis: The case study is best suited to
considering the how and why questions, or when the investigator has little control over events. Its
has significant limitations, and misapplication can produce incorrect or inconsistent findings. Suitable
design of the case study is critical if the common pitfalls of this research strategy are to be overcome.

LEARNING ACTIVITY 2

Let us watch this video using this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqkVStFLzL4 and answer
the question below in 3 – 5 sentences:

 How does one choose a research strategy based on it’s design?

SUMMARY

A Research Strategy is a step-by-step plan of action that guides your ideas and actions,
allowing you to do research in a methodical and timely manner to deliver high-quality data and
thorough reporting. This allows you to maintain concentration, minimize frustration, improve quality,
and, most significantly, save time and money.
Case studies are comprehensive examinations of individuals, organizations, events, choices,
eras, policies, institutions, or other systems using one or more approaches.
Experimental research allows the uncovering of cause and effect relationship through the
testing of variables and statistical analysis.

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REFERENCES

Online Sources:
1. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/understanding-different-research-
perspectives/content-section-6
2. https://www.spotless.co.uk/insights/ethnography-when-and-
how/#:~:text=Ethnographic%20research%20is%20a%20qualitative,wide%20range%20of%
20social%20sciences
3. https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/com9640epstein/?p=543#:~:text=Phenomenology%20is%20
an%20approach%20to,experience%20within%20a%20particular%20group.&text=Typically
%2C%20interviews%20are%20conducted%20with,an%20event%2C%20situation%20or%2
0experience
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6318722/#:~:text=Grounded%20theory%20i
s%20a%20well,and%20analysed%20using%20comparative%20analysis
5. https://www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/understanding-different-research-
perspectives/content-section-6
6. https://pcmh.ahrq.gov/page/mixed-methods-integrating-quantitative-and-qualitative-data-
collection-and-analysis-
while#:~:text=Mixed%20Methods%20Studies,or%20sustained%20program%20of%20inquir
y
7. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-longitudinal-research-
2795335#:~:text=A%20longitudinal%20study%20is%20a,studies%20can%20last%20sever
al%20decades
8. https://www.editage.com/insights/how-to-choose-the-research-methodology-best-suited-for-
your-study?refer=scroll-to-1-article&refer-type=article
9. https://apprendre.auf.org/wp-content/opera/13-BF-References-et-biblio-RPT-
2014/The%20Value%20of%20the%20Case%20Study%20as%20a%20Research%20Strate
gy.pdf
10. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.acsp.org/resource/resmgr/files/lincoln_awards/new_descriptiv
e_case_templat.pdf
11. https://www.universalclass.com/articles/business/case-studies-types.html
12. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/experimental-research/
13. https://webcourses.ucf.edu/courses/950845/pages/the-experimental-research-strategy
14. https://www.formpl.us/blog/experimental-research

Video Sources:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ectS1ote8uA
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqkVStFLzL4

Prepared by: Joshua Roly C. Mosada

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