ANGLES

Angle Measures
• Degrees-Minutes-Seconds, DMS
1: = 60’ = 3600”
• Radian
2Π rad = 360:
• Gradian
100 grad = 90:
 Arc Length and Angular Velocity
Arc length:

s  r
Angular velocity:

v  r
 Circular Functions

sin  r
y csc  yr

cos  rx sec  r
x

tan  xy cot  x
y
Trigonometric Function Values for
Common Angles
 Trigonometric Identities

sin cos
• Ratio: tan  cot 
cos sin

• Reciprocal: 1 1 1
csc  , sec  , cot 
sin cos tan

• Pythagorean: sin2   cos2   1

tan2   1  sec2 
cot2   1  csc2 
 Trigonometric Identities
Double Angle: sin2  2sin cos
cos2  cos   sin  2 2

 2cos2   1
 1  2sin  2
Half-Angle Angle:
 
sin 12   1
2 (1  cos  )

cos  12    1
2 (1  cos  )

1  cos sin 1  cos 

tan  
1
2
 
1  cos 1  cos

sin
 Trigonometric Identities

• Negative Angles: sin( )   sin

cos( )  cos 
tan( )   tan
• Sum and Difference

cos(   )  cos cos  sin sin 

sin(   )  sin cos   cos sin 
 Oblique Triangle

Sine Law:
a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine Law: a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A

b2  a2  c2  2ac cos B
2 2 2
c  a  b  2ab cos C
 Area of Oblique Triangles
• Heron’s Formula (for area of oblique triangles)

abc
semi-perimeter s
2

Area of triangle:

A  s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)

SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

 R 2E
A
180
E  A  B  C  180
 NAPIER’S TRIANGLE

SIN  COOP
SIN  TAAD
 OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
Cosine Law
cos a  cosbcosc sinbsinccosA
cosb  cosacosc sinasinccosB
cosc  cosacosb sinasinbcosC

Sine Law
sin a sin b sin c
 
sin A sin B sin C
TERESTRIAL SPHERE

1  60 nautical miles
 PROBLEM 1
Convert 3π in gradian

a. 300
b. 600
c. 200
d. 100
 PROBLEM 2
Supposing that the tangent of any angle A is 4/3.
What is the value of sine of 2A?

A. 23/25
B. 4/25
C. 24/25
D. 1/15
 PROBLEM 3
The value of sec(arsin(y))= 2. Find the value of
csc(arccot(y)) =?

A. 1.323
B. 1.500
C. 0.414
D. 1.414
 PROBLEM 4
What is the value of arccsc(2+cot(arcsec(4))) in
radians?

A. 0.41
B. 0.49
C. 0.46
D. 0.34
 PROBLEM 5
The angle R is found in the second quadrant.
What is the value of the sec (R) if tan(R ) =
-12/9?
(b) -15/9 (b) 12/15
(c) -12/15 (d) -9/15
 PROBLEM
A tree at the top of a cliff measured from a boat
at sea-level such that the angle of elevation to
the bottom and top of the tree are 78.6: and
85.7 :, respectively. The tree is 167 m high. How
far is the boat to the cliff?

A. 10 m B. 15 m C. 15 m D. 20 m
 PROBLEM
A kite is flown such that the length of the string
is exposed is 47 meters. If the angle of elevation
is 75046’12”, the altitude of the kite is nearly:
(a) 45.673 m (c) 45.231 m
(b) 45.558 m (d) 45.893 m
 PROBLEM
A building is 60 ft high. From a distance at point
A on the ground, the angle of elevation to the
top of the building is 40º. From a little nearer at
point B, the angle of elevation is 70º. Find the
distance from point A to point B.
a. 49.7 ft b. 56.2 ft
c. 41.2 ft d. 63.2 ft
 PROBLEM 6
A ship travelled 13700 miles at E46:N then 8960
miles W22:N. Determine the displacement of
the ship:

A. 17,500 ft
B. 13,260 ft
C. 14,580 ft
D. 15,780 ft
 PROBLEM 7
Find the area of a spherical triangle of whose
angles are 123°, 84°, and 73°. The radius of the
sphere is 30 m.
A. 1863.3 square meter
B. 1570.8 square meter
C. 1958.6 square meter
D. 1480.2 square meter
 PROBLEM 8
In a right spherical triangle, a = 32:16’ and c =
119:23’. What is the value of b?

A. 115:15’
B. 125:28’
C. 131:15’
D. 134:12’
 PROBLEM 9
Find the distance in nautical miles between Manila
and San Francisco. Manila is is located 14: 36’ N
latitude and 121: 05’ E longitude. San Francisco is
located at 37: 48’ N latitude and 122: 24’ W
longitude.

a. 7856.2 nm
b. 5896.2 nm
c. 6326.2 nm
d. 6046.2 nm
 PROBLEM 10
Solve for x, if tan 3x = 5 tan x.
A. 20.705o
B. 30.705o
C. 35.705o
D. 15.705o
 PROBLEM 11
If sin x cos x + sin 2x = 1, what are the values of
x?
A. 32.2o, 69.3o
B. – 20.67o, 69.3o
C. 20.90o, 69.1o
D. – 32.2, 69.3o
 PROBLEM 12
Solve for x in the equation: arc tan (x + 1) + arc
tan (x – 1) = arctan (12).
A. 1.5
B. 1.34
C. 1.20
D. 1.25
 PROBLEM 13
Points A and B 1000 m apart are plotted on a
straight highway running East and West. From A,
the bearing of a tower C is 32° W of N and from B
the bearing of C is 26° N of E. Approximate the
shortest distance of tower C to the highway.
A. 364 m
B. 374 m
C. 384 m
D. 394 m
 PROBLEM 14
A ship started sailing S 42°35’ W at the rate of
5kph. After 2 hours, ship B started at the same
port going N 46°20’W at the rate of 7 kph. After
how many hours will the second ship be exactly
north of ship A?
A. 3.68
B. 4.03
C. 5.12
D. 4.83
 PROBLEM 15
A pole cast a shadow 15 m long when the angle
of elevation of the sun is 61°. If the pole is
leaned 15° from the vertical directly towards the
sun, determine the length of the pole.
A. 54.23 m
B. 48.23 m
C. 42.44 m
D. 46.21 m
 PROBLEM 16
A PLDT tower and a monument stand on a level
plane. The angles of depression of the top and
bottom of the monument viewed from the top of
the PLDT tower at 13° and 35° respectively. The
height of the tower is 50 m. Find the height of the
monument.
A. 29.13 m
B. 30.11 m
C. 32.12 m
D. 33.51 m
 PROBLEM 17
Find the value of x in the equation csc x + cot x =
3.
A. π/4
B. π/3
C. π/2
D. π/5
 PROBLEM 18
Given angle A = 32°, angle B = 70°, and side c =
27 units. Solve for side a of the triangle.
A. 24 units
B. 10 units
C. 14.63 units
D. 12 units
 PROBLEM 19
The area of the triangle whose angles are
61°9’32”, 34°14’46”, and 84°35’42” is 680.60.
the length of the longest side is:
A. 35.53
B. 54.32
C. 52.43
D. 62.54
 PROBLEM 20
If Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is 6 A.M., what
is the time at a place located 30° East longitude?
A. 7 A.M.
B. 8 A.M.
C. 9 A.M.
D. 4 A.M.
 PROBLEM 22
Solve the remaining side of the spherical
triangle whose given parts are A = B = 80° and a
= b = 89°.
A. 158° 12’
B. 162° 21’
C. 168° 31’
D. 172° 12’
 PROBLEM 23
Solve for the side b of a right spherical triangle
ABC whose parts are a = 46°, c = 75° and C = 90°.
A. 72°
B. 68°
C. 48°
D. 74°
 PROBLEM 24
Determine the spherical excess of the spherical
triangle ABC given a = 56°, b = 65º and c = 78°.
A. 33° 33’
B. 68° 37’
C. 91° 57’
D. 98° 45’
 PROBLEM 25
A ship on a certain day is at latitude 20º N and
longitude 140º E. After sailing for 150 hours at a
uniform speed along a great circle route, it reaches
a point at latitude 10º S and longitude 170º W. If
the radius of the earth is 3959 miles, find the speed
in miles per hour.
A. 17.4
B. 15.4
C. 16.4
D. 19.4
 PROBLEM 26
An airplane flew from Manila (14° 36’N, 121°
05’E) at a course of S 30° E maintaining a certain
altitude and following a great circle path. If its
groundspeed is 350 knots, after how many
hours will it cross the equator?
A. 2.87 hours
B. 2.27 hours
C. 3.17 hours
D. 3.97 hours
VECTOR ANALYSIS
VECTORS
The 3-D space: R3
Laws of Vector Algebra
 PROBLEM
What is the unit vector of 23i  45 j  64k ?

A. 0.31i + 0.55j – 0.43k

B. 0.11i + 0.54j – 0.85k
C. 0.64i + 0.53j – 0.78k
D. 0.28i + 0.55j – 0.78k
 PROBLEM
What is the vector representation of a force
vector of magnitude 450 lbs acted at the point
(2,-3,3) to (4, 1,-7)?

A. -76.2i –102.5j - 367.32k lbs

B. -51.7i – 97.7j + 436.33k lbs
C. 82.2i + 164.4j - 410.96k lbs
D. -89.4i – 27.5j - 410.96k lbs
 PROBLEM
Determine the x and y components of the force
F = 800 lbs with angle 40 degrees at 3rd
quadrant:

A. X = 612.84, y = 514.23
B. X = 612.84, y = -514.23
C. X = -612.84, y = 514.23
D. X = -612.84, y = -514.23
 PROBLEM
Two forces 80 N and 100 N acting at an angle of
60° with each other

A. 127 N
B. 156 N
C. 135 N
D. 140
 PROBLEM
Find the resultant of the forces 350 N at 60° and
400 N at 140°

A. 575.43 N at 103.2°
B. 475.43 N at 13.2°
C. 575.43 N at 13.2°
D. 475.43 N at 103.2°
 PROBLEM
A plane is flying at 120 kph N 68°E, while wind is
blowing at 45 kph W 31° N, determine the actual
velocity of the plane:

A. 100
B. 150
C. 50
D. 70
 PROBLEM
Compute algebraically the resultant of the coplanar
forces: 100 N at 30°, 141.4N at 45°, and 100N at
240°.

A. 130 N, 30°
B. 125 N, 35°
C. 151 N, 25°
D. 151 N, 35°
 PROBLEM
Three forces that act on a particle are given by
F1 = 20i – 36j +73k N, F2 = -17i + 21j -46k, and
F3 = -12k. Find the magnitude of the resulatant:

A. 21.4 N
B. 8N
C. 15.5 N
D. 30.2 N
DOT PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
AREA BY THREE COPLANAR POINTS
 PROBLEM
Determine the angle between the vectors -3i -7j
and 12i + 8j:

A. 56.7 degrees
B. 33.1 degrees
C. 78.3 degrees
D. 17.3 degrees
 PROBLEM
Determine the area of the triangle formed by (2,
-1, 3), (3, -5, 4), and (-5, 3, -7):

A. 13
B. 22
C. 35
D. 6