Training and Competence

Training
• During this Training you will be given theoretical knowledge and a series of explanations
• Identify what you are expected to know and do
• Assessment of performance will be against international competence standards and in-line with
company project standards

2 Fire fighting
 Training and Competence

 Assessment

• On successful completion of the course you will be judged to have been trained to a competent
standard in order to be a Fire Warden

3 Fire Fighting
 Content

• Introductions and background.

• General Fire Safety (combustion Theory).

• Fire protection measures.

• Fire Warden roles and responsibilities.

• Action to be taken in the event of a fire.

• Fire alarm investigation.

• Fire extinguishers.

• Place of work Fire Safety.

4 Fire Fighting
 Objectives

• Know the responsibilities of a Fire Warden.

• Recognise active fire protection measures of a building and the method of fault reporting.

• Understand Means of Escape.

• Know the general fire precautions to be taken while at work.

• Know what actions to take in the event of a fire.

• Know the Wardens role on hearing the alarm.

• Select and operate the appropriate fire extinguishers.

• Walk the building.

5
 What is fire ?

6 Fire Fighting
 What is fire ?

7 Fire Fighting
 Fire Triangle

Fu

Fuel Oxygen
Flammable gases Air we breath (20.9% O2)
Flammable liquids
Additional sources from oxidising
Flammable solids
substances & cylinders

Ignition Sources/Heat
Hot Surfaces
Electrical equipment
Static electricity
Smoking/naked flames

8 Fire Fighting
 Fire Triangle

Three things must be present at the same time to produce fire:

• Enough OXYGEN to sustain combustion

• Enough HEAT to reach ignition temperature

• Some FUEL or combustible material

Together, they produce the CHEMICAL REACTION that is fire

Take away any of these things and the fire will be extinguished

9 Fire Fighting
 How does fire spread?

 Fire spreads through (03) methods:

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

 Also consider:

• Fire creep

• Burning embers

• Flashover

10 Fire Fighting
 How does fire spread?

Conduction:

• Occurs when heat is directly applied to a

material, which then transfers the heat to other

locations e.g. metal girders

11 Fire Fighting
 How does fire spread?

Convection:

• Is the process where heat is transferred by hot

air and smoke travelling through buildings

unchecked

12 Fire Fighting
 How does fire spread?

Radiation:

• Is the heat we feel given off by a fire

13
 How does fire spread?

14 Fire Wardens
 Fuel Classifications

. Class A: Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics— ordinary combustibles or solids that are not
metals.

Class B: Flammable liquids—gasoline, oil, grease, acetone. Includes flammable gases.

Class C: Electrical—energized electrical equipment. As long as it‘s ―plugged in.‖

Class D: Metals—potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium. Requires special extinguishing

agents.

15 Fire Wardens
 Fuel Classifications

Most fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label telling you which types of fire the extinguisher is designed to
fight.

For example, a simple water extinguisher might have a label like this…

…which means it should only be used on Class A fires.

16 Fire Wardens
 Fire Protection Measures

• Fire Doors

• Fire Extinguishers

• Emergency Lighting

• Fire Alarms

17 Fire Wardens
 Fire Protection Measures:
Fire Doors

18 Fire Wardens
 What is a Fire Door?

• Fire doors are designed to withstand fire,

heat and smoke for a period of 20 minutes to
3 hours.

• Did you know that corridor office doors are

fire doors and should have a 20 minute
rating?

• Corridor laboratory doors should have a 60

minute rating.

19 Fire Wardens
 What is a Fire Door?

Fire Doors are required to:

• Be Self Closing: fire doors should have a

door closure that pulls doors completely shut
after the door has been opened

• Have Positive latching: a positive latch locks

a door in place so it can swing open freely.

20
Fire Wardens
 Why do we close fire doors?

21 Fire Wardens
 Why do we close fire doors?

• Fire doors are an integral part of the fire

safety regime of any office buildings. These
doors are installed to prevent the spread of
fire and smoke should a fire start in a
building. When the integrity of a fire door is
compromised by wedging or propping the
door open, a serious risk to the occupants of
the building is created should a fire occur

22 Fire Wardens
 Why do we close fire doors?

• Individuals who wedge or prop a fire door open and

leave it unattended create the potential for fire and
smoke to spread throughout a building and are risking
the safety of all occupants.

• If it is necessary to prop or wedge open a fire door for

the purpose of moving equipment or materials; the
prop or wedge must immediately be removed on
completion of the task in hand; an open fire door must
never be left unattended.

DO NOT WEDGE FIRE DOORS OPEN!!

23
Fire Wardens
 Emergency Lighting

24 Fire Wardens
 Fire Detection and Alarm systems

• First, they provide a means to identify a developing fire through either manual or automatic
methods.

• Second, they alert building occupants to a fire condition and the need to evacuate.

• Another common function is the transmission of an alarm notification signal to the fire
department or other emergency response organization.

• They may also shut down electrical, air handling equipment or special process operations,
and they may be used to initiate automatic suppression systems.

25 Fire Wardens
 Manual Fire Detection - Pull Stations

• Manual fire detection is the oldest method of

detection. In the simplest form, a person yelling can
provide fire warning.

• In buildings, however, a person's voice may not

always transmit throughout the structure. For this
reason, manual alarm stations are installed.

• The general design philosophy is to place stations

within reach along paths of escape. It is for this reason
that they can usually be found near exit doors in
corridors and large company ms.

26 Fire Wardens
 Automatic Detectors – Spot type

• A device in which the detecting

• Element is concentrated at a particular location.

Typical examples are Bimetallic detectors, fusible alloy
detectors, certain pneumatic rate-of-rise Detectors,
certain smoke detectors, and thermoelectric detectors.

27 Fire Wardens
 Fire Wardens

28 Fire Wardens
 The Fire Warden role

What is a Fire Warden ?

• The primary objective of a fire warden is to check that their designated area has been cleared and report to
the person controlling the evacuation

• They may be required to assist people from the building that cannot escape unaided through PEEPs
(Personal Emergency Evacuation Plans)

• They may be involved with ―crowd control‖ and moving people away from the building towards the assembly
area.

• They may be involved in monitoring final exits to prevent people re-entering the building before being
authorised to do so.

29 Fire Wardens
 The Fire Warden role

What is a Fire Warden ?

• Fire Wardens may also be involved in the preparation of fire evacuation plans, in risk assessments and
generally promoting fire safety

• As a fire warden you have the duty, on hearing the fire alarm at any time other than the weekly test, to
encourage staff, contractors and visitors to leave the building immediately and to check that your designated
area is clear. You then report to the Fire Assembly Point Coordinator at the Assembly Point.

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 The Fire Warden role

Fire safety awareness :

Ensure good housekeeping practices are carried out(daily)

31 Fire Wardens
 The Fire Warden role

Fire fighting equipment :

Ensure visual checks are carried out to identify any

damaged equipment(daily)

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 The Fire Warden role

Escape routes :

Ensure all escape routes are clear of

obstructions and signs are not damaged or
obscured(daily)

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 The Fire Warden role

Mandatory fire notices :

Ensure all fire doors are clearly signed

―fire door keep shut‖

34 Fire Wardens
 The Fire Warden role

Fire safety signs :

Ensure all fire safety signs are legible and not damaged

35 Fire Wardens
 The Fire Warden role

Reporting Fire Related Defects:

As Soon As Possible!

To the Main reception/office,

Safety Officer, Fire Officer, Fire Marshal.

36 Fire Wardens
 The Fire Warden role

Assembly point :
Ensure you are aware of location

37 Fire Wardens
 Fire Warden duties
when a fire alarm sounds
• Stay calm and help others to remain calm.

• Put on any issued distinctive clothing (e.g.

high viz jacket)

• Plan your sweep so that you always move

towards your floor exit

• If possible, turn off equipment and close

doors/windows as you pass

38 Fire Wardens
 Fire Warden duties
when a fire alarm sounds

• Check all accessible company ms including toilets, and refuges if installed.

• Communicate to all the need to evacuate using designated routes

• Post-evacuation debriefing meetings

What if you find someone who refuses to evacuate?

What if you are not in your area when the alarm sounds?

39 Fire Wardens
 Fire Warden duties :
Do‘s
DO:

• Make sure you‘re familiar with all escape

routes and exits from your search area,
including disabled refuges

• Encourage everyone to leave the building

using all the available routes and exits

40 Fire Wardens
 Fire Warden duties :
Do‘s
DO:

• Check all accessible company ms in your

designated area (including restcompany ms,
toilets and disabled refuges) on your way to
an exit

• Close doors and windows behind you

• Go to the Fire Assembly Point and report

anyone left in the building, to the Assembly
Point Coordinator

41 Fire Wardens
 Fire Warden Duties:
Don‘ts
DON’T :

• Put yourself at risk, just quickly check your designated area on your way out

• Re-enter buildings or go upstairs if the alarm sounds – report to the Fire Assembly Point Coordinator
that you were unable to search that area

• Try to enter locked or obstructed areas – report them to the Fire Assembly Point Coordinator

• Argue with people who refuse to leave – report them to the Fire Assembly Point Coordinator

• Use lifts to get yourself or other people out of the building

• Try to fight the fire, unless you are trained and it is safe to do so

42 Fire Wardens
 Responsibilities of fire wardens

Read and understand your local fire instructions

43 Fire Wardens
 Responsibilities of fire wardens

• Examples of a current Fire Action Notice adjacent

the red fire alarm break-glass (Manual Call Point)

44 Fire Wardens
 Responsibilities of fire wardens

• Know how to react to a fire

• Know what is expected of you in an alarm or general

evacuation

• Know the location of all alarm call points

• Know the location of extinguishers.

• Know which type to use.

• Know the primary safety routes.

45 Fire Wardens
 Responsibilities of fire wardens

• Ensure that fire exits are not obscured.

• Take command of your area in any emergency.

• Be a means of communication.

• Absolutely ensure the alarm has been raised in any emergency situation.

46 Fire Wardens
 Responsibilities of fire wardens

• Ensure a deputy is appointed during periods of

absence

• Ensure that in an evacuation situation your ‗

area‘ is clear of staff and that all casualties or

disabled persons are escorted to a place of

safety

• Carry out practice drills - debrief for procedural

improvement

47 Fire Wardens
 Fire procedure
Action on discovering a fire or smoke
1. Break glass of nearest call point and raise
Alarm.

2. As soon as possible call the emergency

number and advise them of the situation.

3. Attempt to control the fire if trained and if it‘s

safe to do so.

Do not take risks.

Leave yourself an exit route.

When in doubt get out .

48 Fire Wardens
 What does a Fire warden do
in the event of a fire
• Direct staff to nearest fire exit.

• Assist visitors and contractors.

• Check all offices/meeting company ms are clear if safe to do so.

• If it is safe to do so close all doors and windows.

• Check toilets are clear without putting yourself at risk.

• Inform chief warden that your floor is clear or if someone is missing.

• Muster in assembly area.

49 Fire Wardens
 Fire Procedure
Action on hearing the alarm
On hearing an alarm everybody should:

• Remain Calm

• Leave the building by the nearest fire escape route

• Do not use lifts

• Do not stop to take personal belongings

• Go directly to the muster point

• Do not re-enter the building until you are told to do so

• Do not wander off

50 Fire Wardens
 Fire Alarm Investigation – How?

51 Fire Wardens
 Fire Alarm Investigation – How?

• Ideally the investigation team is three people: one at the alarm panel, two to investigate cause of
activation. Circumstances must dictate.

• ―Searchers‖ use correct techniques.

• Maintain radio or mobile phone contact with the person at the alarm panel.

• Always be prepared to abandon the search.

52 Fire Wardens
 Fire Alarm Investigation - Failsafe

• Always rely on your instinct – if it doesn‘t feel right, don‘t go any further, abandon the search and get the
Brigade out.

• If you see smoke or flame or if you smell smoke, abandon the search and get the Brigade out

• ―Double Knock‖ – smoke is spreading and more detectors are activating

53 Fire Wardens
 Fire Alarm Investigation - Failsafe

• Manual call point – assume a real fire, do not investigate, call the Brigade

• Heat detector – less sensitive than a smoke detector – assume a real fire and call the Brigade

• Investigation time (two-stage alarm system only)

54 Fire Wardens
 Investigation Techniques

• Use hands, eyes, nose and ears!

• Scan the area you are approaching but don‘t forget to regularly check to the sides and behind

• Note locations of manual call points and fire extinguishers

• Touch walls/doors etc. with the back of the hand

• Feel doors for heat before opening, starting at the top

• If heat felt or smoke seen/smelt DON’T open the door –

ABANDON THE SEARCH AND CALL THE FIRE BRIGADE

Look for signs of detector activation: (rapid flash or permanently on LED)

55 Fire Wardens
 Fire Extinguishers

56 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight different classes of fire.

The 3 most common types of fire extinguishers are:

1. Water (APW)

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

3. Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)

In addition to:

4. Foam exinguishers

57 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

• Large Red fire extinguishers that stand about 2

feet (65cm) tall and weigh about 25 pounds

(11Kg) when full

• APW stands for ―Air-Pressurized Water.‖

• Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized

air, they are essentially large squirt guns

58 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

APWs extinguish fire by taking away the

―heat‖ element of the Fire Triangle

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 Types of Fire Extinguishers

1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

APWs are designed for Class A fires only:

Wood, paper, cloth.

Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to spread.

Using water on an electrical fire increases the risk of electrocution. If you have no choice but to use an
APW on an electrical fire, make sure the electrical equipment is un-plugged or de-energized.

60 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers

 APWs will be found in older buildings, particularly in public hallways.

• They will also be found in computer laboratories. It is important to remember, however, that computer

equipment must be disconnected from its electrical source before using a water extinguisher on it

61 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

• CO2 cylinders are red with a black label. They

range in size from 5 lbs to 100 lbs or larger. On

larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a long,

flexible hose.

• The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great,

bits of dry ice may shoot out of the horn!

62 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

• CO2s are designed for Class B and C (Flammable Liquids and Electrical Sources)fires only!

• CO2s will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical company ms, kitchens, and
flammable

liquid storage areas

• In accordance with NFPA regulations (and manufacturers‘ recommendations), all CO2

extinguishers must undergo hydrostatic testing and recharge every 5 years

63 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

• Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that

takes away the oxygen element of the fire

triangle. Without oxygen, there is no fire.

 CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the

extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well.

64 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers

• CO2 may be ineffective in extinguishing a Class A fire

because it may not be able to displace enough oxygen

to successfully put the fire out.

• Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite

65 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

• Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel with a thin layer of

dust, this separates the fuel from the oxygen in the air.

• The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction of fire. These

extinguishers are very effective at putting out fire.

66 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

• ABC extinguishers are red, they range in size from 5 to 20 lbs

• ABC‖ fire extinguishers are filled with a fine, yellow powder,

the greatest portion of this powder is composed of

monoammonium phosphate, the extinguishers are

pressurized with nitrogen.

67 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

 Dry chemical extinguishers come in red with a Blue Label and in

a variety of types, you may see them labeled as follow

• DC (for ―Dry Chemical‖)

• ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires)

• BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)

68 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

• It is extremely important to identify which types of dry chemical extinguishers are located in your area!

• An ―ABC‖ extinguisher will have a label like this, indicating it may be used on Class A, B and C fires

• You don‘t want to mistakenly use a ―BC‖ extinguisher on a Class A fire thinking that it was an ―ABC‖

extinguisher.

69 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers

• Dry chemical extinguishers with powder designed for Class B and C fires (―BC‖

extinguishers) may be located in places such as commercial kitchens and areas with

flammable liquids

• You will typically find ABCs in public hallways of new buildings, in laboratories, break

company ms, offices, chemical storage areas, mechanical company ms, vehicles, etc

70 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

4. Foam Fire Extinguishers

 Red body fire extinguishers with a cream label

71 Fire Wardens
 Types of Fire Extinguishers

4. Foam Fire Extinguishers

• Extinguishes by cooling and sealing the surface

of a burning liquid

• Suitable for Class A and B Fires

• Not suitable for use on fires involving electricity

72 Fire Wardens
 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

 It‘s easy to remember how to use a fire

extinguisher if you remember the acronym

 PASS

• Pull

• Aim

• Squeeze

• Sweep

73 Fire Wardens
 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Pull the pin…

This will allow you to discharge the extinguisher

74 Fire Wardens
 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Aim at the base of the fire…

Hit the fuel.

If you aim at the flames...

… the extinguishing agent will fly right through

and do no good.

75 Fire Wardens
 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Squeeze the top handle…

This depresses a button that releases the

pressurized extinguishing agent

76 Fire Wardens
 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

 Sweep from side to side…

• Until the fire is completely out

• Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then

slowly move forward

• Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it

reignites

77 Fire Wardens
 Rules for Fighting Fires

Fires can be very dangerous and you should always be certain that you will not endanger yourself or others
when attempting to put out a fire.

For this reason, when a fire is discovered…

• Assist any person in immediate danger to safety, if it can be accomplished without risk to yourself.

• Activate the building fire alarm and Call ―Emergency number…..‖. The fire alarm will notify the fire
department and other building occupants and shut off the air handling system to prevent the spread of
smoke.

If the fire is small (and Only after having done these 2 things), you may attempt to use an extinguisher to put it
out.

However…

78 Fire Wardens
 Rules for Fighting Fires

.. . Before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind:

1. Know what is burning. If you don‘t know what‘s burning, you won‘t know what kind of extinguisher to use

Even if you have an ABC fire extinguisher, there may be something in the fire that is going to explode or
produce toxic fumes.

Chances are you will know what‘s burning, or at least have a pretty good idea, but if you don‘t, let the fire
fighters handle it.

79 Fire Wardens
 Rules for Fighting Fires

. . . Before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind:

2. Is the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it started?

The time to use an extinguisher is at the beginning stages of the fire.

If the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to simply pull the fire alarm and evacuate the building.

As you evacuate a building, close doors and windows behind you as you leave. This will help to slow the
spread of smoke and fire.

80 Fire Wardens
 Rules for Fighting Fires

Do NOT fight the fire if:

• You don’t have adequate or appropriate equipment. If you don‘t have the correct type or large enough
extinguisher, it is best not to try fighting the fire.

• You might inhale toxic smoke. When synthetic materials such as the nylon in carpeting or foam padding
in a sofa burn, they can produce hydrogen cyanide, acrolein, and ammonia in addition to carbon monoxide.
These gases can be fatal in very small amounts.

• Your instincts tell you not to. If you are uncomfortable with the situation for any reason, just let the fire
department do their job.

81 Fire Wardens
 Rules for Fighting Fires

The final rule is to always position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your back before you attempt to
use an extinguisher to put out a fire.

In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something unexpected happens, you need to be able to get out
quickly. You don‘t want to become trapped.

82 Fire Wardens
 Always Report the Use of a Fire
Extinguisher
• Report any use of a fire extinguisher to HSE as soon as possible. The extinguisher must be inspected and
refilled to make sure it is ready for use in an emergency.

83 Fire Wardens
 The Strategy of Preventing a Fire

A fire must have three things to ignite and maintain combustion:

– Fuel

– Heat

– Oxygen

The basic strategy of fire prevention is to control or isolate sources of fuel and heat in order to prevent
combustion.

If all three are not present in sufficient quantities a fire will not ignite or a fire will not be able to sustain
combustion

84 Fire Wardens
 Housekeeping

Good housekeeping habits are an important part of a safe workplace.

Why is good housekeeping important?

• To reduce amounts of flammable and combustible materials.

• To reduce ignition hazards.

• To ensure safe emergency evacuation of occupants.

• To allow for quick emergency response.

85 Fire Wardens
 General Housekeeping Guidelines

• Work areas, aisles, walkways, stairways, and equipment should be kept clear of loose materials, trash,
scraps, etc.

• Never block aisles, fire exits, emergency equipment, or alarm pull stations with equipment or materials.

• Avoid build up of combustible trash and waste such as paper, wood, cardboard, etc.

• Keep use and storage of flammables and combustibles to a minimum.

• Clean up all spills such as grease, oil, or water immediately. A delay could result in accidents.

86 Fire Wardens
 Storage Guidelines
• All storage must be at least 3 ft from
electrical panels. In some emergency
situations it will be necessary to access
these panels quickly.
Improper Storage in front of
Electrical Panel
87
Maintain at least a 3ft clearance from heating
surfaces, air ducts, heaters, and lighting
fixtures.
Storage of combustible materials in
mechanical company ms is prohibited.
Improper Mechanical
company m Storage
Fire Wardens
 Flammable and Combustible Liquids

• Flammable and combustible liquids are potential fuel sources for fires and are present in almost every
workplace.

• It is actually the vapor created by flammable and combustible liquids that ignites and burns.

• It is important to understand what materials in your work area are flammable and combustible so that you
may properly store and isolate them from ignition sources.

88 Fire Wardens
 How do I tell what is flammable?
NFPA classification system

The NFPA diamond is an easy way to determine the safety risks associated with hazardous
materials. To determine a materials flammability refer to the red section of the diamond. A number in
this section will indicate the flammability rating of the material.

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 Fire Safety-Electrical Issues

 Electrical hazards are the cause of numerous workplace fires each year. Faulty electrical equipment or
misuse of equipment produces heat and sparks that serve as ignition sources in the presence of flammable
and combustible materials.

 Examples of common ignition hazards:

• overloading circuits

• use of unapproved electrical devices

• damaged or worn wiring

90 Fire Wardens
 Electrical Fire Safety

Extension cords

• Extension cords are only approved for temporary use. They may only be used for a period of three
days or less. Instead of using extension cords contact the relevant department to install permanent
wiring.

• When using extension cords check for defaults such as frays, brittleness, or broken wires.

• Never place extension cords in high traffic areas where they can be damaged by being stepped on or
run over by equipment.

91 Fire Wardens
 Electrical Fire Safety

Multi-plug strips

• Should only be used for office equipment such as computers, printers, and fax machines.

• Other common items such as microwaves, refrigerators, and copy machines must be plugged
directly into wall outlets.

• Multi-plug strips should have a fuse or circuit breaker and be UL approved.

92 Fire Wardens
 Compartmentalization

• Buildings are designed to prevent fire, heat, and smoke from spreading beyond locations of
origination. Building elements such as fire walls, fire dampers, and fire doors, are designed to seal off
one location from the next. This system is called compartmentalization.

• Compartmentalization increases the safety of evacuating building occupants because smoke and fire
are not able to escape into exit passageways.

• Containment of fire and smoke reduces property damage and prevents small fires from growing into
large fires.

• In order for compartmentalization efforts to be effective fire barriers must be maintained.

93 Fire Wardens
 Accidents

94 Fire Wardens
 Accidents

95 Fire Wardens
 Any Questions?

96 Fire Wardens