Chinese Journal of Physics 77 (2022) 658–671

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Chinese Journal of Physics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cjph

Tangent hyperbolic nanofluid: Significance of Lorentz and

buoyancy forces on dynamics of bioconvection flow of rotating
sphere via finite element simulation
Bagh Ali a,b , Muazzam Ali b , Iqra saman c , Sajjad Hussain d ,∗, Asmat Ullah Yahya e ,
Imdad Hussain c
a Department of Applied Mathematics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, China
b Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
c
Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
d
School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
e
Department of Mathematics, K F University of Engg. and I T. R Y Khan, Pakistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

MSC: Enhanced thermal transportation for bio convection and mixed convection of Tangent hyper-
00-01 bolic nano fluid flow in stagnation region of rotating sphere is scrutinized in the existence of
99-00 magnetic field. The nano-sized tiny particles are incorporated due to their unusual qualities
Keywords: like enhanced the thermal transport in the base fluid, which play significance role in modern
MHD nanotechnology. Further, improve the stability of nano-sized particles for long time period and
Bioconvection avoid possible sedimentation, also incorporated auto-motile and gyrotactic microorganisms. The
Rotating sphere
bioconvection of nano fluid transportation across spherical surface is considered important
Tangent hyperbolic nanofluid
for heat storage and thermal balancing in technological processes. In this communication,
Finite element method
time dependent partial differential formulation is transmuted to a set of dimensionless partial
differential equation via similarity transformation. A numerical solution is sought through
Galerkin based finite element discretization while it is coded and run on Matlab platform. The
role of variables for the dependent quantities is monitored through computational procedure.
The parameters of rotating sphere and Casson fluid speeded up the fluid flow in 𝑥-direction,
but it recedes the flow in 𝑦-direction. The larger inputs of Brownian motion and thermophoresis
parameters raised the nano fluid temperature.

1. Introduction

1.1. Background study

Flow along a sphere have several engineering implementations in single and two phase flows, like towed sonar, chemical and
food processing, swimming bodies in water, nuclear and thermal power plants, pneumatic and hydraulic conveying, rain drops,
conveying of sediments in rivers, underwater research vessels, combustion systems and sport balls. Owing to its dynamic flow
attributes and practical uses the sphere’s wake in standardized unbounded stream was being widely investigated for many years.
Owing to its proximity of a surface, the surfaces of so many structures in phenomena and engineering systems are subjected to

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sajjadgut@gmail.com (S. Hussain).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2022.03.018
Received 31 July 2021; Received in revised form 18 January 2022; Accepted 6 March 2022
Available online 22 March 2022
0577-9073/© 2022 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
B. Ali et al. Chinese Journal of Physics 77 (2022) 658–671

non-uniform arriving BLF (boundary layer flow). The spherical design is used in a variety of applications, including gas tanks,
creative structures, and certain kinds of vehicles [1]. The existence of boundary layer flows along plane surface complicates the
sphere’s wake owing to non-uniform speed, distance flow between sphere’s bottom section and the plate, and presence of vortices
field in boundary layer area. As a sphere is embedded near the surface, vortex shedding alters significantly because of effect of a
non-uniform velocity created by boundary layer flow produced over plane surface. This results in asymmetry in the degree of vortex
shedding from the top and bottom edges of the sphere, as well as a change in the direction of mean force acting on the body away
from the plane surface. Several factors affect the interaction between sphere’s turbulent wake and plane boundary layer, including
growing boundary layer width, Reynolds number, free-stream disturbances and distance flow among sphere and plane surface. As
a consequence, a thorough comprehension of these types of flows is critical for selecting or developing appropriate flow control
strategies. There are some articles related to boundary layer flow along a sphere [2–4].
linear and non-linear rheological attributes of complex fluid medium have recently sparked growing interest and significant
physical observations in scientific debates due to their useful applications and extensive advantages over conventional liquids.
Furthermore, several scientists have studied non-Newtonian liquids extensively over the last few decades in order to investigate their
distinguishing rheological attributes and develop new practical constitutive laws that allow comprehensive explanations for some
anomalous experimental results. It seems, the dynamics of certain liquids, as well as their complex properties, cannot be adequately
clarified by classical Navier–Stokes equations since the majority of fluids involved in industries are non-Newtonian in nature. Non-
Newtonian Cauchy stress and strain tensors could be represented mathematically by quasi linear or strictly nonlinear relationships,
based on their rheological characteristics, like shear-thinning, viscoelasiticity, shear thickening, material memory, visco-plasticity,
yield stress, Weissenberg effect, die-swelling, retardation and relaxation times, that are not specified in Newtonian model. As a result,
non-Newtonian liquids are commonly utilized in different fields of science and bioengineering, like the drilling mud, modeling of
biological structures, cement slurries, coated papers, petroleum, polymer processing, lubrication fields, foodstuffs and biomedical
flows. Non-Newtonian liquids’ rheological behaviors differ from those of viscous liquids in particular. Furthermore, as compared to
Newtonian liquids the transport equations governing the dynamical evolution of non-Newtonian liquids are completely nonlinear
and extremely complicated to handle. Moreover, a review in the literature indicates that there is no single constitutive model that
explains all of the features of such liquids. Therefore, scientific groups have proposed a variety of constitutive non-Newtonian models.
Such models are categorized into three types: integral, differential and rate-type. The shear stress is an implicit association of velocity
gradient and its high temporal derivatives in rate-type rheological liquid models (e.g., Maxwell, Jeffery, Oldroyd-B and Burgers
models). Nevertheless, the differential rheological structure (for example, the Leonov model) has been mathematically developed
to describe the presence of a series of discrete relaxation times.
The variety of non-Newtonian liquid models as in literature includes basic models including the grade second or third, power
law [5–10]. The key disadvantage of such simple liquid models is that the findings they produce do not correspond to liquid flows
in actual. The power-law model is generally utilized in the modeling of liquids under shear-dependent viscosity. It cannot, however,
estimate the influence of elasticity. Elasticity results can be achieved using liquids of grade second or third. However, in such models,
viscosity is not dependent on shear stress. Furthermore, they are helpless to estimate impact of stress relaxation. The Maxwell model,
a category of rate kind liquids, can predict stress relaxation and has thus gained popularity. In [11], authors investigated the impact
of radiant heat on MHD Maxwell liquid flow along an extending surface. Shateyi [12] addressed MHD Maxwell liquid flow flowing
towards a vertical sheet via first chemical reactants. The solutions achieved analytically and numerically for Falkenr–Skan MHD
Maxwell liquid flow were compared by Abbasbandy et al. [13]. Shafiq and Khalique [14] analyzed the lie group investigation of
Maxwell fluid flow towards extended surface. In [15], researchers investigated the impact of radiation on MHD Maxwell nanoliquid
flow along a extending plate.
Bio convective fluid is a dynamic process which arises as microorganisms move. In this form of movement, the microorganisms
are much denser as compare to water and move upwards. Gyrotactic microorganisms, such as algae, that swim up appear to penetrate
the above part of liquid layer, causing a most top layer of liquid to become denser than beneath layer, resulting in instability density
stratification. While nanoliquid bio-convection describes density stratification and random pattern forming caused by concurrently
interactive nanomaterials, denser microorganisms is self propelled and their buoyancy is influenced. These microorganisms typically
contain gyrotaxis, gravitaxis and other oxytaxis kind organisms. In [16], authors explored the role of 4 scales in nanofluid flow
together with the standard molecular stage, macro-scale, micro-scale, and higher scale. Bio-convective phenomenon is a macro-scale
process in that movement of motile microorganisms causes a macroscopic movement in the liquid. In spite of motile microorganisms,
nanomaterials are usually not self propelled, and their movement is mainly because of Brownian and thermophoresis diffusions inside
the nanoliquid. In addition, motile microorganisms up-swimming is primarily a reaction to an outer force field, which includes
geotaxis or gravitaxis, bio-chemical inducement like growing up or down oxygen concentration, response to light even towards
or away from source of light, and torques in a flow. The incorporation of motile microorganisms to suspensions rendered a great
offering to convective bio Micro-systems, so that an improvement can be obtained in mass transfer microfluid instruments like
bacteria-powered micro-mixers, especially in micro volumes. This boosts the instability of nanoliquids. Aziz et al. [17] demonstrated
free motion of a nanoliquid by motile microorganisms on a flat sheet. Mixed convective flow of nanoliquid consisting gyrotactic
micro species along a sphere was supposed to be penetrated in a porous medium was studied in [18]. Xu and Pop [19] researched
the mixed convection flow of nanoliquid in a channel containing microorganisms and nanomaterials. In [20], authors represented
a natural convection of non-Newtonian liquid supposed to be penetrated in a permeable cavity carrying gyrotactic microorganisms
and nanomaterials. Shafiq et al. [21] reported the bioconvective second grade nanoliquid flow with chemical reactant.
The goal of current investigation is, hence, to analyze impact of bioconvective flow of Tangent hyperbolic nanofluid along a
rotating sphere. As flow along a sphere have numerous engineering implementations in single and two phase flows, like towed sonar,

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chemical and food processing, swimming bodies in water, nuclear and thermal power plants, pneumatic and hydraulic conveying,
rain drops, conveying of sediments in rivers, underwater research vessels, combustion systems and sport balls. Hence the novelty
of current study is to study the bioconvective Tangent hyperbolic nanofluid together with MHD towards the rotating sphere. The
model under consideration includes both tiny nanomaterials and gyrotactic microorganisms. Microorganisms stabilize nanomaterials
suspensions through bio convection flow that is created by combined influences of nanomaterials and buoyancy forces. The model
equations are reframed as ordinary differential system that can be numerically solved using finite element discretization. Matlab
code is developed for Galerkin formulation to evaluate parametric simulations for reduced skin friction factor, velocity of fluid, heat
and mass transfer rate and motile micro-organism density.

1.2. Research questions

This study provide answers to following related scientific research questions:

1. To observe the influence of Weissenberg number, time-dependent, multi-buoyancy, Coriolis and Lorentz forces parameters
on the fluid dynamics of temperature, fluid velocity, and concentration distributions?
2. What is the effect of Weissenberg number, multi-buoyancy, Coriolis and Lorentz forces on the mass transfer rate, skin friction
factor, and heat transfer rate?
3. What is the effect of Brownian motion and thermophoresis on the temperature and heat transfer rate?
4. Investigate the bio-convection influence the motile distribution function and mass transfer rate of motile microorganism
density?

2. Mathematical formulation

Let us examine the two-dimensional, time dependent, boundary layer mixed convection flow of an electrically viscous incom-
pressible laminar tangent hyperbolic nanofluid along with suspended gyrotactic swimming microorganisms in a stagnation zone
of spinning sphere. The Buongiorno’s nanofluid model comprising Brownian motion and thermophoresis impacts is adopted in the
present investigation. The thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects is taken into account in view of Buongiorno’s nanofluid
model. Fig. 1 explains the coordinate system and physical flow phenomena of the elaborated problem. In the present report, the
following assumptions have been considered:

• Homogeneous scattering is accomplished because of no accumulation and agglomeration of tiny particles.

• In the 𝑧-direction, a constant strength 𝐵0 of magnetic field is applied.
• The sphere is rotating subject to a constant angular velocity 𝛺. There is no motion in sphere at time 𝑡 = 0.0 and the
surface nanoparticles concentration, motile concentration, and temperature are 𝐶𝑤 , 𝜒𝑤 , 𝑇𝑤 , and 𝐶∞ , 𝜒∞ , 𝑇∞ are ambient fluid,
respectively.
• The Viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects are ignored due to vicinity of stagnation point [22].
• The tiny particles have no influence on the velocity of swimming gyrotactic microorganisms and direction, and the tiny
particles, motile microorganisms, and host fluid have the similar velocity.

In light of the above mentioned hypotheses, the governing equations are written as [23–25]:

𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑢) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥𝑤) = 0, (1)

[ √ ]
2 −1
𝜌𝑛𝑓 (𝜕𝑡 𝑢 + 𝑢𝜕𝑥 𝑢 + 𝑤𝜕𝑧 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑥 ) = 𝜌𝑓∞ 𝑈 𝜕𝑥 𝑈 + 𝜇𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝛼) + 2𝛤 𝛼𝜕𝑧 𝑢 𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝑢 − 𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝐵02 (𝑢 − 𝑈 )
[ ]
+𝑔 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝛽𝑡 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )(1 − 𝐶∞ )+ (𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑛𝑓 )(𝐶 − 𝐶∞ ) + 𝛾(𝜒 − 𝜒∞ )(𝜌𝑚 − 𝜌𝑛𝑓 ) 𝑔𝑥𝑅−1 , (2)
[ √ ]
𝜌𝑛𝑓 (𝜕𝑡 𝑣 + 𝑢𝜕𝑥 𝑣 + 𝑤𝜕𝑧 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣𝑥−1 ) = 𝜇𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝛼) + 2𝛤 𝛼𝜕𝑧 𝑣 𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝑣 − 𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝐵02 𝑢, (3)
𝐷
𝜕𝑡 𝑇 + 𝑢𝜕𝑥 𝑇 + 𝑤𝜕𝑧 𝑇 = 𝛼𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝑇 + 𝜏 ∗ {𝐷𝑏 𝜕𝑧 𝐶𝜕𝑧 𝑇 + 𝑇 (𝜕𝑧 𝑇 )2 }, (4)
𝑇∞
𝐷
𝜕𝑡 𝐶 + 𝑢𝜕𝑥 𝐶 + 𝑤𝜕𝑧 𝐶 = 𝐷𝑏 𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝐶 + 𝑇 𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝑇 , (5)
𝑇∞
𝑏𝑊𝑐 [ ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜒 + 𝑢𝜕𝑥 𝜒 + 𝑤𝜕𝑧 𝜒 + 𝜕 (𝜒𝜕𝑧 𝐶) = 𝐷𝑚 𝜕𝑧𝑧 𝜒. (6)
𝛥𝐶 𝑧
Here, (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) are velocity component in (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) directions, respectively, (𝛤 , 𝛼, 𝑅, 𝑡, 𝑔, 𝛽𝑡 ) are Williamson parameter, power law
index, radius of sphere, time, gravity acceleration, and thermal expansion coefficient respectively, (𝜇𝑛𝑓 , 𝜌𝑛𝑓 , 𝛼𝑛𝑓 , 𝐷𝑏 , 𝜎𝑛𝑓 , 𝐷𝑇 , 𝐷𝑚 )
are respectively the dynamic viscosity, density, thermal diffusivity, Brownian diffusion coefficient, electrical conductivity, ther-
mophoretic diffusion coefficient, and microorganisms diffusivity factor of nanofluid, respectively, (𝐶, 𝑇 , 𝜒) are the volume fraction of
tiny particles, fluid temperature, and micro-organisms concentration, respectively, (𝜌𝑝 , 𝜌𝑚 , 𝑊 𝑐, 𝑏, 𝛾) are respectively the nanoparticles
density, microorganism density, maximum constant value of cell swimming speed, chemotaxis constant, and average volume
of microorganisms. The sufficient boundary conditions of elaborated problem for fluid velocity, temperature, tiny particles
concentration, and motile microorganisms density are [26,27]:

𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 0, 𝑣(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 0, 𝑤(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 0, 𝑇 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝑇∞ , 𝐶(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝐶∞ , 𝜒(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝜒∞ , 𝑎𝑠 𝑡 < 0, (7)

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Fig. 1. Fluid flow illustration.

𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑣(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝛺𝑥, 𝑤(𝑡, 𝑥, 0) = 0, 𝑇 (𝑡, 𝑥, 0) = 𝑇𝑤 , 𝐶(𝑡, 𝑥, 0) = 𝐶𝑤 , 𝜒(𝑡, 𝑥, 0) = 𝜒𝑤 , 𝑎𝑠 𝑡 ≥ 0, (8)

𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝑈 , 𝑣(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) → 0, 𝑇 (𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) → 𝑇∞ , 𝐶(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) → 𝐶∞ , 𝜒(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) → 𝜒∞ , 𝑎𝑠 𝑡 ≥ 0 & 𝑧 → ∞. (9)

Now, to transform the above partial differential equations (1 − 6) and boundary condition equations (7 − 9) with 𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑡 (three
independent variables) to non-dimensional partial differential equations with 𝜁 , 𝜂 (two independent variables) by using the below
transformations [28,29]:
( )0.5 ( )0.5
𝑎𝑥
𝜂= 𝑧, 𝑢(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝑎𝑥𝐹 ′ (𝜁 , 𝜂), 𝑣(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝛺𝑥𝐺(𝜁 , 𝜂), 𝑤(𝑡, 𝑥, 𝑧) = − 2𝑎𝜈𝑛𝑓 𝜁 𝐹 (𝜁 , 𝜂),
𝜁 𝜈𝑛𝑓
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝐶 − 𝐶∞ 𝜒 − 𝜒∞
𝑈 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥, 𝜁 = 1 − 𝑒−𝜏 𝜏 = 𝑎𝑡, 𝜃(𝜁 , 𝜂) = , 𝛷(𝜁 , 𝜂) = , 𝛶 (𝜁 , 𝜂) = . (10)
𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ 𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ 𝜒𝑤 − 𝜒∞

The Eq. (1) is valid in view of above mentioned similarity transformations and inserting Eq. (10) into Eqs. (2)–(9), and we have
a following system of non-linear PDEs in the transformed coordinate system (𝜁 , 𝜂).
𝜁 𝜁
((1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼𝑊𝑒 𝐹 ′′ )𝐹 ′′′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝐹 ′′ + (1 − 𝐹 ′2 + 𝜆1 𝐺) + 𝑀(1 − 𝐹 ′ ) + 𝜆𝜃 𝜁(𝜃 − 𝜆𝛷 𝛷 − 𝜆𝛶 𝛶 )
2 2
𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝐹 ′
+ (1 − 𝜁)𝐹 ′′ = (1 − 𝜁) , (11)
4 2 𝜕𝜁
𝜂 𝜁 𝜁 𝜕𝐺
((1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼𝑊𝑒 𝐺′ )𝐺′′ + 𝜁(𝐹 𝐺′ − 𝐺𝐹 ′ ) + (1 − 𝜁)𝐺′ − 𝑀𝐺 = (1 − 𝜁) , (12)
4 2 2 𝜕𝜁
1 ′′ 𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝜃
𝜃 + (1 − 𝜁)𝜃 ′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝜃 ′ + 𝑁𝑏 𝜃𝛷 + 𝑁𝑡 𝜃 ′2 = (1 − 𝜁) , (13)
𝑃𝑟 4 2 𝜕𝜁
1 𝑁 𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝛷
(𝛷′′ + 𝑡 𝜃 ′′ ) + (1 − 𝜁)𝛷′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝛷′ = (1 − 𝜁) , (14)
𝑆𝑐 𝑁𝑏 4 2 𝜕𝜁
( )
1 1 1 𝜕𝛶
𝛶 ′′ − 𝑃𝑒 (𝛷′′ (𝛿1 + 𝛶 ) + 𝛶 ′ 𝛷′ ) + (1 − 𝜁)𝛶 ′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝛶 ′ = 𝜁(1 − 𝜁) , (15)
𝑆𝑏 4 2 𝜕𝜁
𝐹 (𝜁 , 0) = 0, 𝐹 ′ (𝜁 , 0) = 0, 𝐺(𝜁 , 0) = 1, 𝜃(𝜁 , 0) = 1, 𝛷(𝜁 , 0) = 1, 𝛶 (𝜁 , 0) = 1, 𝑎𝑡 𝜂 = 0, (16)
′
𝐹 (𝜁 , ∞) → 1, 𝐺(𝜁 , ∞) → 0, 𝜃(𝜁 , ∞) → 0, 𝛷(𝜁 , ∞) → 0, 𝛶 (𝜁 , ∞) → 0, 𝑎𝑠 𝜂 → ∞. (17)

The rotating 𝜆1 , Hartmann number 𝑀, Weissenberg number 𝑊 𝑒, Prandtl number 𝑃𝑟 , Schmidt number 𝑆𝑐 , bioconvection Schmidt
number 𝑆𝑏 , thermal buoyancy 𝜆𝜃 , buoyancy ratio 𝜆𝛷 , Rayleigh number 𝜆𝛶 , Peclet number 𝑃𝑒 , microorganism concentration
difference 𝛿1 parameters are defined as:

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( )2 √
𝛺 2𝑎𝛤 ∗ 𝑢𝑤
𝜎𝐵 2 0 𝜈 𝜈 𝜈 𝑔𝛽 (1 − 𝐶∞ )𝑇∞
𝜆1 = , 𝑀= √ , 𝑊𝑒 = , 𝑃𝑟 = , 𝑆𝑐 = , 𝑆𝑏 = , 𝜆𝜃 = 𝑡 ,
𝑎 𝑎𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜁𝜈 𝛼𝑛𝑓 𝐷𝑏 𝐷𝑚 𝑎𝑢𝑤
𝛽𝑡 (𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑛𝑓 )(𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ ) 𝛾(𝜌𝑚 − 𝜌𝑛𝑓 )(𝜒𝑤 − 𝜒∞ )
𝜆𝛷 = , 𝜆𝛶 = . 𝑁𝑏 = 𝜏 𝐷̃ 𝐵 (𝜈 −1 𝐶𝑤 − 𝜈 −1 𝐶∞ ),
𝛽𝑡 𝜌𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝐶∞ )(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝛽𝑡 𝜌𝑛𝑓 (1 − 𝐶∞ )(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ )
𝐷𝑇 (𝜏𝑇𝑤 − 𝜏𝑇∞ ) 𝑏𝑊𝑐 𝜒∞
𝑁𝑡 = , 𝑃𝑒 = , 𝛿1 = .
𝜈𝑇∞ 𝐷𝑚 𝜒𝑤 − 𝜒∞
The physical quantities named as the skin friction factors (𝐶𝑓𝑥 , 𝐶𝑓𝑧 ), Nusselt number 𝑁𝑢, Sherwood number 𝑆ℎ𝑟, and motile
microorganisms density number 𝑁𝑥 which mentioned below form:
𝑥
𝜏𝑤 𝑧
𝜏𝑤 𝑥𝑞𝑤 𝑥𝑞𝑚 𝑥𝑞𝑛
𝐶𝑓𝑥 = , 𝐶𝑓 𝑧 = , 𝑁𝑢 = , 𝑆ℎ𝑟 = , 𝑁𝑥 = , (18)
𝜌𝑢2 𝜌𝑣2 𝛼𝑛𝑓 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇∞ ) 𝐷𝑏 (𝐶𝑤 − 𝐶∞ ) ̃
𝐷𝑚 (𝜒𝑤 − 𝜒∞ )
where, 𝜏𝑤 , 𝑞𝑤 , 𝑞𝑚 , and 𝑞𝑛 are shear stress, surface heat, surface mass, and surface motile microorganisms fluxes respectively, and
mathematically expressions are:
𝑥 𝑦
𝜏𝑤 = 2𝜇(𝜕𝑢∕𝜕𝑧)𝑧=0 , 𝜏𝑤 = 2𝜇(𝜕𝑣∕𝜕𝑧)𝑧=0 , 𝑞𝑤 = −𝛼𝑛𝑓 (𝜕𝑇 ∕𝜕𝑧)𝑧=0 ,

𝑞𝑚 = −𝐷𝑏 (𝜕𝐶∕𝜕𝑧)𝑧=0 , 𝑞𝑛 = −𝐷𝑛 (𝜕𝜒∕𝜕𝑧)𝑧=0 , (19)

By the aid of similarity transformation Eq. (10), we get:

⎧ √
1∕2 1∕2
⎪ 𝐶𝑓𝑥 𝜁 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 2 2(1 − 𝛼)𝐹 ′′ (𝜁 , 0) + 4𝛼𝑊𝑒 (𝐹 ′′ (𝜁 , 0))2 ,
⎪ √
1∕2 1∕2
⎪𝐶𝑓𝑧 𝜁 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = −2 2(1 − 𝛼)𝐺′′ (𝜁 , 0) + 4𝛼𝑊𝑒 (𝐺′′ (𝜁 , 0))2 ,
⎪ √
⎨ 𝑁𝑢𝑥 𝜁 1∕2 𝑅𝑒𝑥 1∕2 = − 2𝜃 ′ (𝜁 , 0), (20)
⎪ √
⎪ 𝑆ℎ𝑟𝑥 𝜁 1∕2 𝑅𝑒𝑥 1∕2 = − 2𝛷′ (𝜁 , 0),
⎪ √
⎪ 𝑁𝑥 𝜁 1∕2 𝑅𝑒𝑥 1∕2 = − 2𝛶 ′ (𝜁 , 0).
⎩

3. Numerical procedure

The finite element method is a powerful technique to address various kind of integral as well as partial or ordinary differential
equations [30] and a wide scope of engineering complex problems such as heat and mass transfer, solid and fluid mechanics,
chemical and mechanical engineering, and system of electrical, etc [31,32]. A detailed explanation of this technique is given
by Reddy [33] and jyothi [34]. The literature reported that the finite element approach is well known and most productive
numerical technique to find the approximate solution of PDEs and ODEs system which includes complicated boundary condition or
geometry [35,36]. To solve the Eqs. (11) to (15) along with boundary situations (16)–(17), firstly we consider:

𝐹 ′ = 𝛥, (21)

The set of Eqs. (7)–(10) reduced to lesser order:

𝜁 𝜁
((1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼𝑊𝑒 𝛥′ )𝛥′′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝛥′ + (1 − 𝛥2 + 𝜆1 𝐺) + 𝑀(1 − 𝛥) + 𝜆𝜃 𝜁(𝜃 − 𝜆𝛷 𝛷 − 𝜆𝛶 𝛶 )
2 2
𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝛥
+ (1 − 𝜁)𝛥′ = (1 − 𝜁) , (22)
4 2 𝜕𝜁
𝜂 𝜁 𝜁 𝜕𝐺
((1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼𝑊𝑒 𝐺′ )𝐺′′ + 𝜁(𝐹 𝐺′ − 𝐺𝛥) + (1 − 𝜁)𝐺′ − 𝑀𝐺 = (1 − 𝜁) , (23)
4 2 2 𝜕𝜁
1 ′′ 𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝜃
𝜃 + (1 − 𝜁)𝜃 ′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝜃 ′ + 𝑁𝑏 𝜃𝛷 + 𝑁𝑡 𝜃 ′2 = (1 − 𝜁) , (24)
𝑃𝑟 4 2 𝜕𝜁
1 𝑁 𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝛷
(𝛷′′ + 𝑡 𝜃 ′′ ) + (1 − 𝜁)𝛷′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝛷′ = (1 − 𝜁) , (25)
𝑆𝑐 𝑁𝑏 4 2 𝜕𝜁
( )
1 1 1 𝜕𝛶
𝛶 ′′ − 𝑃𝑒 (𝛷′′ (𝛿1 + 𝛶 ) + 𝛶 ′ 𝛷′ ) + (1 − 𝜁)𝛶 ′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝛶 ′ = 𝜁(1 − 𝜁) , (26)
𝑆𝑏 4 2 𝜕𝜁
𝐹 (𝜁 , 0) = 0, 𝛥(𝜁 , 0) = 0, 𝐺(𝜁 , 0) = 1, 𝜃(𝜁 , 0) = 1, 𝛷(𝜁 , 0) = 1, 𝛶 (𝜁 , 0) = 1, 𝑎𝑡 𝜂 = 0, (27)
𝛥(𝜁 , ∞) → 1, 𝐺(𝜁 , ∞) → 0, 𝜃(𝜁 , ∞) → 0, 𝛷(𝜁 , ∞) → 0, 𝛶 (𝜁 , ∞) → 0, 𝑎𝑠 𝜂 → ∞. (28)

For numerical computation, the variational form connected along with Eqs. (21)–(26) over a typical rectangular element 𝛺𝑒 can be
written as:

𝛽1 {𝐹 ′ − 𝛥}𝑑𝛺𝑒∗ = 0, (29)
∫𝛺 ∗
𝑒

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B. Ali et al. Chinese Journal of Physics 77 (2022) 658–671

𝜁 𝜁
𝛽2 {((1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼𝑊𝑒 𝛥′ )𝛥′′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝛥′ + (1 − 𝛥2 + 𝜆1 𝐺) + 𝑀(1 − 𝛥) + 𝜆𝜃 𝜁(𝜃 − 𝜆𝛷 𝛷 − 𝜆𝛶 𝛶 )
∫𝛺 ∗ 2 2
𝑒
𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝛥
+ (1 − 𝜁)𝛥′ − (1 − 𝜁) }𝑑𝛺𝑒∗ = 0, (30)
4 2 𝜕𝜁
𝜂 𝜁 𝜁 𝜕𝐺
𝛽3 {((1 − 𝛼) + 𝛼𝑊𝑒 𝐺′ )𝐺′′ + 𝜁(𝐹 𝐺′ − 𝐺𝛥) + (1 − 𝜁)𝐺′ − 𝑀𝐺 − (1 − 𝜁) }𝑑𝛺𝑒∗ = 0, (31)
∫𝛺 ∗ 4 2 2 𝜕𝜁
𝑒
1 ′′ 𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝜃
𝜃 + (1 − 𝜁)𝜃 ′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝜃 ′ + 𝑁𝑏 𝜃𝛷 + 𝑁𝑡 𝜃 ′2 − (1 − 𝜁) }𝑑𝛺𝑒∗ = 0,
𝛽4 { (32)
∫𝛺 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 4 2 𝜕𝜁
𝑒
1 𝑁 𝜂 𝜁 𝜕𝛷
𝛽 { (𝛷′′ + 𝑡 𝜃 ′′ ) + (1 − 𝜁)𝛷′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝛷′ − (1 − 𝜁) }𝑑𝛺𝑒∗ = 0, (33)
∫𝛺 ∗ 5 𝑆𝑐 𝑁𝑏 4 2 𝜕𝜁
𝑒
( )
1 1 1 𝜕𝛶
𝛽6 { 𝛶 ′′ − 𝑃𝑒 (𝛷′′ (𝛿1 + 𝛶 ) + 𝛶 ′ 𝛷′ ) + (1 − 𝜁)𝛶 ′ + 𝜁 𝐹 𝛶 ′ − 𝜁(1 − 𝜁) }𝑑𝛺𝑒∗ = 0. (34)
∫𝛺 ∗ 𝑆𝑏 4 2 𝜕𝜁
𝑒

Here 𝛽1 , 𝛽2 , 𝛽3 , 𝛽4 , 𝛽5 and 𝛽6 are trial functions. Let divide the computational domain (𝛺𝑒∗ ) into grid points 𝜁𝑖 , 𝜂𝑗 and fixed 𝜁 = 1.0,
and boundary layer thickness 𝜂 = 6.0. The associate approximations of finite element are:
∑
4 ∑
4 ∑
4
𝐹 = 𝐹𝑗 𝑆𝑗 (𝜁 , 𝜂), 𝛥 = 𝛥𝑗 𝑆𝑗 (𝜁 , 𝜂), 𝐺 = 𝐺𝑗 𝑆𝑗 (𝜁 , 𝜂),
𝑗=1 𝑗=1 𝑗=1

∑
4 ∑
4 ∑
4
𝜃= 𝜃𝑗 𝑆𝑗 (𝜁 , 𝜂), 𝛷 = 𝛷𝑗 𝑆𝑗 (𝜁 , 𝜂), 𝛶 = 𝛶𝑗 𝑆𝑗 (𝜁 , 𝜂), (35)
𝑗=1 𝑗=1 𝑗=1

here, 𝑆𝑗 (j = 1,2,3,4) are the linear-interpolation functions for 𝛺𝑒 are given by:
(𝜁𝑒+1 − 𝜁)(𝜂𝑒+1 − 𝜂) (𝜁 − 𝜁𝑒 )(𝜂𝑒+1 − 𝜂)
𝑆1 = , 𝑆2 = ,
(𝜁𝑒+1 − 𝜁𝑒 )(𝜂𝑒+1 − 𝜂𝑒 ) (𝜁𝑒+1 − 𝜁𝑒 )(𝜂𝑒+1 − 𝜂𝑒 )
(𝜁 − 𝜁𝑒 )(𝜂 − 𝜂𝑒 ) (𝜁𝑒+1 − 𝜁)(𝜂 − 𝜂𝑒 )
𝑆3 = , 𝑆4 = . (36)
(𝜁𝑒+1 − 𝜁𝑒 )(𝜂𝑒+1 − 𝜂𝑒 ) (𝜁𝑒+1 − 𝜁𝑒 )(𝜂𝑒+1 − 𝜂𝑒 )
The model of finite elements of the equations thus developed is given by:
11 [𝐿12 ] [𝐿13 ] [𝐿14 ] [𝐿15 ] [𝐿16 ]⎤ ⎡{𝐹 }⎤ ⎡{𝑅1 }⎤
⎡[𝐿 ]
⎢[𝐿21 ] [𝐿22 ] [𝐿23 ] [𝐿24 ] [𝐿25 ] [𝐿26 ]⎥ ⎢ {𝛥} ⎥ ⎢{𝑅2 }⎥
⎢ 31 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢[𝐿 ] [𝐿32 ] [𝐿33 ] [𝐿34 ] [𝐿35 ] [𝐿36 ]⎥ ⎢{𝐺}⎥ ⎢{𝑅3 }⎥
= (37)
⎢[𝐿41 ] [𝐿42 ] [𝐿43 ] [𝐿44 ] [𝐿45 ] [𝐿45 ]⎥ ⎢ {𝜃} ⎥ ⎢{𝑅4 }⎥
⎢[𝐿51 ] [𝐿52 ] [𝐿53 ] [𝐿54 ] [𝐿55 ] [𝐿56 ]⎥⎥ ⎢⎢{𝛷}⎥⎥ ⎢⎢{𝑅5 }⎥⎥
⎢ 61
⎣[𝐿 ] [𝐿62 ] [𝐿63 ] [𝐿64 ] [𝐿65 ] [𝐿66 ]⎦ ⎣{𝛶 }⎦ ⎣{𝑅6 }⎦
Where [𝐿𝑚𝑛 ] and [𝑟𝑚 ] (m,n=1,2,3,4) are defined as:
𝑑𝑆𝑗
𝐿11
𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 , 𝐿12
𝑖𝑗 = − 𝑆𝑖 𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝛺𝑒 , 𝐿13 14 15 21
𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 0,
∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒
𝑑𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑆𝑗 1 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑗
𝐿22
𝑖𝑗 = −(1 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝛼𝑊 𝑒 𝛥̄ 𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + (1 − 𝜁)𝜂 𝑆 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝜁 𝐹̄ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒
∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 4 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂
𝜁 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝜆 𝜁
− ̄ 𝑖 𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝛺𝑒 − 𝜁 (1 − 𝜁)
𝛥𝑆 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 −
𝑀𝜁
𝑆 𝑆 𝑑𝛺 , 𝐿23 = 1 𝜁 𝑆 𝑆 𝑑𝛺 ,
∫
2 𝛺𝑒 2 ∫ 𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜁 2 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑗 𝑒 𝑖𝑗 2 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑗 𝑒

𝐿24
𝑖𝑗 = 𝜆𝜃 𝜁 𝑆𝑖 𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝛺𝑒 , 𝐿25
𝑖𝑗 = −𝜆𝛷 𝜆𝜃 𝜁 𝑆𝑖 𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝛺𝑒 , 𝐿26
𝑖𝑗 = −𝜆𝛶 𝜆𝜃 𝜁 𝑆𝑖 𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝛺𝑒 , 𝐿31 32
𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 0,
∫𝛺𝑒 ∫𝛺𝑒 ∫𝛺𝑒
𝑑𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗 1 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑗
𝐿33
𝑖𝑗 = −(1 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝛼𝑊 𝑒 𝐺̄ 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + (1 − 𝜁)𝜂 𝑆 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝜁 𝐹̄ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒
∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 4 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂
𝑑𝑆𝑗
− 𝜁 ̄ 𝑖 𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝛺𝑒 − 𝜁 (1 − 𝜁) 𝑑𝛺𝑒 −
𝑀𝜁
𝑆 𝑆 𝑑𝛺 , 𝐿34 = 𝐿35 36 41 42 43
∫𝛺𝑒
𝛥𝑆
2
𝑆
∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑑𝜁 2 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑗 𝑒 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 0,

𝑑𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑃𝑟 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑗

𝐿44
𝑖𝑗 = − 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + (1 − 𝜁)𝜂 𝑆 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝑃 𝑟𝜁 𝐹̄ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝑃 𝑟𝑁𝑏 𝛷̄ ′ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒
∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 4 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂
𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑃 𝑟𝜁 𝑑𝑆𝑗
+ 𝑃 𝑟𝑁𝑡 𝜃̄ ′ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 − (1 − 𝜁) 𝑆 𝑑𝛺𝑒 , 𝐿45 46 51 52 53
𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 0,
∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 2 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑑𝜁
𝑁𝑡 𝑑𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑆 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑗
𝐿54
𝑖𝑗 = − 𝑑𝛺𝑒 , 𝐿55
𝑖𝑗 = − ∫ 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝑐 (1 − 𝜁)𝜂 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝑆𝑐 𝜁 𝐹̄ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒
𝑁𝑏 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 4 ∫ 𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 ∫ 𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂
𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗
− 𝑆𝑐 𝜁(1 − 𝜁) 𝑆 𝑑𝛺𝑒 , 𝐿56 61 62 63 64 65
𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 0, 𝐿𝑖𝑗 = 𝑃𝑒 𝛿1 ∫ 𝑑𝛺𝑒 ,
∫𝛺𝑒 𝑖 𝑑𝜁 𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂
𝑑𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑆 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝑆𝑗
𝐿66
𝑖𝑗 = − 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝑏 (1 − 𝜁)𝜂 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 + 𝑆𝑏 𝜁 𝐹̄ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 − 𝑃𝑒 𝛷̄ ′ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒
∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 𝑑𝜂 4 ∫ 𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂 ∫𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜂

663
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Fig. 2. Comparison with already published results of Takhar et al. [22].

Table 1
Study of grid independence for different grid sizes at 𝜁 = 1.0.
Grid size 𝐹 ′′ (𝜁, 0) −𝐺′ (𝜁, 0) −𝜃 ′ (𝜁, 0) −𝛷′ (𝜁, 0) −𝛶 ′ (𝜁, 0)
15 × 15 2.7927 1.8679 0.4879 0.8159 1.4528
40 × 40 2.9416 1.7432 0.4915 0.7681 1.3003
70 × 70 2.9431 1.6995 0.4897 0.7660 1.2851
100 × 100 2.9428 1.6992 0.4891 0.7649 1.2824
120 × 120 2.9427 0.6990 0.4889 0.7645 1.2820

𝑆𝑏 𝜁 𝑑𝑆𝑗
− 𝑃𝑒 𝛷̄ ′′ 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝑆𝑗 𝑑𝛺𝑒 − (1 − 𝜁) 𝑆𝑖 𝑑𝛺𝑒 ,
∫𝛺𝑒 2 ∫ 𝛺𝑒 𝑑𝜁
and
𝜕𝛥 𝜁 𝑀𝜁 𝜕𝐺
𝑅1𝑖 = 0, 𝑅2𝑖 = −(1 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑠 − ( +
𝑆𝑖 𝑛𝜂 ) 𝑆 𝑛 𝑑𝑠, 𝑅3𝑖 = −(1 − 𝛼) 𝑆𝑛 𝑑𝑠,
∮𝛤𝑒
𝜕𝜂 2 2 ∮𝛤𝑒 𝑖 𝜂 ∮𝛤𝑒 𝑖 𝜂 𝜕𝜂
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝛷 𝑁 𝜕𝜃
𝑅4𝑖 = − 𝑆𝑛 𝑑𝑠, 𝑅5𝑖 = − 𝑆𝑛 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑆𝑛 𝑑𝑠,
∮𝛤𝑒 𝑖 𝜂 𝜕𝜂 ∮𝛤𝑒 𝑖 𝜂 𝜕𝜂 𝑁𝑏 ∮𝛤𝑒 𝑖 𝜂 𝜕𝜂
𝜕𝛶 𝜕𝛷
𝑅6𝑖 = − 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑃𝑒 𝛿1
𝑆𝑖 𝑛𝜂 𝑆𝑛 𝑑𝑠. (38)
∮𝛤𝑒 𝜕𝜂 ∮𝛤𝑒 𝑖 𝜂 𝜕𝜂
∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑
where, 𝐹̄ = 4𝑗=1 𝐹̄𝑗 𝑆𝑗 , 𝛥̄ = 4𝑗=1 𝛥̄𝑗 𝑆𝑗 , 𝐺̄ = 4𝑗=1 𝐺̄ 𝑗 𝑆𝑗 , 𝜃̄ ′ = 4𝑗=1 𝜃̄𝑗′ 𝑆𝑗 , 𝛷̄ ′ = 4𝑗=1 𝛷̄ 𝑗′ 𝑆𝑗 , and 𝛶̄ = 4𝑗=1 𝛶̄ 𝑗 𝑆𝑗 assumed to be the
known values. The domain is divided into equal size grid of rectangular elements 101 × 101. Evaluate six functions at each node,
acquired 61206 equations after assembly are non-linear, so an iterative scheme is utilize to solve it with 10−5 required precision. After
boundary condition imposing, Gauss elimination method is used to solved obtained system of equations and Gaussian quadrature
is utilized to solved integrations.

4. Results and discussion

A viable solution for the finally established PDEs (11) to (15) associated with the constraints on the surface of sphere (16)–(17)
is required to present physical exploration of this problem. Any closed form output is as usually difficult because of inherent non-
linearity involved due to convective terms. The implementation of above noted FE method based on Galerkin discretization provided
reliable numerical solution. To justify the validity of finite element computations, a study for grid independence is conducted. The
whole domain is divided into different mesh density of grids size, and observe no more variation after 100 × 100, so we fixed the
all computations on 100 × 100 grid size (see Table 1). The finite element computations for friction factor along with axial and
transverse directions 𝐹 ′′ (𝜁 , 0) and −𝐺′ (𝜁 , 0), and the Nusselt number 𝜃 ′ (𝜁 , 0) respectively tabulated in Table 2 for different values of
rotation parameter 𝜆 = 1.0; 4.0; 10.0. It is observed from Table 1 that the numerical results so obtained are in good correlation with
the results reported by Lee et al. Lee et al. [23]. As seen from Figs. 2(a) and 2(b), where the sketches are presented respectively
for skin friction factors 𝐹 ′′ (𝜁 , 0) and −𝐺′ (𝜁 , 0) convince the validity of FE solution via their close agreement with the existing data
of Takar et al. [22]. After ensuring the reliability of FE scheme, detailed computations are enumerated to observe variation of the
dependent variables due to controlling parameters. The default values of the parameters in the study were: 𝛼 = 0.1, 𝜆𝛷 = 𝜆𝛶 = 0.5,
𝜆𝜃 = 1.0, 𝑃𝑟 = 0.72, 𝑀 = 5.0, 𝑁𝑏 = 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑊𝑒 = 0.2, 𝜆1 = 5.0, 𝑆𝑐 = 2.0, 𝑆𝑏 = 2.0, 𝑃𝑒 = 0.4, and 𝛿1 = 0.2.
After ensuring the reliability of FE scheme, detailed computations are enumerated to observe variation of the dependent variables
due to controlling parameters. Fig. 3(a) portrays significant upsurge in the 𝑥-direction velocity of fluid in the boundary regime when
parameter of rotation 𝜆1 as well as Weissenberg number (𝑊𝑒 ) are made larger. During the rotation of sphere Coriolis force comes into

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Fig. 3. Variation of 𝐹 ′ (𝜁, 𝜂) along with 𝜆1 , 𝑊𝑒 , 𝑀, and 𝜆𝜃 .

Fig. 4. Variation of 𝐹 ′ (𝜁, 𝜂) along with 𝜆𝛷 , 𝜆𝛶 , and 𝜏.

Fig. 5. Variation of 𝐺(𝜁, 𝜂) along with 𝑀, 𝜆𝜃 , and 𝜏.

play that produces a supporting push to the flow along 𝑥-direction. Fig. 3(b) presents delineation of horizontal velocity 𝐹 ′ (𝜁 , 𝜂) as it
is influenced by magnetic parameter 𝑀. This is an interesting result which indicates that fluid becomes slower for 𝑀 small than the
𝑀 large. The thermal buoyancy parameter 𝜆𝜃 bears meager effect on 𝑓 ′ (𝜁 , 𝜂). The larger buoyancy effects also helped to strengthen
this flow in 𝑥-direction. In Fig. 4(a), the buoyancy ratio parameter 𝜆𝛷 and bio convection Rayleigh number 𝜆𝛶 are correlated when
these parameters are increased, a notable decline in velocity is reported, but the larger inputs of unsteady parameter on provides
notable support in development of 𝐹 ′ (𝜁 , 𝜂)𝑐𝑓 𝑧 (see Fig. 4(b)). From Fig. 5(a), it is seen that the thermal buoyancy parameter as well
as magnetic parameter 𝑀 are responsible for noteable decrement of fluids speed 𝐺(𝜁 , 𝜂) along 𝑦-direction. The impeding impact
of 𝑀 on 𝐺(𝜁 , 𝜂) is caused by resistive force (Lorentz force) which produces due to the interaction of electric and magnetic fields.
Fig. 5(b) exhibits receding flow in 𝑦-direction against the higher impacts of parameter of unsteady (𝜏).

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Fig. 6. Variation of 𝐶𝑓𝑥 (skin friction along 𝑥-direction) along with 𝜆1 , 𝑊𝑒 , 𝑀, and 𝜆𝜃 .

Fig. 7. Variation of 𝐶𝑓𝑥 (skin friction along 𝑥-direction) along with 𝜆𝛷 and 𝜆𝛶 , and 𝐶𝑓𝑧 (along 𝑧-direction) against 𝑀 and 𝜆𝜃 .

Figs. 6 and 7 are sketched to reveal the varying behavior of skin friction factor (𝑐𝑓 𝑥 ) along the 𝑥-direction versus 𝜁. (0 ≤ 𝜁 ≤ 1).
It is seen that the skin friction (𝑐𝑓 𝑥 )grows rapidly with 𝜁 (𝜁 = 1 − 𝑒−𝜏 ). It means when 𝑡 = 0, sphere is at rest and 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 is the
least and when the time span for rotation of sphere increases 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 attains notable higher magnitude. The plot of skin friction
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 along the 𝑥-direction and along 𝑧-direction are delineated respectively in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b). The Weissenberg number (𝑊𝑒 ),
rotating, magnetic, and thermal buoyancy parameters are correlated when these parameters are increased, the larger inputs of these
parameters provide notable support in development of 𝑐𝑓 𝑧 . The plot of skin friction 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 along the 𝑥-direction and along 𝑧-direction are
delineated respectively in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b). The Weissenberg number (𝑊𝑒 ), rotating, magnetic, and thermal buoyancy parameters
are correlated when these parameters are increased, the larger inputs of these parameters provide notable support in development
of 𝑐𝑓 𝑧 . In Fig. 7(a), the buoyancy ratio parameter 𝜆𝛷 and bio convection Rayleigh number 𝜆𝛶 are correlated when these parameters
are increased the larger inputs of parameter on provides notable support in decline of 𝑐𝑓 𝑧 , but in Fig. 7(b), the growing magnetic
and thermal buoyancy increased 𝑐𝑓 𝑧 .
From Fig. 8(a), it is seen that the rotating parameter as well as Weissenberg number (𝑊𝑒 ) are responsible for noteable decrement
of fluids temperature 𝜃(𝜁, 𝜂). The impeding impact of 𝑀 on 𝜃(𝜁 , 𝜂) is caused by resistive force (Lorentz force) which produces due
to the interaction of electric and magnetic fields. Fig. 8(b) exhibits the incremented values of the parameters of Brownian motion
(𝑁𝑏 ) and thermophoresis parameter (𝑁𝑡 ) by their physical nature are responsible to increase the temperature 𝜃(𝜁 , 𝜂). The higher 𝑁𝑏
means fast irregular movement of nano particle to be vastly dispersed in the flow domain to enhance thermal distribution. Also, the
thermophoretic effect causes the nano entities transportation from hotter place to colder one which results in raising the degree of
𝜃(𝜁 , 𝜂). Fig. 9(a–b) presents delineation of temperature 𝜃(𝜁 , 𝜂) as it is influenced by magnetic parameter 𝑀, thermal buoyancy (𝜆𝜃 ),
and unsteady (𝜏) parameters. This is an interesting result which indicates that fluid temperature becomes lesser for 𝑀 large than
the 𝑀 small. The thermal buoyancy parameter 𝜆𝜃 bears decline effect on 𝜃(𝜁 , 𝜂). Fig. 9(b) exhibits receding temperature against the
higher impacts of parameter of unsteady (𝜏). The absolute value of Nusselt number −𝜃(𝜁 , 0) as plotted in Fig. 10(a), depicts that
there is significant increase in −𝜃(𝜁 , 0) versus independent variable 𝜁 (𝜁 = 1 − 𝑒−𝜏 ). In addition, it is observed that the influence
of parameters (𝑁𝑏 ) and (𝑁𝑡 ) also imparted decreasing impact on −𝜃(𝜁 , 0). Fig. 10(b) portrays the increasing behavior of −𝜃(𝜁 , 0)
against the increments in the parameters /numbers 𝑀 and 𝜆𝜃 .
The sketches of the volume fraction 𝛷(𝜁 , 𝜂) of nano particles depicts its variation under the influence of parameter 𝑁𝑡 , 𝜏, and 𝑁𝑏 ,
as shown in Fig. 11 (a–b). It is revealed that 𝛷(𝜁 , 𝜂) enhances directly with 𝑁𝑏 when the random motion of particles (nano) become
faster, concentration is also increased. However, the increasing strength of the parameter of thermophoresis (𝑁𝑡 ), and unsteady

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Fig. 8. Variation of 𝜃(𝜁, 𝜂) along with 𝜆1 , 𝑊𝑒 , 𝑁𝑏 , and 𝑁𝑡 .

Fig. 9. Variation of 𝜃(𝜁, 𝜂) along with 𝑀, 𝜆𝜃 , and 𝜏.

Fig. 10. Variation of 𝑁𝑢 (Nusselt number) along with 𝑁𝑏 , 𝑁𝑡 , 𝑀, and 𝜆𝜃 .

parameter (𝜏) caused to depreciate 𝛷(𝜁 , 𝜂). Plots for Sherwood number −𝛷(𝜁 , 0) versus 𝜁 (𝜁 = 1 − 𝑒−𝜏 ) are delineated in Fig. 12 for
variant inputs of 𝜆𝜃 , 𝜆1 , 𝑀, and 𝑊𝑒 . It is seen that local mass transfer rate at the surface of sphere rises notably for larger 𝜁, 𝜆𝜃 ,
𝜆1 , 𝑀, and 𝑊𝑒 . The microorganism distribution 𝛶 (𝜁 , 𝜂) is a decreasing function of the numbers 𝐿𝑏 , 𝑃𝑒 , and 𝜏 as depicted in Fig. 13
(a–b). When the parameter 𝐿𝑏 , 𝑃𝑒 , and 𝜏 effect the flow of the fluid in a such a way that 𝛶 (𝜁 , 𝜂) lowers down, the number 𝐿𝑏 and
𝑃𝑒 are reciprocated with diffusivity coefficient of microorganism to decrease the function 𝛶 (𝜁 , 𝜂). Fig. 14 demonstrate a significant
rise in the absolute value of microorganism density number −𝛶 (𝜁 , 0) against the variable 𝜁 (𝜁 = 1 − 𝑒−𝜏 ). Moreover, Fig. 14(a) also
indicate upsurge in −𝛶 (𝜁 , 0) when the parameter 𝜆𝜃 , and 𝑀 are incremented. Fig. 14(b) shows vivid rising impact of the numbers
𝑃𝑒 and 𝐿𝑏 on −𝛶 (𝜁 , 0). The numbers 𝑃𝑒 made greater impact with larger 𝜁. The number 𝐿𝑏 shows its significant role for all values
of −𝛶 (𝜁 , 0).

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Fig. 11. Variation of 𝛷(𝜁, 𝜂) along with 𝑁𝑏 , 𝑁𝑡 , and 𝜏.

Fig. 12. Variation of 𝑆ℎ𝑟 (Sherwood number) along with 𝑀, 𝜆𝜃 , 𝜆1 , and 𝑊𝑒 .

Fig. 13. Variation of 𝛶 (𝜁, 𝜂) along with 𝑃 𝑒, 𝐿𝑏, and 𝜏.

5. Conclusions

Tangent hyperbolic nanofluid subject to Lorentz and buoyancy forces, and dynamics of bioconvection flow and thermal
transportation close to stagnation point of a sphere in rotation is examined theoretically. The roles of sundry parameters are
evaluated to grasp insight of the physical nature of this problem and following remarks can be concluded:

• The horizontal remains significant upsurge in the 𝑥-direction velocity of fluid in the boundary regime when parameters of
rotation, magnetic, buoyancy, time dependent, and Weissenberg number are made larger, but it is seen that the thermal
buoyancy parameter, time dependent as well as magnetic parameter are responsible for noteable decrement of fluids speed
along 𝑦-direction.

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Fig. 14. Variation of 𝑁𝑥 (𝜁, 0) (bioconvection Sherwood number) along with 𝑀, 𝜆𝜃 , 𝑃 𝑒, and 𝐿𝑏.

• The skin friction factor along the 𝑥-direction is the least and when the time span for rotation of sphere, Weissenberg number,
thermal buoyancy, and magnetic parameters increase its magnitude is improved significantly.
• The buoyancy ratio parameter, bio convection Rayleigh number and magnetic parameter provide support in development to
skin friction factor along 𝑧-direction
• The fluid temperature is decreased due to larger rotating, Weissenberg number, time dependent, and magnetic parameters,
but opposite trend is reported against. Brownian motion and thermophoresis.
• The absolute value of Nusselt number is raised with growing rotation and buoyancy, but is diminishes against Brownian
motion, buoyancy ratio, and thermophoresis.
• The volume fraction of nano particles is improved with Brownian motion. However, the larger inputs to the parameters of
thermophoresis and time dependent depreciate it.
• The motile microorganism profile is decreased against Peclet number, bioconvection Lewis number, and time dependent
parameters (see Table 2).

Nomenclature

(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) Cartesian co-ordinates

𝑁𝑢𝑥 Nusselt number
𝐶𝑓 𝑥 Skin friction coefficient
𝜇𝑛𝑓 Dynamic viscosity
𝜌𝑛𝑓 Density
𝐷𝑏 Brownian diffusion coefficient
𝜎𝑛𝑓 Electrical conductivity
𝐷𝑇 Thermophoretic diffusion coefficient
𝐷𝑚 Microorganisms diffusivity factor
𝛾 Average volume of microorganisms
𝜌𝑝 Nanoparticles density
𝜌𝑚 Microorganism density
𝑏 Chemotaxis constant
𝐵0 Constant strength of magnetic field
𝛺 Constant angular velocity
𝐶∞ Nanoparticles concentration away from the surface
𝐶𝑤 Surface nanoparticles concentration
𝑇𝑤 Temperature at surface
𝑇∞ Temperature away from the surface
𝑛∞ Motile concentration away from the surface
𝑛𝑤 Motile concentration at the surface
𝛽𝑡 Thermal expansion coefficient
𝑔 Gravity acceleration
𝑅 Radius of sphere

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Table 2
Comparison of skin friction 𝐹 ′′ (𝜁, 0), −𝐺′ (𝜁, 0), and 𝜃 ′ (𝜁, 0) for various values of 𝜆1 (rotating parameter) at
𝑃 𝑟 = 𝜁 = 1.0 when ignore other involved parameters.
𝜆1 Lee et al. [23] Present results
𝐹 ′′ (𝜁, 0) −𝐺′ (𝜁, 0) 𝜃 ′ (𝜁, 0) 𝐹 ′′ (𝜁, 0) −𝐺′ (𝜁, 0) 𝜃 ′ (𝜁, 0)
1.00 1.1129 0.7849 0.5536 1.112923 0.784891 0.553611
4.00 1.6233 0.8463 0.5897 1.623160 0.846386 0.589738
10.0 2.5216 0.9362 0.6432 2.522032 0.936244 0.643235

𝑡 Time
(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) Velocity components
𝛼 Power law index
𝑃𝑟 Prandtl number
𝛤 Williamson parameter

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

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