P-001 Radiographic Testing Procedure For Pipeline

BAB GAS COMPRESSION PROJECT
RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING PROCEDURE FOR PIPELINE
1 14/04/2010 SHAHID MATLOOB SYED ISSUE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
REV. DATE ORIGINATOR REVIEWED APPROVED DESCRIPTION
SUBCONTRACT No. 09065D-OP0C-001
ORIGINATOR : KTI/LONESTAR SK Project No. 09065D
KTI/LONESTAR
P-001
Doc No.
ADCO DOC No : 11.99.97.2661 Page 1 of 21

INDEX
No DESCRIPTIONS
1 SCOPE
2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
3 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION
4 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION
5 SAFETY
6 EQUIPMENT, CONSUMABLES & ACCESSORIES
7 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR
8 FILM
9 INTENSIFYING SCREEN
10 SURFACE PREPARATION
11 PREVENTION OF BACK SCATTERING
12 TECHNIQUES
13 IDENTIFICATION
14 GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS
15 EXPOSURE TIME
16 FILM LOADING
17 FILM PROCESSING
18 FILM VIEWING
19 FILM DENSITY
20 FILM CONTRAST
21 SENSITIVITY
22 INTERPRETATION
23 RETEST
24 REPORTING
25 TECHNIQUE SHEET
26 REPORT FORMAT
Project No.: P 90115

DOCUMENT TITLE:
ADCO DOC. NO. 11.99.97.2661
RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING PROCEDURE FOR REV. 1 DATE : 14/04/2010
PIPELINE
PAGE 2 OF 25
1. SCOPE
This Procedure describes Radiographic Testing of Pipeline welds for detecting discontinuities
in welds by using Panoramic X-Ray Generators, Directional X-ray generator, and Gamma
source Se-75.
For pipe diameter less than 6” : Gamma source Se-75.

For Pipe diameter for 6” to 18” : Panoramic X-ray Generator for internal radiography
For pipe diameter for 6” to 18” : Directional X-ray Generator for external radiography
2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS: (ALL LATEST EDITIONS)
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for Non

2.1 ASME Section V
Destructive Testing
Welding of Pipeline and Related Facilities
2.2 API -1104
Amendments/Supplements to DEP
2.3 ADCO Doc. No. 30.99.00.0032
61.40.20.30-Ge
2.4 DEP 61.40.20.30-Gen Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities
2.5 ADCO Doc. No. 11.99.12.1705 Specification for NDT

Amendments/Supplements to DEP
2.6 ADCO Doc No. 31-38-01-31-A
31.38.01.31-GEN
Specification for Welding of Pipelines and
2.7 ADCO Doc. No. 11.99.12.1617
Related Facilities
Guidelines for Personnel Qualification &
2.8 ASNT SNT TC –1A
Certification
Standard Method for Controlling Quality of
2.9 ASTM E – 747 Radiographic Testing using Wire
Penetrameters
Non-Destructive Testing: Image Quality of
2.10 DIN 54109-Part 1
Radiographs of Metallic Materials
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
2.11 ANSI / ASME B31.8
Systems
Written Practice for Training and Certification
2.12 NDT-SOP-001-03
of Personnel
2.13 ADCO Doc. No.11.99.97.2671 Radiography Safety Procedure
2.14 ADCO Doc. No.11.99.97.2672 Radiation Emergency procedure

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3. PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION
The qualification of NDT personnel to carry out this Testing shall be minimum of ASNT
Level II in accordance with the KTI/Lonestar‟s Written Practice NDT-SOP-001-03, which is in
accordance with documents ASNT SNT- TC -1A in Radiography Testing method. The
Level II personnel shall always carry out the testing.
Personnel interpreting radiographs shall have valid CSWIP or PCN certification in

interpretation of radiographs or ASNT level III certification in radiographic testing.
4. PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION
Procedure Qualification test shall be performed to the satisfaction of the Client before
starting of the work. The Client representative shall witness all Qualification test. NDT of a
test weld may serve as a qualification test for the NDT procedures and shall be witnessed by
the Client.
IPSI Crawler or equivalent, suitable for 6” to 18” dia with panoramic X-

ray generator of 180 kv, 2 mA. Radiographs shall be made using films confirming to the
Table below.
Film Type Speed Contrast Grain Examples

1 Slow Very High Very High Kodak Industrex M
Kodak Industrex TMX
Kodak Industrex T
Agfa D2
Agfa D4
Fuji 50
2 Medium High Fine Kodak Industrex AX
Kodak INdustrex AA
Agfa D5
Agfa D7
Fuji 100
Pipe size 8” NPS above shall be used with Type I or Type II film, and Pipe size 8” NPS or
less shall be used with only Type I film.
Manual Technique for film processing to produce the quality radiograph, shall be performed
& qualified before the starting of work at the work site. All the Radiography technique stated
in the procedure shall be qualified as per the technique sheet attached along with this
procedure.
5. SAFETY
All Radiography Personnel shall have responsibilities to ensure to evacuate the Public and
Non-Classified workers to the safe distance. The area where radiography is being performed
shall be cordon off using cordoning ropes and Signboards prior to commencement of
Radiography operations.
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All Radiography Personnel shall use Pocket dosimeter/TLD/Film badges while performing
the Radiography work. Calibrated survey meters shall be used to survey the radiation area to
verify radiation safe area.
All Radiography Personnel shall have responsibilities to themselves and other persons with
regard to safety and shall ensure site facilities are adequate with regard to lighting,
scaffolding and the like prior to commencement of operations.
Safety in this NDT method is the first priority, hence all technicians must work as per
KTI/Lonestar – Radiation Safety Procedure.
6. EQUIPMENT, CONSUMABLEs & ACCESSORIES

 IPSI Pipeline Crawler or equivalent suitable for 6” to 18” Dia.
 180 kV 2 mA X Ray tube
 Battery packs and chargers
 Pilot Command
 Collimator & Lead Sheets
 Survey Meter
 Dosimeter
 Warning Placards
 Cordoning Rope
 Lead Markers
 Indelible Markers
 Measuring tape
 Elastic
 Penetrameters (I.Q.I‟s)
 Dark Room Accessories & Consumables
All the Survey / Dosimeter / Monitoring equipment shall be calibrated once in a year and
following any repair. Copy of calibration certificate shall accompany the Equipment /
Survey meter at all times.
7. IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR:

Wire type penetrameters ( image quality indicators, IQIs ) in accordance with BS 3971 shall
be used. The ASTM/DIN image quality indicator (IQI) or equivalent conforming to SE 747
subject to Client‟s approval shall be used.
I.Q.I. selection shall be by the sensitivity requirement for the materials thickness under
examination and shall be compatible with materials involved. The image Quality Indicator
selection shall be as per table given below:

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IQI Selection
Sr. No: Wall Thickness
(DIN 54109-Part 1)/ASTM
1 < 17 mm 10 - 16/1A
2 18mm to 45 mm 06 – 12/1B
3 > 45 mm 01 – 07/1C
The Sensitivity requirement shall be 2.0% or better. Calculation shall be based on single
wall thickness plus allowable reinforcement on each side.
ASME Section V Article 2, Table T-276
Nominal Single-Wall IQI

Material Thickness Range Source Side Film Side
Wire-Type Wire-Type
Hole-Type Hole-Type
in mm Essential Essential
Designation Designation
Wire Wire
Up to 0.25, incl. Up to 6.4, incl. 12 5 10 4
Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 15 6 12 5
Wire type image quality indicators, SE-747
Wire no/ Wire no/ Wire no/ Wire no/ Wire no/ Wire no/
Set
Ø mm Ø mm Ø mm Ø mm Ø mm Ø mm
A 1/0.08 2/0.10 3/0.13 4/0.16 5/0.20 6/0.25
B 6/0.25 7/0.33 8/0.41 9/0.51 10/0.63 11/0.81
C 11/0.81 12/1.02 13/1.27 14/1.60 15/2.03 16/2.5
D 16/2.5 17/3.2 18/4.06 19/5.1 20/6.4 21/8.0

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a) Number of IQI(s) Required
 For unidirectional exposure at least one IQI shall appear on each
radiograph. Should the density of radiography vary by more than –15% to +
30% from density measured through the body of IQI then additional IQI(s)
shall be used to cover the other densities.
 For panoramic exposure where one or more film holders shall be used then
at least three IQIs shall be used being placed approximately 1200 apart or
as per written specification of client.
 For panoramic exposures when covering only a section of circumference at
least three IQIs as one at the center with the other two at each of the ends
shall be used.
b) Placement
 The IQI shall be located on the source side of the weld being
radiographed except when inaccessibility prevents hand placing of the
IQI. In such case then the IQI may be located on film side with lead
marker „F‟ shall be placed adjacent to IQI.
 The plane of the IQI shall be normal to the direction of the radiation
beam and identity of the IQI shall be visible on the radiograph. The
identity of IQI or „F‟ shall not obscure the area of interest.
 Wire IQI shall be placed near to the end of film of weld being
radiographed. The length of wire shall be perpendicular to the length of
weld. The lower diameter wire shall be towards the end of the
radiograph and the whole IQI shall be placed adjacent to or on the weld.
 When size or configuration of the object prevents locating IQI on the
object it may be placed on a separate block of the same material and
thickness as the part being radiographed as close as possible to the
object.
8. FILM
Radiographs shall be obtained using Industrial Radiography films. The Films used shall
conform to Clause 4 of this procedure
Unexposed films shall be stored in such a manner that they are protected from the effects of
light, pressure, excessive heat, excessive humidity, damaging fumes, vapors or penetrating
Radiation. Storage of film shall be on a first in first out basis.

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9. INTENSIFYING SCREEN
Lead pack roll films or films with lead screen of Thickness 0.125 mm both front & back shall
be used for intensification purposes when Darkroom packaged films are used or Standard
Lead packed daylight films shall be used. All screens shall be free of dents, scratches and
dirt on the surfaces.
10. SURFACE PREPARATION

As far as possible all irregularities from the surface (to the extent of coverage of films) shall
be removed for better results and interpretation.
11. PREVENTION OF BACK SCATTERING

To achieve better Radiography definition, it is required to check back scattering by placing
lead Letter. “B” with minimum dimension of 13 mm (0.5inch) high and 1.6mm(1/16 inch) thick
on the backside of film holder to ensure the back scattering does not harm the film quality. If
the image of “B” appears on the radiograph as a lighter density than background, it is an
indication that protection against back-scattered radiation is insufficient. In such case, it is
advised to place lead sheets on the backside of holder and If the image of “B” appears on
the radiograph as a darker density than background is acceptable.
12. TECHNIQUES
Single Wall Exposure technique shall be used for Radiography. An adequate number of
Exposure shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage, sensitivity, Density,
Geometrical Unsharpness etc.has been obtained.
Single Wall Single Image, the radiation passes through only one wall of the weld and Image
of single wall is recorded on Radiograph. For single wall single image panoramic exposure, a
minimum of three IQI‟s shall be placed equidistant around the circumference across the pipe
weld for each exposure.
Double Wall Exposure technique shall be used for Radiography where inside is in-accessible.
An adequate number of Exposure shall be made to demonstrate that the required coverage,
sensitivity, Density, Geometrical Unsharpness etc.has been obtained.
13. IDENTIFICATION
Each Radiography shall be identified uniquely so that there is a permanent co- relationship
between the part radiographed and the film. Lead markers shall be kept to identify the
Contract Number, Weld Number, Pipeline Station, Nominal diameter of Pipe, wall thickness,
Date of Radiography, Film Location markers, IQI, Welder‟s Number, Repair Number.

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The following identification shall be given.
Description Identified as
Radiographs of the repaired welds shall contain letter R
Retake of film due to scratch or other film marks shall contain
RT
letter
Cut Out Welds RW
Welds Re-shoots due to grinding, cleaning etc. RS
On pipe welds over 6 inch NPS, a tape measure with Lead numbers every 5 Cms. or 10
Cms. shall be placed adjacent to the weld. The Zero point shall be on the top of the pipe and
the divisions shall run clockwise in the ascending order. Each weld shall be marked using
indelible non-contaminating marker to provide reference points.
14. GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS

Source to film distance shall be such that the geometrical unsharpness (Ug) shall be as
per the chart below.
Material thickness (mm) Ug Maximum (mm)

Under 50 mm 0.5
50 mm to 75 mm 0.75
Over 75 mm to 100 mm 1.00
Greater than 100 mm 1.70
The Ug of the radiograph shall be determined by
Ug = ft / d,
Where Ug Geometrical unsharpness

f Effective Source size
d Distance from Source to the specimen being radiographed
(S.O.D.) t Distance from source side of the specimen to the film
15. EXPOSURE TIME

Exposure time shall be calculated with actual Kv and mA, penetrated wall thickness, F.F.D.
and film speed using Exposure chart or Exposure calculator.

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16. FILM LOADING
Film shall be loaded in the dark room under proper safe light, Filter. Films shall be cut
carefully without any damages, scratches or finger marks. Sandwich the film between pair of
screens & loaded into light tight PVC cassettes or holders. The maximum Residual Fog level
for unexposed film shall not be more than 0.3.
17. FILM PROCESSING

Film shall be processed in a dark room under safe light. The temperature of the chemical
shall be 20C to 28C or as recommended by the film/chemical manufacturer. The film shall
be unloaded in hangers / spools carefully to avoid any marks for manual processing after
removing lead intensifying screens carefully.
The manual processing involves the following steps.
All the steps shall be performed on a test film initially to determine any effect of processing.
Step: 1 Developer: Shake the hangers or spools to avoid any uneven developing
marks. Developing time shall be as recommended by film manufacturer varies
from minimum 3 to 6 minutes for, class II film & 3 to 8 minutes for class I film.
Step: 2 Stop bath: The stop bath is water with 2% of Acetic Acid per gallon of water or
as recommended by the manufacturer to arrest developing action of films are
immersed in a stop bath. Shake hanger / Spools for 2 to 3 minutes in the stop
bath.
Step: 3 Fixer: To remove the excess silver grains from unexposed or less exposed part
of film & to harden base of film, the hangers / Spools shall be immersed in fixer
for at least 06 minutes or as recommended by the manufacturer.
Step: 4 Running water: Films shall be kept in running water tank where excess fixer will
be washed from the surface of the film. Wash at least for 30 minutes.
Step: 5 Wetting Agent: The film shall be dipped in wetting solution before drying. This
would facilitate quick and even drying and avoid watermarks.
Step: 6 Drying: Film shall be dried in open space or in dryer with circulating hot air less
than 45C.

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18. FILM VIEWING
The Films shall be viewed under a high intensity Film Viewer, capable of reading Radiograph
s of Density up to 4 & with adjustable light intensity. Viewing shall be done under subdued ba
ckground lighting of an intensity that will not cause troublesome reflections, shadows or glare
on the radiograph.
Equipment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall provide a variable light source
sufficient for the essential designated wire to be visible for the specified density range. The
viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or
coming through low-density portions of the radiograph does not interfere with interpretation.
Viewing conditions shall confirm to the requirements of EN 25580 (identical to ISO

5580:1985).
19. FILM DENSITY

The density is the quantity measurement of the degree of blackening on the final radiograph
and shall be assessed in the location of the weld.
D = log (Io / It)
Where
D  Density
Io  Light intensity incident on film
It  Light intensity transmitted through the film
For X-Ray Radiography the density of the film throughout the area of interest acceptable
shall be between 2.0 to 3.5.
To measure the film density a calibrated Densitometer or calibrated Wedge Strip shall be
used. The Densitometer shall have a range to measure density from 0 to 4.
The Calibration of the densitometer shall be checked once in 90 days with calibrated step
wedge film or calibrated densitometer traceable to T-262 of ASME Sec-V.
20. FILM CONTRAST

Contrast of the film shall be adequate to manifest on the Radiograph even the smallest
thickness differential. Better the contrast better the interpretation of discontinuity.

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21. SENSITIVITY
Radiographic sensitivity achieved will be 2.0 % for pipeline or better wherever practical. This
shall be demonstrated on the procedure radiograph and accepted by Client prior to
commencement of Production work.
Diameter of thinnest wire Visible on the Radiograph
% Sensitivity = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------  100
Penetrated thickness at the area of interest (diagnostic area)
For Single wall Exposure and Single-Wall viewing techniques, the diameter of the wire shall
be based on the nominal single wall thickness of the pipe plus maximum allowable external
weld reinforcement and allowable internal weld protrusion.
22. INTERPRETATION
All indications that are equal to or greater than rejection level described in acceptance /
rejection criteria shall be considered representing defects and may because of rejection or
repair of the weld or base metal as per API – 1104 and DEP 61.40.20.30-Gen as follows:
1. General
The acceptance standards presented in this section apply to imperfections located by
Radiographic testing.
2. Rights of Rejection
All nondestructive test methods are limited in the information that can be derived from
the indications they produce. The Client may therefore reject any weld that appears to
meet these acceptance standards if, in its opinion, the depth of an imperfection may be
detrimental to the weld.
3. Radiographic Testing
Note: All densities referred to in 3.2 through 3.14 are based on negative images.
3.1 The external weld reinforcement shall be uniform and in no area shall the weld
cap be lower than the adjacent pipe wall.
3.2 Inadequate Penetration without High-low
Inadequate penetration without high-low (IP) is defined as the incomplete filling
of the weld root. This condition is shown schematically in Figure 1 and is
unacceptable.

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Figure 1 – Inadequate Penetration without High-low (IP)
3.3 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low

Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) is defined as the condition that
exists when one edge of the root is exposed (or unbounded) because adjacent
pipe or fitting joints are misaligned. This condition is shown schematically in
Figure 2 and is unacceptable.
3.4 Inadequate Cross Penetration

Inadequate cross penetration (ICP) is defined as a subsurface imperfection
between the first inside pass and the first outside pass that is caused by
inadequately penetrating the vertical land faces. This condition is shown
schematically in Figure 3. ICP shall be considered a defect should any of the
following condition exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of ICP exceeds 2 inches
(50mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of ICP in any continuous 12 inches
(300mm) length of weld exceeds 2 inches (50mm).
3.5 Incomplete Fusion

Incomplete fusion (IF) is a discontinuity between the weld metal and the base
metal that is open to the surface. This condition is shown schematically in
Figure 4 and is unacceptable.
3.6 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap

Incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is defined as an imperfection between
two adjacent weld beads or between the weld metal and the base metal that is
not open to the surface. This condition is shown schematically in Figure 5.

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Areas of IFD which are separated by a distance not exceeding the length of the
smaller indication shall be treated as a single IFD.
For welds other than girth welds the acceptance criteria for the individual and
aggregate length of defects shall be ½ of the values indicated in a. to c. in this
clause.
IFD shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 2 inches (50mm).
b. The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 12 inches
c. The aggregate length of indications of IFD exceeds 8% of the weld
length.
3.7 Internal Concavity

Internal concavity (IC) is shown schematically in Figure 6. Any length of internal
concavity is acceptable, provided the density of the radiographic image of the
internal concavity does not exceed that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.
For areas that exceed the density of the thinnest adjacent parent material, the
criteria for burn-through (see 3.7) are applicable.
3.8 Burn-through and excessive penetration
Burn through is not acceptable. All burn throughs shall be repaired to the
satisfaction of Client.
Root penetration shall not exceed 3 mm.
3.9 Slag Inclusions

3.9.1 A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic solid entrapped in the weld
metal or between the weld metal and the parent material. Elongated slag
inclusions (ESIs) e.g. continuous or broken slag lines or wagon tracks –
are usually found at the fusion zone. Isolated slag inclusions (ISIs) are
irregularly shaped and may be located anywhere in the weld. For
evaluation purposes, when the size of a radiographic indication of slag is
measured, the indication‟s maximum dimension shall be considered its
length.
3.9.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or equal to 2.375 inch
(60.3mm), slag inclusions shall be considered a defect should any of the
following conditions exist:
a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds 2 inches (50mm).

Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of the root
bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a single indication unless the
width of either of them exceeds 1/32 inch (0.8mm). In the event, they
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shall be considered separate indications.
b. The aggregate length of ESI indications in any continuous 12

inches (300mm) length of weld exceeds 2 inches (50mm).
c. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 inch (1.6mm).
d. The aggregate length of ISI indications in any continuous 12
inches (300mm) length of weld exceeds ½ inch (13mm).
e. The width of an ISI indication exceeds 1/8 inch (3mm).
f. More than four ISI indications with the maximum width of 1/8
inch (3mm) are present in any continuous 12 inches (300mm)
length of the weld.
g. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8%
of the weld length.
3.9.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 inches (60.3mm), slag
inclusions shall be considered a defect should any of the following
conditions exist:
a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds three times the thinner

of the nominal wall thickness joined.
Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of

the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a single indication
unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 inch (0.8mm). In the
event, they shall be considered separate indications.
b. The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 inch (1.6mm)
c. The aggregate length of ISI indications exceeds two times the
thinner of the nominal wall thickness joined and the width
exceeds one-half the thinner of the nominal wall thickness joined.
d. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of
the weld length.
3.10 Porosity
3.10.1 Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying weld metal before the
gas has a chance to rise to the surface of the molten puddle and
escape. Porosity is generally spherical but may be elongated or irregular
in shape, such as piping (wormhole) porosity. When the size of the
radiographic indication produced by a pore is measured, the maximum
dimension of the indication shall apply to the criteria given in 3.10.2
through 3.10.4.
3.10.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be considered a defect should

any of the following conditions exist:
a. The size of an individual pore exceeds 1/8 inch (3mm).

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b. The size of an individual pore exceeds 25% of the thinner of the
nominal wall thickness joined.
c. The distribution of scattered porosity exceeds the concentration
permitted by Figures 7 or 8.
3.10.3 Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any pass except the finish pass shall
comply with the criteria of 3.10.2. CP that occurs in the finish pass shall
be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:
a. The diameter of the cluster exceeds ½ inch (13mm)

b. The aggregate length of CP in any continuous 12 inches
(300mm) length of weld exceeds ½ inch (13mm).
3.10.4 Hollow-bead porosity (HB) is defined as elongated linear porosity that

occurs in the root pass. HB shall not exceed 3% of the weld length.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6

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Figure 7 – Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thickness Less Than or Equal
to 0.500 inch (12.7mm)

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Figure 8 – Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thickness Greater Than 0.500
inch (12.7mm)
3.11 Cracks
Cracks of any type are unacceptable.
3.12 Undercutting
Undercutting is defined as a groove melted into the parent material adjacent to
the toe or roots of the weld and left unfilled by weld metal. Undercutting
adjacent to the cover pass (EU) or root pass (IU) shall be considered a defect
should any of the following conditions exists:
a. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination, in
any continuous 12 inches (300mm) length of weld exceeds 2 inches
(50mm).

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b. The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination,
exceeds one-sixth of the weld length.
3.13 Accumulation of Imperfections
Any accumulation of (otherwise acceptable) discontinuities shall be

unacceptable when any of the following conditions exists:
a. The aggregate length of indications in any continuous 12 inches

b. The aggregate length of indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.
3.14 Pipe or Fitting Imperfections

Imperfections in the pipe or fittings detected by radiographic testing shall be
reported to the Client. Their disposition shall be as directed by the Client.
3.15 Tungsten Inclusion

Tungsten inclusion shall be treated as individual inclusions and shall not exceed
2 per weld and 3mm in size separated by a minimum distance of 50mm.
4.0 No arc strike is permitted outside the weld bead repair by welding of arc strike is
not permitted.
23. RETEST
Any relevant indication detected shall be brought to the notice of Client representative prior
to the repair. Retest of the repaired area shall be carried out in accordance with this
procedure or External X ray procedure also can apply.
24. REPORTING
All details of inspection and results of inspection shall be documented in attached report
Format (ANNEXURE-1) and shall be signed by NDT inspector, Contractor and client‟s
representative.

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TECHNIQUE SHEET FOR SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE
1 Source X - Ray ( Panoramic )
2 Object Weld of 8” 12”& 16”Φ pipeline
3 Extent Of Examination 100%
4 Material Radiographed Carbon Steel
5 Make of Equipment IPSI or equivalent
6 Effective Focal Spot Dia 5 x 0.6 mm
7 IQI Type ASTM 1A/B, 10 FE EN/6 FE EN
8 No of IQI's 3 Equally Spaced
9 Sensitivity 2.0% or Better
10 Technique SWSI
11 Radiation angle with Respect to Film 90 Degree
12 Focus to Film Distance 4, 6,& 8 Inches ( OD / 2 )
13 Object To Film Distance Nil
14 KV & mA used 160/180 KV & 2 mA
15 Exposure time As per calculation
16 Geometric Unsharpness Less than 0.5mm
17 Film Type Kodak AA 400 Lead Pack
18 Film Dimension 10 x 24cm/10 x 40cm/Roll
19 Film Overlap 50mm
20 Intensifying Screen Lead
21 Screen Thickness 0.125 mm
22 Maximum Fog Level Density < 0.3
23 Film Density 2.0 to 3.5 D
24 Check On Back Scatter Yes With Lead Letter ' B'
25 Weld no. pipeline station, Ø pipe date
Identification On Film
location, IQI, welder no. & repair no.
26 Film Processing Manual
27 Processing Chemicals Kodak-Developer & Fixer
28 Acceptance Criteria API 1104/DEP 61.40.20.30-Gen
29 Reporting Approved Format

DOCUMENT TITLE:
ADCO DOC. NO. 11.99.97.2661
PIPELINE
PAGE 20 OF 25
TECHNIQUE SHEET FOR DOUBLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE
1 Source X - Ray
2 Object Weld of 8” 12”& 16”Φ pipeline
4 Material Radiographed Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel
5 Make of Equipment IPSI or equivalent
6 Effective Focal Spot Dia 5 x 0.6 mm
7 IQI Type ASTM 1A/B, 10 FE EN/6 FE EN
8 No of IQI's 01 per Film
9 Sensitivity 2.0% or Better
10 Technique DWSI
11 Radiation angle with Respect to Film 90 Degree
12 Focus to Film Distance OD
13 Object To Film Distance Nil
14 KV & mA used 300 KV & 1.4 mA
16 Geometric Unsharpness Less than 0.5mm
17 Film Type Kodak AA 400 Lead Pack
18 Film Dimension 10 x 24cm/10 x 40cm
19 Film Overlap 50mm
23 Film Density 2.0 to 3.5 d.
25 Weld no. pipeline station, Ø pipe date
Identification On Film
location, IQI, welder no. & repair no.

DOCUMENT TITLE:
ADCO DOC. NO. 11.99.97.2661
PIPELINE
PAGE 21 OF 25
TECHNIQUE SHEET FOR DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE
1 Source Se-75 ( GAMMA RAY )

2 Object Pipe Weld 3/4” – 3” Dia DWDI
4 Material Radiographed Carbon Steel/ Austenite Steel
5 Make of Equipment Sentinel
6 Effective Focal Spot 3.0 X 3.0 mm
7 IQI Type ASTM 1A/B, DIN 6/10FE EN
9 Sensitivity 2.0 % or Better
10 Technique DWDI
11 Radiation angle with Respect to Film offset
12 Source to Film Distance As appropriate
13 Object To Film Distance Pipe OD
14 Source strength 80 Curie Max
16 Geometric Unsharpness 0.5 mm Maximum
17 Film Type Kodak AA 400 / MX 125
18 Film Dimension 10x24 / 10x40 CM
22 Film Density 2.0 to 3.5
Weld no. pipeline station, Ø pipe
24 Identification On Film date location, IQI, welder no. &
repair no.

DOCUMENT TITLE:
ADCO DOC. NO. 11.99.97.2661
PIPELINE
PAGE 22 OF 25
TECHNIQUE SHEET FOR SUPERIMPOSED SHOT
1 Source Se-75 ( GAMMA RAY )

2 Object Pipe Weld less than 3/4” Dia
4 Material Radiographed Carbon Steel/Austenite Steel
5 Make of Equipment Sentinel
6 Effective Focal Spot 3.0 X 3.0 mm
7 IQI Type ASTM 1A, DIN 10 FE EN
9 Sensitivity 2.0 % or Better
10 Technique Superimposed
11 Radiation angle with Respect to Film 90 degree
12 Source to Film Distance As appropriate
13 Object To Film Distance Pipe OD
14 Source strength 80 Curie Max
16 Geometric Unsharpness 0.5 mm Maximum
17 Film Type Kodak AA 400 / MX 125
18 Film Dimension 10x24 / 10x40 CM
22 Film Density 2.0 to 3.5
Weld no. pipeline station, Ø pipe
24 Identification On Film date location, IQI, welder no. &
repair no.

DOCUMENT TITLE:
ADCO DOC. NO. 11.99.97.2661
PIPELINE
PAGE 23 OF 25
ANNEXURE-1
RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING REPORT

Date Job No. Report No.
Client
Project
Job Location
Job Description
Date of Examination
Source Source Size / Type
Film Type and Screens
Manufacturer
Exposure SOD
IQI Used Technique
Required IQI Wire Density
Visible IQI Wire Acceptance Criteria
RT Procedure No. Rev Welding Process
Material Type and No of Radiographs
Thickness
Diameter No of Film in each
cassette
Weld Reinforcement Film Viewing: Single/Double
Item Disposition
Weld ID Welder ID Location Observations
No. Accept Reject
Technician Client’s Representative AI

Level
Signature Signature Signature
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REPORT

C Crack P Porosity NSD No Significant Defects
EP Excess Penetration LF Lack of Fusion I Inclusions
AF Artifacts IP Incomplete Penetration UC Under Cut
RC Root Concavity SD Surface Depression CP Cluster Porosity
File Ref: NDT-FRM-038-00-Radiographic Testing Report

DOCUMENT TITLE:
ADCO DOC. NO. 11.99.97.2661
PIPELINE
PAGE 24 OF 25
Distribution:
White: Client, Pink: Client, Blue: Job File, Green: Records (Do not tear)

DOCUMENT TITLE:
ADCO DOC. NO. 11.99.97.2661
PIPELINE
PAGE 25 OF 25

P-001 Radiographic Testing Procedure For Pipeline

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P-001 Radiographic Testing Procedure For Pipeline

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BAB GAS COMPRESSION PROJECT

RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING PROCEDURE FOR PIPELINE

1 14/04/2010 SHAHID MATLOOB SYED ISSUE FOR IMPLEMENTATION

REV. DATE ORIGINATOR REVIEWED APPROVED DESCRIPTION

SUBCONTRACT No. 09065D-OP0C-001

ORIGINATOR : KTI/LONESTAR SK Project No. 09065D

ADCO DOC No : 11.99.97.2661 Page 1 of 21

Project No.: P 90115

For pipe diameter less than 6” : Gamma source Se-75.

2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS: (ALL LATEST EDITIONS)

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for Non

2.5 ADCO Doc. No. 11.99.12.1705 Specification for NDT

Project No.: P 90115

Personnel interpreting radiographs shall have valid CSWIP or PCN certification in

IPSI Crawler or equivalent, suitable for 6” to 18” dia with panoramic X-

Film Type Speed Contrast Grain Examples

6. EQUIPMENT, CONSUMABLEs & ACCESSORIES

7. IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR:

Project No.: P 90115

ASME Section V Article 2, Table T-276

Nominal Single-Wall IQI

Over 0.25 through 0.375 Over 6.4 through 9.5 15 6 12 5

Over 0.25 through 0.50 Over 9.5 through 12.7 17 7 15 6

Over 0.50 through 0.75 Over 12.7 through 19.0 20 8 17 7

Over 0.75 through 1.0 Over 19.0 through 25.4 25 9 20 8

Over 1.0 through 1.50 Over 25.4 through 38.1 30 10 25 9

Wire type image quality indicators, SE-747

B 6/0.25 7/0.33 8/0.41 9/0.51 10/0.63 11/0.81

C 11/0.81 12/1.02 13/1.27 14/1.60 15/2.03 16/2.5

D 16/2.5 17/3.2 18/4.06 19/5.1 20/6.4 21/8.0

Project No.: P 90115

Project No.: P 90115

10. SURFACE PREPARATION

11. PREVENTION OF BACK SCATTERING

Project No.: P 90115

Welds Re-shoots due to grinding, cleaning etc. RS

14. GEOMETRICAL UNSHARPNESS

Material thickness (mm) Ug Maximum (mm)

The Ug of the radiograph shall be determined by

Where Ug Geometrical unsharpness

15. EXPOSURE TIME

Project No.: P 90115

17. FILM PROCESSING

The manual processing involves the following steps.

Project No.: P 90115

Viewing conditions shall confirm to the requirements of EN 25580 (identical to ISO

19. FILM DENSITY

20. FILM CONTRAST

Project No.: P 90115

Project No.: P 90115

3.3 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low

3.4 Inadequate Cross Penetration

3.5 Incomplete Fusion

3.6 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap

Project No.: P 90115

3.7 Internal Concavity

3.9 Slag Inclusions

a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds 2 inches (50mm).

b. The aggregate length of ESI indications in any continuous 12

a. The length of an ESI indication exceeds three times the thinner

Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of

3.10.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be considered a defect should