Mathematics

II, Complex
Analysis

Pradeep
Boggarapu

Cauchy-
Mathematics II, Complex Analysis
Riemann
equations part
I

Cauchy- Pradeep Boggarapu

Riemann
equations part
II
Department of Mathematics, BITS-Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus
Examples of
applications of
CR equations
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
In this lecture we will find a method to test whether a function is
Pradeep
Boggarapu
differentiable or not.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
First we will find a necessary condition for differentiability for a
I
function.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Let a function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) be defined in a domain
Pradeep
Boggarapu
on the complex plane.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
Let us assume that derivative of the function f exists at a point
I
z0 = x0 + iy0 in the domain. Let us write ∆z = ∆x + i∆y .
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
f (z0 + ∆z) − f (z0 )
II
f 0 (z0 ) = lim .
Examples of
applications of
∆z→0 ∆z
CR equations

Note that f (z0 + ∆z) − f (z0 ) =

[u(x0 +∆x, y0 +∆y )−u(x0 , y0 )]+i[v (x0 +∆x, y0 +∆y )−v (x0 , y0 )]
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Now let us take the limits first along the real axis that is ∆y = 0
Pradeep
Boggarapu
and hence ∆z = ∆x then we have:

Cauchy-
0 u(x0 + ∆x, y0 ) − u(x0 , y0 )
Riemann
equations part
f (z0 ) = lim
I ∆x→0 ∆x

Cauchy-
Riemann v (x0 + ∆x, y0 ) − v (x0 , y0 )
equations part +i .
II
∆x
Examples of
applications of
CR equations Thus we get that
f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 )
.
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Now let us take the limit along the imaginary axis i.e. ∆x = 0
Pradeep
Boggarapu
and hence ∆z = i∆y .
Cauchy-
Riemann 
equations part u(x0 , y0 + ∆y ) − u(x0 , y0 )
I
f 0 (z0 ) = lim
Cauchy-
Riemann
∆y →0 i∆y

equations part
II v (x0 , y0 + ∆y ) − v (x0 , y0 )
+i .
Examples of
applications of i∆y
CR equations

Which one immediately sees equal to −iuy (x0 , y0 ) + vy (x0 , y0 ).

So we have
f 0 (z0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) − iuy (x0 , y0 )
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Now since we have :
Pradeep
Boggarapu

Cauchy-
f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 )
Riemann
equations part
I
and
Cauchy-
Riemann
f 0 (z0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) − iuy (x0 , y0 ),
equations part
II
equating the real and the imaginary parts of the two expressions,
Examples of
applications of
CR equations
we get the following theorem
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis Theorem 2.1
Pradeep
Boggarapu If a complex function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is differentiable
Cauchy-
Riemann
at a point z0 = x0 + iy0 , then the first order partial derivatives of
equations part
I the functions u, v must exist at (x0 , y0 ) and they must satisfy the
Cauchy-
Riemann
Cauchy-Riemann equations:
equations part
II

Examples of ux (x0 , y0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 )

applications of
CR equations uy (x0 , y0 ) = −vx (x0 , y0 ).
And f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ).
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Find the points where the following functions are differentiable.
Pradeep
Boggarapu
(a) f (z) = x, (z = x + iy ) (b) f (z) = z.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
I Solution. For the first function we have u = x, v = 0 so the
Cauchy-
Riemann partials are ux = 1, uy = 0, vx = vy = 0. We see that
equations part
II
Cauchy-Riemann (CR) equations:
Examples of
applications of
CR equations ux (x0 , y0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 )
uy (x0 , y0 ) = −vx (x0 , y0 )
are not satisfied. There does not exist any point where this
function is differentiable.
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
For the second one f (z) = z. u = x, v = −y so the partials are
Pradeep
Boggarapu
ux = 1, uy = 0, vx = 0, vy = −1, so this functions does not
Cauchy-
satisfy the CR equations anywhere.
Riemann
equations part
I There does not exist any point where this function is
Cauchy-
Riemann
differentiable.
equations part
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
 z2
Mathematics

II, Complex
Analysis
 z when z 6= 0,
Pradeep Let f (z) = Show that f satisfies CR
Boggarapu 
0 when z = 0.
Cauchy-
Riemann equation but it is not differentiable at z = 0.
equations part
I
f (x + iy ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) where
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
( 3
x −3xy 2
II
x 2 +y 2 , when (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
Examples of
applications of
u(x, y ) = and
CR equations 0 when (x, y ) = (0, 0)
( 3 2
y −3x y
x 2 +y 2 , when (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
v (x, y ) =
0 when (x, y ) = (0, 0)
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Now to test CR equations at z = 0, we need to find ux (0, 0),
Pradeep
Boggarapu
uy (0, 0), vx (0, 0) and vy (0, 0):
Cauchy-
u(h, 0) − u(0, 0)
Riemann ux (0, 0) = lim
equations part
I
h→0 h
3
h
Cauchy-
2 − 0
Riemann
equations part = lim h =1
II h→0 h
Examples of
applications of
CR equations u(0, k) − u(0, 0)
uy (0, 0) = lim
k→0 k
0−0
= lim =0
h→0 k
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Similarly we can show that vx (0, 0) = 0 and vy (0, 0) = 1 and
Pradeep
Boggarapu
hence we have
Cauchy-
Riemann
ux (0, 0) = 1 = vy (0, 0) and uy (0, 0) = 0 = −vx (0, 0).
equations part
I

Cauchy- To check the differentiability of f at the origin

Riemann
equations part
II
0 f (z) − f (0) z2
Examples of f (0) = lim = lim 2
applications of
CR equations
z→0 z z→0 z

We can prove the above limit does not exist by using the two
path test. f is not differentiable at the origin.
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis Theorem 2.2
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Let the function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) be defined in some  neighborhood
of a point z0 = x0 + iy0 , and suppose that
Cauchy-
Riemann 1 The first partial derivatives of the functions u, v exists everywhere in the
equations part
I neighborhood.
2 Those partial derivatives are continuous at (x0 , y0 ) and satisfy the
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
II Cauchy-Riemann equations at (x0 , y0 ):
Examples of
applications of
CR equations
ux = vy
uy = −vx

Then f 0 (z0 ) exists and it is equal to ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ).

Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
In this section we will show a few examples of applications of the
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Cauchy-Riemann equations ( henceforth CR equations in short ).
Cauchy-
Example. Show that the function f (z) = e z is differentiable
Riemann
equations part
I everywhere.
Cauchy-
Riemann
Solution. The function is
equations part
II

Examples of f (z) = e x+iy = e x e iy = e x cos y + ie x sin y

applications of
CR equations

u(x, y ) = e x cos y , and v (x, y ) = e x sin y .

Clearly u, v are continuous throughout the complex plane and
also all the partials exist and are continuous.
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Let us calculate the partial derivatives
Pradeep
Boggarapu
ux = e x cos y , uy = −e x sin y , vx = e x sin y , vy = e x cos y .
Cauchy-
Riemann
So we see that ux = vy and uy = −vx satisfies CR equations
equations part
I everywhere. So the function is differentiable everywhere on the
Cauchy-
Riemann
complex plane.
equations part
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Example. Find all the point where the function f (z) = |z|2 is
Pradeep
Boggarapu
differentiable.
Cauchy-
Riemann
Solution. The function can be written as f (z) = (x 2 + y 2 ) + i0,
equations part
I u = x 2 + y 2 and v = 0, the partials are
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part ux = 2x, uy = 2y , vx = vy = 0,
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
the partials are continuous, but they don’t satisfy CR equations
unless x = y = 0. Therefore the function is differential only at
the origin.
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Example. Find the points where the following functions are
Pradeep
Boggarapu
differentiable.
3 2 y2
Cauchy- 1 f (z) = (x + xy ) + i(x + + xy ), z = x + iy
Riemann
equations part
2
I

Cauchy-
Riemann
2 f (z) = (x 2 + xy ) + i(y 2 + xy ), z = x + iy
equations part

Solution of 1: Let f (z) = u + iv , where u = x 3 + xy and

II

Examples of
2
applications of
CR equations v = x 2 + y2 + xy , then ux = 3x 2 + y , uy = x, vx = 2x + y and
vy = y + x. Since the partial derivatives of u and v are
continuous, f is differentiable if the CR equations are satisfied.
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
CR equations ux = vy and uy = −vx implies
Pradeep
Boggarapu
3x 2 + y = y + x and x = −2x − y
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
I
=⇒ x(3x − 1) = 0 and y = −3x
Cauchy-
Riemann =⇒ x = 0 or x = 1/3 and y = −3x.
equations part
II

Examples of
Therefore f is differentiable at (0, 0) and (1/3, −1).
applications of
CR equations
Similar way solve the second problem.
Mathematics p
II, Complex
Analysis
Example. Show that the function f (z) = |xy | does satisfy the
Pradeep
Boggarapu
CR equations at the origin but is not differentiable. Isn’t it
Cauchy-
contradicting the Theorem 2.2 ?
Riemann p
equations part
I Solution. u = |xy |, v = 0, so the partials at the origin are
Cauchy-
Riemann
ux = uy = 0 = vx = vy , so it satisfies the CR equations.
equations part
II

Examples of
But the partial derivatives are not continuous.
applications of  1/2
CR equations
Since away from x = 0 the partials of u are ux = |y1
2
|
|x| if
 1/2
1 |y |
x > 0 and ux = − 2 |x| if x < 0 and at (0, 0) it is 0, so ux is
not continuous.
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
One can show that the√function is not differentiable by showing
Pradeep |∆x∆y |
Boggarapu that the limit lim∆z→0 ∆z does not exist by two path test.
Cauchy-
Riemann Example: Show that the below function is differentiable at
equations part
I z = 0 but the partial derivatives of Ref (z) are not continuous at
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
z = 0.   
2 1
II

Examples of
 |z| sin |z|
 when z 6= 0,
applications of
CR equations
f (z) =

0 when z = 0.

Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Solution: To show that f is differentiable at z = 0.
Pradeep
 
2 1
Boggarapu
f (z) − f (0) |z| sin |z| −0
Cauchy- f 0 (0) = lim = lim
Riemann
equations part
z→0 z z→0 z
2
I
|z|  1
Cauchy- = lim sin = 0,
Riemann
equations part z→0 z |z|
II

Examples of
applications of using  2
CR equations
 |z|  1  |z|2   1 
 z sin |z|  = |z| · sin |z|  ≤ |z|
   

and Sandwich Theorem.

Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
To see that ux is not continuous: Note that
Pradeep
  
Boggarapu (x 2 + y 2 ) sin √ 1 if (x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
Cauchy- u(x, y ) = x 2 +y 2
Riemann 0
equations part
I
if (x, y ) = (0, 0).
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part Since f 0 (0) = ux (0, 0) + ivx (0, 0) = 0, we have ux (0, 0) = 0. For
II

Examples of
(x, y ) 6= (0, 0)
applications of
CR equations  1  x  1 
ux (x, y ) = 2x sin p −p cos p .
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2
Mathematics x  1 
II, Complex
Analysis The second term p cos p of the above
Pradeep x2 + y2 x2 + y2
Boggarapu
expression for ux (x, y ) is not continuous while the first term is
Cauchy-
Riemann continuous at (0,0) (Verify it).
equations part
I

Cauchy-
Thus the partial derivative ux is not continuous at (0, 0).
Riemann
equations part
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
 CR Equations in Polar Form

Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis Sometime it is useful to know CR equations in polar form.
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Let us consider a function f (z) = u + iv and let us write
Cauchy-
Riemann
z = re iθ , (x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ) in the polar form, now the
equations part
I partials of u, v in the polar coordinates are obtained though the
Cauchy-
Riemann chain rule:
equations part
II

Examples of ∂x ∂y
applications of
CR equations
ur = ux + uy
∂r ∂r
which is
ur = ux cos θ + uy sin θ
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Similarly
Pradeep
Boggarapu

Cauchy-
uθ = −ux r sin θ + uy r cos θ
Riemann
equations part
I

Cauchy-
Riemann
vr = vx cos θ + vy sin θ
equations part
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
vθ = −vx r sin θ + vy r cos θ
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Now assuming CR equations in the Cartesian coordinates we
Pradeep
Boggarapu
have:
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
vθ = −vx r sin θ + vy r cos θ = uy r sin θ + ux r cos θ = rur
I

Cauchy- Similarly
Riemann
equations part
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
uθ = −ux r sin θ + uy r cos θ = −vy r sin θ − vx r cos θ = −rvr
So the necessary conditions are:

vθ = rur and uθ = −rvr

Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Let us also show that the conditions in polar form are sufficient:
Pradeep
Boggarapu Homework Show the following identities:
Cauchy-
Riemann 1 1
equations part ux = ur cos θ − uθ sin θ and uy = ur sin θ + uθ cos θ
I
r r
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part 1 1
II vx = vr cos θ − vθ sin θ and vy = vr sin θ + vθ cos θ
Examples of r r
applications of
CR equations
Now assume the polar CR equations then derive the Cartesian
CR equations thus it shows that the conditions in polar
coordinates are sufficient.
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis Theorem 2.3
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Let the function f (z) = u(r , θ) + iv (r , θ), (z = re iθ ) be defined in some 
neighborhood of a point z0 = r0 e iθ0 , and suppose that
Cauchy-
Riemann 1 The first order partial derivatives of the functions u, v exists everywhere
equations part
I in the neighborhood.
2 Those partial derivatives are continuous at (r0 , θ0 ) and satisfy the polar
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
II form
Examples of rur = vθ , and uθ = −rvr
applications of
CR equations
of Cauchy-Riemann equations at (r0 , θ0 ).

Then f 0 (z0 ) exists and it is equal to e −iθ (ur (r0 , θ0 ) + ivr (r0 , θ0 )).
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Use the Theorem 2.3 to show that the following functions are
Pradeep
Boggarapu
differentiable in the indicated domain of definition and also to
Cauchy-
find f 0 (z0 ).
Riemann
equations part
√ iθ/2
I 1 f (z) = re (r > 0, α < θ < α + 2π)
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
II
2 f (z) = e −θ cos(ln r ) + ie −θ sin(ln r ) (r > 0, 0 < θ < 2π).
Examples of
applications of
CR equations
Mathematics √
II, Complex
Analysis
(1) f (z) = r e iθ/2 which implies that
Pradeep √ √
Boggarapu u(r , θ) = r cos(θ/2), v (r , θ) = r sin(θ/2).
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
By simple calculations we see that
I √
Cauchy- 1 r
Riemann ur = √ cos(θ/2), uθ = − sin(θ/2)
equations part
II
2 r 2
Examples of √
applications of 1 r
CR equations
vr = √ sin(θ/2), vθ = cos(θ/2).
2 r 2
√ √
r r
∴ rur = cos(θ/2) = vθ , rvr = sin(θ/2) = −uθ
2 2
Mathematics
II, Complex
Analysis
Now u and v satisfies the polar form of CR equations and first
Pradeep
Boggarapu
order partial derivatives of u and v are continuous on given
Cauchy-
domain (r > 0, α < θ < α + 2π), therefore by Theorem 2.3 the
Riemann
equations part
function is differentiable on the domain.
I

Cauchy-
Riemann
(2) Exercise.
equations part
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations