ECEN3413 | Advance Communication Systems

Topic 1: Communication Systems Review

Instructor: Engr. Gerhard P. Tan

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Learning Outcomes Overview

Communication is simply the act of transferring information from

 Refresh your thoughts one place, person or group to another. Every communication
about communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient.
systems
 Understand different A communication system is a collection of individual
types of communication telecommunications networks, transmission systems, relay
systems stations, tributary stations, and terminal equipment usually
 Understand different capable of interconnection and interoperation to form an
transmission media integrated whole.
 Review Decibel

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 Topics

 Introduction
 History
 Basic Communication System
 Type of Communications
 Physical Transmission Media & Processes
 Review of decibel

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 Communication over long distances is no longer a problem…

Communication : To transfer information from one place to another

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 Communication System History
 1837 – Samuel Morse invented  1960 – Laser was invented
telegraph.
 1858 – First telegraph cable across  1962 – Satellite communication
Atlantic (Canada – Ireland)
 1969 – Internet DARPA
 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell
invented telephone.  1970 – Corning Glass invented
 1888 – Heinrich Hertz introduce optical fiber.
electromagnetic field theory.
 1975 – Digital telephone was
 1897 – Marconi invented wireless introduced.
telegraph.
 1906 – Radio communication system  1985 – Facsimile machine.
was invented.
 1988 – Installation of fiber optic
 1923 – Television was invented. cable across Pacific and Atlantic.
 1938 – Radar and microwave system
was invented for World War II.  1990 – World Wide Web and
Digital Communication.
 1950 – TDM was invented.
 1956 – First telephone cable was  1998 – Digital Television.
installed across Atlantic.
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 The Real Aim…
“If the information that you want to send is your voice,
how to make sure that what you are saying is
understood by your friend?”

Basic Parts of a Communication System

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 Characteristics of Communication Systems

 Must be a Sender and Receiver

 A protocol is a set of rules which governs the transfer of data
between computers. Protocols allow communication between
computers and networks.
 Handshaking is used to establish which protocols to use.
Handshaking controls the flow of data between computers
 Protocols will determine the speed of transmission, error checking
method, size of bytes, and whether synchronous or asynchronous
 Examples of protocols are: token ring, CSMA/CD, X.25, TCP/IP
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 Communication Systems

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 Basic Communication System
• Modulation
• Coding

• Loss or Attenuation
• Distortion
• Interference
• Noise

• Amplification
• Demodulation and decoding
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• Filtering
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 Component Function in Basic Communication System

Input Transducer – convert input signal, s(t) in electrical forms.

eg: microphone.
Transmitter – involve modulation process – convert modulating signal,
mtx(t) to modulated signal, ptx(t). And finally transmit the signal.
Transmission medium – connecting the transmitter and the receiver that
enable the modulated signal, ptx(t) propagate through the medium.
Receiver – receive the modulated signal, prx(t) and then convert the
signal to modulating signal, mrx(t) through the process called
demodulation.
Output Transducer – convert the modulating signal, mrx(t) to its original
forms (output signal), r(t) that is useful to the users.
eg: loud speaker.
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 Types of Communication
Simplex (SX)
• One way
communication

Full-duplex (FDX)
• Two way
communication at the
same time

Half-duplex (HDX)
• Two way
communication, but
not at the same time.
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 Types of Communication Systems

Analog Communication Systems

• Analog message: “Physical quantity that varies
with time”

Digital Communication Systems

• Digital message: “Ordered sequence of
symbols selected from a finite set of discrete
elements”

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 Transmission Media: Guided Media

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Coaxial Cable

Fiber Optics Cable

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 Transmission Media: Unguided Media

Radio Waves

Microwave

Infrared

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 Fundamental Physical Limitations

Bandwidth
• If a signal changes
rapidly in time, its
frequency content or C  2 B log 2 M
spectrum extends over a
wide range, i.e. the signal
has a large bandwidth
• Transmission bandwidth
Noise
• Thermal noise
C  B log 2 (1  S / N )

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 Transmission Media Speed

Bandwidth: The amount of data which can be transmitted on a

medium over a fixed amount of time (second). It is measured on Bits
per Second or Baud

Bits per Second (bps): A measure of transmission speed.

The number of bits (0 0r 1) which can be transmitted in a second

Baud Rate: Is a measure of how fast a change of state occurs

(i.e. a change from 0 to 1)

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 Transmission Media Speed

Wireless channel capacity:

100 Mbps is how many bits per sec?

Which is bigger:
10,000 Mbps, 0.01Tbps or 10Gbps?
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 Review of Decibel
• The bel is a logarithmic unit of power ratios. One bel corresponds to an
increase of power by a factor of 10 relative to some reference power, Pref.

 P 
P[bel ]  log10  
P 
 ref 
• The bel is a large unit, so that decibel (dB) is almost always used:

 P 
P[ dB ]  10 log10  
P 
 ref 
• The above equation may also be used to express a ratio of voltages (or
field strengths) provided that they appear across the same impedance (or
in a medium with the same wave impedance):

 V 
V[ dB ]  20 log10  
V 
 ref 
[Saunders, 1999]

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 decibel
Unit Reference Power Application

dBW 1W Absolute power

dBm 1 mW Absolute power

P [dbW] = P [dBm] - 30
dBmV 1 mV Absolute voltage, typically at the input
terminals of a receiver
dB any Gain or loss of a network

dBmV/m 1 mV/m Electric field strength

dBi Power radiated by and isotropic Gain of an antenna

reference antenna
dBd Power radiated by a half-wave Gain of an antenna
dipole 0 dBd = 2.15 dBi
[Saunders, 1999]
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 decibel

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 Thank You

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