Fundamental Design Requirement

Applied Load Effects < Member Resistance

Usual EC3 format:

Usage or
Utilisation Factor
Bending Capacity Design - 1

• Basic Assumptions for Bending Design

• Distribution of strains and stresses across a section

• The equivalent stress block

• Singly reinforced rectangular sections

Ultimate Limit State
Moment & Shear Design

Shear Flexure
Flexural
Shear
Principal Stresses in a Beam
Mechanical Properties of Concrete - Cylinders
Basis of standard 28 day strength in Europe...
... and determining Stress – Strain behaviour

Cylinder
Test
 Mechanical Properties of Concrete

C
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
s
tr
e
s Concrete
s strain
(
M
P
a
BS EN1992-1-1-2004 - Table 3.1
)
 Concrete Material Properties
• EC2 uses the characteristic cylinder strength fck unlike BS 8110
which uses the characteristic cube strength fcu

fck 0.8 fcu

• Concrete classes are expressed as C20/25, C30/37, C35/45 in EC2

where the first number is the cylinder strength and the second
number is the cube strength

• The design compressive strength of concrete in bending is given by

fcd = acc fck /gm = 0.85 fck /1.5 = 0.567 fck

(where acc = 0.85 from UK National Annex for flexure and axial
loading)

• The density of concrete is given as 25 kN/m3 in EN 1991-1-1

Characteristic Material Strengths - Steel Video

1.7
 Steel Reinforcement Material Properties
• The design strength of reinforcement in tension and compression fyd is
given by

• fyd = fyk /gm = fyk /1.15

• where fyk is the characteristic yield strength (5%) and gm is the material
factor of safety for reinforcement

• The characteristic strength of reinforcement fyk = 500 MPa

• The elastic modulus of reinforcement is 200 GPa

Stress
(MPa) fyk/
m

200GP
a
Strai
n
 ULS Section Analysis – Assumptions
1. Plane sections remain plane

2. Stresses in the flexural compressive zone may be derived

from a design curve relating stress and strain.

3. The strain in the extreme compressive fibre εcu is defined at failure

(εcu = 0.0035 for flexure in EC2).

Stres
4. The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected. s

5. The stress in the reinforcement is calculated using

an idealised bi-linear stress-strain diagram.

Strain
Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship

Design Stress =
M
P
a
Distribution of Stresses and Strains
ULS Section Analysis – Assumptions
A simple rectangular stress block may be used to calculate the ultimate
moment of resistance.
For grades of concrete up to C50/60, εcu= 0.0035, = 1 and l = 0.8.

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5 = 0.567fck

ULS Section Analysis – Assumptions

(= 0.567fck x
0.8bx)

Mu = Fc x z = Fst x z

Where: Fst = σs x As
(design steel stress) x (area of steel)
z = lever arm (centre of compression to centre of tensile force)
Determination of Strain in Reinforcing Steel
Stres Where:
s fyk/
fyk =
(MPa) s
500MPa
s = 1.15

Es = 200GPa

εy Strain
[= (fyk/ s)/Es]

Yield Strain εs = (fyk/ s)/Es = (500/1.15) / 200,000 = 0.00217

Where:
0.0035

If εs< εy - Compression failure

If εs> εy - Tension failure N.A.

εs
Mcr – Cracking Moment
Up to the Cracking Moment, Mcr, the section act as an
elastic, plane concrete section

Mcr can be calculated from simple elastic theory

Engineers Bending Equation:

Stress
fc1

fc2
 Variation of Stress and Strains with Load
Strain Stress P+ b Strain Stress
ec fc e f
1 1 C dP c c C
x x
N d N
e h
T A
e A 1 T
s
ec fc e
2 2 s
M< e M>
Mcr 2 Mcr

x x

Variation of Strain and Stress with the Increase of Load

 Fundamental Design Requirement

Applied Load Effects < Member Resistance

Usual EC3 format:

Usage or
Utilisation Factor
Bending Capacity Design - 1

• Basic Assumptions for Bending Design

• Distribution of strains and stresses across a section

• The equivalent stress block

• Singly reinforced rectangular sections

Ultimate Limit State
Moment & Shear Design

Shear Flexure
Flexural
Shear
Principal Stresses in a Beam
Mechanical Properties of Concrete - Cylinders
Basis of standard 28 day strength in Europe...
... and determining Stress – Strain behaviour

Cylinder
Test
 Mechanical Properties of Concrete

C
o
n
c
r
e
t
e
s
tr
e
s Concrete
s strain
(
M
P
a
BS EN1992-1-1-2004 - Table 3.1
)
 Concrete Material Properties
• EC2 uses the characteristic cylinder strength fck unlike BS 8110
which uses the characteristic cube strength fcu

fck 0.8 fcu

• Concrete classes are expressed as C20/25, C30/37, C35/45 in EC2

where the first number is the cylinder strength and the second
number is the cube strength

• The design compressive strength of concrete in bending is given by

fcd = acc fck /gm = 0.85 fck /1.5 = 0.567 fck

(where acc = 0.85 from UK National Annex for flexure and axial
loading)

• The density of concrete is given as 25 kN/m3 in EN 1991-1-1

Characteristic Material Strengths - Steel Video

1.7
 Steel Reinforcement Material Properties
• The design strength of reinforcement in tension and compression fyd is
given by

• fyd = fyk /gm = fyk /1.15

• where fyk is the characteristic yield strength (5%) and gm is the material
factor of safety for reinforcement

• The characteristic strength of reinforcement fyk = 500 MPa

• The elastic modulus of reinforcement is 200 GPa

Stress
(MPa) fyk/
m

200GP
a
Strai
n
 ULS Section Analysis – Assumptions
1. Plane sections remain plane

2. Stresses in the flexural compressive zone may be derived

from a design curve relating stress and strain.

3. The strain in the extreme compressive fibre εcu is defined at failure

(εcu = 0.0035 for flexure in EC2).

Stres
4. The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected. s

5. The stress in the reinforcement is calculated using

an idealised bi-linear stress-strain diagram.

Strain
Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship

Design Stress =
M
P
a
Distribution of Stresses and Strains
ULS Section Analysis – Assumptions
A simple rectangular stress block may be used to calculate the ultimate
moment of resistance.
For grades of concrete up to C50/60, εcu= 0.0035, = 1 and l = 0.8.

fcd = 0.85fck/1.5 = 0.567fck

ULS Section Analysis – Assumptions

(= 0.567fck x
0.8bx)

Mu = Fc x z = Fst x z

Where: Fst = σs x As
(design steel stress) x (area of steel)
z = lever arm (centre of compression to centre of tensile force)
Determination of Strain in Reinforcing Steel
Stres Where:
s fyk/
fyk =
(MPa) s
500MPa
s = 1.15

Es = 200GPa

εy Strain
[= (fyk/ s)/Es]

Yield Strain εs = (fyk/ s)/Es = (500/1.15) / 200,000 = 0.00217

Where:
0.0035

If εs< εy - Compression failure

If εs> εy - Tension failure N.A.

εs
Mcr – Cracking Moment
Up to the Cracking Moment, Mcr, the section act as an
elastic, plane concrete section

Mcr can be calculated from simple elastic theory

Engineers Bending Equation:

Stress
fc1

fc2
 Variation of Stress and Strains with Load
Strain Stress P+ b Strain Stress
ec fc e f
1 1 C dP c c C
x x
N d N
e h
T A
e A 1 T
s
ec fc e
2 2 s
M< e M>
Mcr 2 Mcr

x x

Variation of Strain and Stress with the Increase of Load

Mmmmm
Noooo
BABAR
iamb
Bending Capacity Design - 2

• Basic Assumptions in Bending Design - Reminder

• Under & Over-Reinforced Beams

• Singly Reinforced Beam - Examples

• Beams with Compression Steel

• Doubly Reinforced Beam - Examples

 ULS Section Analysis – Assumptions
1. Plane sections remain plane

2. Stresses in the flexural compressive zone may be derived

from a design curve relating stress and strain.

3. The strain in the extreme compressive fibre εcu is defined at failure

(εcu = 0.0035 for flexure in EC2).

4. The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected. Stres

s

5. The stress in the reinforcement is calculated using

an idealised bi-linear stress-strain diagram.

Strain
Concrete Stress-Strain Relationship

Design Stress =
Steel Stress-Strain Relationship

For fyk = 500MPa

200GPa
Determination of Strain in Reinforcing Steel
Stres
s fyk/ s =
(MPa) 435MPa
Where:
fyk =
500MPa
s = 1.15
Es = 200GPa

εy = 0.00217 Strain

• Yield Strain εs = (fyk/ s)/Es = (500/1.15) / 200,000 = 0.00217

• Where:
0.0035

• If εs< εy - Compression failure

• If εs> εy - Tension failure N.A.

εs
Bending and Equivalent Stress Block
Over-Reinforced & Under-Reinforced Beams

Over-Reinforced Concrete Beam

Under-Reinforced Concrete Beam

Design Equations for Bending
Lever Arm Curve
Singly Reinforced Beam Design – Example A
What area of steel is required? [Ex A]

b= 260

d
=
44
As 0

fck= 25MPa fy = 500 MPa

k
M = 185 kNm
Singly Reinforced Beam Design – Example A
What area of steel is required? [Ex A]

b= 260

d
=
44
As 0

fck= 25MPa fy = 500 MPa

k
M = 185 kNm
Singly Reinforced Beam Analysis – Example B
Will the steel yield before the concrete crushes?

fck = 25 MPa

fyk= 500 MPa

Singly Reinforced Beam Analysis – Example B
Will the steel yield before the concrete crushes?
Rectangular Section – Compression Steel
Rectangular Section – Compression Steel
Extracts from IStructE Manual for the design
of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2
Doubly Reinforced Beam Design: Example C

d
2
As
2

fck = 25 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
M = 285 kNm
Find the areas of tension and compression steel needed
Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Example
D

d2 =
50mm
As
2

As

fck = 25 N/mm2
fyk = 500 N/mm2
M = 420 kNm
Find the areas of tension and compression steel needed
CARES Information Sheet BS 8666:2005

Introduction
of British
Standard
BS 8666:2005

Courtesy of Valbruna UK Ltd

Scheduling, Dimensioning, Bending

and Cutting of Steel Reinforcement
for Concrete
 BS 8666:2005 Standard Shapes
Important changes have
taken place in the scheduling
of reinforcement. The revised
British Standard Specification 01
for scheduling, dimensioning,
bending and cutting of steel
reinforcement for concrete, Total length (L) = A, stock lengths
BS 8666:2005, came into
effect on 1st January 2006.
14
This replaces BS 8666:2000,
which has been withdrawn.
Significant differences in the Total length (L) = A + (C) - 4d
two standards can be
summarised as follows:
I Notation – changes in the
24
designation of the type and grade
of steel reinforcement
D
I Shape codes – increased from
A
16 to 34
Total length (L) = A + B + (C)
I Electronic data files – by
agreement bar and fabric
schedules may be in the form of 29
electronic data files
I Plain round Grade 250 bar –
no longer referenced
I Dowel bars – reference should Total length (L) = A + B + (C) - r - 2d Total length (L) = A + B + C + (D) - 1.5r - 3d
be made to BS EN 10025 or
BS EN 13877-3 (D)
35 36
I Bending formers – unchanged. (E)

A diameter is now given for E

50mm bar.
Despite the issue of this new standard Total length (L) = A + B + C + (E) - 0.5r - d Total length (L) = A + B + C + (D) - r - 2d
it is clear that BS 8666:2000 and BS
8666:2005 will run in parallel for some
time and reinforcement fabricators will 47
be expected to process orders according
(C) (D)
to both. You can, however, be assured (D)
that CARES approved reinforcement
fabricators who operate an approved
management system for quality, will
ensure that your order requirements are
fulfilled in full compliance with the
required British Standard. Total length (L) = 2A + B + 2C + 1.5r - 3d Total length (L) = 2(A + B + (C)) - 2.5r - 5d

For ease of reference the shape codes

from BS 8666:2000 and BS 8666:2005 67 75
are shown overleaf. Should you have
any queries regarding the use of these C
standards, how they differ in detail or
how they should be used in practice,
(B)
please contact your CARES
reinforcement fabricator. Alternatively
contact CARES directly, or visit our
Total length (L) = A Total length (L) = (A - d) + B
website:
Figure 1
www.ukcares.com
Total length (L) = A + (B) - 0.5r - d Total length (L) = A + (B) - 0.43R - 1.2d Total length (L) = A + 0.57B + (C) - 1.6d

22 23

Total length (L) = A + B + C + (D) - 1.5r - 3d Total length (L) = A + B + (C) - r - 2d

27 28

Total length (L) = A + B + (C) - 0.5r - d Total length (L) = A + B + (C) - 0.5r - d

C
32 33 34
(E)

Total length (L) = A + B + C + (D) - 1.5r - 3d Total length (L) = 2A + 1.7B + 2(C) - 4d Total length (L) = A + B + C + (E) - 0.5r - d

56 63 64
C E

(C) (D)
(D)
D
(F)

(E)
C
F

Total length (L) = A + B + C + (D) + 2(E) - 2.5r - 5d Total length (L) = 2A + 3B + 2(C) - 3r - 6d Total length (L) = A + B + C + 2D + E + (F) - 3r - 6d

98 A All other shapes where standard shapes

cannot be used. No other shape code
number, form of designation or abbreviation
B
B shall be used in schedulling. A dimensioned
sketch shall be drawn over the dimension
(D) columns A to E. Every dimension shall be
specified and the dimension that is to allow
C for permissible deviations shall be indicated
in parenthesis, otherwise the fabricator is
free to choose which dimension shall allow
Total length (L) = A + 2B + C + (D) - 2r - 4d for tolerance.
 CARES Information Sheet BS 8666:2005

BS 8666:2000 Standard Shapes

All shapes where standard shapes cannot be used. A dimensioned sketch shall be drawn over the dimension columns A - E.
Total length (L) = To be calculated.

Figure 2
 CARES Information Sheet BS 8666:2005
Erratum: Please replace Table 1 with this version
Standard Fabric Types and Stock Sheet Size
Longitudinal bars Transverse bars

Fabric Normal Normal

reference wire size Pitch Area wire size Pitch Area Mass
mm mm mm2/m mm mm mm2/m kg/m2

Square Mesh:

A393 10 200 393 10 200 393 6.16

A252 8 200 252 8 200 252 3.95
A193 7 200 193 7 200 193 3.02
A142 6 200 142 6 200 142 2.22

Structural Mesh:

B1131 12 100 1 131 8 200 252 10.9

B785 10 100 785 8 200 252 8.14
B503 8 100 503 8 200 252 5.93
B385 7 100 385 7 200 193 4.53
B283 6 100 283 7 200 193 3.73

Long Mesh:

C785 10 100 785 6 400 70.8 6.72

C636 9 100 636 6 400 70.8 5.55
C503 8 100 503 6 400 70.8 4.51
C385 7 100 385 6 400 70.8 3.58
C283 6 100 283 6 400 70.8 2.78

Wrapping Mesh:

D98 5 200 98 5 200 98 1.54

D49 2.5 100 49 2.5 100 49 0.77

Tolerances shall be in accordance with Table 5 of BS8666. For standard fabric the type of wire shall be designated as a
suffix to the fabric reference as illustrated in the example in Figure 2 of BS8666. Standard lengths and widths shall be
4.8m and 2.4 m respectively, giving a sheet area of 11.52m2.

Table 1
CARES Information Sheet BS 8666:2005

FAQ's
Notation for Reinforcing Steels
Why has BS8666 been changed
again so soon?
BS8666 BS 8666 Grade
The reinforcing steel standards which are
2005 2000
specified in BS8666, have been revised
and will become effective from the 1st
January 2006. BS8666 therefore required
R Not covered by BS 4449 2005
a corresponding amendment. The
opportunity was taken to include many
T Grade 460A or 460B conforming to BS 4449 1997
of the shape codes that were excluded
in the previous amendment.
D Grade 460A conforming to BS 4449 1997
How do I specify exactly what I
want and how can I be confident I H Grade B500A, B500B or B500C conforming to
will receive it? BS 4449 2005
By following the material notations
defined in BS8666:2000 or BS8666:2005 A Grade B500A conforming to BS 4449 2005
as appropriate (see Table 2). CARES
approved fabricators will ensure that the B Grade B500B or B500C conforming to BS 4449 2005
steel supplied will comply with the
notification used on the schedule for C Grade B500C conforming to BS 4449 2005
reinforcement.
S S A specified grade and type of stainless steel
What will happen when Grade
460MPa steel becomes no longer conforming to BS 6744 2001
available from reinforcement
fabricators? X X Reinforcement of type not included in the above list
CARES approved reinforcement having material properties that are defined in the
fabricators will offer to supply an design or contract specification.
alternative grade from BS4449:2005,
Table 2
which should comply with your
requirements. Please check.

Why was the plain round Grade

250 MPa excluded from BS4449?
This grade was being used less
frequently and mainly for dowel bars.
Its cost was increasing, and other
standards were available for the
specification of plain round bars, such as
BS EN10025-1 S275 or BS EN 13877-3.
Why has BS4449 changed from a
460 to 500 MPa yield strength
and why has it included an
additional ductility grade?
To align with the strength of steel most
commonly used within Europe. The
additional ductility grade, Grade B500C,
was added to align with the material
requirements of Eurocode 2.
Why has BS8110 reverted to the
use of a partial factor for safety
of 1.15?
The reduction of the partial safety
factor to 1.05 was based on an analysis
of test data which proved that a
significant overstrength was being
achieved by manufacturers producing
steel to 460 MPa yield strength. The
BSI design committee concluded that,
until it could be confident that the
manufacturers would consistently
achieve a characteristic yield strength
of 500MPa with the same margin of
comfort, it should revert to this higher
factor. It may be possible to revert to a
factor of 1.05 when this confidence is
once again restored. CARES will
provide independently verified test data
for future analysis when requested.
Why does the fabric standard
BS4483:2005 now only use
BS4449 grades of steel?
By specifying the use of BS4449
grades of steel for the manufacture of
fabric, the constituent bars are
considered to meet the requirements
of Eurocode 2 in terms of bar
geometry and, in the main, ductility. By
adopting this approach, the majority of
reinforcing fabrics can be considered
as suitable for structural applications to
Eurocode 2.

UK CARES
Pembroke House, 21 Pembroke Road, Sevenoaks, Kent TN13 1XR
Phone: +44(0)1732 450000 Fax: +44(0)1732 455917
E-mail: general@ukcares.com
URL: www.ukcares.com
Copyright UK CARES ©
RC Slab Design to EC2

Outline of method
(see pdf: RC DESIGN – EC2 BASE DATA
FOR SIMPLE RC DESIGN FOR BEAMS
AND SLABS)
and two examples
EC2 Slab Design Class Example 1
• Slab effective span 4.5m
• Slab depth 225mm
• Support width 200mm
• Cover 30mm
• Permanent action 2 kN/m2 + self wt.
• Variable action 5 kN/m2
• Concrete grade C30/37
• Main bars H12
• Calculate main bending reinforcement,
check shear and deflection and provide
sketch section at support
 Answers
• w = 17.8 kN/m2
• M = 45.1 kNm / m width
• As = 578 mm2 / m width
• Use H12 at 175mm c/c (646 mm2 / m
width)
• Reaction = 40 kN / m width
• Shear capacity = 102.5 kN / m width
• Max span / d = 30, actual span / d = 24
EC2 Slab Design Class Example 2
• Slab effective span 4.5m
• Slab depth 200mm
• Support width 200mm
• Cover 30mm
• Permanent action 2 kN/m2 + self wt.
• Variable action 5 kN/m2
• Concrete grade C30/37
• Main bars H12
• Calculate main bending reinforcement,
check shear and deflection.
 Answers
• w = 17 kN/m2
• M = 43 kNm / m width
• As = 642 mm2 / m width
• Try H12 at 175mm c/c (646 mm2 / m
width)
• Reaction = 38.3 kN / m width
• Shear capacity = 88.9 kN / m width
• Max span / d = 27.3 and actual span / d =
27.4 so make d larger
 EC2 RC Beam Design Class Examples 1 to 4 

 
   

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5 
 
  
   

6 
 
  
   

7 
 
  
   

8 
 
  
   

9 
 
 EC2 Beam Design Class Example 4 

 
   

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13