Ucsp Module 1.1 2022-2023

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION III – CENTRAL LUZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF ZAMBALES
SUBIC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
MANGAN-VACA, SUBIC, ZAMBALES
_____________________________________________________________________
UNIT LEARNING MODULE IN
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
MODULE 1.1
INTRODUCTION TO UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Name of Student: _______________________________________

Grade & Section: _______________________________________
Contact Number: _______________________________________
Date of Distribution: _______________________________________
Date of Submission: _______________________________________
UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 1 OF 57

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
INTRODUCTION TO UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND
POLITICS
Welcome to the study of culture, society, and politics. As you move

forward in the discussions, you will begin to understand that your
daily experiences are connected with the realities and
phenomena that define our society.
The events that have defined your lives up to the present are a
product of the processes and interactions within our society.
Social, cultural, and political issues go beyond the news and
classroom discussions. As you learn the concepts, theories, and
views that shaped and defined how we view and examine the
various aspects of Philippine culture, society, and politics, you will
realize that these topics have been closely intertwined with our
experiences. To study them is to take a closer and more
meaningful look into our own lives and the larger forces that shape
our community and nation.
At the end of the chapter, the students will be able to;
1. define the concept of identity and relate it to society and
culture;
2. define the social sciences and describe its various fields of
study,
3. discuss how each social science contributes to
understanding society, culture, and politics;
4. describe how social backgrounds shape views about
society and the world;
5. analyze social, political, and cultural change, and give
examples of each;
6. relate their observations on social differences, social
change, and identities, and discuss their interrelatedness;
and,
7. demonstrate an interest and willingness to explore the
origins and dynamics of culture, society, and politics.

UNIT OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Culture, Society, and Politics introduces the

fundamental concepts in studying the course. The concept of
identity is discussed as a significant influence on individual and
group behavior, and the chapter relates it to culture, society,
and change.
Essential to understanding Philippine society and culture are
the views, theories, and ideas taken from the social sciences,
particularly Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science.
CHAPTER 2
Understanding Culture and Society takes a closer look at society

and gives an overview of its development. Culture, its
characteristics, and various aspects are discussed together with
related concepts.
The three disciplines of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political
Science are discussed, focusing on their views regarding the
study of society and culture.

INTRODUCTION TO CULTURE, SOCIETY,
AND POLITICS
IDENTITY, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY

Wave migration theory - the Philippines
The Wave Migration Theory is arguably the most widely known

of the prehistoric theories of population development in the
Philippines.
Created by Henry Otley Beyer,

founder of the Anthropology
Department of the University of
the Philippines, the theory draws
on his expertise of the history of
the archipelago and has gone
on to influence the theories of a
new generation of
anthropologists. As a result,
Beyer is considered by many to
be the leader in this field.
Beyer’s popular theory suggests that the ancestors of modern

Filipinos traveled to the archipelago in different “waves of
migration”. These included the following waves:

250,000 years ago - “Dawn Man”, a cave-man type human who
was related to Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Homo
erectus specimens, was present in the Philippines. 
30,000 years ago - The Negritos, an aboriginal group of hunters and
gatherers, arrived in the archipelago via land bridges.
6,000 years ago - A group from Indonesia called Indones, capable
of traveling across the sea and wielding tools became the first
immigrants to reach the Philippines using the ocean.
3,000 years ago - The Civilised and seafaring Malays brought Iron
Age culture to the Philippines and became the dominant group
ahead of the arrival of the Spanish in the pre-colonial period.
Unfortunately, Beyer has been unable to find definitive evidence
that supports his theory. Additionally, as general theories of
anthropology and evolution develop, it has begun to look
increasingly outdated. One particular issue is its reliance on the
theory of progressive evolution, which suggests that species all
innately develop towards a particular goal.
In addition, many have argued that the theory’s suggestion that
the original settlers of the lowland regions of the Philippines - and
the dominant force behind modern Filipino culture - was the
Malays seems unlikely due to the lack of evidence to suggest as
much. Meanwhile, modern evidence also suggests that there was
no land bridge that would have allowed the Negritos to travel over
to the Philippines, and no evidence to support the theory of a
“Dawn Man”.

In spite of this, Beyer has arguably gone on to influence a number
of theorists, including Willhelm Solheim, and remains a prominent
figure in the world of Filipino history and anthropology.
Jocano’s Theory
Renowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa

Jocano disputes Beyer’s belief that Filipinos
descended from Negritoes and Malays who migrated
to the Philippines thousands of years ago. According
to Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were
the first inhabitants of this country. The only thing that
can positively conclude from fossil evidence, he says
is that the first men who came to the Philippines also
went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia.
In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a jaw presumed

to be of human origin were found in the Tabon Caves
of Palawan by archaeologists Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago, who both
worked for the National Museum. Carbon dating placed their age at 21,000 to
22,000 years. This proves Jocano argues, that man came earlier to the
Philippines than to the Malay Peninsula; therefore, the first inhabitants of our
islands could not have come from the region. The “Tabon Man” is said to
resemble Java Man and Peking Man. He gathered fruits, leaves, and plants for
his food. He hunted with weapons made of stone. Although further research is
still being done on his life and culture, evidence shows that he was already
capable of using his brain in order to survive and keep himself safe.
Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano

advances the Evolution Theory, as a better
explanation of how our country was first
inhabited by human beings, Jocano believes
that the first people of Southeast Asia were
products of a long process of evolution and
migration. His research indicates that they
shared more or less the same culture, beliefs,
practices, and even similar tools and
implements. These people eventually went
their separate ways; some migrated to the
Philippines, the others to New Guinea, Java,
and Borneo. Proof, Jocano says, can be found
in the fossils discovered in different parts of
Southeast Asia, as well as the recorded migrations
of other peoples from the Asian mainland when
history began to unfold. Continue to Spanish
Expeditions to the Philippines. Also, see "About the
Philippines".
A less rigid version of the earlier wave migration

theory is the Core Population Theory first
proposed by anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano of
the University of the Philippines. This theory holds
that there weren't clear discrete waves of migration. Instead, it suggests early
inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic group with a similar
culture, but through a gradual process over time driven by environmental factors,
differentiated themselves from one another.
Jocano contends that what fossil evidence of ancient men shows is that they not
only migrated to the Philippines, but also to New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia.
He says that there is no way of determining if they were Negritos at all. However,
what is sure is that there is evidence the Philippines was inhabited tens of
thousands of years ago. In 1962, a skull cap and a portion of a jaw, presumed to
be those of a human being, were found in Tabon Cave in Palawan.
The nearby charcoal from cooking fires has been dated to c. 22,000 years ago.
While Palawan was connected directly to Sundaland during the last ice age (and
separated from the rest of the Philippines by the Mindoro Strait), Callao Man's
still-older remains (c. 67,000 B.P.) were discovered in northern Luzon. Some
have argued that this may show settlement of the Philippines earlier than that of
the Malay Peninsula.
Jocano further believes that the present Filipinos are products of the long process
of cultural evolution and movement of people. This not only holds true for
Filipinos but for the Indonesians and the Malays of Malaysia, as well. No group
among the three is culturally or genetically dominant. Hence, Jocano says that it
is not correct to attribute the Filipino culture as being Malayan in orientation.
According to Jocano's findings, the people of the prehistoric islands of Southeast

Asia were of the same population as the combination of human evolution that
occurred in the islands of Southeast Asia about 1.9 million years ago. The
claimed evidence for this is fossil material found in different parts of the region
and the movements of other people from the Asian mainland during historic
times. He states that these ancient men cannot be categorized under any of the

historically identified ethnic groups (Malays, Indonesians, and Filipinos) of
today.
Other prominent anthropologists like Robert Bradford Fox, Alfredo E.

Evangelista, Jesus Peralta, Zeus A. Salazar, and Ponciano L. Bennagen agreed
with Jocano. Some still preferred Beyer's theory as the more acceptable model,
including anthropologist E. Arsenio Manuel.
Modern theories
Modern theories of the peopling of the Philippines islands are interpreted against
the backdrop of the migrations of the wider Austronesian peoples. They
comprise two major schools of thought, the "Out of Sundaland" models and the
"Out of Taiwan" model. Of the two, however, the most widely accepted
hypothesis is the Out-of-Taiwan model, which largely corresponds to linguistic,
genetic, archaeological, and cultural evidence.
It has since been strengthened by genetic and archaeological studies that broadly
agree with the timeline of the Austronesian expansion.
Out of Sundaland
The various "Out of Sundaland" hypotheses, posited by a minority of modern
authors and differing slightly in the details, are similar to F. Landa Jocano's
"Core Population" hypothesis. However, instead of the Philippines, they assume
the origin of the Austronesian peoples as being the now sunken Sundaland
landmass (modern Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula). These
models have been criticized as relying only on mtDNA genetic data without
accounting for admixture events, thus having results that mistakenly combine
the much older Paleolithic Negrito populations with the newer Neolithic
Austronesian peoples.

The Austronesian Migration
Mainland Origin Theory (Peter Bellwood)

The larger Austronesian migration had its stimulus with the beginning of
agriculture in Central China about 9000 years ago.
They moved to Taiwan either by raft or canoes and as the movement began and
as it spread, they developed better techniques for acquiring food from the sea
and building boats and so they spread further.
They went to the Philippines moving rapidly by boats. Then Indonesia, Pacific,
and Madagascar

Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network
A notable model among the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis is
Wilhelm Solheim II's "Nusantao Maritime Trading and
Communication Network". It posited an alternative model based
on the maritime movement of people over different directions and
routes. It suggests that people with distant origins from 50,000 years
ago in the area of present-day coastal eastern Vietnam and
Southern China had moved to the area of the Bismarck Islands
south and east of Mindanao and developed into the Austronesian
cultures. They supposedly later spread among seafarers from the
area to the rest of Island Southeast Asia and areas along the South
China Sea. In support of this idea, Solheim notes there is little or no
indication that Pre- or Proto Malayo-Polynesian was present in
Taiwan. According to Solheim, "The one thing I feel confident in
saying is that all native Southeast Asians are closely related
culturally, genetically and to a lesser degree linguistically."
Out of Taiwan
The most widely accepted hypothesis today is the "Out of Taiwan"
model, first proposed by Peter Bellwood. Although originally largely
based on linguistic evidence, it has corresponded to
archaeological, cultural, and genetic findings later on; including
whole-genome sequencing data, rather than the mtDNA
sequencing relied upon by "Out of Sundaland" proponents.
In this hypothesis, the first Austronesians reached the Philippines at
around 2200 BC from Taiwan, settling the Batanes Islands and
northern Luzon. From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the
rest of the islands of the Philippines and Southeast Asia, as well as
voyaging further east to reach the Northern Mariana Islands by
around 1500 BC. They assimilated the earlier Negrito groups which
arrived during the Paleolithic, resulting in the modern Filipino ethnic
groups which all display various ratios of genetic admixture
between Austronesian and Negrito groups.
A 2021 genetic study, which examined representatives of 115
indigenous communities, found evidence of at least five
independent waves of early human migration. Negrito groups,
divided between those in Luzon and those in Mindanao, may
come from a single wave and diverge subsequently, or through
two separate waves.
This likely occurred sometime after 46,000 years ago. Another
Negrito migration entered Mindanao sometime after 25,000 years
ago. Two early East Asian waves (Austroasiatic and possible
Austric) were detected, one most strongly evidenced among the
Manobo people who live in inland Mindanao, and the other in the
Sama-Bajau and related people of the Sulu archipelago,
Zamboanga Peninsula, and Palawan. The admixture found in the
Sama people indicates a relationship with the Lua and Mlabri
people of mainland Southeast Asia and reflects a similar genetic
signal found in western Indonesia. These happened sometime
after 15,000 years ago and 12,000 years ago respectively, around
the time the last glacial period was coming to an end.
Austronesians, either from Southern China or Taiwan, were found
to have come in at least two distinct waves. The first, occurring
perhaps between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, brought the
ancestors of indigenous groups that today live around the
Cordillera Central mountain range. Later migrations brought other
Austronesian groups, along with agriculture, and the languages of
these recent Austronesian migrants effectively replaced those
existing populations. In all cases, new immigrants appear to have
mixed to some degree with existing populations. The integration of
Southeast Asia into Indian Ocean trading networks around 2,000
years ago also shows some impact, with South Asian genetic
signals present within some Sama-Bajau communities.
Chinese
Studies suggest that pre-colonial Filipinos were actively trading
with the Chinese and other southeast Asian countries. Until now
there are lots of Chinese in the country that dominate lots of
industries.
Filipino and Chinese cultures indeed fused together as they
married and raised their families under both cultural influences. As
a result, a lot of Chinese traditions and beliefs like Chinese New
Year, Feng Shui, and other superstitions are widely practiced in the
Philippines. Another major influence of the Chinese on the
Philippines is on food. A lot of food that Filipinos eat like rice noodles
(pansit), siopao, siomai, and other stir-fries are heavily Chinese
influenced.
Spanish
Three hundred years under the Spanish influence definitely left a
big imprint on our culture -- first and foremost in religion. The
Spaniards were the ones who introduced Christianity to the
Philippines. Hence, fiestas or feasts celebrate patron saints and
other religious celebrations that are still widely practiced in the
Philippines. Needless to say, Filipino cuisine also has lots of Spanish
touches to it like hamonado, longanisa, empanadas, etc...
And oh, if you ask a Filipino what his family name is, chances are
you will get a Spanish name for an answer -- Delos Santos, Dela
Cruz, Alcantara, Garcia, Reyes... yup! All of these are Filipino
surnames. There are also lots of Filipino words that are taken from
Spanish like kutsara (spoon), chicharon (pork rinds), banyo
(bathroom), trabaho (work/labor), kalye (street), among others.
American
After the independence from the Spaniards, the Philippines was
also under the Americans after the Treaty of Paris (1899) ended the
Spanish American War, until 1941 when the Japanese invaded the
Philippines. Gen. Douglas Mac Arthur returned and led to liberate
the Philippines and it was finally given independence as a republic
in 1946.

Those close to fifty years definitely majorly influenced the
Philippines -- let's talk about fast food: hamburgers, hotdogs, and
french fries; then clothing, education system, and of course the
English language. Even the jeepney, which is a symbol of Philippine
transportation was originally made from US Military jeeps from
World War II.
There are lots of English terms that do not have direct Filipino
translation like cake (keyk), ballpen (bolpen), computer
(kompyuter), among others.
What About the Indigenous Filipinos?
There are still some parts of the Philippines where the ethnic Filipino
tribes are living -
mostly in the
mountains or far-flung
areas that the
colonizers were not
able to penetrate.
They were able to
keep their own
cultural identities and
live in their own
ancestral lands. I
have found this
interesting article
discussing the different indigenous tribes of the Philippines if soever
you are interested.
Somehow, the Filipinos lost most of their "identity" due to hundreds
of years of colonization but it could also be treated as a source of
their strengths. They are very adaptable, resilient, and strong
people. You can find them in almost every corner of the globe and
manage to succeed. Not even the strongest typhoon can
dampen their spirits.
A Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of the Philippines
Some elderly Ifugaos, Banaue, Philippines | © rweisswald /

Shutterstock
With over 7,600 islands in the Philippines and three major island
groups, it’s no wonder that different cultural practices, traditions,
and groups are present in the country. Among the archipelago’s
existing communities, there are indigenous tribes who have
managed to keep their cultural identity, despite the non-
recognition and marginalization they’re facing.
Although there are quite a number of indigenous tribes or ethnic
groups in the country, they remain some of the most poor, least
privileged, and impeded members of society. They mostly reside in
the mountains, and hence were not affected by Spanish or
American colonization, which is the primary reason they were able
to retain their customs and traditions.
There are two main ethnic groups comprising several upland and
lowland indigenous tribes living within the Philippines – from the
northern and southern parts of the Philippines. The indigenous
people living in the northern part of the country are called the
Igorots, whereas those non-Muslim indigenous tribes living in the
south are referred to as Lumad.
Igorot Tribes from the Northern Philippines
The Igorots, which comprises numerous tribes in the northern part

of the country, are mostly residing in the mountain ranges of the
Cordillera Region. They are popularly known for being rice
cultivators. An assortment of the group called the Ifugaos built the
Banaue Rice Terraces – frequently called the ‘eighth wonder of the
world’. The ancestors of this indigenous tribe carved a system of
irrigated rice terraces in the mountains of Ifugao more than 2,000
years ago.

https://zenrooms.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/banaue.jpg
The Igorot tribe also includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga,
Kankanaey and Tinguian groups. Other tribes living in the north are
Isnag from Apayao, Gaddang (found between Kalinga and
Isabela provinces), and the Ilongots living within the east
mountains of Luzon called the Sierra Madre and the Caraballo
Mountains. The Ilongots are known for their intense aggressiveness
and cultural conservatism.

Lumad Tribes from the Southern Philippines
Meanwhile, in the southern part of the country, indigenous tribes

are mostly found in Mindanao and Western Visayas. In Mindanao,
these existing non-Muslim indigenous groups are collectively
known as the Lumad – a Cebuano term that means ‘native’ or
‘indigenous’. There Lumad tribes comprise about 13 ethnic groups
which are the Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya,
Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo,
Tasaday, and T’boli. Their tribe is generally known for tribal music
produced by musical instruments they’ve created.
Among those mentioned above, the Manobo tribe includes
further big ethnic groups such as the Ata-Manobo, Agusan-
Manobo, and Dulangan-Manobo to name a few. The total
population of the Manobo group is unknown as they occupy core
areas in the main provinces of the Mindanao Region.

Other major tribes in the country
Apart from the two main indigenous groups mentioned above, the
following tribes have also kept their customs and traditions.
Badjaos
Cagayan de Oro city pier | © RaksyBH / Shutterstock

Originally from the islands of Sulu in Mindanao, they’re known as
the sea tribes living on houseboats. They try to make ends meet by
depending on the sea as divers, fishermen, and navigators.
Because of conflicts in the region, the majority of them has
migrated to neighboring countries such as Malaysia and

Indonesia, whereas those who stayed in the Philippines moved to
some areas in Luzon.
Ati and TumandokOne of the few clans in Visayas, the Ati and
Tumandok tribes of Panay Island are the first to call the island their
home. Genetically related to other indigenous groups in the
country, they mostly resemble the Aetas or Negritos who are
characterised by their dark skin. While some adopted Western
religions, they still carry some animistic beliefs and rituals passed
down by their ancestors.
Palawan Tribes
Palawan is also home to various tribes such as the Batak,
Palaweño, Palawano, and the Tagbanwa. Mostly living in
mountains or lowland dwellings, some of these groups have also
been included in the large Manobo tribe of the South. They have
not totally embraced urban living, with the majority living in more
rural settings.
Mangyan

The Mangyans of Mindoro are well-known clans in the Philippines
because they have the biggest populace. Comprising eight
different Mangyan groups, they have a peaceful reputation,
unlike the headhunting tribes of the North and warrior tribes from
the South. While some have already converted to Christianity,
there’s still a large percentage of those who practice animistic
religious beliefs.
Aetas or Negritos
The Aetas (or Agta or Ayta) are one of the earliest known
inhabitnats of the Philippines who are now living in scattered
mountainous areas of the country. They were called by the
Spanish colonizers as the ‘Negritos’ because of their dark to dark-
brown skin. They are nomadic but are very skilled in weaving and
plaiting, and Aeta women are considered experts in herbal
medicine.

Today, the indigenous groups in the country remain in their original
ancestral lands as they preserve their cultural practices and
traditions. And while the Philippine government passed the
Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997, there are still issues left
unsolved, including their right for inclusion.
Identity is the distinctive characteristic that defines an individual or

is shared by those belonging to a particular group. People may
have multiple identities depending on the groups to which they
belong.
In a family, for instance, one's identity can be that of a daughter,
son, brother, or sister. In school, a person may be a member of the
student council, a club, or an organization. He or she may also be
known as a football player, music enthusiast, and performance
artist.
Identity can also be influenced by other factors such as sexual
orientation and gender (male, female, transgenders, transexuals,
intersex, genderqueers) and nationality (Filipino, Japanese,
French, etc.)
Identity can also change over the course of a person's lifetime. It is
continuously shaped and reshaped through the passage of time
as well as the overall context of one's life cycle, including his or her
activities within the society and interaction with other people.
Young people, for example, identify themselves as sons or
daughters but would eventually become fathers and mothers
when they start their own families. Likewise, when an individual
graduates from school. his or her Identity changes from being a
student into that of a professional doctor, teacher, or police
officer.
One can also be a member of the Roman Catholic faith but may
convert to a non-Catholic Christian group or another religious
group in the future.
Identities are
important because
they shape both
individual and
group behavior as
well as people's
views about other
people and society.
Learning about
one's sell, culture,
and society entails
knowledge about various identities and how these shape peoples'
views and behavior. Reflecting on this enables a person to
appreciate what makes him or her similar to and different from
other people.
(Festival and gatherings are ways of expressing collective and

individual identities)
It also helps a person to understand that identities are relational
and contextual, thereby avoiding the common pitfall of having
misguided notions or prejudices of other people that are solely
based on one's subjective views. One of the food taboos among
Muslims, for instance, is the eating of pork.

A keen sense of other people or groups' identities enables a person
to understand this aspect of Muslim culture, and not regard
Muslims as "weird" for observing this practice. Another case in point
is neighborhood tambays. They are usually regarded as unruly and
are often suspected of theft and other misdemeanors, However,
many of them are
people who have
difficulty in finding
jobs because of
inadequate
employment
opportunities in
the Philippines. If
there are enough
factories or offices
to hire them, they would not want to be istambays forever.
Holistic knowledge and understanding of the characteristics and
overall identities of one's self, of other people, and of different
groups in society can lead to a better world. One concrete way of
achieving this is through constant dialogue and interaction with
each other,
Culture, which is loosely defined as a society's way of life, provides
the basis for forging identities. It allows people to understand
themselves in relation to others and provides them a lens through
which they base what is considered the "right way" of doing things.
There are material and nonmaterial aspects associated with
culture. Clothes, music, and food are examples of material things
that comprise one's culture for example. Interpretations of others'
behavior, especially the basis of what we regard as "right" or
"wrong" are examples of nonmaterial dimensions of culture. Aside
from what is generally regarded as Filipino culture, there are other
subcultures that exist in the Philippines, depending on
geographical origin, religion, and class, among others. All societies
have some form of subcultures. The term "society" refers to a group
of people living in a community. According to MacIver and Page,
"it is a web of social relationships, which is always changing."
Social, Cultural, and Political Change
The concept of identity is related to social, cultural, and political
change. People's individual and collective identities have
oftentimes transformed social order and paved the way for lasting
change.
For instance, when Filipinos first held elections in the 1900s, only
Filipino males could vote and participate in politics. However,
when Filipino women became more educated either in the
Philippines or abroad, they were enlightened about their rights,
particularly suffrage or the right to vote. Consequently, the
campaign for women's suffrage gained ground in the 1930s. The
framers of the 1935 Constitution allowed women to vote by virtue
of a law that was passed by the National Assembly.
The law mandated a plebiscite on the question of Filipino women's
suffrage, which required at least 300,000 votes to grant women the
right to vote. The results of the plebiscite, held in 1937, yielded more
than 400,000 votes in favor of women's suffrage. The outcome
forever changed the way women are regarded in society. Before
attaining the right to vote, women were merely perceived as
nurturers of their families with a limited role in the public sphere. The
suffragist movement is said to be the precursor of current rights that
Filipino women enjoy. It is also a good example of how political
and social changes have transformed Filipino women's identities.
Rapidly advancing technology also has profound implications for
socio-cultural and political change. Because people know more
about what is happening elsewhere in the world, trends in clothing,
hairstyle, fashion style, and food choices, among others have also
been transformed. Now, people across the world are becoming
more similar in tastes than they were fifty years ago.
The phenomenon of international migration has also changed
Filipino identities and beliefs. It is said that 10 percent of the
Philippine population is now abroad either as temporary migrants
or permanent immigrants. With this, Filipinos have grown
accustomed to families with members whose identities are not
entirely Filipino. Some families, for instance, may have children of
mixed races as a result of marriages to foreigners. Filipino emigrants
have also assimilated with other cultures abroad. When they return
to the Philippines, they tend to see the Philippines in the context of
what they saw and experienced abroad. Some aspects of their
beliefs and values may have also changed. Because of the
perceived success of Filipino emigrants, there is a high societal
expectation for those who return from abroad.
Their relatives and neighbors expect them to bring home

pasalubong. They are also regarded as "modern-day heroes" by
both the government and their families for sacrificing to leave their
families and country to earn a better living abroad. Meanwhile,
there is also an increasing number of transnational families, with
members living in different parts of the world. As a result, members
of the family, most especially children, no longer identify with a
household whose members live in the same house. Members of
transnational families primarily interact with each other through
the Internet and other social media platforms.
This is not to say that Filipinos abroad do not have an impact on
their countries of destination. In the United States, particularly in
California, Filipino restaurants and groceries abound. Filipino nurses
are also known abroad because their kindness and care for their
patients, particularly, the elderly-which is a revered Filipino trait.
These examples manifest that international migration is creating
social, cultural, and political changes both here and abroad.
HUMAN CULTURAL VARIATION
Cultural variation refers to the rich diversity in social practices that
different cultures exhibit around the world. Cuisine and art all
change from one culture to the next, but so do gender roles,
economic systems, and social hierarchy among any number of
other humanly organized behaviors.
An example of human variation can be found with a cline. A cline
is a genetic variation between populations of species that are
isolated in their reproduction (such as skin color variation in
humans). Human skin color variation is a selective adaptation that
relates to the populations' proximity to the equator.
Social Differences: The differences among individuals on the basis
of social characteristics and qualities.
CULTURAL VARIATION
• Religion
• Ethnicity
• Nationality

RELIGION
• ‘religare’ a Latin word – ‘to bind together
• It is a system of beliefs and practices, as well as systems of
actions directed toward entities that are above men
• It is an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or
the supernatural
CULTURAL VARIATION
• Religion
• Ethnicity
• Nationality
ETHNICITY
It is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by distinct ethics
or indigenous group.
NATIONALITY
• It is the legal relationship that binds a person and a country.
• It allows the state to protect and have jurisdiction over a
person.
SOCIAL DIFFERENCES
• Gender
• Socio-economic
• Status
• Exceptionality
GENDER
• It is the socially-constructed characteristics of being male of
female.

• Serve as a guide on how males and females think and act
about themselves.
Gender vs Sex
• LGBTQi (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender,
Queer/Questioning, Intersex)
GENDER
• One's sense of self as masculine or feminine regardless of
external genitalia.
• Socially constructed characteristics
• Personality characteristics
SEX
• It is biological
• It refers to a person based on their anatomy
• Bodies
LGBTQi
Lesbian - A woman who is emotionally, romantically, or sexually
attracted to other women.
Gay - Men who are attracted emotionally, romantically, and/or
sexually to men.
Bisexual - A person who is attracted to two sexes or two genders,
but not necessarily simultaneously or equally.

Transgender
Transgender (sometimes shortened to trans or TG) people are
those whose psychological self ("gender identity") differs from the
social expectations for the physical sex they were born with.
Queer/Questioning - a person who is attracted to multiple genders
Intersex - Intersexuality is a set of medical conditions that feature
congenital anomalies of the reproductive and sexual system.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
It refers to the category of persons who have more or less the same
socio-economic privileges.
• Upper class
• Middle class
• Lower class
EXCEPTIONALITY
It refers to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having
physically or mentally challenged conditions
• Personality/ behavior
• Communication (learning disability, speech impairment,
and hearing problems)
• Intellect (mild intellectual & mental development disabilities)
• Physical appearance (blind-low vision)
• Or a combination of more than one specific
exceptionality/disability.

CULTURAL VARIATION BETWEEN CULTURES
If human cultures modify the natural environment, it is also true that
the natural environment initially shaped, and still shapes to some
extent, the culture of society.
Variation Between Cultures
The Japanese diet consists largely of fish, seafood, and vegetables
because Japan is an archipelago and the sea provided consistent
sources of food and, with one-twentieth of the surface of the
United States, there is no room for grazing land for raising beef
cattle. Similarly, climate, soil, and geography affect cultural
aspects.
VARIATION WITHIN CULTURES
SUBCULTURES - A segment of society that shares a distinctive
pattern of mores, folkways, and values which differ from the
pattern of the larger society. It is a culture within a culture. - These
are groups that have specific cultural traits that set them apart
from the dominant culture.
Example of Subculture (Activities done during December in the
United States of America)
HANUKKAH - a lesser Jewish festival,
lasting eight days from the 25th day of
Kislev (in December) and
commemorating the rededication of
the Temple in 165 BC by the
Maccabees after its desecration by
the Syrians. It is marked by the
successive kindling of eight lights.

MENORAH - a candelabrum used in
Jewish worship, especially one with eight
branches and a central socket used at
Hanukkah.
KWANZAA - a secular festival observed by
many African Americans from December
26 to January 1 as a celebration of their
cultural heritage and traditional values.
Example of Subculture
(Activities done during December in the
United States of America) WINTER
SOLSTICE - the solstice that marks the onset of winter, at the time of
the shortest day, about December 22 in the northern hemisphere
and June 21 in the southern hemisphere.

COUNTER CULTURE
It is a group whose values and norms place it at odds with
mainstream society or a group that actively rejects dominant
cultural values and norms. In most Western countries, the 1960s saw
the rise of different countercultural groups and social movements
that sought to dismantle the different inequalities that were then
parts of the dominant culture, such as racism (Civil Rights
movement), sexism (modern Feminist movement), and
homophobia (Gay rights movement).
• More recently, paramilitary groups, militias, and survivalist
groups constitute countercultures as they reject the social
changes that came out of the 1960s and became part of
the mainstream.
• A paramilitary is a semi- militarized force whose
organizational structure, tactics, training, subculture, and
(often) function are similar to those of a professional military,
and which is not included as part of a state's formal armed
forces. MILITIA - a military force that engages in rebel or
terrorist activities, typically in opposition to a regular army.
Falun Gong - a spiritual movement active in China The Chinese
government has banned this movement. Its practitioners are
regularly imprisoned for advocating superstition and spreading
social disorder. In a country where religion is outlawed, a spiritual
sect (there is debate as to whether Falun Gong is merely a spiritual
movement or a cult) constitutes a countercultural movement,
seen as challenging established norms.
HIGH CULTURE / POPULAR CULTURE • "High culture" is a term now
used in a number of different ways in academic discourse, whose

most common meaning is the set of cultural products, mainly in the
arts, held in the highest esteem by a culture.
POPULAR CULTURE - a culture based on the tastes of ordinary
people rather than an educated elite.
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology is derived from two Greek words Anthropos and logos,

which intensively studies humans and the respective cultures where they
were born and actively belong to
Anthropology is considered the father or even grandfather of all social

and behavioral sciences like sociology, economics, and psychology, to
name a few. The discipline had its humble beginnings with early
European explore ers and their accounts which produced initial
impressions about the native peoples they encountered in their
explorations.
The shift to the New World or North America

raised the discipline to a higher level when
some European migrant scholars hailing from
England and Germany brought their expertise
and knowledge in primarily focusing on new
settlements and ethnic minorities including
native American Indian tribes. The father of
American anthropology Franz Boas, who
initially obtained a college degree in physics,
strongly believed that the same method and
strategy could be applied in measuring culture
and human behavior while conducting research among humans
including the uniqueness of their cultures.
The study of indigenous people led Boas to a discovery that was

revolutionary at the time. Many Western scientists at the time held the
view that Western culture was inherently superior to other cultures. Based

on this belief and his studies among the First Nations people, Boas made
a discovery.
He found that all people believe the culture they occupy is superior to
others. This led him to define the theory of cultural relativism, which says
that the only culture an individual truly knows is that
individual's own culture. This theory made the
prevailing Western thought make sense, but it also
elevated other cultures in the eyes of those in the West
because they understood their bias.
Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a culture

on its own terms and not to make judgments using the standards of one’s
own culture. The goal of this is to promote an understanding of cultural
practices that are not typically part of one’s own culture. Using the
perspective of cultural relativism leads to the view that no one culture is
superior to another culture when compared to systems of morality, law,
politics, etc.
Two early American anthropologists Alfred Kroeber

and Lewis Henry Morgan, became prominent in the
field since their
specialization included the
championing of indigenous
rights like traditional cultural
preservation and ancestral
domain of the American
Indian tribes they intensively studied.
Historical Beginnings
American anthropology gradually generated social and cultural
interests in the fields of folklore and native sexual practices. One
anthropologist was Ruth Benedict who was a student of Franz
Boas, the founder of American Anthropology Ruth Benedict
became a specialist in anthropology and folklore and authored
one of the three famous books utilized in the academic scene for
reference purposes known as Patterns of Culture. She was a
colleague of Margaret Mead who was very much described in the
academic circle as "controversial" for intensively studying the
sexual practices among native populations. Such views gave rise
to a relatively new liberal view on sex and sexual practices in the
United States at a time when most Americans were still labeled as
conventional and conservative.
In any case, the field of anthropology offers several topics for
relevant research and discussion in various academic fields since
its distinct way of data gathering from their respondents applies
participant observation which is central to ethnography or the
ethnographic approach. The founding father of this strategy was
Bronislaw Malinowski. Since common data gathering techniques,
from people as respondents, simply involved unstructured
interviews and surveys for their units of analysis.
THE STUDY OF THE SOCIAL WORLD: SOCIOLOGY
LAUNCH!
What Is Sociology?
People make many decisions, both mundane and serious, in the
course of their daily living. We decide what dish to cook, where to
buy shirts, what name to give our child, when to get married, how
to best discipline children and others. We take it for granted that
when asked who decides in these matters, we readily say, "Of
course, I did! We like to think of ourselves as independent-minded
and that we behave according to choices we make out of our
own free will.

Sociology makes us aware that when we make decisions, such as
those mentioned above, it is within the context of our family, peers,
school, nation, and other groups that form our social world. Just as
the seasons affect the clothes we wear and the kind of activities
we engage in our social world guide our life choices.
Does this make sense? Think about it. Even when you think you are
making your own choices, is it not that you are only picking from a
fairly limited range of options? For example, during lunchtime in
school, you probably would choose rice and adobo and you
would say, "My personal favorite." Try to think beyond the idea that
your food preference is your own personal favorite. Is it not that
your being a Filipino is a large part of the reason why adobo is your
favorite, and in the Philippines, adobo is available in most
restaurants? Thus, your race has played a part in your choice of
food.
Let us move on to a more serious matter. Consider dating. The
decisions of whether to date, whom to date, and when to date
are very personal. However, a closer look reveals that they are not.
Dating decisions follow certain rules.
For example, in the Philippines, you can only date at a certain age,
and your parents have to know and permit it. Your family places
more restrictions you should date someone who comes from good
family background, preferably of the same religion. There are no
laws that dictate that family rules must pervade but try violating
them, and you will experience serious consequences. Now, you
wonder why everyone cares so much about whom you date.
Congratulations, in doing so, you are already using sociology!

Sociology and the Sociological Perspective
Sociology is the study of society, social institutions, and social
relationships, Sociology is interested in describing and explaining
human behavior, especially as it occurs within a social context
(Merriam-Webster). It is less interested in the individuals than in the
group of which they are apart.
Studying sociology is prao tical and useful. As social beings, we
gain an understanding of how the social world operates and of
our place in it. C. Wright Mills (1959) calls it the sociological
imagination which he defined as the vivid awareness of the
relationship between private experience and the wider society.
The sociological imagination is the ability to see things socially and
how they interact and influence each other. To have a
sociological imagination, a person must be able to pull away from
the situation and think from an alternative point of view.
The most common example of the sociological imagination
pertains to unemployment. An individual facing unemployment
might feel defeated, depleted, and discouraged. That person is
likely to look in the mirror and say, "You didn't work hard enough.
You didn't try hard enough…" You, you, you.

Sociology's point of view is distinct from other sciences. Peter
Berger explains that the perspective of sociology enables us to see
"general patterns in particular events (Macionis, 2010). This means
finding general patterns in particular events. The first systematic
study on suicide provides a good example. Emile Durkheim's
pioneering study on suicide in the 1800s revealed that there are
categories of people who are more likely to commit suicide.
In France and Central Europe, the suicide rate was higher for the
males, Protestants, wealthy, and the unmarried compared to the
females, Catholics, Jews, the poor, and they married. In general,
the more socially integrated people (formed by ties of affection
and obligation) are less likely to end their lives.
Sociology also enables us to see the strange in the familiar. This
means detaching ourselves from common explanations by taking
a new look at society. Human behavior is not simply a matter of
what people decide to do; society shapes our thoughts and
deeds.
For example, how does sociology look at cult members who
strongly believe in the magical powers of their leader? W.I.
Thomas, an American sociologist, formulated a theorem in 1928
which states: "if people define situations as real, they are real in
their consequences." Hence, if cult members consider their leader
powerful, then he can perform magic.
History of Sociology as a Science
Coincidentally, sociology emerged with two of the most significant
social and political revolutions in history. The French Revolution of
1789, along with the Industrial Revolution in England during the
eighteenth century, tremendously changed people's lives
The Industrial Revolution was brought about largely by the
invention of the steam engine. Many countryside folks were
pushed into the towns as their land was taken away by the
landlords to give way to a factory-based economy. Likewise, the
French Revolution from the 1970s to the 1780s, which was
influenced by new political ideas spreading in France and
America, created strong negative sentiments against the
monarchy. It eventually resulted in a shift from monarchy to
democracy. On a positive note, Europe saw the beginning of the
industrial economy, the growth of cities, and the emergence of
different political ideas which in turn transformed social life.
However, problems such as massive unemployment, increasing
crime rate, widespread poverty, etc. also emerged.
Thinkers began to ponder about how to address these difficult
problems. The basic concern is how to solve society's ills. Some of
the early thinkers and their ideas are discussed below.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) is the person who "invented" sociology
in 1842, by bringing together the Greek word socius or
"companion" and the Latin word logy or "study." He grew up in the
wake of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. He
proposed that to understand society, it should be analyzed as it
really was unlike the early philosophers and theologians who
looked at society in its ideal state. He further favored positivism, an
approach to understanding the world based on science. He
believed that society operates according to certain laws, just as
the physical world operates according to gravity and other laws
of nature.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) is the forerunner of the conflict theory, one
of the most important sociological theories. Marx, a native of
Germany, wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels in
1847. This book focused on the misery of the lower classes caused
by the existing social order. He reiterated that the political
revolution was vital in the evolutionary process of society, the only
means to achieve improvement of social conditions. He felt that
conflict, revolution, and the overthrow of capitalism were
inevitable. He predicted that the bourgeoisie (middle class and
owners of factories) would be overthrown by the proletariat (the
factory workers) because they could no longer contain their
frustration over the treatment that the former inflict on them.
Although his predictions did not come true, sociologists still study
his insights regarding class conflict, economic determinism, social
stratification, and social change.
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) is associated with the birth of
sociology in his native England. He likened society to an organism
with a life and vitality of its own He first used the phrase survival of
the fittest when he proposed the policy of noninterference in
human affairs and society, believing that doing something to help
the weak, poor, and needy would interfere with the natural
selection process Hence, governments should not rescue the
needy because this would disturb ongoing natural processes. In
this way. society gets better as time passes. His ideas justified the
enslavement of Blacks. However, his inhuman philosophy, later on,
met with strong resistance, eventually leading to its demise
Emile Durkheim (1858-19171) is the first French sociologist.
Durkheim put forward the idea that individuals are more the
products rather than the creators of society, the society itself is
external to the individual. In his book Suicide. Durkheim proved
that social forces strongly impact people's lives and that a
seemingly personal event is not personal after all,
Max Weber (1864-1920) is the most important proponent of
interpretive sociology. Weber believed that a sympathetic
understanding, verstehen, of the mind of others" was essential to
understanding the behavior of others The qualitative, subjective
methods as well as objective, quantitative methods should be
used in the study of social actions. His works The Protestant Ethic
and the Spirit of Capitalism, The Sociology of Hinduism and
Buddhism, and Theory of Social and Economic Organization
among others dwelt on the significance of subjective meanings
people give to their interactions with others. Weber asserted that
religion is very influential in the actions and thoughts of people.
Verstehen is a German word meaning to 'understand in a deep
way' that also refers to an approach within sociology. In this
approach, when a researcher aims to understand another
person's experience, he can try to put himself in the other person's
shoes. He can do this by learning from the other person, through

conversations and interactions that give the researcher greater
insight.
The Development of Sociology in the Philippines
In general, sociology in the Philippines developed in three phases
(Pano- pio and Rolda, 2002). In the first phase, sociology was
looked upon as a social philosophy. This orientation started with
the inclusion of sociology in college and university offerings and
was taught as a social philosophy. It was introduced by Fr. Valentin
Marin when he initiated a course on criminology at the University
of Santo Tomas. There was little emphasis on the scientific nature
of sociology.
The second phase was when sociology was viewed as a problem
or welfare-oriented discipline. Sociology was seen as a field in
which the focus is on analyzing poverty, crime, unemployment,
and other problems that plague society. This view was put forward
by Serafin Macaraig, the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate in
sociology and the first to write a sociology textbook in An
Introduction to Sociology published in 1938. Very little social
research was done.
The third stage is when sociology started to take the scientific
orientation. This started with the increased number of educational
exchange program grantees, the establishment of social science
research centers and councils, the growing frequency of
conferences, and the publication of professional journals. Public
and private agencies became increasingly aware of the
significance of social facts in the decision-making process. The
data collected for the government by pioneer Filipino sociologist
Benicio Catapusan on the rural Philippines became the

benchmark for the distribution of economic aid to the different
regions.
Presently, the mainstreaming of sociology is evident as sociologists
appear in mass media, particularly in public affairs programs. Prof.
Randy David, arguably the most prominent Filipino sociologist,
writes for the Philippine Daily Inquirer. His column, Public Lives,
appears every Sunday.
Definition of Politics
In general, defining politics depends on one's perspective. A
person's principle may affect his view on politics. But generally,
politics is associated with how power is gained and employed to
develop authority and influence on social affairs. It can also be
used to promulgate guiding rules to govern the state. It is also a
tactic for upholding collaboration among members of a
community, whether from civil or political organizations. Thus,
politics is the virtuosity of governance.
Concept of Politics
Politics is allied with the government which is considered as the
ultimate authority. It is the primary role of the government to rule
society by stimulating and transmitting the basic laws that will
supervise the freedom of its people. Each form of government
possesses the power to attain order that should lead to social
justice.
To understand the concept of politics is to recognize power, order,
and justice. Power is giving someone the authority to lead and
influence others. Order is attained through obedience to the rules
set by leaders. Justice is felt in a society with order.

The process being exercised by the government in the
implementation of its duty is what we call politics.
POWER
IS THE ABILITY TO INFLUENCE

OTHERS IT GIVES AUTHORITY TO
LEAD.
ORDER
IS ATTAINED THROUGH OBEDIENCE

ON THE RULES SET BY LEADERS
ORDER
IS ATTAINED THROUGH OBEDIENCE ON

THE RULES SET BY LEADERS
Politics as an Art
When we talk of art, we look at the style, character, behavior,
preference, language, and culture. In considering these, politics is
an art. Politics is played with a style depending on the character
and behavior of the leader, The constituents choose their leader
based on their preference. Leaders use their charisma in
influencing the people
Politics as a Science
Science is commonly defined as the knowledge derived from
experiments and observations systematically done. Policy-making
and government decisions are done through research,
investigation, analysis, validation, planning, execution, and
evaluation. Thus, politics is a science
Furthermore, in studying politics, we systematically study the state
and the government known as political science, Political science
works with other fields of social sciences, including sociology and
anthropology, in understanding how government performs and
how politics and governance work.
D. Convergence of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science: A

Focus on Society, Culture, and Politics
Similarities
Anthropology, sociology, and political science share a common interest,

particularly on the subject matter of society of which we are a part of
societies have forms of governments and are founded on cultural
processes. Hence, culture, society, and politics co-exist. One does not or
cannot exist without the others.
When politics is exercised in art and science, politics is at its best

practice.
Dannug and Campanilla, 2004. 52

Culture and society may have some common elements but they
also have differences. The essential difference is that society is
composed of interacting people while culture consists of
knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, folkways, mores, beliefs,
skills, institutions, organizations, and art. facts that societies create.
Culture plays a vital role in shaping and influencing politics. As a
shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors, culture is
shaped by his. tory, religion, ethnic identity, language, and
nationality. In all of these, politics plays a vital role.
Lesson 2: Theoretical Foundations of Culture, Society, and Politics
Humans seek explanations about why things happen Each person

has ideas about the nature of existence, motion, and relationships.
Our ideas come from everywhere—from experiences,
conversations, materials we read mass media we access,
advertisements we are exposed to, our teachers, family, friends,
and foes—all these are sources of our ideas
For example, you have observed that your classmate who is an
avid K- pop fanatic can sing K-pop songs really well but when you
asked what the lyrics mean, she tells you, "I don't actually know.
Does it matter? I just like K-pop." This intrigues you and you try to
find out how someone could like something he or she cannot
understand. Could it be that the lyrics are secondary to the beat
or melody? Trying to go beyond what common sense tells you is a
good thing! When you're seeking explanations, you are starting to
theorize.

A. What Is a Theory?
Our own personal theories about our existence, our society, our
world, etc. stem from our beliefs and assumptions, which may or
may not have some factual basis.
Instead of theory, some academicians use the phrase school of
thought or paradigm. A theory is a wide-ranging set of
explanations of an important feature of nature that is backed up
by facts When we formulate a theory, we are making predictions
about a phenomenon that is yet to happen.
Theories are crucial to science because they provide a logical
framework for making sense of scientific observations. An example
of a theory is the theory of evolution. Without this theory, biologists
would simply compare and contrast the organisms. The lack of a
plausible explanation would make us question their findings.
What about theories in the social sciences? Certainly, formulating
theories about people is trickier because we can easily change
our minds or mask our feelings. Hence, we may not be truthful in
our answers.

B. Theoretical Paradigms
Studying the Social World
LAUNCH!
Just Pure Luck or.?
Ethan, an engineering student woke up late. He rushed to the bath

room to take a quick shower, then wore his uniform and ate his
breakfast of rice, eggs, and hotdog in a flash. Grabbing his
backpack, it took him just five minutes to catch a jeepney. He arrived
just in time for his class to start.
Ethan knows that he has made it a habit to always rush every

morning for his classes but so far, he has been lucky. "I am seldom
late" he said.
Think About This!
Is it luck, or is there a system that actually works making it possible for

people to be able to go about their lives?
In the example above, how would you explain Ethan's situation? Is

it pure luck or is there something else operating that enables him
to be prompt? Trying to formulate explanations means you are
beginning to theorize In sociology, a theory is a set of general
assumptions about the nature of society. It is a set of fundamental
assumptions about society that guides sociological thinking and
research which allows us to analyze effectively any dimension of
society.

Macro versus Micro View
Sociologists may study human society by focusing on the large
social phenomena or the big picture," such as social institutions
and inequality to see how it operates. This is the macro view. They
can also zero in on the immediate social situations where people
interact with one another by looking at the situational patterns of
social interaction. This is the micro view,

Core Subject Title: Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Quarter:
1st
Content: Starting points for the understanding of culture, society, and
politics
Learning Competency 1: Articulate observations on human cultural
variation, social differences, social change and political identities
through an introspective learning activity
ACTIVITY 1
Directions:
1. Get one whole sheet of paper.

2. Write your name inside the circle.
3. Draw figure 1 on the sheet of paper.

Write the following information of yourself in the 4 spaces:
a. gender
b. socio-economic class
c. ethnicity
d. religion
ACTIVITY 2
Directions: The teacher will group the students into 4. Each group
will choose a leader and a secretary to consolidate their answers
on a table similar to what is shown below.

ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Based on the output from the previous activity, the
teacher will ask the students to discuss their observations based on
the following questions:
1. What are the similarities and differences of every individual?

2. Do these similarities and differences affect the life of the
whole community? Why?
The teacher will give each group a time frame of 2 minutes to
present their answers group outputs. Processing of answers shall
follow.

FOR QUESTIONS OR FURTHER ASSISTANCE, YOU MAY CONTACT
ME THROUGH THE FOLLOWING:
• GOOGLE EMAIL: oppojosh05@gmail.com

• CONTACT #: 09984101928/09164953323
Or thru my Facebook account/messenger
SIR JOSHUA DEGUZMAN PEÑARANDA

REFERENCES:
WAVES OF MIGRATION THEORY-PHILIPPINES
https://historylearning.com/history-of-the-philippines/pre-
history/population-theories/wave-migration-theory/
Philippines: What Sub-Cultures Exist in My Country? [Cross Culture

Question]
https://peakd.com/hive-181017/@arrliinn/philippines-what-sub-
cultures-exist-in-my-country-cross-culture-question
A Guide to the Indigenous Tribes of the Philippines
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/a-guide-to-
the-indigenous-tribes-of-the-philippines/

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Republic of the Philippines

UNIT LEARNING MODULE IN

Name of Student: _______________________________________

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 1 OF 57

Welcome to the study of culture, society, and politics. As you move

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 3 OF 57

Introduction to Culture, Society, and Politics introduces the

Understanding Culture and Society takes a closer look at society

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 4 OF 57

IDENTITY, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY

The Wave Migration Theory is arguably the most widely known

Created by Henry Otley Beyer,

Beyer’s popular theory suggests that the ancestors of modern

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 5 OF 57

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 6 OF 57

Renowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa

In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a jaw presumed

Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano

A less rigid version of the earlier wave migration

According to Jocano's findings, the people of the prehistoric islands of Southeast

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 9 OF 57

Other prominent anthropologists like Robert Bradford Fox, Alfredo E.

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 10 OF 57

Mainland Origin Theory (Peter Bellwood)

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 11 OF 57

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 15 OF 57

Some elderly Ifugaos, Banaue, Philippines | © rweisswald /

The Igorots, which comprises numerous tribes in the northern part

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 18 OF 57

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 19 OF 57

Meanwhile, in the southern part of the country, indigenous tribes

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 20 OF 57

Cagayan de Oro city pier | © RaksyBH / Shutterstock

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 21 OF 57

UCSP LEARNING MODULE WEEK 1 22 OF 57

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Identity is the distinctive characteristic that defines an individual or

(Festival and gatherings are ways of expressing collective and

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Their relatives and neighbors expect them to bring home

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Anthropology is derived from two Greek words Anthropos and logos,

Anthropology is considered the father or even grandfather of all social

The shift to the New World or North America

The study of indigenous people led Boas to a discovery that was

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Cultural relativism is the ability to understand a culture

Two early American anthropologists Alfred Kroeber

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