CHEMISTRY

MYRA JOY B. MONTERO

ATOMS
 Learning
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

describe atoms and recall the development of atomic

theory

identify and describe protons, neutrons and electrons

in terms of their relative charges and relative masses.

determine the number of protons, neutrons and

electrons present in both atoms and ions given atomic
or proton number, mass or nucleon number and
charge.
 Review on the
development of the
atomic model
 Atomic Models
This is the Bohr model. In
this model, the nucleus is
orbited by electrons,
which are in different
energy levels.
 Atomic Models
The atomic model has
changed throughout the
centuries, starting in 400
BC, when it looked like a
billiard ball
Atomic Models
 Democritus
⚫ This is the Greek philosopher
Democritus who began the search
for a description of matter more
than 2400 years ago.

⚫ He asked: Could matter be divided

into smaller and smaller pieces
forever, or was there a limit to the
number of times a piece of matter
could be divided?
 Democritus
⚫ His theory: Matter could not be
divided into smaller and smaller
pieces forever, eventually the
smallest possible piece would be
obtained.
⚫ This piece would be indivisible.
⚫ He named the smallest piece of
matter “atomos,” meaning “not
to be cut.”
Democritus
 Dalton’s Model
In the early 1800s, the
English Chemist John
Dalton performed a
number of experiments
that eventually led to the
acceptance of the idea of
atoms.
 Dalton’s Model
1. All matter is made of
atoms.
2. Atoms of one element
are all the same.
3. Atoms cannot be broken
down into smaller parts
4. Compounds form by
combining atoms
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
⚫ He proposed a model of
the atom that is
sometimes called the
“Plum Pudding” model.
⚫ Atoms were made from
a positively charged
substance with
negatively charged
electrons scattered
about, like raisins in a
pudding.
 JJ Thomson
► Used the Cathode ray tube to discover electrons
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

Vacuum tube

Metal Disks
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

Passing an electric current makes a

beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

Passing an electric current makes a

beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

Passing an electric current makes a

beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

Passing an electric current makes a

beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

►By adding an electric field

 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
By adding an electric field
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
By adding an electric field
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
By adding an electric field
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
By adding an electric field
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
By adding an electric field
 Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+

- -
Adding an electric field cause the beam to
move toward the positive plate.
Thomson concluded the beam was made of
negative moving pieces.
Thomson called
the negatively
charged
“corpuscles,”
today known as
electrons.
 Ernest Rutherford
- discovered the
nucleus of a
gold atom with
his “gold foil”
experiment
Using J.J Thomson’s
Plum Pudding atomic
model, Rutherford
predicted the alpha
particles would pass
straight through the
gold foil. That’s not
what happened.
 Gold Foil
Experiment Results
Most alpha particles go
straight through the
gold foil
A few alpha particles
are sharply deflected
 Rutherford’s Conclusion
►The atom is mostly
empty space.
►There is a small,
dense center with a
positive charge.
►Rutherford discovered
the nucleus in atoms
Rutherford’s Contribution to the Atomic Theory

►The atom is
mostly empty
space.
►The nucleus is
a small, dense
core with a
positive charge.
 Bohr Model
In 1913, the Danish
scientist Niels Bohr
proposed an
improvement. In his
model, he placed each
electron in a specific
energy level.
The Wave Model
Today’s atomic
model is based
on the principles
of wave
mechanics.
 ASSIGNMENT

Create a timeline of Atomic Theory.

Structure
of Atom
 Structure of the Atom
► Atom– smallest particle of an
element that can exist alone
▪ Two regions of an atom
►Nucleus
▪ Center of atom
▪ Protons and neutrons
►Electron “cloud”
▪ Area surrounding nucleus
containing electrons
 Structure of the Atom
Structure of the Atom
► Proton – Positive charge (+), 1 atomic mass unit (amu); found
in the nucleus
▪ amu -Approximate mass of a proton or a neutron
► Neutron – Neutral charge (0), 1 amu; found in the nucleus
► Electron – Negative charge (-), mass is VERY small
 Structure of the Atom
Structure of the Atom
Charge and Mass Characteristics
 Structure of the Atom
Structure of the Atom
The nucleus is:
* Small compared with the overall
size of the atom.
* Extremely dense; accounts for
almost all of the atom’s mass.
* Positively charged center of an
atom.
 Counting Atoms
►Atomic Number
▪ Number of protons in nucleus
▪ The number of protons determines
identity of the element!!

►Mass Number (Atomic Mass)

▪ Number of protons + neutrons
▪ Units are g/mol
Counting Atoms
Counting Atoms
Nuclear Symbol Notation
 Atoms
►Protons have a positive (+) charge and electrons
have a negative (-) charge

►Ina neutral atom, the number of protons equals the

number of electrons, so the overall charge is zero (0)

▪ Example/ Helium, with an atomic number of 2, has 2

protons and 2 electrons when stable
 Ions
►In a neutral atom
▪ Atomic number = # of protons = #of electrons

►Sometimes atoms will gain or lose electrons and

form IONS
►Because an electron has a negative charge:
▪ When an atom GAINS electrons it becomes NEGATIVE
▪ When an atom LOSES electrons, it becomes POSITIVE
 Ions
Cation = a positive ion

Anion = a negative ion

 Let’s Practice
► Aluminum (Al) (no periodic table)
▪ Protons = 13
▪ Electrons =
▪ Neutrons = 14
▪ Atomic Number =
▪ Atomic Mass =
 Let’s Practice
► NuclearSymbol notation
(no periodic table)
▪ Protons =

Ag
▪ Electrons = 108
▪ Neutrons =
47
▪ Atomic Number =
▪ Atomic Mass =
 Let’s Practice
Use the periodic table

K
▪ Charge =
39 1+

▪ Protons =
▪ Electrons =
▪ Neutrons =
▪ Atomic Number =
▪ Atomic Mass =
IONIZATION
ENERGY
 Section 3.2
Atomic Number and Mass Number

Element
• A pure substance in which all atoms present
have the same atomic number.
• All atoms with the same atomic number have the
same chemical properties and are atoms of the
same element.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 53

 ISOTOPES
Section 3.2
Atomic Number ISOTOPES
and Mass Number
• Atoms of the same element with different masses.
• Isotopes have different numbers of NEUTRONS, thus different
mass numbers.
 Section 3.3
ISOTOPES
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Isotopes
• Atoms of an element that have the same
number of protons and the same number of
electrons but different numbers of neutrons.
• Show almost identical chemical properties;
chemistry of atom is due to its electrons.
• Physical properties are often slightly different
because they have different masses.
• In nature most elements contain mixtures of
isotopes.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 55

 Section 3.3
ISOTOPES
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Two Isotopes of Sodium

23 24
11
Na 11
Na

• Number of Protons = 11 • Number of Protons = 11

• Mass number = 23 • Mass number = 24
• Number of Neutrons = 12 • Number of Neutrons = 13

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 56

 Section 3.3
ISOTOPES
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 57

 Section 3.3
ISOTOPES
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Exercise

A certain isotope X contains 23 protons and 28

neutrons.
• What is the mass number of this isotope?

• Identify the element.

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 58

 Section 3.3
ISOTOPES
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Exercise

A certain isotope X contains 23 protons and 28

neutrons.
• What is the mass number of this isotope?
51
• Identify the element.
Vanadium

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 59

 Section 3.3
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 60

Section 3.3
Isotopes and Atomic Masses
 Section 3.3
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 62

 Section 3.3
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 63

 Section 3.3
Isotopes and Atomic Masses

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 64

 Learning
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:

describe atoms and recall the development of atomic

theory

identify and describe protons, neutrons and electrons

in terms of their relative charges and relative masses.

determine the numbers of protons, neutrons and

electrons present in both atoms and ions given atomic
or proton number, mass or nucleon number and
charge.
 Reflection

Complete the following sentence prompts.

I know that I know something about _______________________.

First, I know that ______________________________________.
In addition, I know that__________________________________.
Finally, I know that ____________________________________.
Now you know something that I know about_________________.
Investment in knowledge
pays the best interest

- Benjamin Franklin
Thank you!