Drilling Engineering II

Drilling Engineering II
Drilling Fluid + Drilling Hydraulics
Hossein Hamidi, PhD
hossein.hamidi@abdn.ac.uk 1
Recommended references
• Applied Drilling Engineering by Adam T.
Bourgoyne SPE textbook, 1991. Chapter 2
&4
• Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering by

Mitchell R.F and Miska S. SPE 2011.
Chapter 3 & 5
Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Objectives
• Describe functions of drill fluids.
• Describe the properties of drilling fluids and review simple property

measurements
• Explain different types of drilling fluids
• Explain ECD, Annular pressure loss, Annular velocity
• Calculate pressure loss at different nodes in the well (DP, DC, Bits etc)

Drilling Fluids
A drilling fluid or drilling mud is any fluid which is
circulated through a well in order to remove the cuttings
from the wellbore.
Drilling fluid (Courtesy of Alamedagoo) 4

Drilling Fluids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KovWXkppGOQ 5

Circulating System

Functions of Drilling Fluids
1. Remove cuttings from the Wellbore
• High velocity fluid strikes the bottom on the hole lifting and
sweeping cuttings away and up the hole.
• Annular fluid velocities have to be high enough to lift the
cuttings to surface.
• Suspend the Cuttings whenever pumping is stopped.
Mud develops gel strength when circulation stops,
suspending the cuttings
• Release the cuttings at surface

2. Prevent Formation Fluids Flowing into the Wellbore
• The hydrostatic pressure exerted

by the mud column must be high
enough to prevent an influx of
formation fluids into the wellbore.
• However, the pressure in the
wellbore must not be too high or it
may cause the formation to
fracture and this will result in the
loss of expensive mud into the
formation. known as lost
circulation.
8

3. Maintain Wellbore Stability
Shale instability is one of the most common problems may be

caused by:
• hydration of the clay within the shale by mud filtrate
containing water and can be overcome by
 using non water-based muds, or
 by treating the mud with chemicals which will reduce the ability of the
water in the mud to hydrate the clays in the formation. These muds
are known as inhibited muds.

4. Cool and Lubricate the Bit
• The rock cutting process will generate a great deal of heat at

the bit. Unless the bit is cooled, it will overheat and quickly
wear out. The circulation of the drilling fluid will cool the bit
down and help lubricate the cutting process.
5. Transmit Hydraulic Horsepower to Bit

• As fluid is circulated through the drillstring, across the bit the
efficiency of the drilling process can be significantly
enhanced by moving the rock fragments away from drilled
formation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZeDKYWePzg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuGNXCbv258 10

Drilling Fluids
The rheological models which are generally used by drilling
engineers to describe drilling fluids are:
Have the same

viscosity at
different shear
rates
Newtonian
model
Bingham
Drilling Fluids plastic
Non-
Newtonian Power-law
models
Have different
viscosities at Herschel-
different shear Bulkley
rates
11

Drilling Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids Newtonian Fluids
Motor and Diesel oils
12

Drilling Fluids
Newtonian Fluids
Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate have simple linear relationship
𝜏𝜏 = 𝜇𝜇 × 𝛾𝛾
13

Drilling Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Shear Stress is not directly proportional to Shear Rate
14

Drilling Fluids
Non-Newtonian fluids:
• pseudoplastic if the apparent viscosity decreases with
increasing shear rate, (shear thinning, thixotropic is time-
dependent shear thinning)
• dilatant if the apparent viscosity increases with increasing

shear rate. (shear thickening)
Drilling fluids and cement slurries are generally pseudoplastic in
nature.
15

Common rheological models
Power Law Model Bingham Plastic Model
𝜏𝜏 = 𝑘𝑘𝛾𝛾 𝑛𝑛 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦 + 𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝 𝛾𝛾
n and k are the flow behaviuor index and consistency factor , 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦 is yield point
16

Common rheological models
Herschel Bulkley Model
𝜏𝜏 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦 + 𝑘𝑘𝛾𝛾 𝑛𝑛
17

Drilling Fluids
18

Properties of Drilling Fluids
Properties:
• Density Balance formation pressure
• Viscosity Lift cuttings
• Gel Strength Pumpable, but can Suspend
cuttings
• Filtration Thin filter cake
Low losses to reservoir
19

Fluid density
Fluid Density –weight per unit volume
• Measured by the derrickman several times per shift.
• Using a mud balance, a cup with a lid on an arm with a
knife edge and a measurement rider.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=raRoc4L6K-o 20

Fluid density
• 1. Before beginning, check calibration (calibration mark provided on scale for
fresh water, 8.33 lb/gal or 1.0 S.G.), and make sure that the cup is clean and dry.
• 2. Remove the lid from the mud cup and fill the cup to overflowing with the mud
to be tested. If air bubbles have been trapped in the mud, tap the cup briskly on
the side until air bubbles break out.
• 3. Replace the lid on the cup and rotate it until it is firmly seated. Do not cover
the vent hole with your finger. Make certain that some mud squeezes out the vent
hole in the lid.
• 4. Wash and wipe excess mud from the exterior of the mud balance, covering
the vent hole, then dry the balance. Vent hole must be covered during Step 4.
• 5. Place the balance in its base with the knife edges on the fulcrum rest.
• 6. Move the rider until the beam is balanced. The spirit level bubble should be on
the center line.
• 7. Read the mud weight and hydrostatic pressure or mud gradient at the edge of
the rider nearest the fulcrum (toward the knife edge) .
• 8. Clean and replace the instrument.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hxnDYOlqaI 21

Rheological properties
Rheological properties in oil industry are measured by:
• 2-speed rotational viscometer (300 & 600 RPM)
• 6 (or more) - speed rotational viscometer
22

Fluid Viscosity
Viscosity –resistance to flow
• the ratio of shear stress to shear rate:
Pa.S or NS/m2
or dyneS/cm2 N/m2 or Pa cP or lbfS/100ft2 lbf/100 ft2
𝜏𝜏 𝜏𝜏
𝜇𝜇 = 𝜇𝜇 =
𝛾𝛾 𝛾𝛾
sec-1 sec-1
SI units Field units
The Rotational Viscometer:

• The shear stress-shear rate relationship of a drilling mud is
determined by a viscometer.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_TCzSDYOuM 23

Fluid Viscosity
Viscometer procedure
Record the results in the API Standard Drilling Mud Report as follows:
• Subtract the 300-rpm dial reading from the 600-rpm dial reading. Record
this difference as the PV in centipoise (cp) at X° F (or °C);
𝝁𝝁𝒑𝒑 = 𝜽𝜽𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 − 𝜽𝜽𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 , cP
• Subtract the PV from the 300 rpm dial reading. Record this difference as
the YP in pounds per 100 square feet (lb per 100 sq ft);
𝝉𝝉𝒚𝒚 = 𝜽𝜽𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝝁𝝁𝒑𝒑
• Initial (10-second) gel strength is recorded as the first peak dial reading; it
is recorded as pounds per 100 square feet (lb per 100 sq ft) . Ten-minute
gel strength is recorded in the same manner. 24

Fluid Viscosity
In evaluating drilling fluids, it is common practice to report the
apparent viscosity at 600 rev/min
𝜃𝜃600
𝜇𝜇𝑎𝑎 =
2
Typical graph drawn from viscometer results

25

Fluid Viscosity
Rotational-viscometer results 26

Rheological properties
Example:
A rotational viscometer containing a non-Newtonaian fluid gives

a dial reading of 12 at a rotor speed of 300 rpm and a dial
reading of 20 at a rotor speed of 600 rpm. Determine the
rheological model of this fluid in a case of Bingham model .
27

Gel Strength
Gel Strength
provide an indication of:
 the pressure required to initiate
flow after the mud has been
static for some time.
 the suspension properties of the
mud and hence its ability to
suspend cuttings when the mud
is stationary.
28

Gel Strength
Procedure for Gel Strength Determination
• Shut motor off and wait 10 seconds.
• Flip switch to the low-speed (3 rpm) position and record maximum

deflection units in lbf/100 ft2 as initial gel. This is reported as the initial or
10 second gel.
• Repeat 1 and 2, but allow 10 minutes, then place switch in the low-speed
position and read maximum deflection units as the 10-minute gel. Report
measured temperature.
• Gel strength usually appears on the mud report as two figures (e.g.
17/25). The first being the initial gel and the second the 10 minute gel.
29

Gel Strength
Rheometer model 800 – top view
30

Filtration
Filtration
• Defined as loss of fluid into
permeable formations after
these zones have been
exposed to the drilling fluid.
• Mud solids are deposited on
the face of the formation in the
form of a filter cake.
• Fluid from the mud penetrates
deeper into the pore spaces of
the formation.
• Rate of fluid loss is affected by
filter cake thickness, time,
pressure & temperature.
31

Filtration
Filter Press:
is used to determine:
(1) The filtration rate through a
standard filter paper
(2) The rate at which the
mudcake thickness increases
on the standard filter paper
under standard test
conditions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoL8mD66tN4
32

Filtration
API Filter Press Procedure:
• Take it apart and insert a filter paper
• Fill with fluid to the scribe line
• Put together
• Pressure to 100 psi
• Measure fluid squeezed out in 30 minutes
33

Diagnostic tests
The diagnostic tests recommended by the API:
(I) Mud balance: for determining drilling fluid density,
(2) Rotational viscometer: for determining gel strength

and apparent viscosity at various shear rates,
(3) Filter press: for determining mud filtration rate and

mudcake characteristics,
34

Diagnostic tests
The diagnostic tests recommended by the API:
(4) pH meter: for determining H+ concentration,
(5) Sand screen: for determining sand content,
(6) Mud still: for determining solids, oil, and water

contents
35

pH meter
pH Determination
• Drilling muds are treated to be alkaline (pH > 7)
• The pH will affect viscosity, bentonite is least affected
if the pH is in the range of 7–10.5
• For minimising shale problems, a pH of 9.0 to 10.5
appears to give the best hole stability and control
over mud properties
• Above 10.5, the viscosity will increase and may give
viscosities that are out of proportion for good drilling
properties
36

pH meter
• A high pH (> 10) appears to cause shale problems.
High pH causes hydration of shale.
• The corrosion of metal is increased if it comes into

contact with an acidic fluid
37

Sand screen
Sand Content:
• Solid particles larger than 74 microns (200 mesh) are
classified as API sand. These particles can be highly
abrasive, and can cause excessive wear on pump
parts, drill bits, and pipe connections.
• Excessive sand may also result in the deposition of a

thick filter cake on the borehole wall, or it may settle in
the hole around the tools when circulation is stopped.
• The sand content set consists of a 200-mesh sieve, a

funnel, and a glass measuring tube calibrated from 0
to 20% to directly read the percentage of sand by
volume. Sand Content Apparatus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6lG_OrjJGs 38

Drilling Fluid additives
Chemical Additives:
Chemical additives commonly are used for:
1) Viscosity control,
2) Density control
3) Filtration control
4) Alkalinity, or pH control
5) Lost-circulation control
39

Drilling Fluids
1. viscosity control:
Clays hydrate in water and greatly increase the
viscosity of the mud.
Clay
The clay particles also form a mudcake on the hole wall

opposite permeable formations. This greatly reduces the
amount of water loss to these zones and helps to prevent
the hole wall from caving into the hole. 40

Drilling Fluids
Clays Encountered in Drilling fluids:
1. Commercial Clays
2. Low-Swelling Clays
Clay under microscope 41

Drilling Fluids
Commercial Clays:
They are graded according to their ability to increase
the viscosity of water.
• The yield of a clay is defined as:
the number of barrels of mud that can be produced

using 1 ton of clay (2,240 lbm) if the mud has an
apparent viscosity of 15 cp when measured in a
rotational viscometer at 600 rpm.
42

Drilling Fluids
• The most common commercial clay mined for use in
drilling fluids is called Wyoming bentonite. It has a yield
of about 100 bbl/ton when used with pure water.
• A less expensive commercial clay called high-yield clay

has a yield of about 45 bbl/ton.
• It is not uncommon for native clays to yield less than 10

bbl/ton.
• Once a 15 cP mud has been obtained, mud viscosity

increases rapidly with further increases in clay content.
43

Drilling Fluids
Effect of clay concentration on viscosity of fresh water (from Bourgoyne et al. 1991)
44

Drilling Fluids
Low-Swelling Clays:
• As formations are drilled, various types of low-swelling
clays enter the mud, such as Kaolinite and chlorite,
as well as illite.
Effect of Drilled Solids on Drilling Fluids Density:
Solids in the drilling fluid cause an increase in density

as well as viscosity.
45

Drilling Fluids
To reduce the viscosity of the mud:
A. Lower the solids content
• (1) screening,
• (2) forced settling,
• (3) chemical flocculation,
• (4) dilution.
B. Neutralize attractive forces between the particles

46

Drilling Fluids
A. Lower the solids content:
Screening always is applied first in processing the
annular mud stream.
API specifications for commercial barium sulfate require

that 97% of the particles pass through a 200-mesh
screen.
47

Solid Control System
Mechanical Removal Equipment Includes:
• Shale Shaker
• Desanders(large cone Hydrocyclons)
• Desilters(small cone Hydrocyclones)
• Centrifuges
• Settlement Pits
48

Drilling Fluids
49

Drilling Fluids
• The removal of fine active clay particles can be
facilitated by adding chemicals that cause the clay
particles to flocculate or agglomerate into larger
units.
• Once the agglomeration of the clay particles has
been achieved, separation can be accomplished
more easily by settling.
• The concentration of the solids not removed by
screening or forced settling can be reduced by
dilution.
50

Drilling Fluids
An example arrangement of the solids control equipment for a
clay/ water mud:
Solids-control system (Bourgoyne et al. 1991) 51

Drilling Fluids
B. Neutralize attractive forces between the particles
These chemicals produce negatively charged anions in
solution and thereby reduce the positive charge on
the edge of the clay plates. This reduces the edge-to-
face association and therefore reduces viscosity.
Such chemicals are called Deflocculants or thinners
or dispersants.
Common deflocculants used to lower yield point and gel

strength:
Phosphates, Tannin, Lignites, Lignosulfonates
52

Drilling Fluids
2. Density Control:
Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is the primary additive used to increase
the density of clay/water muds.
Specific gravity = 4.5
Densities ranging from 9 to 19 lbm/gal can be obtained using
mixtures of barium sulfate, clay, and water.
alternative density-control agents such as hematite (Fe2O3) with
specific gravity ranging from 4.9 to 5.3 and ilmenite (FeO·TiO2 ),
with specific gravity ranging from 4.5 to 5.11 have been
introduced.
Note: however, that the clay-water mixture must have a gel
strength of 3lbf/100ft2(1.44 Pa) to hold the barium sulphate in
suspension.
53

Drilling Fluids
3. Filtration Control:
Loss of fluid from the mud occurs when the mud comes
into contact with a permeable zone.
Excessive filtration rates and thick wall cake can lead to problems
such as:
• Tight spots in the hole
• Differential pipe sticking
• Formation damage due to filtrate invasion
The aim
is to deposit a thin and impermeable filter cake.
54

Drilling Fluids
Several types of material may be added to the mud to
control fluid loss:
 Clay
 Starch
 CMC (sodium carboxyl-methyl cellulose)
 Sodium polyacrylate.
 Lignosuphonates
 Polyanoinic cellulose (Drispac or PAC)
Polymers reduce water loss by increasing the effective
water viscosity.
55

Drilling Fluids
4. pH control :
• Caustic soda NaOH is the major additive used to
keep the pH of the mud high. This is desirable to
prevent corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement.
The pH of most muds lies between 9.5 and 10.5.
Caustic potash, KOH and slaked lime (Calcium

hydroxide), Ca(OH)2 may also be used.
56

Drilling Fluids
Classification of drilling fluids
57

Drilling Fluids
Water-based fluids (WBFs):
are the most commonly used drilling fluids.
Oil-based fluids (OBFs):

are generally more expensive and require more
stringent pollution control procedures than water-base
muds. Their use usually is limited to drilling:
extremely hot formations
formations that are affected adversely

by water-base muds.
58

Drilling Fluids
Water-based fluids (WBFs):
consist of a mixture of solids, liquids and chemicals.
Some solids (clays) react with the water and can be

controlled by chemical treatment in the mud and are
called active solids.
The solids which do not react within the mud are called
inactive or inert solids These may be drill solids such
as limestone or sand. Barite is also an inert solid.
59

Drilling Fluids
The majority of wells are drilled with water-based drilling
fluids.
60

Drilling Fluids
Oil Base Muds:
Drilling fluids are called oil muds if the continuous phase
is composed of a liquid hydrocarbon.
Oil base mud does not cause the clays in the reservoir
to swell.
higher initial cost and pollution control problems than

WBF.
61

Drilling Fluids
Volume calculations:
62

Drilling Fluids
1bbl= 5.6146 ft3
63

Drilling Fluids
In the field:
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2
𝑉𝑉 = (d in inches; for 1 ft pipe )
4
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2 1𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 1 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑉𝑉 = (in2) ( 2 ) ( 3 )
4 144 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 5.6146 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
1ft= 12 in 1bbl= 5.6146 ft3
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 2
𝑉𝑉 = = (bbl/ft)
4×144×5.6146 1029.4
64

Drilling Fluids
65

Example
66

Drilling Hydraulics
Hydrostatic Pressure in Liquid
Columns:
𝑝𝑝 = 0.052𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
ρ is the fluid density (ppg).

D, depth
67

Drilling Hydraulics
Pressure= Force/Area
68

Drilling Hydraulics
𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜌𝜌 × ℎ × 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
(psi or lb/in2) ( )
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
(ft)
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 7.48 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 1 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2

( ) (ft) ( )
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 1𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 144 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖2
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜌𝜌 × ℎ × 7.48/144 ( 2)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜌𝜌 × ℎ × 0.052 ( 2)
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
69

Drilling Hydraulics
70

Example
71

Example
What would be hydrostatic

pressure with the following
information?
72

Example
• What would be the reduction in bottom hole pressure be if the
riser leaked or was disconnected?
Total depth : 12600 ft 73

Drilling Hydraulics
• There are multiple points within the system that
result in a loss in pressure as the fluid passes
through. These include:
• Surface system
• Drill string
• Bit
• Annulus
74

Drilling Hydraulics
75

Drilling Hydraulics
76

Drilling Hydraulics
The pump pressure is expended by (I) frictional pressure
losses in the surface equipment, Δps. (2) frictional
pressure losses in the drillpipe, Δpdp, and drill collars,
Δpdc, (3) pressure losses caused by accelerating the
drilling fluid through the nozzle, and (4) frictional
pressure losses in the drill collar annulus, Δpdca, and
drillpipe annulus. Δpdpa. Stated mathematically,
p p = ∆ps + ∆pdp + ∆pdc + ∆pb + ∆pdca + ∆pdpa
77

Drilling Hydraulics
Current mud weight
Phyd APL
= +
Depth × 0.052 Depth × 0.052
78

Drilling Hydraulics
Example:
• A 9.5 ppg drilling fluid is circulated through the drill
pipe and the annulus. The frictional pressure losses
gradient in the annulus is 0.15. Calculate the
equivalent circulating density in PPG.
79

Drilling Hydraulics
Example:
• A 9.5 ppg drilling fluid is circulated through the drill
pipe and the annulus. The frictional pressure losses
gradient in the annulus is 0.15. Calculate the
equivalent circulating density in PPG.
Solution:
• ρ = 9.5 + P/0.052 = 9.5 + 0.15 / 0.052 = 12.4 PPG
80

Drilling Hydraulics
Pipe Annulus
17.16 (𝑞𝑞, 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 17.16 (𝑞𝑞, 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣 =
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑22 − 𝑑𝑑12
3.056 (𝑞𝑞, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 3.056 (𝑞𝑞, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑22 − 𝑑𝑑12
(𝑞𝑞, 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) (𝑞𝑞, 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)

2.448 𝑑𝑑 2 2.448 (𝑑𝑑22 − 𝑑𝑑12 )
Where
v= average velocity, ft/s
d= internal diameter of pipe, in.
d2= internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in.
d1= external diameter of inner pipe, in. 81

Drilling Hydraulics
Example:
• A 12-lbm/gal mud is being circulated at 400 gal/min .
The 5.0-in. drillpipe has an internal diameter of 4.33 in.
, and the drill collars have an internal diameter of 2.5
in. The bit has a diameter of 9.875 in. Calculate the
average velocity in the (1) drillpipe, (2) drill collars, and
(3) annulus opposite the drillpipe.
82

Drilling Hydraulics
Solution:
400
1. 𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = =8.715 ft/s
2.448(4.33)2
400
2. 𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 =26.143 ft/s
2.448(2.5)
400
3. 𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = =2.253 ft/s
2.448(9.8752 −52 )
83

Drilling Hydraulics
Flow Through Jet Bits:
𝑞𝑞
𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 =
3.117𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡
8.311 × 10−5 𝜌𝜌𝑞𝑞2

∆𝑝𝑝𝑏𝑏 =
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑2 𝐴𝐴2𝑡𝑡
Cd: discharge coefficient
q: flow rate (gal/min)
vn=the nozzle velocity (ft/s)
Δpb: the pressure drop (p1 -p2) (psi)
At : total nozzle area(in2) 84

Drilling Hydraulics
Note:
Bit nozzle diameters often are expressed in 32nds of an
inch. For example, if the bit nozzles are described as
"12- 13- 13," this denotes that the bit contains one
nozzle having a diameter of 12/32 in. and two nozzles
having a diameter of 13/32 in.
85

Example
• A 12.0 lbm/gal drilling fluid is flowing through a bit containing
three nozzles described as “13-13-13” at a rate of 400 gal/min.
Calculate the pressure drop across the bit. (Cd=0.95)
86

Drilling Hydraulics
Laminar Flow in Pipes and Annuli:
Newtonian Model
in Annulus In pipe
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜇𝜇𝑣𝑣̅ 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜇𝜇𝑣𝑣̅
= =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,000(𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,500𝑑𝑑2
87

Drilling Hydraulics
Non-Newtonian Models
Bingham Plastic Power-Law
Pipe Pipe
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣̅ 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝐾𝐾 𝑣𝑣̅ 𝑛𝑛 3 + 1/𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
= 2
+ = 1+𝑛𝑛
( )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,500 𝑑𝑑 225 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 144,000 𝑑𝑑 0.0416
Annulus Annulus
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣̅ 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝐾𝐾 𝑣𝑣̅ 𝑛𝑛 2 + 1/𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
= = ( )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,000(𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 144,000 (𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )1+𝑛𝑛 0.0208
𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦
+
200(𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )
88

Example
• Determine the pressure loss through a 5" 19.5 lb/ft drillpipe (I.D.
= 4.276") at150 gpm if the fluid is a Bingham Plastic fluid with a
plastic viscosity of 20 cp, a yield point of 15 lb/100 ft2 and
density is 10 ppg.
89

Example
• Determine the pressure loss through a 5" 19.5 lb/ft drillpipe (I.D.
= 4.276") at150 gpm if the fluid is a Bingham Plastic fluid with a
plastic viscosity of 20 cp, a yield point of 15 lb/100 ft2 and
density is 10 ppg.
(𝑞𝑞, 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 150

𝑣𝑣 = = = 3.35 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
2.448 𝑑𝑑 2 2.448 × 4.2762
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣̅ 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦 20 × 3.35 15

= + = + = 0.018 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,500 𝑑𝑑 2 225 𝑑𝑑 1500 × 4.2762 225 × 4.276
90

Drilling Hydraulics
Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Annuli:
Newtonian Fluids
Reynolds number, In field units:
Pipe Annulus
928 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑
̅ 757 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣(𝑑𝑑
̅ 2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )
𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
𝜇𝜇 𝜇𝜇
91

Drilling Hydraulics
Turbulent Flow in Pipes and Annuli:
Newtonian Fluids
Pipe Annulus
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝜌 𝑣𝑣̅ 2 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝜌 𝑣𝑣̅ 2
= =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 25.8 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 21.1 (𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )
Or Or
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝜌0.75 𝑣𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇𝜇0.25 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝜌0.75 𝑣𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇𝜇0.25
= =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,800 𝑑𝑑1.25 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,396 (𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )1.25
92

Drilling Hydraulics
Fanning friction factor
• An empirical correlation for the determination of
friction factors for fully developed turbulent flow in
circular pipe has been presented by Colebrook:
1 𝜖𝜖 1.255
= −4 log(0.269 + )
𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓
• Relative roughness, ε/d, The relative roughness is defined as

the ratio of the absolute roughness, ε, to the pipe diameter
where the absolute roughness represents the average depth of
pipe-wall irregularities. 93

Drilling Hydraulics
Also for most wellbore geometries, the relative
roughness is usually less than 0.0004 in all sections. For
these conditions, the friction factors for smooth pipe
(zero roughness) can be applied for most engineering
calculations.
For Smooth pipe:
1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 2,100 – 100,000 = 4 log 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑓𝑓 − 0.395)
𝑓𝑓
94

Drilling Hydraulics
Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Bingham Plastic Model
The second problem is that non-Newtonian fluids such
as Bingham Plastic fluids do not have a single
parameter representation of viscosity. In the case of
Bingham Plastic fluids a representative apparent
viscosity is developed.
95

Drilling Hydraulics
Bingham Plastic
Pipe Annulus
928𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝑑𝑑
̅ 757𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣(𝑑𝑑
̅ 2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )
𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 =
𝜇𝜇𝑎𝑎 𝜇𝜇𝑎𝑎
6.66τ y d 5𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦 (𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )

µa = µ p + 𝜇𝜇𝑎𝑎 = 𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝 +
v 𝑣𝑣̅
96

Drilling Hydraulics
Pipe Annulus

= =
Or Or
𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝜌0.75 𝑣𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇𝜇0.25 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓 𝜌𝜌0.75 𝑣𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇𝜇0.25
= =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,800 𝑑𝑑1.25 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1,396 (𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 )1.25
97

Drilling Hydraulics
Power Law Model
Pipe Annulus
89,100 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣̅ 2−𝑛𝑛 0.0416𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛 109,000 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣̅ 2−𝑛𝑛 0.0208(𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 ) 𝑛𝑛
𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = ( ) 𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = ( )
𝐾𝐾 3 + 1/𝑛𝑛 𝐾𝐾 2 + 1/𝑛𝑛
𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑1−𝑛𝑛 3 + 1/𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 K (d 2 − d1 ) (1− n )  2 + 1 / n 

n
𝜇𝜇𝑎𝑎 = ( ) µa =  
96𝑣𝑣̅ (1−𝑛𝑛) 0.0416 (1− n )
 0.0208 
144v
98

Drilling Hydraulics
Pipe Annulus
= =
Friction factor for power law fluids under turbulent flow conditions
4.0 1− n / 2 0.395
1 / f = 0.75 log( N Re f ) − 1.2
n n
99

References
[1] Applied Drilling Engineering by Adam T. Bourgoyne SPE
textbook, 1991.
[2] Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering by Mitchell R.F and
Miska S., SPE textbook, 2011.
100

Come Here.
Go Anywhere.
That’s the difference
101

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Drilling Fluid + Drilling Hydraulics

Hossein Hamidi, PhD

• Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering by

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

• Describe the properties of drilling fluids and review simple property

• Explain different types of drilling fluids

• Explain ECD, Annular pressure loss, Annular velocity

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Drilling fluid (Courtesy of Alamedagoo) 4

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

• The hydrostatic pressure exerted

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Shale instability is one of the most common problems may be

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

• The rock cutting process will generate a great deal of heat at

5. Transmit Hydraulic Horsepower to Bit

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Have the same

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Motor and Diesel oils

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Shear Stress vs. Shear Rate have simple linear relationship

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Shear Stress is not directly proportional to Shear Rate

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

• dilatant if the apparent viscosity increases with increasing

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

𝜏𝜏 = 𝑘𝑘𝛾𝛾 𝑛𝑛 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦 + 𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝 𝛾𝛾

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

• 6 (or more) - speed rotational viscometer

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

SI units Field units

The Rotational Viscometer:

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

𝝁𝝁𝒑𝒑 = 𝜽𝜽𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 − 𝜽𝜽𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 , cP

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Typical graph drawn from viscometer results

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

A rotational viscometer containing a non-Newtonaian fluid gives

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

• Shut motor off and wait 10 seconds.

• Flip switch to the low-speed (3 rpm) position and record maximum

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Rheometer model 800 – top view

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

Hossein Hamidi, PhD www.abdn.ac.uk

(I) Mud balance: for determining drilling fluid density,

(2) Rotational viscometer: for determining gel strength

(3) Filter press: for determining mud filtration rate and