Knc101 Ss I Syb Obe Notes-2020-21

REVISED FIRST YEAR SYLLABUS 2020-21
KNC-101 SOFT SKILLS-I 2L:0T:0P

SOFT SKILLS_1 (KNC101)
SOFT SKILLS-I
UNIT I- Basics of Applied Grammar and usage
Tenses: Part of Speech, Active & Passive Voice, Articles, Subject-verb agreement, Antonyms, Synonyms, Prefix CO-PO Mapping
and Suffix, Narration, Conditional sentences, Concord, Tag questions, punctuation marks.
UNIT II- Presentation and Interaction Skills

Speech Delivery, Interjecting: Objectives& Methodology; Group Discussion: Objectives & Methods; Theme
Presentation: Methods; Argumentative skills: Pattern and Ingredients; Debate & Discussion: Unity, Coherence & Course Outcomes (COs)
Emphasis. Public Speaking: Audience Analysis: Approach and Style. Interviews: Types; Focus & Objectives. Course After Completion of the course :
UNIT III- Interpersonal Communication Skills Outcome

Features: Methods; Principles; Requisites; Team- work; Skills: Empathy, Emotional Intelligence, empathy and CO1 The students will understand the basics of communication skills for verbal and non-
listening skills. Time Management; Attitude; Responsibility. Leadership qualities: Integrity; Values; Trust; Self- verbal communication.
Confidence & Courage; Communication and Networking; Speed reading; Problem Solving & Trouble- Shooting
CO2 The students will apply the fundamental inputs of communication skills in making
UNIT IV- Persuasion and Negotiation Skills speech delivery, individual conference, and group communication.
Definition; Understanding Attitude, Beliefs, Values and Behavior; The process of Persuasion: Analysis of
Audience; Classification of Audience; Egoistic and Non-Egoistic; Specific Techniques for Specific Audience;
CO3 The students will evaluate the impact of interpersonal communication on their
Skills of Persuasion, Steps to Persuasion/Influence, Negotiation: Definition; Process of Negotiation:
Characteristics; Qualities of good negotiator; Approaches to Negotiation. performance as a professional and in obtaining professional excellence at the workplace.
UNIT V- Communication Skills CO4 Skills and techniques of persuasion would enhance the level of the students at
Introduction to oral communication, Nuances & Modes of Speech Delivery, Public speaking: confidence, clarity, multifarious administrative and managerial platforms.
and fluency, Non verbal Communication: Kinesics, Paralinguistic features of Voice-Dynamics, Proxemics,
Chronemics, and Presentation Strategies: planning, preparation, organization, delivery. CO5 Negotiation Skills would enhance the power of negotiation capabilities of students and
to utilize their knowledge for their professional competence.
Course Outcome:
Unit 1- Students will be enabled to understand the correct usage of grammar.
Unit 2- Students will apply the fundamental inputs of communication skills in making speech delivery, individual
conference, and group communication.
Unit 3-Students will evaluate the impact of interpersonal communication on their performance as a professional
and in obtaining professional excellence at the workplace.
Unit 4-Skills and techniques of persuasion and negotiation would enhance the level of students at multifarious
administrative and managerial platforms.
Unit 5-Student will be able to equip with basics of communication skills and will apply it for practical and
oral purposes by being honed up in presentation skills and voice-dynamics.
Prescribed Books:
1. Technical Communication, (Second Ed.); O.U.P., Meenakshi Raman & S.Sharma New Delhi, 2011
2. Business Communication for Managers, Payal Mehra, Pearson, Delhi, 2012.
3. Personality Development, Harold R. Wallace et. al, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd; New Delhi 2006
4. Practical Communication by L.U.B. Pandey; A.I.T.B.S. Publications India Ltd.; Krishan Nagar, 2013,
Delhi.
5. Personality Development & Soft Skills, Barun K.Mitra, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2012.
6. Public Speaking, William S. Pfeiffer, Pearson, Delhi, 2012.
7. Human Values, A.N. Tripathi, New Age International Pvt. Ltd. Publishers New Delhi ,2005
Curriculum & Evaluation Scheme (I & II semester) Page 43

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs) environments.
Program Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
Outcome PO12 engage in independent and life learning in the broadest context of technological
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, change.
PO1 engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex computer engineering problems. CO-PO Mapping Matrices
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyse
PO2 complex computer engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
Pos
first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex computer Course Outcome
PO10
PO11
PO12
PO1
PO2
PO3
PO4
PO5
PO6
PO7
PO8
PO9
engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the
PO3
specific needs with appropriate considerations for the public health and safety, and CO1 1 3 3
the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. CO2 1 1 3 3
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and CO3 1 2 3 3
PO4 research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of CO4 2 3
data, and synthesis of the information to provide conclusions CO5 2 3 3
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and Average 1 1 2 3 2.5 3
PO5 modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge
PO6 to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent relevant
to the professional engineering practices
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
PO7 engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
PO8
responsibilities and norm of the engineering practices
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
PO9
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings
Communications: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
PO10
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
PO11 the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology
(Singular)
SOFT SKILLS_1(KNC101)
Subject + have been + V1 + ing + Object (Plural)
Simple Past Tense Subject + V2 + Object
NOTES Past Continuous Tense

Subject + was + V1 + ing + Object (Singular)
Subject + were + V1 + ing + Object (Plural)
UNIT-1 (CO-1) Past Perfect Tense
UNIT I- Basics of Applied Grammar and usage Subject + had + V3 + Object
Tenses: Part of Speech, Active & Passive Voice, Articles, Subject-verb agreement, Antonyms, Synonyms, Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Prefix and Suffix, Narration, Conditional sentences, Concord, Tag questions, punctuation marks. Subject + had been + V1 + ing + Object
Simple Future Tense
Tenses: Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object

Future Continuous Tense
 Present Tense
Subject + will be/shall be + ing + V1 + Object
 Past Tense
 Future Tense Future Perfect Tense
Each of the three above mentioned tenses can further be divided into sub parts. These sub
Subject + will have/shall have + V3 + Object
parts include:
 Simple Future Perfect Continuous Tense
 Continuous Subject + will have been + V1 + ing + Object
 Perfect
 Perfect Continuous
Given below are the rules of tenses for your reference: In the above table,
V1 refers to first form of verb
Simple Present Tense
V2 refers to second form of verb
Subject + V1 + s/es + Object (Singular) V3 refers to the third form of verb
Subject + V1 + Object (Plural)
Present Continuous Tense Given below are a few examples that may help simply the concept:
Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing + object 1. Rakesh speaks English fluently. (Simple Present for Singular)
Present Perfect Tense 2. They speak Italian (Simple Present for Plural)
Subject + has + V3 + Object (Singular) 3. She is speaking Sanskrit. (Present Continuous)
Subject + have + V3 + Object (Plural) 4. He has learnt German. (Present Perfect for Singular)
Present Perfect Continuous Tense 5. They have learnt American. (Present Perfect for Plural)
Subject + has been + V1 + ing + Object 6. He has been learning German. (Present Perfect Continuous for Singular)
7. We have been learning Sanskrit. (Present Perfect Continuous for Plural) An adjective modifies a noun funny, unique, bright, beautiful, healthy etc.
8. I played cricket yesterday (Simple Past) Prepositions
9. I was playing cricket yesterday (Past Continuous for Singular) A preposition shows a relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence close to, out of,
10. They were playing cricket yesterday. (Past Continuous for Plural) apart from etc.
11. They had played cricket yesterday. (Past Perfect) Conjunction

12. They had been playing football the entire yesterday (Past Perfect Continuous) A conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses and, but, or etc.
13. He will go to school tomorrow. (Simple Future) Interjections
14. He will be going to the school tomorrow. (Future Continuous) An interjection expresses emotion and can usually stand alone like whoops, ouch etc.
15. He will have gone to school tomorrow. (Future Perfect) 1. Nouns
16. She will have been going to school tomorrow. (Future Perfect Continuous)
A noun is a part of speech that identifies a person, place, thing, idea or events. Nouns are the simplest among
the 8 parts of speech. In a sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject
complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective as depending on the necessity. Nouns are broadly
classified into five categories:
Parts of Speech
1. Proper Noun
Parts of speech are the basic categories of words according to their function in a sentence. It is a category to
2. Common Noun
which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. English has eight main parts of speech, namely,
Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions & Interjections. In grammar, the parts of 3. Collective Noun
speech, also called lexical categories, grammatical categories or word classes is a linguistic category of words.
4. Abstract Noun
The parts of speech are commonly divided into two categories:
5. Materialistic Noun
1. Open classes - Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and adverbs.
To know the detailed classification of Nouns with examples, check out the Parts of Speech with Examples PDF
2. Closed classes - Pronouns, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Interjections. that we have provided later in the article.
Eight Parts of Speech in English Grammar 2. Pronouns
Nouns Pronouns as part of speech are the words which are used in place of nouns like people, places, or things. They
are used to avoid sounding unnatural by reusing the same noun in a sentence multiple times. In the sentence,
A noun names a person, place, or thing Caribbean, ship, Argentina, Mathew etc
Maya saw Sanjay, and she waved at him, the pronouns she and him take the place of Maya and Sanjay,
Pronouns respectively. The other examples of pronouns are I, you, she, her, it, everyone, somebody, hers, theirs, etc.
Pronouns are classified into eight broad categories as follows:
A pronoun takes the place of a noun I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who etc.
1. Personal Pronouns
Verb
2. Reflexive & Emphatic Pronouns
Verb identifies an action or state of being believe, seem, finish, eat, drink etc.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns
Adverbs
4. Indefinite Pronouns
An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb lazily, often, only, hopefully, softly etc.
5. Distributive Pronouns
Adjectives
6. Reciprocal Pronouns
7. Relative Pronouns Adjectives are words that describe or modify a noun or a pronoun in the sentence. The adjectives are easy to
spot because they come immediately before the nouns they modify. They are used to identify or quantify
8. Interrogative Pronouns
individual people and unique things and are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify.
To know the detailed classification of Pronouns with examples, check out the Part of Speech Notes PDF that we Some sentences also contain multiple adjectives. The different types of Adjectives are as follows:
have provided later in the article.
1. Adjectives of Quality
3. Verbs
2. Adjectives of Quantity
Verbs as part of speech are used to signify the actions, processes, conditions, or states of being of people or
3. Adjectives of Number
things. It is basically a word that characteristically is the grammatical center of a predicate and expresses an act,
occurrence, or mode of being, that in various languages is inflected for agreement with the subject, for tense, 4. Demonstrative Adjectives
for voice, for mood, or for aspect, and that typically has full descriptive meaning and characterizing quality in it.
5. Interrogative Adjectives
The different types of verbs are mentioned below:
6. Exclamatory Adjectives
1. Finite & Infinite Verbs
7. Possessive Adjectives
2. Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
To know the detailed classification of Adjectives with examples, out the Parts of Speech with Examples PDF that
3. Regular & Irregular Verbs
we have provided later in the article.
To know the detailed classification of Verbs with examples, check out the Parts of Speech with Examples PDF
6. Prepositions
that we have provided later in the article.
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to indicate some relation between the noun or
4. Adverbs
pronoun and some other word. The noun or pronoun that is connected by the preposition is known as the
An adverb is a word that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an adjective, a verb, a clause, another object of the preposition. Some common prepositions are in, on, for, to, of, with, and about, etc. Preposition can
adverb, or any other type of word or phrase with the exception of determiners and adjectives that directly be divided into five parts as follows:
modify nouns. The adverbs are broadly classified into nine types as follows:
1. Simple Prepositions
Adverb of
2. Compound Prepositions
1. Time
3. Double Prepositions
2. Place
4. Participle Prepositions
3. Manner
5. Prepositional Prepositions
4. Degree or Quantity
To know the detailed classification of Prepositions with examples, check out the Part of Speech Notes PDF that
5. Frequency or Number we have provided later in the article.
6. Reason 7. Conjunctions
7. Focus & Viewpoint Conjunctions are used to link different clauses together, and to join words, phrases and sentences. By using
conjunctions, we can make complex sentences that show a connection between actions and ideas. Examples:
8. Affirmation
and, but, so, although, or, etc. There are three types of Conjunctions as follows:
9. Negation
1. Coordinating Conjunction
To know the detailed classification of Adverbs with examples, check out the Part of Speech Notes PDF that we
2. Correlative Conjunctions
have provided later in the article.
3. Subordinating Conjunction
5. Adjectives
To know the detailed classification of Conjunctions with examples, check out the Parts of Speech with Examples • “The apple has a mark on it.” (singular)
PDF that we have provided later in the article.
• “All the apples have marks on them.” (plural)
8. Interjections
• “The teacher does not think it’s a good idea.” (singular)
It is a word used to express emotions or some sudden outburst of feeling. Usually, an interjection is used in
informal language. Though interjections do not relate grammatically to the other parts of the sentence or help • “The other teachers do not mind, though.” (plural)
the reader understand the relationship between words and phrases in the sentence, they express a wide variety Finally, the modal auxiliary verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, might, and must do not conjugate
of feelings, such as joy, sorrow, surprise, disgust, etc. for singular vs. plural subjects—they always remain the same. For instance:
To know the detailed classification of Interjections with examples, check out the Part of Speech Notes PDF that • “This phone can also surf the Internet!” (singular)
we have provided later in the article.
• “Most phones can do that now.” (plural)
• “The president will arrive in Malta next week.” (singular)
• “The other diplomats will arrive shortly after that.” (plural)
Subject-Verb Agreement
Countable nouns can be either singular or plural, it is very important to use the correct subject-verb
agreement when they are functioning as the subject of a clause. Synonyms & Antonyms
Subject-verb agreement refers to using certain conjugations of verbs for singular subjects and using other
conjugations for plural subjects. This happens most noticeably with the verb to be, which becomes is or
The English language (and, we may presume, many other languages) has both antonyms and synonyms.
was with singular subject nouns and are or were with plural subjects.
There are many more words with synonyms than there are words with antonyms, since many things
For example: exist which do not have an opposite (the word sandwich, for instance, may be said to have synonyms in
the words hoagie, grinder, submarine, and many other words, but there is no opposite of sandwich).
• “My brother is back from college.” (singular present simple tense) Antonym is also a much more recent addition to English than synonym is; it first appeared in the 1860s,
• “The company was in financial trouble.” (singular past simple tense) whereas synonym has been used for more than 500 years. Additionally, both nouns have adjectival
forms: synonymous and antonymous. Synonymous, which is often used loosely ("She has become
• “Many people are getting frustrated with the government.” (plural present synonymous with good taste"), is the more common of the two.
simple tense) A synonym is a word that means exactly the same as, or very nearly the same as, another word in the
• “The computers were rather old.” (plural past simple tense) same language. For example, "close" is a synonym of "shut".
For any other verb, we only need to make a change if it is in the present simple tense. For most verbs, this One of two or more words or expressions of the same language that have the same or nearly the same
is accomplished by adding an “-s” to the end if it is singular and leaving it in its base form if it is plural. meaning in some or all senses
For example: An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word. For example "bad" is an antonym of
• “My father runs his own business.” (singular) "good".
• “But his sons run it when he’s away.” (plural)

• “The dog wags his tail when he is happy.” (singular)
• “Dogs sometimes wag their tails when they’re angry or scared.” (plural) Synonyms And Antonyms List
The verbs have and do also only conjugate for singular subjects in the present simple tense, but they have
irregular forms for this: has and does. For example: Words Synonyms – Same Meaning Antonyms – Opposites
Abate Moderate, decrease Aggravate Arraign Incriminate, indict Exculpate, Pardon
Adhere Comply, observe Condemn, disjoin Amplify Augment, deepen Lessen, Contract
Abolish Abrogate, annul Setup, establish Axiom Adage, truism Absurdity, Blunder
Acumen Awareness, brilliance Stupidity, ignorance Audacity Boldness, Courage Mildness, Cowardice
Abash Disconcert, rattle Uphold, Discompose Authentic Accurate, credible Fictitious, unreal
Absolve Pardon, forgive Compel, Accuse Awkward Rude, blundering Adroit, clever
Abjure Forsake, renounce Approve, Sanction Barbarous Frustrate, perplex Civilized
Abject Despicable, servile Commendable, Praiseworthy Bleak Grim, Austere Bright, Pleasant
Abound Flourish, proliferate Deficient, Destitute Bewitching Alluring, charming Repulsive, Repugnant
Abortive Vain, unproductive Productive Baroque Florid, gilt Plain, unadorned
Acrimony Harshness, bitterness Courtesy, Benevolence Brittle Breakable, crisp Tough, Enduring
Accord Agreement, harmony Discord Barrier Barricade, Obstacle Link, Assistance
Adjunct Joined, Added Separated, Subtracted Baffle Astound, Faze Facilitate, Clarify
Adversity Misfortune, calamity Prosperity, Fortune Bustle Commotion, Tumult Slowness, Quiet
Adherent Follower, disciple Rival, Adversary Barren Desolate, Sterile Damp, Fertile
Adamant Stubborn, inflexible Flexible, Soft Bawdy Erotic, Coarse Decent, Moral
Admonish Counsel, reprove Approve, Applaud Bind Predicament Release
Allay Pacify, soothe Aggravate, Excite Batty Insane, silly Sane
Alien Foreigner, outsider Native, Resident Benevolent Benign, Generous Malevolent, Miserly
Ascend Climb Escalate Descend, Decline Befogged Becloud, Dim Clear headed, Uncloud
Alleviate Abate, relieve Aggravate, Enhance Base Vulgar, Coarse Summit, Noble
Allure Entice, fascinate Repulse, Repel Benign Favorable, friendly Malignant, Cruel
Busy Active, Engaged Idle, Lazy Contempt scorn, disregard Regard, Praise
Bleak Austere, Blank Bright, Cheerful Conspicuous prominent, obvious Concealed, hidden
Bold Adventurous Timid Contrary dissimilar, conflicting Similar, Alike
Boisterous Clamorous, rowdy Placid, Calm Contradict deny, oppose Approve, Confirm
Blunt Dull, Insensitive Keen, Sharp Callous Insensitive, indurated Kind, merciful
Callous obdurate, unfeeling Compassionate, Tender Calm Harmonious, unruffled Stormy, turbulent
Capable competent, able Incompetent, Inept Candid Blunt, bluff Evasive
Calamity adversity, misfortune Fortune Camouflage Cloak, disguise Reveal
Calculating Canny, Devious Artless, honest Carnal Earthly, fleshly Spiritual
Calumny defamation, aspersion Commendation, Praise Captivate Beguile, bewitch Repel
Captivity imprisonment, confinement Freedom, Liberty Celebrated Acclaimed, lionized Unknown, Inglorious
Captivate Charm, fascinate Disillusion offend Catholic Generic, liberal Narrow- minded
Chaste virtuous, pure Sullied, Lustful Censure Rebuke, reprimand Praise, Acceptance
Cease terminate, desist Begin, Originate Cement Plaster, mortar Disintegrate
Compassion kindness, sympathy Cruelty, Barbarity Clandestine Covert, furtive Open, Legal
Chastise punish, admonish Cheer, encourage Cheap Competitive, Inexpensive Dear, unreasonable
Concede yield, permit Deny, reject Coarse Bawdy, Boorish Fine, Chaste
Comprise include, contain Reject, lack Classic Simple, Typical Romantic, Unusual
Consent agree, permit Object Disagree Compact Bunched, thick Loose, Diffuse
Concur approve, agree Differ, disagree Comic Clown, Jester Tragic, tragedian
Consolidate solidify, strengthen Separate, Weaken Conceit Egotism, Immodesty Modesty
Consequence effect, outcome Origin, Start Compress Abbreviate, Shrink Amplify, Expand
Condemn Castigate, Chide Approve, Praise Docile Pliable, pliant Headstrong, obstinate
Concord Agreement, accord Discord Destructive Catastrophic, pernicious Creative, Constructive
Consolidate Centralize, Fortify Weaken Dwarf Diminutive, Petite Huge, Giant
Confident Bold, Undaunted Diffident, cowardly Eclipse Diminution, Dimming Shine, eclipse
Creation Formation, foundation Destruction Eager Keen, acquisitive Indifferent, apathetic
Courtesy Generosity, Reverence Disdain, Rudeness Ecstasy delight, exultation Despair, Calamity
Cunning Acute, Smart Naive, Coarse Eccentric strange, abnormal Natural, Conventional
Decipher interpret, reveal Misinterpret, distort Encumbrance hindrance, obstacle Incentive, stimulant
Decay Collapse, decompose Flourish, Progress Efface destroy, obliterate Retain, Maintain
Deceit deception, artifice Veracity, Sincerity Eloquence expression, fluency Halting, Stammering
Defray spend, pay Disclaim, Repudiate Enormous colossal, mammoth Diminutive, negligible
Defile contaminate, pollute Purify, sanctity Endeavour undertake, aspire Cease, quit
Demolish Ruin, devastate Repair, construct Equivocal uncertain, hazy Obvious, lucid
Deliberate cautious, intentional Rash, Sudden Epitome precise, example Increment, expansion
Deride mock, taunt Inspire, Encourage Eradicate destroy, exterminate Secure, plant
Deprive despoil, divest Restore, Renew Fallacy delusion, mistake Veracity, Truth
Dissuade Remonstrate, Counsel Insite, Persuade Fabricate construct, produce Destroy, Dismantle
Disdain detest, despise Approve, praise Fanatical narrow-minded, biased Liberal, Tolerant
Dense Opaque, piled Sparse, brainy Falter stumble, demur Persist, Endure
Denounce Blame, boycott Defend Ferocious cruel, fierce Gentle, Sympathetic
Despair Depression, misery Contentment, Hope Feeble weak, frail Strong, Robust
Derogatory Sarcastic, critical Laudatory, appreciative Fluctuate deflect, vacillate Stabilize, resolve
Feud strife, quarrel Harmony, fraternity Haughty arrogant, pompous Humble, Submissive
Fragile weak, infirm Enduring, Tough Hideous frightful, shocking Attractive, alluring
Forsake desert, renounce Hold, maintain Heretic non-conformist, secularist Conformable, religious
Frivolous petty, worthless Solemn, significant Harmony Conformity, Amicability Discord, discord
Frantic violent, agitated Subdued, gentle Hamstrung Cripple Debilitate Strengthen, Encourage
Frugality economy, providence Lavishness, extravagance Honor Adoration, Reverence Denunciation, Shame
Gloom obscurity, darkness Delight, mirth Hasty Abrupt, Impetuous Leisurely, Cautious
Gather Converge, huddle Disperse, Dissemble Humility Resignation, Fawning Boldness, Pride
Gorgeous magnificent, dazzling Dull, unpretentious Humble Meek, Timid Proud, Assertive
Glut stuff, satiate Starve, abstain Impenitent Uncontrite, Obdurate Repentant
Grisly disgusting, atrocious Pleasing, attractive Hypocrisy Deception, Pharisaism Sincerity, frankness
Gracious courteous, beneficent Rude, Unforgiving Indifferent Equitable, Haughty Partial, Biased
Guile cunning, deceit Honesty, frankness Impulsive Flaky, Impetuous Cautious, Deliberate
Grudge hatred, aversion Benevolence, Affection Infernal Damned, Accursed Heavenly,
Genuine Absolute, Factual Spurious Indigent Destitute, Impoverished Rich, Affluent
Generosity Altruism, bounty Stinginess, greed Interesting Enchanting, Riveting Dull, Uninteresting
Glory Dignity, renown Shame, Disgrace Insipid Tedious, Prosaic Pleasing, appetizing
Gloomy Bleak, cloudy Gay, Bright Immense huge, enormous Puny, Insignificant
Harass irritate, molest Assist, comfort Immaculate unsullied, spotless Defiled, Tarnished
Hamper retard, prevent Promote, facilitate Imminent impending, brewing Distant, Receding
Hazard Peril, danger Conviction, security Immerse submerge, involve Emerge, uncover
Hapless unfortunate, ill-fated Fortunate, Lucky Impair diminish, deteriorate Restore, Revive
Immunity prerogative, privilege Blame, Censure Jejune dull, boring Interesting, exciting
Impediment hurdle, obstruction Assistant, Concurrence Jaded tired, exhausted Renewed, recreated
Impartial just, unbiased Prejudiced, Biased Jubilant rejoicing, triumphant Melancholy, depressing
Impute attribute, ascribe Exculpate, support Jovial frolicsome, cheerful Solemn, morose
Impious irreligious, unholy Pious, Devout Just honest, impartial Unequal, unfair
Incompetent inefficient, unskilled Dexterous, Skilled Judicious thoughtful, prudent Irrational, foolish
Inclination disposition, affection Indifference, Disinclination Juvenile young, tender Dotage, antiquated
Inevitable unavoidable, ascertained Unlikely, Doubtful Justify defend, exculpate Impute, arraign
Incongruous inappropriate, absurd Compatible, harmonious Knave dishonest, scoundrel Paragon, innocent
Ingenuous undisguised, naive Wily, Craftly Knotty complicated difficult Simple, manageable
Infringe violate, encroach Comply, Concur Kindred relation, species Unrelated, dissimilar
Insipid tasteless, vapid Delicious, luscious Keen sharp, poignant Vapid, insipid
Insinuate allude, hint Conceal, Camouflage Knell death knell, last blow Reconstruction, rediscovery
Instill inculcate, inject Eradicate, extract Lax slack, careless Firm, reliable
Insolvent indigent, destitute Wealthy, solvent Lavish abundant, excessive Scarce, deficient
Intrigue scheme, conspiracy Candor, Sincerity Liable accountable, bound Unaccountable, apt to
Intricate tangled, complicated Regulated, Orderly Lenient compassionate, merciful Cruel, severe
Invective accusation, censure Approval, acclamation Lucid sound, rational Obscure, hidden
Intrinsic genuine, fundamental Extraneous, incidental Lure attract, entice Repel, dissuade
Immaculate Exquisite, Impeccable Defiled, Tarnished Linger loiter, prolong Hasten, quicken
Invincible unconquerable, impregnable Effeminate, languid Liberal magnanimous, generous Stingy, malicious
Irrepressible irresistible, unconfined Composed, hesitant Lunacy delusion, insanity Normalcy, sanity
Luxuriant profuse, abundant Scanty, meagre Notion Conceit, Apprehension Reality, Concrete
Luscious palatable, delicious Unsavory, tart Novice tyro, beginner Veteran, ingenious
Languid Sluggish, apathetic Energetic, spirited Nonchalant indifferent, negligent Attentive, considerate
Mandatory Imperative, requisite Optional Nullify cancel, annual Confirm, Uphold
Malice Vengefulness, grudge Goodwill, Kindness Numerous profuse, various Scarce, deficient
Merit Stature, Asset Demerit, dishonor Obliging Complaisant, Willing Mulish, Obstinate
Masculine Gallant, strapping Feminine, meek Obstruct impede, prevent Hasten, encourage
Mitigate alleviate, relieve Augment enhance Obstinate Stubborn, Adamant Pliable, flexible
Miraculous marvelous, extraordinary Ordinary, trivial Obscure Arcane, Vague Prominent
Molest harass, tease Console, soothe Obvious Evident, apparent Obscure, ambiguous
Modest humble, courteous Arrogant, pompous Obtain Access, Inherit Forfeit
Momentous notable, eventful Trivial, insignificant Offensive Abhorrent, obnoxious Engaging, fascinating
Mollify appease, assuage Irritate, infuriate Odious Malevolent, obnoxious Engaging, fascinating
Morbid Nasty, Macabre Healthy, Cheerful Offspring descendant, sibling Ancestor, forefather
Monotonous irksome, tedious Varied, pleasant Occult latent, ambiguous Intelligible, transparent
Murky dusky, dreary Bright, shining Opaque obscure, shady Transparent, bright
Munificent liberal, hospitable Frugal, penurious Ominous Menacing, Foreboding Auspicious
Mutual joint, identical Separate, distinct Oracular cryptic, vague Lucid, distinct
Mutinous recalcitrant, insurgent Submissive, faithful Optimist Idealist Pessimist
Nimble prompt, brisk Sluggish, languid Ornamental decorative, adorned Unseemly, plain
Niggardly miser, covetous Generous, profuse Ordain Order, impose Revoke abolish
Noxious baneful, injurious Healing, profitable Outrage offence, maltreatment Praise, favour
Outbreak eruption, insurrection Compliance, subjection Quibble equivocate, prevaricate Unfeigned, plain
Persuade Cajole, Impress Dissuade, halt Rapidity Quickness, Velocity Inertia, lanquidity
Pacify Appease, Chasten Irritate, worsen Raid Incursion, Foray Retreat, release
Propagate Inseminate, fecundate Suppress, deplete Rebellious Restless, attacking Submissive, Compliant
Perturbed Flustered, anxious Calm Reason Acumen, Bounds Folly, Speculation
Prompt Precise, Punctual Slow, Negligent Reluctant Cautious, Averse anxious, Eager
Progress Pace, Betterment Retrogress, worsening Rectify Amend, Remedy Falsify, Worsen
Pamper Flatter, indulge Deny, disparage Ravage Destroy, ruin Reconstruct, renovate
Prudence Vigilance, Discretion Indiscretion Remnant Residue, piece Entire, whole
Peerless matchless, unrivalled Mediocre, commonplace Ratify consent, approve Deny, dissent
Paramount foremost, eminent Trivial, inferior Restrain Detain, Confine Incite
Pertness flippancy, impudence Modesty, diffidence Redeem Recover, liberate Conserve lose
Peevish perverse, sullen Suave, amiable Remorse Regret, penitence Ruthlessness, obduracy
Placid tranquil, calm Turbulent, hostile Remonstrate Censure, protest Agree, loud
Perverse petulant, obstinate Complacent, docile Resentment Displeasure, wrath Content, Cheer
Precarious doubtful, insecure Assured Rescind Annul, abrogate Delegate, permit
Pompous haughty, arrogant Unpretentious, humble Reverence Respect, esteem Disrespect, affront
Predicament plight, dilemma Resolution, confidence Retract Recant, withdraw Confirm, assert
Quaint Queer, strange Familiar, usual Rustic Rural, uncivilized Cultured, Refined
Quack Impostor, deceiver Upright, unfeigned Rout Vanquish, overthrow Succumb, withdraw
Quell subdue, reduce Exacerbate, agitate Ruthless Remorseless, inhumane Compassionate, lenient
Quarantine seclude, screen Befriend, socialize Savage Wild, untamed Polished, Civilized
Sacred Cherish, Divine Ungodly, Profane Spry Nimble, Brisk Lethargic, Sluggish
Steep Course, lofty Flat, gradual Sterile Barren, Impotent Profitable, Potent
Startled Frightened, Shocked Waveringly Successful Propitious, Felicitous Destitute, Untoward
Sublime Magnificent, eminent Ridiculous Subsequent consequent, following Preceding, previous
Stranger Immigrant, guest Acquaintance, national Stupor lethargy, unconsciousness Sensibility, Consciousness
Sympathy Tenderness, harmony Antipathy, Discord Subvert Demolish, sabotage Generate, organize
Succinct Concise, Terse Lengthy, polite Substantial Considerable, solid Tenuous, fragile
Sarcastic Ironical, derisive Courteous, gracious Sycophant Parasite, flatterer Devoted, loyal
System Scheme, Entity Chaos, Disorder Superficial Partial, shallow Profound, discerning
Shrewd Cunning, craftly Simple, imbecile Taciturn Reserved, silent Talkative, extrovert
Saucy Impudent, insolent Modest, humble Taboo Prohibit, ban Permit, consent
Servile Slavish, Docile Aggressive, Dominant Temperate Cool, moderate Boisterous, violent
Scanty scarce, insufficient Lavish, multitude Tedious Wearisome. Irksome Exhilarating, lively
Slander defame, malign Applaud, approve Tenacious Stubborn, Dodge Docile, non- resinous
Shabby miserable, impoverished Prosperous, thriving Tenement Apartment, Digs Breakeven, dislodge
Solicit entreat, implore Protest oppose Timid Diffident, coward Bold, intrepid
Sneer mock, scorn Flatter, praise Throng Assembly, crowd Dispersion, sparsity
Stain blemish, tarnish Honor, purify Transient Temporal, transitory Lasting, enduring
Subterfuge Deceit, Stratagem Frankness, Openness Tranquil Peaceful, composed Violent, furious
Sporadic intermittent, scattered Incessant, frequent Treacherous Dishonest, duplicitous Forthright, reliable
Spurious Fake, Counterfeit Genuine, Authentic Trenchant Assertive, forceful Feeble, ambiguous
Squalid dirty, filthy Tidy, Attractive Tumultuous Violent, riotous Peaceful, harmonious
Trivial Trifling, insignificant Significant, veteran Veteran Ingenious, experienced Novice, tyro
Tame Compliant, Subdued Wild, untamed Vivacious Spirited, Energetic Dispirited, Unattractive
Tyro Beginner, riotous Proficient, veteran Vigilant Cautious, alert Careless, negligent
Thick Chunky, massive Thin, attenuated Vouch Confirm, consent Repudiate, prohibit
Terse Incisive, Compact Diffuse, Gentle Vilify Malign, Slur, Defame Cherish, Commend
Tranquil Amicable, Calm Agitated, Fierce Vivid Eloquent, lucid Dull, Dim
Thrifty Frugal, prudent Extravagant Virtue Ethic, morality Vice, dishonesty
Tremble Vibrate Steady Wan Pale, faded Bright, healthy
Transparent Diaphanous Opaque Waive Relinquish, remove Impose, Clamp
Utterly Completely, entirely Deficiently, incomplete Wary cautious, circumspect Heedless, negligent
Uncouth Awkward, ungraceful Elegant, Compensate Wane Decline, Dwindle Ameliorate, Rise
Uncouth Boorish, Clownish Elegant, Compensate Wicked vicious, immoral Virtuous, Noble
Umbrage Chagrin, offense Sympathy, goodwill Wed marry, combine Divorce, Separate
Urge Incite, Implore Abhorrence, Abomination Wile Trickery, Artifice Naivety, honor
Urchin Foundling, Orphan Creep, Knave Wield Exert, employ Forgo, avoid
Vagrant Wander, roaming Steady, settled Wilt wither, perish Revive, bloom
Vain Arrogant, egoistic Modest Winsome Beautiful, Comely Alluring, Rapturous
Vanity Conceit, pretension Modesty, Humility Yield surrender abdicate Resist, protest
Valor Bravery, prowess Fear, cowardice Yell shout, shriek Whisper muted
Venom Poison, malevolence Antidote, Benevolent Yoke connect, harness Liberate, Release
Venerable Esteemed, honored Unworthy, immature Yearn languish, crave Content, satisfy
Vicious Corrupt, obnoxious Noble, Virtuous Zenith summit, apex Nadir, base
Prefixes and Suffixes
Zeal eagerness, fervor Apathy, lethargy
Prefix-Suffix-Root List by Grade Level
Zig -zag oblique, wayward Straight, unbent (Generally, prefixes and suffixes change the meanings of roots, but it is usually the suffix that
denotes the part of speech.)
Zest delight, enthusiasm Disgust, passive
1st Grade
Prefix Suffix Definition Examples Origin Additional
Information
-s,-es plural, more than hats, pigs, Anglo-Saxon
one boxes,
wishes
-ing action/ process helping, Anglo-Saxon Present
skipping, participle of
running, verb
seeing,
thinking
-ed past tense jumped, Anglo-Saxon Past tense verb
helped
2nd Grade (Please review affixes from prior grade.)
Information
un- not/ opposite unlock, unsafe Anglo-Saxon
re- again/ back reread, Latin
rewrite,
return
dis- not/ opposite of dislike, Latin
distrust
-er person connected teacher, Anglo-Saxon
with/ writer,
comparative baker, bigger,
degree colder, taller
-est superlative biggest, Anglo-Saxon Usually an
degree coldest, adjective
tallest
3rd Grade (Please review affixes from prior grades.)
Information
dis- not/ opposite of dislike, Latin
distrust
in- not inactive, Latin -er, -or one who/ that baker, boxer, Latin Usually a noun
insane, which conductor, Use –or with
inexpensive survivor Latin roots for
-ful full of beautiful, Anglo-Saxon Usually an nouns
painful adjective (inventor,
-less without careless, Anglo-Saxon elevator) Use –
helpless er with
-y characterized by/ cloudy, fishy Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon
like roots (heater,
-ly characteristic of badly, Anglo-Saxon Usually an swimmer)
friendly, adverb 5th
quickly Grade
(Please
4th Grade (Please review affixes from prior grades.)
review
Prefix Suffix Definition Examples Origin Additional affixes
Information from
prior
under- too little/ below underfed, Anglo-Saxon grades.)
underground Prefix Suffix Root Definition Examples Origin Additional
over- too much/ above overdone, Anglo-Saxon Information
overhead semi- half semicircle, Latin
non- not nonfat, Latin semicolon
nonsense
pre- before preplan, Latin super- above/ on top superfine, Latin
pretest of/ beyond superhuman,
bi- two bicycle, Latin supersonic
binocular multi- many/ much multicolor, Latin
tri- three tricycle, Latin/ Greek multifamily
triangle poly- many/ much polygon, Greek
quad- four quadrilateral, Latin polysyllable
quadrant
tele- distant/far Television, Greek
oct- eight octagon, Latin/ Greek telephone
octopus
-ion, – act of/ state of/ attention, Anglo-Saxon Noun mis- bad or badly/ misbehave, Latin
ation result of vision, (See 6th grade wrong or misread,
–sion, - invitation for wrongly misspell
tion explanation)
inter- between intercept, Latin
-ness condition/ state of darkness, Anglo-Saxon Usually a noun
interview,
fairness
interstate
-ly characteristic of badly, Anglo-Saxon Usually an
mid- middle midnight, Anglo-Saxon
friendly, adverb
midweek
quickly
-ment act/ process enjoyment, Latin sub- under, subway, subsoil, Latin
replacement beneath, substitute
below/ -ence, act/ persistence, Latin Usually a noun
secondary -ance condition of excellence, -ence and –ance
assistance, sound alike
deca- ten decathlon, Latin/ Greek importance because of the
deci- decade, schwa. –ence is
decimal, used somewhat
decimeter more often than
kilo- 1,000 kilogram, Greek – ance.
kilowatt -ess feminine actress, lioness Latin/ Greek Usually a noun
milli- 1,000 millennium, Latin max(i) great maximum, Latin
mille- millimeter maximize
centi- 100 centimeter, Latin meter, measure diameter, Greek
centipede metr odometer,
-able, can be done enjoyable, Latin -able ending metric,
-ible sensible, likable words have perimeter
roots that can photo light photograph, Greek
stand alone. telephoto,
enjoyable photocopy
-ible ending port to carry portable, Latin
words have transport
roots that can phobia, irrational aquaphobia, Greek There are names
not stand alone. phobic, fear or claustrophobic for more than
sensible phobe hatred/ one technophobe 500 phobias,
-ian, - one having a electrician, Latin Usually a noun who fears/ most of which
an certain skill/
magician, hates come from the
relating to/ American, field of
belonging to suburban medicine.
-ship condition of/championship, Anglo-Saxon Usually a noun rupt break/ burst bankrupt, Latin FYI: Erupt
skill friendship, rupture, means to
hardship, disruptive explode. (The
leadership volcano
-ist one who artist, tourist Latin/ Greek Usually a noun erupted.) Irrupt
does a means to rush or
specific burst in. (The
action police irrupted
-logy, science of/ biology, Greek into
-ology study of chronology the hideout.)
-ism act/ belief/ patriotism, Latin/ Greek Usually a noun scrib, to write describe, Latin Verbs usually
practice of idealism, script manuscript use scribe, as in
absenteeism, prescribe; nouns
usually use
script, as
in prescription.
gram, written/ autograph, Greek in- (il-, not inability, Latin il- used before
graph drawn paragraph, im-, ir-) impatient, roots beginning
telegram irregular, illegal with l illegible
dict to say/ tell diction, dictator Latin im- used before
ject to throw inject, objection Latin roots beginning
with b, m, p
spect, to see/ prospect, Latin immature,
spec watch/ respect, imbalance,
observe specimen impatient
6th ir- used before
Grade roots beginning
(Please with r
review irregular
affixes in- (il-, in/ on/ infer, illustrate, Same prefix
and im-, ir-) toward improve, irrigate usage is
roots applied as above
from bio- life biography, Greek
prior biological
grades.)
Prefix Suffix Root Definition Examples Origin Additional mini- small miniature, Latin From the Latin
Information minimum word
miniature…
en-, em- to cause to encounter, Latin Modern
be/ to put enable, employ, generations
into or onto/ embark, encircle shortened
to go into miniature to
or onto mini-.
fore- before/ forearm, Anglo-Saxon micro- small/ microbiology, Greek
earlier foreword minute microscope
de- reduce defeat, deform, Latin uni- one/ single unicorn, Latin
down/ decrease unicycle,
away from uniform
trans- across/ transformation, Latin -en made of/ to wooden, Anglo-Saxon
change/ transportation, make dampen, tighten
through transfer
-dom condition of boredom, Anglo-Saxon Usually a noun
anti- opposite/ antibiotic, Greek
freedom,
against antifreeze
kingdom
di-, dia- two/ digraph, Greek -ity state of/ prosperity, Latin Usually a noun
through/ dialogue, quality equality
across diagonal of
ex- out of/ away extract, exhale, Latin/ Greek -al, - related to/ colonial, Latin Usually an
from extend ial characterized biennial, dental, adjective
by betrayal
auto- self autograph, Greek
automatic
-ion, act of/ state tension, Anglo-Saxon The real suffix anni, year anniversary, Latin Usually a noun
-ation of/ result of attention, is annu, semiannual,
–sion, elevation, union –ion. Putting s enni millennium
-tion or t in front of – arch chief/ ruler archenemy, Greek
ion is simply matriarch
determined by
the spelling of duct, lead induce, conduct Latin
the root. duc
Usually a noun geo earth/ geography, Greek
-ish relating to/ childish, foolish Anglo-Saxon Usually an ground/ geology
characteristi adjective soil
c man hand manicure, Latin
of manually
-ent, - an action/ student, Latin Often a noun nym, name/ word antonym, Greek
ant condition contestant, The suffix –ant onym synonym
immigrant often indicates a phon voice/ sound telephone, Greek
person noun. symphony
-ent, - causing a obedient, Latin Often an
ant specific absorbent, adjective therm heat thermometer, Greek
action abundant, -ent and –ant thermostat
elegant sound alike tox poison toxic, Latin
because of the toxicology
schwa. –ent is
used somewhat scope to watch/ see horoscope, Greek
more often than microscope,
–ant. telescope
-hood the state/ the boyhood, Anglo-Saxon Usually a noun 7th (Please review affixes and roots from prior
condition/ likelihood History of the Grade grades.)
the quality suffix Prefix Suffix Root Definition Examples Origin Additional
–hood Information
· Old English:
-had ante- in front of/ antecedent, Latin Fun information
· Middle before antebellum –
English: - hod antepenultimate
· Modern means next to
English: the next to the
-hood last…this
aqua water aquarium, Latin word can
aquamarine usually be found
on the SAT.
act put in action, react, Latin ab- from/ away absent, absorb, Latin
motion/ transact abnormal
process of
doing a- on/ in/ to across, aboard, Anglo-Saxon/
mit to send emit, transmit Latin aside Latin
a- without/ not atypical, amoral, Anglo-Saxon/ -age result of an manage, Latin
asocial Latin action/ drainage,
collection acreage
co-, together/ cooperate, Latin Concrete –
-some characterized awesome, Anglo-Saxon Primarily used
con-, with concede, meaning to
by a lonesome with Anglo-
com- combine harden or to
specified Saxon base
grow
quality, words.
together
condition, or
pro- forward/ proceed, Latin/ Greek Some words
action
before/ in pronoun, with pro- as a
chron time chronology, Greek
support of prohibit prefix are often
hyphenated, so synchronize
be sure to check temp time temporary, Latin
the temperature
dictionary.
intra- within intranet, Latin aer, air aerial, aerospace Greek
intramural aero
cede, to go/ yield/ proceed, secede, Latin
mega- great/ huge megabyte, Greek ceed surrender precede,
megaphone concede
post- after/ postpone, Latin cept, to take/ accept, deceive Latin Additional roots
following postwar ceive catch/ seize/ with same
hold/ receive definition:
-ous, full of/ adventurous, Latin Usually an cap (captive)
-ious, characterized nervous, adjective ceit (conceit)
-eous by mysterious, cep (concept)
courteous cip (municipal)
fract, to break fracture, Latin
-ive, inclined/ festive, Latin Words that end frag fraction,
-itive, tending talkative, active, with fragment
-ative toward an sensitive –de (intrude) gen race, kind, or gender, genetics, Latin
action change the –de species/ birth genesis
to s then add
–ive (intrusive). grat thanks/ congratulations, Latin
Words that end pleasing gratify
with silent e liber free liberty, liberate Latin
(create) drop
leg, law/ to legend, legal, Latin The roots lect,
the e then add –
lect, lig choose/ to intelligent, elect, lect, and lig are
ive (creative).
pick/ to read/ lecture related to the
-ic relating to/ energetic, Latin/ Greek Usually an
to speak Greek
characterized historic adjective
combining form
by
logos, meaning
-ize to make/ to fertilize, Latin/ Greek Usually a verb speech or word.
cause to criticize,
mater, mother maternal, Latin
become apologize matr, matrimony,
-fy, - to make satisfy, magnify Latin Usually a verb matri matriarch
ify
pater, father paternal, patriot Latin Prefix Suffix Root Definition Examples Origin Additional
patr Information
mot, to move motivate, Latin
mob mobilize hyper- over/ above/ hyperactive, Greek
excessive hypercritical
opt eye/ to make optometry, Latin
a optic, optional hypo-, below/ less hypothermia, Greek
choice hyp- than normal hypnosis
ped, foot pedal, Latin omni- all omnipresent, Latin
pod omniscient
pedestrian,
tripod homo- same homogeneous, Latin
homonym
ped child pediatrician Greek
hetero- different/ heterochromatic, Greek Heteronyms:
urb city urban, suburban Latin Exurb: a other heterogeneous words with the
modern word same spelling,
meaning large but different
cities that meanings
directly (dove – the bird;
surround a
dove – did dive)
major city
(Arlington is an ultra- beyond in ultramarine, Latin
exurb of degree/ ultraviolet
Dallas.) extreme
pop people population, Latin -cide kill germicide, Latin Usually a noun
popular pesticide
tract to draw/ pull attract, distract, Latin -ery relating to/ imagery, Anglo-Saxon Usually a noun
retract quality/ pottery, bakery
place where
form to shape conform, Latin -ary relating to/ dictionary, Latin Noun/ adjective
reform, place where/ infirmary
transform one who cautionary,
pend to hang/ suspend, Latin dietary,
weigh pendulum missionary
8th -ium chemical helium, Greek Usually a noun
Grade element/ aquarium
(Please group
review -tude condition/ altitude, Latin Usually a noun
affixes state/ quality gratitude
and of
roots aud to hear/ listen audible, audition Latin
from cred to believe credit, Latin
prior incredible
grades.)
archae, primitive/ archaeologist, Greek Prefix Suffix Root Definition Examples Origin Additional
arche, ancient archives, Information
archi achetype
belli war belligerent, Latin bene well/ good benediction, Latin
bellicose beneficial
claim, to declare/ exclaim, Latin cardi heart cardiac, Latin

clam call clamorous cardiology
out/ cry out ego self egocentric, Latin
crat, rule/ democrat, Greek egoism
cracy strength/ aristocracy
power don, give/ gift donate, donation Latin
hemo, blood hematology, Greek donat
hema hemophilia luc, light translucent, Latin
lum illuminate
luna moon lunar, lunatic Latin
mania madness/ maniac, Greek
mar sea maritime, Latin frenzy/ kleptomania
submarine abnormal
mort death mortuary, Latin desire/
mortality obsession
path feeling/ apathetic, Greek nate, born native, innate Latin
suffering/ pathology nat
disease neg no/ deny negative, negate Latin
pel to drive/ expel, propeller Latin
neo new neonatal Greek
push
struc, to build construct, Latin See Affix nov new novice Latin
struct instructor Matrix for the phys nature physics, Greek
root struct on physical
final page of this
psych mind/ soul psychic, Greek
document.
psychopath
vis, vid to see vision, evidence Latin
voc, to call advocate, revoke Latin reg guide/ rule regime, regent Latin
voke sci to know/ science, Latin
learn conscience
cogn to know cognition, Latin
sol alone solitary, Latin
recognize
soliloquy
loc, to speak/ colloquial, Latin
tact, to touch contact, tangible Latin
loqu talk/ say ventriloquist,
tang
loquacious
terr land terrain, territory Latin
vac empty vacate, evacuate Latin
ver, true/ genuine verdict, Latin
veri veritable
counter-argue, counter-assault, counter-attack,
Prefixes & Suffixes: Secondary Derivational Method counter-balance, counter-bid ,counter-change,
When the words are formed by adding a syllable or letters to a basic word, either in the beginning or at counter-check, counter-claim, counter-complaint,
the end, or both, we obtain secondary derivatives. When so called syllable or letters are fixed to the front
of the root word, these are called prefixes. When the foresaid syllable or letters are fixed to the back of counter-demand, counter-flow, counter-plan
the root word, they are called suffixes. Thus the secondary derivational method employs two tools to coin
new words which are given below-
co-exist, co-worker, co-author, co-operate, co-act, co-

1. Prefixes
administrate, co-anchor, co-author, co-chairman, co-
2. Suffixes conspire, co-conspirator, co-create, co-develop, co-
director, co-editor, co-driver, co-pilot, co-worker, co-
with, together, jointly, exist, co-operator, co-founder, co-habitants, co-
PREFIX incidence, co-insure
joint
co-
1-Note: These prefixes are added to indicate the attitude of the object or person represented by the basic
word-
ambi-guity, ambi-version, ambi-vert, ambi-concern,
Prefix Meaning Examples ambi-dexterity, ambi-sexual, ambi-valence, ambi-
version, ambi-vert, ambi-gender ,ambi-tive
( of attitude)
anti- against, opposed to anti-social, anti-septic, anti-biotic, anti-national, anti- both, on both sides,
climax, anti-civic, anti-body, anti-war, anti-biotic, around, akin to
anti-social, anti-terrorism, anti-septic
ambi-
pro-marriage, pro-moral education, pro-you, pro-
pro- in favour of, for. abortion, pro-active, pro-band, pro-bate, pro-
biotic, pro-cathedral, pro-war, pro-education, pro- 2-Note: these prefixes negate or reverse the meaning of the words-
global peace
Prefix Meaning Examples
( negative or
reversative)
counter- against, opposite, counter-sign, counter-attack, counter-force, counter-
a- on: in: at ; a-bed
opposing, in reverse accuse, counter-act, counter-advertise, counter-agent,
(adv, ……) in(such) a state or a-fire, a-back, a-base, Prefix Meaning Examples
condition,
(of degree and size)
in (such) manner,
arch- chief, primitive, arch-angel, arch-bishop, arch-demon, arch-duchesses,
in the process of arch-rival,
(n, adj,…) original, primary,
a-loud,
biggest
a-writing
super- over and above: higher super-man, super-natural, super-human, super-market,
un- not, opposite of, un-natural, un-lock, un-true, undo, untie, uncover
(n, adj, v, adv) in quality, quantity, or super-able, super-abound, super-abundance, super-
(adj, n, v, adv) contrary to, do the cautious, super-charge, super-bank, super-track
degree; extra,
opposite of
surpassing all
non- not, other than, reverse non- cooperation, non-vegetarian, non-sense, non-
payment ultra- beyond the limits of , ultra-thin, ultra-fat, ultra-violet, ultra-sonic, ultra-
(n……) of, absence of bright, ultra-casual, ultra-clean, ultra-cold, ultra-
(adj, adv, prep…) beyond what is competitive, ultra-conservative, ultra-high, ultra-
de- do the opposite of, de-pollute , de-form, de-grade, de-compose, de-value,
de-hydrate, dethrone, derail, detrain, ordinary, proper, or talkative, ultra-wise, ultra-modern,
(v, n,
remove from. moderate.
get off , take away extremely,
dis- do the opposite of, dis-allow, dis-like, dis-connect, dis-honest, dis-trust, extra- outside, beyond, extra-curricular, extra-ordinary, extra-marital, extra-
(v, n, adj, adv..) deprive of, dis-please, dis-obey, dis-parity, dis-miss, dis-pel, dis- (n, adj, …adv, v ..) except,
academic, extra-legal, extra-logical, extra-net, extra-
cord polar, extra-sunset, extra-sunrise, extra-desire,
exclude/expel, not
hyper- above: beyond: super-, hyper-sensitive, hyper-tension, hyper-space, hyper-
in- not, opposite of, do the in-efficient, in-different, in-effective
(n, adj, adv, v, …) excessively, be/live in active, hyper-acute, hyper-alert, hyper-aware, hyper-
conscious, hyper-critical, hyper-efficient, hyper-
im- (before ‘b, m, p’ opposite of im-moral, im-mortal, im-mature, im-pure, im-proper, more than 3 excited, hyper-esthetic, hyper-manic, hyper-crazy,
im-balance,
il- ( before ‘l’) non-, un-, dimensions,
il-legible, il-legal,
ir- ( before ‘r’ )
in: take within: take ir-regular, ir-religious, ir-rational
into: get/take toward
out- exceeding, beyond out-act, out-bid, out-brag, out-do, out-break, out-burst,
(adj, n, adv,…)
im-bed, im-bibe (drink, take into mind), im-bosom, (n, adj, v, adv..) limits of, surpassing, out-buy, out-cast, out-caste, out-catch, out-climb, out-
come, out-compete, out-crop, out-cry, out-date, out-
doing faster, doing dazzle, out-debate
better
3-Note: these prefixes modify the degree or the size of person or thing or quality or action denoted by
the basic word-
under- below, orbeneath, under-value, under-estimate, under-stand, under- advance: advance:
(n, v, adj, adv,…) mean, too little, not perform, under-statement, under-act, under-achieve, chief:
under-age, under-arm, under-bid, under-cloths, under-
enough dog, under-think, under-cover, post- after: subsequent: post-war, post-graduate, post-mortem, post-abortion,
sub- under: beneath: below; sub-editor, sub-inspector, sub-agent, sub-divide, sub- subsequent to: later; post-atomic, post-arrest, post-date, post-debate, post-
deliver, post-delivery, post-divorce, post-doctoral,
(n, adj, v, adv..) secondary, next lower branch, sub-caste, sub-categorize, sub-direct, sub- (n, adv, v, adj, prep..) later than : behind: post-midnight, post-modern, post-operative, post-
centre, sub-chapter, sub-chaser, sub-class, sub-
than, junior to/ inferior classify, sub-climax, sub-college, following after: paid, post-position, post-riot, post-romantic, post-
script, post-test, post-exam, post-treatment
to; less in quality,
quantity, degree. re- again: back: Re-tell, re-speak, re-exam, re-marry, re-cover, re-
settle, re-write, re-build, re-direct, re-think, re-abuse,
semi- half : partly: semi-abstract, semi-annual, semi-aquatic, semi- re-start, re-starter, re-re-absorb, re-accept, re-act, re-
acquire, re-actor, re-action, re-address
(n, adj, adv, v..) incompletely: demi-, automatic, semi-circle, semi-circular, semi-civilized,
semi-classical, semi-conductor, semi-conscious, semi- ex- former: out of : outside: exclude, ex-man, ex-president, ex-director, ex-ex-
hemi- , quasi-: partial: conservative, semi-dome, semi-dry, semi-final, semi-
actor, ex-act, ex-cavate, ex-clave, ex-communicate,
literate, semi-lunar, (n, adj, adv, v, prep..) out from: do out of/
from
mini- smaller or briefer than mini-bus, mini-skirt, mini-mini-bar, mini-bike,
(n, usual, normal, or mini-car, mini-computer, mini-dress, minimize, mini- vice- one that takes the place vice-president, vice-principle, vice-admiral, vice-
state, mini-van, mini-cam, mini-marts presidency, vice-regent, vice-consul
standard (n…) of: deputy in place of
ante- before: earlier: earlier ante-room, ante-date, ante-dated, ante-mortem, ante-

(n, adj, adv, ….) than: prior: prior to: natal,
4-Note: these prefixes add the dimension of time and order to the basic word-
preceding: forward
(of time and order)

5-Note: these prefixes are added to convey the idea of number of the things denoted by a basic word-
pre- before: earlier
than: pre-admission, pre-marital, pre-war, pre-occupied,
(n, adj, adv, v,…) prior to: in advance, pre-decided, pre-election, pre-adult, pre-announce,
pre-approve, pre-arranged, pre-breakfast, pre-cancel,
beforehand: pre-cancellation, pre-caution, pre-cede, pre-clinical, (of number)
pre-colonial,
( at least for two) uni- one: single: alone uni-lateral, uni-sex, uni-color, uni-corn, uni-cycle, uni-
actions direct, uni-form, uni-formly, uni-forming, uni-linear,
(n, adj, adv, v, …)
fore- before: earlier than: of fore-cast, fore-see, fore-tell, fore-arm, fore-close, fore-
mono- one: single: alone: mono-logue, mono-syllabic, mono-gram, mono-
(n, adv, prep, adj, ..) an earlier period: court, fore-father, forego, fore-gather, fore-goer, fore- lingual, mono-log, mono-mania, mono-phony, mono-
know, fore-judge, fore-man, fore-woman, fore-noon,
beforehand: in front of: fore-night, fore-ordain, fore-play, fore-run, fore-said, pole, mono-polize, mono-theist, mono-tone, mono-
tonus, mono-tonic,
front part of: in fore-sight, fore-time,
bi- two: of two: into two bi-cycle, bi-lingual, bi-polar, bi-focal, bi-monthly, bi-
(n, adj, adv, v, …) parts: twice, doubly, on weekly, bi-sect, bi-cut, bi-annual, bi-annually, bicolor,
bi-component, bi-convex,bi-cultural, bi-fold, bi-
both sides, coming/ furcated, 6-Note: these prefixes are added to indicate the position or direction of a thing-
occurring two times,
Prefix (of place) Meaning Examples
tri- three: of three : into tri-cycle, tri-color, tri-angle, tri-syllabic, tri-angular,
trans- across, from one place trans-plant, trans-locate, trans-act, ( carry on, carry
(n, adj, adv, v, ..) three: thrice: three tri-angularly, tri-angulate, tri-archy, tri-athlete, tri-
corn, tri-cot, tri-dimensional, tri-gonal, from one side to other), trans-atlantic, trans-border,
times in a period. (n, adj, adv, v, …) to another:
transcribe, transect, transsexual( trans+ sexual), trans-
tri-graph,
on or to the other side figure, trans-fix, trans-form, trans-fuse, trans-gender,
tetra- four: of four: into four: tetra-gonal, tetra-pod, tetra-arch, tetra-archy, tetra- transship ( trans+ship), trans-migrate, trans-migration,
of: across: through: trans-migrant
divide, tetra-weekly, tetra-annual, tetra-monthly, tetra-
four times in a period
legged, tetra-eyed, tetra-headed, beyond
penta- five: of five: into five: penta-angle, penta-angular, penta-annual, pentagon, inter- between/ of two: inter-act, inter-active, inter-action, inter-actively,
pentagonal, pentagonally, penta-archy, penta-athlete,
five times in a period,
penta-athlon, penta-tonic, penta-polis, penta-teuch (n, adj, adv, v,….) among/ of many: in the inter-activity, inter-agency, inter-bank, inter-bed,
inter-believe, inter-faith, inter-faithful, inter-caste,
middle of: reciprocal: inter-change,
hexa-, hex- six , of six : into six: six hexa-chord, hexa-angle, hexa-angula, hexa-angularly,
hexagon, hexagonal, hexagonally, hexa-athlete, hexa- reciprocally: within:
times in a period,
athol, hexa-polis, hexa-hedron, heha-hedrons, hexa-
hydrate, hexa-meter, hexa-meteric, hexa-pod, hexa- sub- beneath: under: below; sub-adult, sub-agent, sub-aquatic, sub-hot, sub-cold,
teuch, sub-artic, sub-audible, sub-base, sub-edit, sub-editor,
(n, adj, adv, v, …) subordinate:
sub-contract, sub-divide, sub-branch, sub-way, sub-
octa-, octo-, oct- eight, of eight: into octa-chord, octa-angle, octa-angula, octa-angularly, secondary; subdivision side, sub-marine, sub-merge, sub-path, sub-target,
eight: eight times in a octagon, octagonal, octagonally, octa-athlete, octa- of : somewhat: some:
athol, octa-polis, octa-hedron, heha-hedrons, octa-
period hydrate, octa-meter, octa-meteric, octa-pod, octa- almost: nearly
teuch,
7-Note: these prefixes add an uncomplimentary and derogatory aspect to the meaning of the root word-
multi-, poli- many, of many: into multi-chord, multi-angle, multi-angular, multi-
many: many times in a angularly, multigon, multigonal, multigonally, multi-
athlete, multi-athol, multi-polis, multi-hedron, heha- Prefix Meaning Examples
period hedrons, multi-hydrate, multi-meter, multi-meteric,
multi-pod, multi-teuch, (of depriving,
degrading,
poli-chord, poli-angle, poli-angular, poli-angularly, derogating )
poligon, poligonal, poligonally, poli-athlete, poli-
athol, poli-polis, poli-hedron, heha-hedrons, poli- mis- wrong: wrongly; bad: mis-guide, mis-lead, mis-place, mis-judge, mis-take,
hydrate, poli-meter, poli-meteric, poli-pod, poli-teuch, badly; unfavorable: mis-act, mis-address, mis-advise, mis-aim, mis-target,
mis-allocate, mis-anthrope, mis-anthropic, mis-
unfavorably; opposite anthropically, mis-anthropy, mis-apply, mis- meta- beyond, occurring later meta-physics, meta-physical, meta-physically, meta-
apprehend, mis-attribute, mis-behave, mis-belief, mis- than: after; more phosis, metabolic, metabolize, meta-fiction, meta-
of; lack of; not
calculate, mis-call, mis-chance, mis-conceive, galaxy, meta-mathematics, meta-analysis,
comprehensive:
mal- bad: badly; abnormal: mal-administer, mal-administrative, mal-content, mal- meta-phase, meta-phrase, meta-physics, meta-thesis,,
transcending; change : meta-sciences,
abnormally; edict, mal-function, mal-treat, mal-treatment, mal-
transformation
inadequate:
inadequately peri- all around: about; near; peri-cycle, derider, peri-dot, peri-helion, peri-lymph,
peri-neurium, peri-phery, peri-pheral, per-pherally,
enclosing: surrounding
pseudo- false; temporary, pseudo-name, pseudo-classical, pseudo- morph, per-plast, per-plasm, per-que, per-scope, peri-scopic,
peri-winkle, per-clean,
substitute, spurious: pseudo-pod; pseudo-scorpion,
retro- backward: back; retro-grade, retro-action, retro-active, retro-actively,
outwardly similar, not
retrocede, retro-fire, retro-fit, retro-flex, retro-pack,
genuine, deceitful , situated behind
retro-reflective, retrospect, retro-rocket,
illegitimate tele- distant: at a distance: tele-vision, tele-visit, tele-visitors, tele-talk, tele-
phone, tele-pathy, tele-cast, tele-com, tele-
over a distance
communication, tele-commuter, tele-conference, tele-
8-Note: some more prefixes fax, tele-flim, tele-graph, tele-mart, tele-market, tele-
meter, tele-path,
with- against: in opposition with-draw, with-hold, with-drawal, with-holder, with-
Prefix Meaning Examples holding, with-stand,
to ; away
( of multi-faces)
auto- self: same one; self- auto-rickshaw, auto-cycle, auto-biography, auto-
an- without, anonymous, anemic, an-arch, an-archy, an-archical, acting: automatic; self biographer, auto-suggestion, auto-catalysis, auto-
correct, auto-correct, autocrat, auto-cross, auto-graph,
circum- around: about circum-ambient, circum-ambiently, circum-center, made, automata, automate, auto-make, auto-maker,
circumcise, circumference, circum-fuse, circum- automation, auto-mobile, autonomy
navigate, circum-vent, circumstance,
com- ( b, p, m) with, together, jointly commingle, com-passion, comminute, commission,
SUFFIX
commix, communicate,
col- (l,..)
con-( all other sounds)
It can change the word class and meaning of a word. Suffix may be used to form -
dia- through: across dia-base, dia-chronic, dia-chronically, diachrony, dia-  Noun From Verb
critic, dia-meter, dia-pause,  Adjective From Noun
 Adjective From Verb
 Noun From Adjective
1-Noun from Verb
Suffix Examples Suffix Examples
(Noun from Verb) (Adjective from Noun )
-ment appoint-ment, creat-ion, selec-tion, arrange-ment, agree-ment, amend- -y air-y, mother-ly, classic-al,bush-y, cloud-y, dust-y, grass-y, leaf-y,
ment, amuse-ment, amaze-ment, conceal-ment, commit-ment, rain-y, ros-y, thorn-y, wind-y, worth-y, oil-y
judg-ment, move-ment, appease-ment, argu-ment,
announce-ment ,
-ly father-ly, brother-ly, mother-ly, hour-ly, man-ly, year-ly
-ion/-tion associat-ion, creat-ion, combina-tion, selec-tion, rejec-tion,cultiva-

tion, elec-tion, inven-tion, dicta-tion ,revela-tion, collec-tion,
-al accident-al, ceremoni-al, classic-al, faci-al, logic-al, prejudici-al,
narra-tion,
practic-al
4-Adjective from Verb

2-Noun from Adjective
Suffix Examples
Suffix Examples
(Adjective from Verb )
(Noun from Adjective)
-able admir-able, thank-ful, worth-less, agree-able, attain-able, avoid-abl,
-ity abil-ity, abund-ance, busi-ness, activ-ity ,civil-ity, equal-ity, human- believ-able, compar-able, consider-able, lov-able, mov-able, read-able
ity, local-ity, inferior-ity, mortal-ity,real-ity, rigid-ity,stupid-ity, timid-
ity
-ful thank-ful, boast-ful, help-ful, use-ful, house-ful, beauti-ful, pain-
-ance abund-ance, brilli-ance, dist-ance, ignor-ance, ful, power-ful
-ness busi-ness, bold-ness, good-ness, happi-ness, red-ness, rude-ness, -less worth-less, help-less, thank-less, use-less, pain-less
weak-ness, one-ness
3. Compounding Method
3-Adjective from Noun
Compound words are formed by compounding two or more bases. The words formed by compounding
i.e. combining basic words, are treated as a unit. For example,
table + cloth = tablecloth Possessive Noun + Noun Fool’s paradise, doomsday, sportsman, bull’s eye
water + man = waterman
chair + man = chairman
2-Adjective Compounds
Compound words can be put into three groups: Noun + Adjectives Pitch-dark, snow-white, air-tight, life-long, parrot-green, sky-blue, blood-
red, world-wide, skin-deep, water-proof, sun-hot, ice-cold, water-tight,
1. Noun Compounds Noun + Past Participle Home-made, care-worn, heart-felt, hen-pecked, air-borne, bed-ridden, book-
2. Adjective Compounds crammed,
3. Verb Compounds
Noun + Present Life-saving, mind-blowing, mind-bogging, heart-touching, time-saving,
1-Noun Compounds:
Participle path-breaking, plot-making, story-telling
Noun+ Noun hand-loom, story-book, maid-servant, milk-man, window-pane, rice-mill,
Adjective + Adjective Red-hot, fool-hardy, Indo-German, Anglo-Indian,
atom-bomb, lunch-box, lunch-time, flower-vase, rose-bud, bed-room, bar-
boy, bar-woman, bus-driver, mine-worker, computer-table, head-phone, Adjective + Noun One-way, one-day, ten-rupee,
hand-cloth, Adjective + Past Ill-tempered, hot-tempered, short-tempered, sweet-tongued, soft-hearted,
Noun+ (Verb+ er) store-keep+er, pain-killer, neck-twister, bus-diver, school-teacher, Participle narrow-minded, high-born, large-hearted,
Noun+ Verb Water-fall, snow-drift, night-fall, heart-beat, day-break, day-dream, cream- Adverb + Past Participle well-planned, ill-executed, short-sighted,
bite,
Verb+ Noun Tell-tale, break-fast, pick-pocket, turn-coat, view-point, cut-throat, make- 3-Verb Compounds
shift, spend-thrift,
Adjective + Noun Short-hand, white-paper, black-list, black-board, gentle-man, young-lady Noun + Verb Day-dream, brow-beat, hood-wink, back-bite, hand-wash, water-mark
Adverb + Noun Early-bird, fore-sight, after-life, up-land, inmate, Adverb + Verb Under-estimate, under-mine, over-take, fore-tell, up-hold,
Noun/Verb+ Adverb Lock-up, stand-still, break-down, make-up, cut-out, draw-back Adjective + Verb White-wash, cold-shoulder, safe-guard, fulfill, dark-beat
Gerund + Noun Walking-stick, playing-card, dressing-room. Drinking-water, revolving-

chair, sleeping-room,
Narration/Speech
Noun + Gerund Horse-riding, hand-gliding, bull-fighting, sight-seeing, snow-fighting,
Speech is usually divided between two types: direct speech and reported speech (also known as indirect
Pronoun + noun He-man, she-goat, self-interest, he-boy, speech).
When we express someone’s words in our own words, it is called – “Indirect Speech” and when we express
We Our Us Ourselves
someone’s words as it is, it is called – “Direct Speech“.
Example: They said, “We will be partying tonight.” (Direct Speech) You Yours You Yourself
They said that they would be partying that night. (Indirect Speech)
Direct Speech He His Him Himself
Direct speech refers to the direct quotation of something that someone else said. It is sometimes known
She Her Her Herself
as quoted speech. Because the quotation happened in the past, we put the reporting verb into the past
simple tense, but we don’t change the verbs used within the quotation. We also punctuate sentences in a
certain way when we use direct speech in writing. They Their Them Themselves
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

When we tell other people what someone else told us without directly quoting that person, it is called Pronouns are changed as per the SON rule where SON refers to:
reported speech. (It is also sometimes known as indirect speech or indirect quotation.)
S stands for Subject
We still use reporting verbs in reported speech, but we no longer use quotation marks because we are
reporting a version of what was said. We also do not use commas to set the reported speech apart, though O stands for Object
we often (but not always) introduce it with the word that. For example:
N stands for No change.
• Janet said she would go to the station herself.
Here, First person changes to subject of Reporting Verb Second person changes to Object of Reporting
• He told us that he wanted to be alone. Verb There is no change if it is a Third person.
Reporting verbs Rule No 1.
Both direct and indirect speech use what are known as reporting verbs, the most common of which are 1st Person of pronoun of Reported speech is changed according to the Subject of Reporting verb of the
say and tell. When we use tell, we need to use another person’s name or a personal pronoun as an indirect sentence.
object. Other reporting verbs include ask, instruct, explain, mention, suggest, claim, and many more.
Direct: He says, “I am in ninth class.”
Some of the rules for changing “Direct Speech” into “Indirect Speech” are: Indirect: He says that she is in ninth class.
Reporting verb is changed according to the form and sense of the sentence.
Rule No 2.
Inverted commas are removed in the indirect-speech.
2nd Person of pronoun of Reported speech is changed according to Object of Reporting verb in the
Connective word is used in the beginning of the reported speech. sentence.
Verb of the reported speech is changed according to the form and sense of the sentence. Direct: He says to me, “you have done your work”
Persons & Helping Verbs of the reported speech are changed. Indirect: He tells me that I have done my work.
Rules of change of Pronouns Rule No 3.

3rd Person of Pronoun of Reported speech is not changed.
Nominative Possessive Objective Reflexive
Direct: She says, “He does not work hard”
I My Me Myself Indirect: She says that he does not work hard.
Rules of change of verb or Tense Exception 2:
Rule No.1 When the reporting speech has Past Historical Fact then there is no change in the Tense.
When reporting verb is given in Present or Future tense then there will be no change in the verb or tense Exception 3:
of Reported speech in the sentence.
When the Reporting speech has two actions to be happening at a time when there is no change in the
Direct: The teacher says, “Ram performs on the stage” Tense.
Indirect: The teacher says that Ram performs on the stage. Direct: He said “My sister was making lunch when I was studying”
Direct: The teacher is saying, “Ram performs on the stage” Indirect: He said that his sister was making lunch when she was studying.
Indirect: The teacher is saying that Ram performs on the stage. Exception 4:
Rule No.2 When Reporting speech has some Imagined Condition then there is no change in the Tense.
When the reporting verb is given in Past tense then the tense of the verb of Reported Speech will change Direct: He said, “If I were rich, I would help him.”
into corresponding Past tense.
Indirect: He said that if he were rich he would help him.
Direct: The teacher said, “I am suffering from cancer.”
Some other changes that take place when we change Direct Speech to Indirect Speech.
Indirect: The teacher said that she was suffering from cancer.
Here Changes to There
Changes from past form in an indirect speech from the verb in Reported speech.
Now Changes to Then

Simple present changes to Simple Past
Present Continuous changes to Past Continuous This Changes to That
Present Perfect changes to Past Perfect

These Changes to Those
Present Perfect Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Past changes to Past Perfect Today Changes to That day
Past Continuous changes to Past Perfect Continuous

To-night Changes to That night
In Future Tense will/Shall changes to would
Can changes to Could Yesterday Changes to The previous day
May changes to Might
Last night Changes to The previous night
Exceptional cases of Rule 2
Exception 1: Last week Changes to The previous week
When the Reporting speech has Universal Truth or Habitual fact then there is no change in the Tense.
Tomorrow Changes to The next day
Direct: Our teacher said, “The Mars is round”
Indirect: Our teacher said that the mars is round.( Universal Truth)
Direct: He said to me, “I shall sleep now”
Next Week Changes to The following week
Indirect: He told me that he would play then.
Ago Changes to Before Interrogative Sentences
Rule 1
Thus Changes to so
When an interrogative sentence is meant to ask questions, then reporting verb said/said to is changed to
asked.
Hence Changes to Thence
We change Said to into enquired or demanded
Hither Changes to Thither Rule 2
When a question is formed with the help of any of the helping verbs like is/are/am, was/were, has/have,
Come Changes to Go do/does, will/would etc then “ __” are to be replaced by if or whether
When the question is formed with the help of words starting with “Wh” like who, whose, what, whom,
when etc (also known as W family) or How then to replace “___” no conjunction is used.
Note:-In an indirect speech we talk about such incidents that have happened after the time of reporting
and had happened away from the place of reporting therefore the words that show nearness has to be Rule 3
replaced by the words that show distance.
In such sentences question form of the sentence is removed and full-stop is put at the end of the sentence.
The Helping verb is /are/am, was/were etc should be put after the subject in a sentence.
Exception in these changes
When the interrogative sentence is expressing positive feeling then do/does of the Direct speech is
1.Come is changed to go if there is some word given after come that shows nearness. removed while converting it into Indirect speech in a sentence.
2. When this, here and now points to such a thing, place or time that is in front of the speaker then no When the interrogative sentence is expressing negative feeling then do/does of the Direct speech is
change takes place in Indirect Narration. changed into did while converting it into Indirect speech in a sentence.
Rules for Change in Narration of different type of sentences

Assertive Sentences Conditional Sentences
Rule 1 Conditional sentences are in the conditional mood (a sub-category of the subjunctive mood), which is used
for hypothetical scenarios that are dependent on a certain condition or conditions. They are usually
When there is no object in the subject after Reporting verb there it should not be changed. constructed using if to identify the conditions that must be met.
When there is some object in a sentence after Reporting verb then say is changed to tell, says to tells and There are four “degrees” of conditionals, all of which vary in structure and meaning.
said to told.
As per the context said to can be replaced by replied, informed, stated, added, remarked, asserted, assured,
pleaded, reminded, reported or complained etc. Zero Conditional
Rule 2 A zero conditional sentence uses the present simple tense to talk about what is always or generally true. It
is classified as a conditional because it creates a hypothetical situation to describe what would be true each
We put conjunction that in place of “ ”. time something happens.
We generally Change the pronouns of the Reported speech as enlisted earlier. The general structure for the zero conditional is: “If + subject + present tense of
Examples –
predicate verb, subject + present tense of main verb.” • “I will go if he calls me.” (Will expresses a certainty.)
For example: • “I must go if he calls me.” (Must expresses a personal obligation for the
• “If you throw a ball in the air, it comes back down.” (Always true: A ball speaker.)
comes back down every time you throw it in the air.) • “I can go if he calls me.” (Can expresses either permission from a third party
• “If we get up early, we always go jogging.” (Generally true: We jog every time or the fact that speaker is free from other commitments.)
we get up early.) • “I might go if he calls me.” (Might expresses a 50% possibility.)
• “I may go if he calls me.” (May is similar to might, but it is more formal and
First Conditional the possibility is slightly less.)
The first conditional is very similar in structure to the zero conditional. We still use if plus the present • “I should go if he calls me.” (The speaker feels a mild obligation.)
simple to create the condition, except that we now use the future simple tense (will + bare infinitive) to
• “You should go if he calls you.” (The speaker is recommending that you go or
describe a probable result of the condition.
is giving you a personal opinion.)
Thus, the structure is: “If + present simple tense, will + infinitive.”
• “I can’t go if he calls me.” (The speaker is not able or does not have
permission.)
First Conditional
• “I shouldn’t go if he calls me.” (The speaker feels a mild obligation not to.)
The first conditional is very similar in structure to the zero conditional. We still use if plus the present
simple to create the condition, except that we now use the future simple tense (will + bare infinitive) to • “I might/may not go if he calls me.” (We very rarely contract might not in
describe a probable result of the condition.
modern English, and we almost never contract may not.)
Thus, the structure is: “If + present simple tense, will + infinitive.”
For example:
Interrogative sentences (questions)
• “If I see him, I will tell him.”
To form a question in the first conditional, we invert the subject with the modal
• “If I win the lottery, I will buy a new house.”
auxiliary verb.
We can also create negative first conditionals by using the negative of the present simple in the if clause,
and the negative of will in the future simple clause. • “If I he calls me, should I go?”
For example: • “Could I leave early if Jake covers my shift?”
• “If I do not go, I will not see him.” • “If I finish my homework on time, may I go to the party?”
• “If I don’t see him, I won’t have to say goodbye.” • “If I come with you, will you buy me lunch?”
• “If he doesn’t arrive soon, we won’t have time to catch the 9:30 train.”
We can also reorder the sentence to have the future tense clause at the beginning of the sentence, and the Second Conditional
if conditional clause at the end. Additionally, we can use modal auxiliary verbs other than will (such as We use the second conditional to speak about a hypothetical situation or outcome resulting from the
must, can, could, may, might, or should) to create different shades of certainty in the future simple tense. condition. Unlike the first conditional, we use the second conditional to talk about things that cannot or
Let’s take a look at some examples: are unlikely to happen.
To create the second conditional, we use the past simple tense after the if clause, followed by would + the To form the third conditional, we use the past perfect tense for the if conditional
bare infinitive for the result of the condition. In addition to would (which we use to describe something
clause, and would have + the past participle of the verb for the hypothetical
we would definitely do), we can also use could for what we would be able to do, as well as might for what
it is possible (but unlikely) we would do. outcome.
For example: (As with the second conditional, we can also use could or might instead of
• “If I went to London, I would visit Trafalgar Square.” would. Additionally, we can use should have + the past participle to describe an
• “If I won the lottery, I could buy a new house.” outcome that ought to have happened.)
• “If you had a phone, you could call me every day.” For example:
• “If I was/were* older, I might stay up all night long.” • “If I had been more prepared, I would have passed that test.”
(*Note that in more formal English, it is standard to use were in conditional sentences using the past tense In reality, the speaker was not prepared, and so they did not pass the test. By
of be, irrespective of it having a singular or plural subject. However, in everyday writing and speech, it is
creating a condition in the past using the past perfect tense, they can articulate
common to use was for singular subjects.)
We can also put the second conditional in the negative to describe something that would not be the case how they might have achieved a different outcome if they were more prepared.
if something else were also not the case. To form the negative, we use the negative of the past simple in Here are some other examples:
the if clause, and make would negative in the clause describing the result of the condition.
• Truth: “She was not there and couldn’t help you.”
For example:
• Conditional: “If she had been there, she could have helped you.”
• “If our father didn’t work so hard, we wouldn’t be able to afford this house.”
• Truth: “I was late for work yesterday because I overslept.”
• “If I didn’t live in London, I could never speak English so well.”
• Conditional: “If I hadn’t overslept, I wouldn’t have been late for work.”
• Truth: “You knew you had a test today.”
To form questions in the second conditional, we invert would/could/might with
• Conditional: “If you knew you had a test today, you should have studied
the subject. For example:
harder.”
• “If you had a million dollars, would you buy an expensive boat?”
• “Would you travel to South America if you spoke Spanish?”
To form a question in the third conditional, we invert would/could/might/should
We can also put a question word before would in this form:
with the subject and add a question word before it (if necessary).
• “What would you do if your family wasn’t so wealthy?”
For example:
• “Where might you go if you won the lottery?”
• “Would you have come to the party if you had known about it?”
• “If you could have dinner with a famous person, who would you choose?”
• “What might you have done if you had known the truth?”
Third Conditional
• “Where could you have gone if you hadn’t come here?”
Third conditionals are used to establish a hypothetical situation in the past,
The Mixed Conditional
followed by a hypothetical outcome that did not really happen—typically, the
A very commonly used “fifth” conditional is what’s known as the mixed
outcome is the opposite of what actually happened.
conditional, which is a cross between the third conditional and the second. 2. Which of the following correctly completes this sentence using the third
There are two ways to form a mixed conditional, depending on the meaning we conditional?
wish to achieve. “If I had been earlier, ___________________”
If it is being used to describe how an unreal situation in the past might have a) I would miss the train.
affected an unreal outcome in the present, we use the past perfect tense in the if b) I missed the train.
conditional clause and would / could + the bare infinitive of the verb for the c) I would not have missed the train.
result of the condition. d) I would not be missing the train.
For example: 3. Which two conditionals can form a mixed conditional?
• “If I had studied more (the condition is in the past), I would be a doctor (the a) Zero and first conditional
result of the condition is in the present).” b) First and second conditional
• “If I had been born in Italy, I would be Italian.” c) Second and third conditional
• “If he hadn’t lost his job, he wouldn’t be unemployed.” d) First and third conditional
If the mixed conditional is being used to describe how an unreal condition in the 4. Which of the following modal verbs is most commonly used to create
present might have affected an unreal outcome in the past, we use the past conditional sentences?
simple tense in the if conditional clause and would have / could have + the past a) can
participle of the verb for the result of the condition. b) will
For example: c) do
• “If I wasn’t/weren’t so shy (condition in the present), I would have asked her d) be
on a date (unreal outcome in the past).” 5. Which of the conditionals does not describe an unreal situation?
• “If she was/were a better driver, she’d have gotten her license by now.” a) Third conditional
• “If we worked a little harder, we could have finished this project already.” b) Second conditional
Quiz c) First conditional
(answers start on page 610) d) Zero conditional
1. What verb tense is used in the if clause for the second conditional? 6. What kind of conditional is the following sentence an example of?
a) Past simple tense “I would have studied marine biology if I weren’t afraid of water.”
b) Past perfect tense a) Mixed conditional
c) Future simple tense b) Third conditional
d) Future perfect tense c) Second conditional
d) First conditional a word group, and this would not make sense without re-reading for
clarification.)
PUNCTUATION There would, however, be no comma in the following sentence:
Punctuation is simply about a series of conventions that make it easier for readers to follow your train of They decided to go to the library and find further information about the
thought. A complete sentence (one thought or idea) is indicated by a full stop (.). A pause in the flow of
topic of the essay.
thought, for example, to allow additional information, is indicated by a comma (,). A semicolon (;) is used
to indicate a fuller pause than a comma, but not the final end of the sentence. A colon (:) is used to indicate In this case, a pair of ideas is linked by the word ‘and’, no pausing occurs in speech, and no punctuation
the beginning of a list. (i.e. comma) is needed to clarify the meaning.
• Present items in a list. For example:
Full Stop (.) I would like to watch the video, take notes and then be ready to ask
Full stops are used to divide text and create boundaries by marking the end questions.
of a sentence. • Divide words which refer to the subject of a sentence. For example:
• Make sure that your full stops look like full stops and that they are distinct The President of the Society, Julie Jones, received a standing ovation after
from commas. her speech.
• Make sure that the letter following a full stop is always a capital letter and • Punctuate certain relative clauses (i.e. parts of a sentence beginning with
looks like one. ‘who’, ‘which’, or ‘whose’). For example:
• Remember, feedback from your lecturers that points out that there are too The College, which is situated in the centre of Canterbury, has an
many commas in your writing may well mean that your commas are doing the excellent academic reputation.
wrong job. After you have completed one sequence of thought, indicate this In this example, the part of the sentence between the commas is designed to
with a full stop. Then move on to the next one. add extra information to the statement about the college.
Commas A comma is not always used with words like ‘who’ or ‘which’. Consider the
Commas are used to divide up groups of words within a sentence. They are following example:
extremely important and help to keep units of writing together. This helps to I like lecturers who give high grades for my work.
clarify understanding and avoids frustrating the reader. In this example the meaning is derived from linking up the ‘lecturers’ and ‘who
The main function of the comma is to: give high grades…’, not from separating out these two parts of the sentence.
• Break up parts of longer sentences - for example: Try reading this sentence with a comma (pause) before the word ‘who’. Does
After the main points had been presented, the students were asked for the sentence make sense with this comma?
their comments. Some words or phrases (in traditional grammar, at least!) expect a comma
(N.B. The comma in this example neatly divides the meaning into two parts. If after they have been used: e.g. However, nevertheless, for example, etc..
there were no comma, the reader would read, “presented the students6.” As
Colons and Semi-Colons (:, ;) and very irritating! Apostrophes should be used:
Colons should be used only: • When letters have been left out of a word. For example:
• To introduce a list. For example: The library’s still open. (meaning “The library is still open.”)
An essay usually includes the following components: an introduction, a It won’t be necessary. (meaning “It will not be necessary.”)
main body of text and a conclusion. • To show possession (belonging to). For example:
• To show a link between the units of meaning, like a hinge. For example: Einstein’s theory (meaning “The theory of Einstein”)
The results of the referendum were very clear: there was a need for a When you are using an apostrophe to show possession, then the position of
change in policy. the apostrophe depends on whether you have a singular or plural noun to
Semi-colons are extremely useful in long sentences, but be careful not to denote the possessor.
over-use them. They are typically used as follows: In these examples, the apostrophe is attached to a singular noun:
In the library there were several students reading journal articles; a That pen is Simon’s.
couple of lecturers checking the stock, and a librarian returning books to Jasmine’s examination papers
the shelves. In these cases, apostrophe ‘s’ is added after the noun to show possession.
• To provide a break in a sentence, while showing the relationship between This is the correct position for a singular noun.
the two parts. For example:• To express an idea which is too short to merit a new sentence. For (Note: there is no apostrophe in the word “papers” above - this is because this
example: is a simple plural– there are no letters missing and no possession is shown!)
Wherever possible, students should try to organise their academic work If the relevant noun is in the plural, the apostrophe is placed after the ‘s’:
by using ‘planning tools’; these can help to clarify ideas. The students’ belongings …
In some cases semi-colons are followed by linking words, as in: Psychologists’ theories have suggested …
They were unsure about the outcome of the assignment they were about
to undertake; nevertheless, they would try their best.
The semi-colon can be a powerful tool in helping you to organise your writing,
and present your ideas clearly and meaningfully. However, it will lose its
effectiveness if over-used. Think carefully about how you will use it and
remember to use it sparingly.
Apostrophes (')
Incorrect use of the apostrophe in students’ writing is a very common mistake,
• Thank the person again for the opportunity to speak.
UNIT 2( CO2) • Stop talking.
As you can see, impromptu speeches are generally most successful when they are brief and focus on a
single point.
Presentation and Interaction Skills Extempore
Speech Delivery, Interjecting: Objectives& Methodology; Group Discussion: Objectives & Methods; Extemporaneous speaking is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a
Theme Presentation: Methods; Argumentative skills: Pattern and Ingredients; Debate & Discussion: conversational manner using brief notes. By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the extemporaneous
Unity, Coherence & Emphasis. Public Speaking: Audience Analysis: Approach and Style. Interviews: speaker can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and assess how well they are
Types; Focus & Objectives. understanding the speech as it progresses. The opportunity to assess is also an opportunity to restate more
clearly any idea or concept that the audience seems to have trouble grasping.
For instance, suppose you are speaking about workplace safety and you use the term “sleep deprivation.”
IMPORTANCE OF SPEECH DELIVERY
If you notice your audience’s eyes glazing over, this might not be a result of their own sleep deprivation,
Once you have selected and researched your topic, and prepared and organized your presentation, you will but rather an indication of their uncertainty about what you mean. If this happens, you can add a short
need to work on your delivery. Without diligent work on the initial parts of the speech process, however, explanation; for example, “sleep deprivation is sleep loss serious enough to threaten one’s cognition, hand-
even the most impressive delivery has little meaning. On the other hand, combined with a well-prepared to-eye coordination, judgment, and emotional health.” You might also (or instead) provide a concrete
and practiced presentation, delivery can be a key to your success as a speaker. example to illustrate the idea. Then you can resume your message, having clarified an important concept.
Effective delivery shows your audience that you have researched your topic and understand what you are Speaking extemporaneously has some advantages. It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will
speaking about. An effective delivery allows you to pull it all together—to showcase your work and to be perceived as knowledgeable and credible. In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to
speak with confidence during your delivery. the message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally. The disadvantage of extemporaneous
speaking is that it requires a great deal of preparation for both the verbal and the nonverbal components
of the speech. Adequate preparation cannot be achieved the day before you’re scheduled to speak.
Four Methods of Speech Delivery
Impromptu Manuscript
Impromptu speaking is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation. Impromptu
Manuscript speaking is the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a manuscript speech, the
speeches often occur when someone is asked to “say a few words” or give a toast on a special occasion.
speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids.
You have probably done impromptu speaking many times in informal, conversational settings.
Here is a step-by-step guide that may be useful if you are called upon to give an impromptu speech in The advantage to reading from a manuscript is the exact repetition of original words. As we mentioned at
public. the beginning of this chapter, in some circumstances this can be extremely important. For example, reading
a statement about your organization’s legal responsibilities to customers may require that the original
• Take a moment to collect your thoughts and plan the main point you want to make. words be exact. In reading one word at a time, in order, the only errors would typically be
mispronunciation of a word or stumbling over complex sentence structure.
• Thank the person for inviting you to speak.
However, there are costs involved in manuscript speaking. First, it’s typically an uninteresting way to
• Deliver your message, making your main point as briefly as you can while still covering it adequately
present. Unless the speaker has rehearsed the reading as a complete performance animated with vocal
and at a pace your listeners can follow.
expression and gestures (as poets do in a poetry slam and actors do in a reader’s theater), the presentation
tends to be dull.
Keeping one’s eyes glued to the script precludes eye contact with the audience. For this kind of “straight” cues (the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone,
manuscript speech to hold audience attention, the audience must be already interested in the message volume, and pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and
before the delivery begins. even the most fascinating topic will suffer. You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song
repetitive delivery pattern. You might also present your speech in a rapid “machine-gun” style that fails
It is worth noting that professional speakers, actors, news reporters, and politicians often read from an to emphasize the most important points. Second, if you lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the
autocue device, such as a TelePrompTer, especially when appearing on television, where eye contact with
contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something is wrong. More frighteningly, if
the camera is crucial. With practice, a speaker can achieve a conversational tone and give the impression
you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep
of speaking extemporaneously while using an autocue device. However, success in this medium depends going.
on two factors: (1) the speaker is already an accomplished public speaker who has learned to use a
conversational tone while delivering a prepared script, and (2) the speech is written in a style that sounds Characteristics of Effective Delivery
conversational.
You have learned the importance of effective delivery and have identified four methods of delivery. You
Delivery Tips On those occasions when you do need to use a manuscript, here are several tips to help you now know that for most speaking situations, you should strive for a conversational style. But you still may
deliver your message effectively: have a number of specific questions about enhancing the effectiveness of your delivery. Typical concerns
include “What do I do with my hands?” and “Is it all right to move around while I speak?” and “How can
• Indicate in writing on your manuscript where to pause or emphasize certain words.
I make my voice sound interesting?” Although these concerns might seem daunting, being confident about
• Write your speech in short, easy-to-scan phrases. your ability to present a well-prepared and well-rehearsed speech is the best antidote to jitters about
delivery. Practice and a focus on communicating your message to your audience are vital for effective
• Use only the upper one-half or two-thirds of the paper for your manuscript. communication and great for your confidence.
• Establish eye contact with listeners, especially at the ends of sentences; don’t look over their heads. Eye Contact
• Use your normal, natural speed of delivery. Avoid speeding up partway through the speech. Of all the aspects of delivery discussed in this chapter, the most important one in a public-speaking
situation for North Americans is eye contact. Eye contact with your audience opens communication,
• If you’re afraid you’ll lose your place, unobtrusively use your index finger to keep your place in the
makes you more believable, and keeps your audience interested. Each of these functions contributes to the
manuscript.
success of your delivery. Eye contact also provides you with feedback about how your speech is coming
• Speak with natural vocal variation; vary your pitch, inflection, and rhythm so that you don’t sound as across.
though you are reading.
Making eye contact with your listeners clearly shows that you are ready to talk to them. Most people start
• Practice with your manuscript. a conversation by looking at the person they are going to talk to. The same process occurs in public
speaking.
• Use appropriate natural gestures and movement.
Once you have started talking, continued eye contact lets you know how your audience members are
Memorization responding to your speech. You don’t need to look at your listeners continuously. As the need arises, you
should certainly look at your notes, but also look at your listeners frequently, just to see what they’re
Memorized speaking is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory.
doing.
Actors, of course, recite from memory whenever they perform from a script in a stage play, television
program, or movie scene. When it comes to speeches, memorization can be useful when the message
needs to be exact and the speaker doesn’t want to be confined by notes.
Gestures
The advantage to memorization is that it enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience
throughout the speech. Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your The next time you have a conversation with someone, notice how both of you use your hands and bodies
hands to make gestures. If your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an advantage. to communicate. Important points are emphasized with gestures.
However, there are some real and potential costs. First, unless you also plan and memorize every vocal
Group discussion is a group interactive selection process, which the employers use to gauge certain
personality traits of prospective candidates.
Paralinguistic Features of Speech Delivery
Group discussion (GD) is a comprehensive technique to judge the suitability of an individual and his
Vocal Delivery appropriateness for admission, scholarship, job, etc. GD assesses the overall personality – thoughts,
Have you ever listened to a radio announcer and imagined what he or she looked like, only later to see a feelings and behaviour - of an individual in a group. A topic is presented to the group members for
picture and have your mental image of the announcer drastically altered? Vocal cues play an important discussion. While the discussion is going on, a group of panelists observe them. Through this observation
part in creating the impression we have of a speaker. On the basis of vocal cues alone, you make inferences they judge intellectual, social, leadership, communicative skills of candidates taking part in the GD.
about a person’s age, status, occupation, ethnic origin, income, and a variety of other matters. Your voice Group discussion (GD) is basically an interactive oral process. Here, the exchange of ideas, and feelings
is one of the most important delivery tools you have as a public speaker for conveying your ideas to your takes place through oral communication. Each member of the group listens to their members as well as
audience. Your credibility as a speaker and your ability to communicate your ideas clearly to your listeners gives his or her views orally. He or she has to use clear language, persuasive style, and has to use voice
will, in large part, depend on your vocal delivery. and gesture effectively. This means that participants need to be proficient in oral communication in order
Vocal delivery includes pitch, speaking rate, volume, pronunciation, articulation, pauses, and general to take effective part in a group discussion.
variation of the voice. A speaker has at least two key vocal obligations to an audience: Speak to be GD is a group process, that is, it involves both person-to-person as well as person-to-group interactions.
understood, and speak with vocal variety to maintain interest. Speaking to Be Understood To be
Every group member has to develop goal-oriented or group oriented interaction. Effective interactions in
understood, you need to consider four aspects of vocal delivery: volume, articulation, dialect, and discussion should lead to unification between the activities of individuals as a work team and towards the
pronunciation.
achievement of common group goals. A participant should be concerned with the ego needs of other
Volume: The fundamental purpose of your vocal delivery is to speak loudly enough that your audience participants, unity of the group, and the overall objectives of the discussion.
can hear you. The volume of your speech is determined by the amount of air you project through your GD is a purposeful and goal-oriented activity. The goals or objectives of a discussion are generally
larynx, or voice box. More air equals more volume of sound. In fact, the way you breathe has more impact
decided before the discussion takes place. This means that each participant is usually aware of the purpose
on the sound of your voice than almost anything else does. To ancient orators, a person’s breath was the or purposes of the discussion in advance.
source of spiritual power. To breathe is to be filled with a positive, powerful source of energy.
Group Discussion: aims & objectives
To breathe properly, you need to understand how to use your breathing muscles. Your diaphragm, a
muscle in your upper abdomen, helps to control sound volume by increasing air flow from your lungs Group Discussion is a dialogic learning process : cooperative, not competitive : sharing thoughts,
through your voice box. If you put your hands on your diaphragm and say, “Ho-ho-ho,” you will feel your opinions, views : digging new insights : every member be given an opportunity to speak : unstructured
abdominal muscles contracting and the air being forced out of your lungs. Breathing from your
A G.D is a dialogic learning process. It is a dialogic learning process. What do we mean by this word
diaphragm—that is, consciously expanding and contracting your abdomen as you breathe in and out,
rather than merely moving your chest as air flows into your lungs—can increase the volume of sound as dialogic? Dialogic is, you know, it is not one person who continues to speak throughout. Moreover, there
well as enhancing the quality of your voice. Taking a few breaths from the diaphragm before speaking are so many people, it is in the form of a dialogue and this dialogic form is between so many people. Now,
can also help you to calm excess energy and speak with more confidence. when we talk about this dialogic form, even when there is a debate, there is again a sort of discourse and
the discourse is between for and against, but at the same time you will find there is a lot of competition in
Articulation: The process of producing speech sounds clearly and distinctly is articulation. In addition to debate, there is a competition.
speaking loudly enough, say your words so that your audience can understand them. Without distinct
enunciation, or articulation of the sounds that make up words, your listeners may not understand you or In a GD, So, a competitive tone is there at times. People in order to outshine the other candidates try to
may fault you for simply not knowing how to speak clearly and fluently. put forth their views in such a manner, at times the language is muffled also. Muffled with meaning,
muffled, which sometimes you know the language also becomes satirical, but in aGD it is a cooperative
Group Discussion: Objectives & Methods atmosphere. So, it is a cooperative atmosphere, among all the participants of the GD. Now, here let me
tell you because you also might be thinking how many people, what amount of time is given to you for
A group discussion refers to a set of persons brought together to express their opinion and tothe subsequent GD. So, in depending upon the number of participants usually you will find, when a GD is organized, first
exchange of views on the allocated subject.
is there is a seating arrangement, this seating arrangement is actually provided by the people who are • Time management skills
conducting this GD.
• Your skills at putting forth your ideas in an unbiased manner
GROUP DISCUSSION:
• Social attitude and confidence
Group discussion elicits the views of all participants and evolves a consensus through active and intense
interaction. Even if somebody is passive, and somebody else is indifferent, it is the responsibility of other Do’s of participating in a GD
participants to involve them in the discussion in order to elicit their views on the topic before arriving at • Think before you speak.
a conclusion. Often, introverted people keep the best views to themselves; a sensitive leader among the
participants will not only note this but also gently persuade them to come out. Overall, the purpose and • Pick up clues from the discussion and intelligently add points that come to your mind with regards to the
aim of group discussion is to elicit views from all and then arrive at a consensus. Consensus is the topic, in case you don’t know much about the topic.
collective agreement on an issue after successive stages of conflict, agreement, disagreement, negotiation,
• Back up your points with facts and figures if needed.
and reconciliation. This is done through a very intense and interactive process.
• Be gentle and sure in your presentation of views.
Understand that group discussion is essentially about group—NOT individual—discussion! Hence, in a
group discussion, an individual cannot choose to have a discussion with his known friend or somebody • Speak to-the-point and make sure that you do not repeat the points.
whom s/he likes to talk to. In fact, group discussion tests how one can push oneself out of the comfort
zone and talk to strangers and win over them with logical and persuasive argument. That is why, a diffident • Be calm and composed while speaking.
candidate who only murmurs and avoids discussing gets eliminated in the preliminary round itself. A
• Listening to others is also an important aspect of participation in the group discussion, so listen to others.
candidate, however self-centered s/he might be, should never ignore the fact that there are other
participants who are equally interesting in sharing their views. • Have respectful attitude towards the viewpoints of others.
Understand that it is group discussion—NOT public speaking or debate or interview. How do we • Your body language should convey your ease of behaviour.
differentiate discussion from public speaking? When we say discussion, it involves so many people
interacting with each other. In public speaking, the audience judges a speaker without competing with • Sometimes the discussion may take a hostile turn. In such a case it is a good idea to intervene to make
him. In group discussion, there are judges who assess the participants with whom the other persons are the situation relaxed. This act of yours will show your leadership and problem solving skills.
competing with equal interest. In public speaking, the speaker has already been conferred leadership by Don’ts of participating in a GD
the audience. In group discussion, leaders are what the audience (or the judges) are looking for.
• Do not initiate the discussion if you do not know the topic well.
The skills that are judged in a GD
• Do not go overboard in exhibiting your knowledge even if you know the topic well.
• How good you are at communicating with other
• Do not interrupt other members when they are speaking.
• How easily you behave and interact with the other group members
• Do not change your opinion about the topic just because most of the other participants are having an
• How open minded you are opinion different from yours.
• How flexible or rigid you are in accepting the viewpoints of others in the group • Do not feel unconfident if a speaker prior to you has presented the points more effectively than you.
• Your leadership skills • Do not ask irrelevant questions.
• Your analytical abilities • Do not let your personal biases about the topic enter the discussion
• Problem solving & critical thinking skills Strategies/Methods of Group Discussion
As group discussion is a systematic and purposeful oral process characterized by the formal and structured
exchange of views on a particular topic, issue, problem, or situation, it should be well planned and Well
conducted. Some strategies have been described here for participating in group discussions. Contributing Systematically
The success of a group discussion depends on systematic contribution by each member of the group. In
Getting the GD Started
order to make systematic contribution to the group deliberations, all the group members should understand
A mentioned before, there is generally no elected or formal leader in a GD. So. there is no one to get the the process of reflective thinking. They should be able to identify the stage of discussion ( that is,
GD started. In a selection GD, the group, which may consist a six to ten persons. is given a topic to discuss individual stage where each member as to systematically present his or her views without any disturbance
within 30 to 45 minutes. After announcing the topic, the total GD time, and Use appropriate strategies tor ; or group interaction stage, where members have to exchange views and opinions in order to reach to a
of explaining the general guidelines and procedures governing the GD, the examiner participation In group group consensus) and contribute accordingly. When a participant makes a contribution, he/she should
withdraws to the background leaving the group completely free to carry on with the discussion on its own ensure that his/her contribution:
without any outside interference.
 relates to what has previously been said by other members.
In the absence of a designated leader to initiate the proceedings of the discus. sion, the group is likely to
waste time in cross talks, low-key conversations, cross-consultations, asides, and soon. The confusion  focuses on the theme of the discussion,
may last until someone in the group takes an assertive position and restores the chaos into order. It could
 deals with the specific point under consideration.
be you.
 Is directed towards the overall objective of the GD, and
In order to get the GD started, the assertive, natural leader will have to remind the group of its goal and
request them to start the discussion without wasting time. A few examples of the opening lines are given  is as per the requirement of the particular stage of discussion
below:
Moreover, contributions must reflect the depth of understanding and knowledge of the subject as well as
• Well friends, may I request your kind attention? I am sure all of us are keen to begin the GD and complete the participant's ability to analyze it. Each participant must see the topic from his/her perspective so that
it within the allotted time. Let me remind you that we have only thirty minutes to complete the task. So, his/her background and personal experiences give it a new interpretation, which may prove valuable to
let us get started. the group for taking a decision.
• My dear friends, may I have your attention please? As you all know, we have to complete the discussion Creating a Friendly Cooperative Atmosphere
in 45 minutes and we have already used up five minutes. I think we should start the discussion now.
Creating an atmosphere conducive to positive discussion is the responsibility of each member of the croup.
• Hello everybody. I am sorry to interrupt but I have something very important to say. We are here to A friendly, cooperative atmosphere encourages effective and positive deliberations that lead to successful
discuss the topic — "Reduction of IIM fees is a retrograde step"—and the time given to us is just 30 conclusion. Although a GD is a serious and formal occasion, there is no need to make it too serious and
minutes. Let us begin, shall we? boring. It is desirable to make it an enjoyable experience for all. Members of a group discussion can do
much to create a conducive and friendly atmosphere. The following suggestions may be helpful in this
• Hello friends! May I have your kind attention for a few seconds, please? I am sure agree that we are here
regard:
to exchange our views on the reservation policy of the government will t wand we have to complete the
discussion within 35 minutes. As we have already used up more than five minutes, we should begin the • All participants should help the group to make the discussion lively and pleasurable.
discussion now. Shall we start?
• Participants should develop a consensus regarding group standards early in the discussion.
Once the GD has been successfully initiated, the leader should propose the procedures to be fol-lowed
during the discussion. The procedures may include time management, order of speaking, length and nature • In order to maintain friendly attitudes, participants should demonstrate a sense of fair play by treating
of individual contributions, and nature of group interactions. It is very important to follow a plan that others as they would like themselves to be treated.
includes time for every individual speaker as well as for the exchange of views, suggestions. and solutions.
• Participants must conduct themselves with decorum and dignity.
All members of the group should be in agreement on these pertinent items. While trying to get the GD
started, the leader should attempt to create an atmosphere in which all members feel free to participate. • All participants must show interest in what others say.
• Every participant should make sure that other members feel free to express their views, opinions, 5. Stop talking (it is easy to “ramble on” when you don’t have something prepared). If in front of an
comments and feelings. audience, don’t keep talking as you move back to your seat.
• Members must be kept informed of their own progress and they should be appreciated for contributing Impromptu presentations: the presentation of a short message without advance preparation. Impromptu
effectively to the group goals. presentations are generally most successful when they are brief and focus on a single point.
• Participants should avoid being too formal with each other.

Manuscript presentation:
Theme Presentation: Methods
Manuscript presentations are the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a manuscript
While speaking has more formality than talking, it has less formality than reading. Speaking allows for
presentation, the speaker maintains their attention on the printed page except when using visual aids. The
flexibility, meaningful pauses, eye contact, small changes in word order, and vocal emphasis. Reading is advantage of reading from a manuscript is the exact repetition of original words. In some circumstances
a more or less exact replication of words on paper without the use of any nonverbal interpretation. this can be extremely important. For example, reading a statement about your organization’s legal
Speaking, as you will realize if you think about excellent speakers you have seen and heard, provides a responsibilities to customers may require that the original words be exact.
more animated message.
A manuscript presentation may be appropriate at a more formal affair (like a report to shareholders), when
Methods of Presentation Delivery your presentation must be said exactly as written in order to convey the proper emotion or decorum the
Impromptu Presentation situation deserves.
Impromptu speaking is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation. You have However, there are costs involved in manuscript presentations. First, it’s typically an uninteresting way to
probably done impromptu speaking many times in informal, conversational settings. Self-introductions in present. Unless the presenter has rehearsed the reading as a complete performance animated with vocal
group settings are examples of impromptu speaking: “Hi, my name is Steve, and I’m an account manager.” expression and gestures, the presentation tends to be dull. Keeping one’s eyes glued to the script prevents
Another example of impromptu presenting occurs when you answer a question such as, “What did you eye contact with the audience. For this kind of “straight” manuscript presentation to hold audience
think of the report?” Your response has not been preplanned, and you are constructing your arguments attention, the audience must be already interested in the message and presenter before the delivery begins.
and points as you speak. Even worse, you might end yourself going into a meeting and your boss says, “I It is worth noting that professional speakers, actors, news reporters, and politicians often read from an
want you to talk about the last stage of the project. . . “ and you had no warning. autocue device, commonly called a teleprompter, especially when appearing on television, where eye
The advantage of this kind of speaking is that it’s spontaneous and responsive in an animated group contact with the camera is crucial. With practice, a presenter can achieve a conversational tone and give
context. The disadvantage is that the speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of the impression of speaking extemporaneously and maintaining eye contact while using an autocue device.
his or her message. As a result, the message may be disorganized and difcult for listeners to follow. However, success in this medium depends on two factors: (1) the presenter is already an accomplished
public speaker who has learned to use a conversational tone while delivering a prepared script, and (2) the
Here is a step-by-step guide that may be useful if you are called upon to give an impromptu presentation presentation is written in a style that sounds conversational and in spoken rather than written, edited
in public: English.
1. Take a moment to collect your thoughts and plan the main point you want to make. Extemporaneous presentation:
2. Thank the person for inviting you to speak. Avoid making comments about being unprepared, called Extemporaneous presentations are carefully planned and rehearsed presentations, delivered in a
upon at the last moment, on the spot, or feeling uneasy. conversational manner using brief notes. By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the extemporaneous
presenter can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and assess how well they are
3. Deliver your message, making your main point as briefly as you can while still covering it adequately
understanding the presentation as it progresses. Without all the words on the page to read, you have little
and at a pace your listeners can follow.
choice but to look up and make eye contact with your audience.
Presenting extemporaneously has some advantages. It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will
4. Thank the person again for the opportunity to speak.
be perceived as knowledgeable and credible since you know the speech well enough that you don’t need
to read it. In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to the message because it is engaging The mob that was earlier supporting Brutus and others suddenly turned against them. It is, of course, the
both verbally and non-verbally. It also allows flexibility; you are working from the strong foundation of power of speech that may turn a dull topic into interesting one whereas poor delivery or bad presentation
an outline, but if you need to delete, add or rephrase something at the last minute or to adapt to your may spoil the entire presentation howsoever significant it is. So, once the speaker has planned and
audience, you can do so. developed the content of his presentation, he should begin practicing his delivery, since it is not as
important as, what to say, as it’s how to say?
The disadvantage of extemporaneous presentations is that it in some cases it does not allow for the verbal
and the nonverbal preparation that are almost always required for a good speech. Adequate preparation There are a variety of delivery methods but a speaker should choose those which are easier to handle,
cannot be achieved the day before you’re scheduled to present, so be aware that if you want to present a some such methods are listed below:
credibly delivered speech, you will need to practice many times. Because extemporaneous presenting is
1) Memorizing the Manuscript
the style used in the great majority of business presentation situations, most of the information in the
subsequent sections of this chapter is targeted toward this kind of speaking. 2) Reading the Manuscript
Memorized Presentation 3) Speaking from notes
Memorized speaking is the recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory. 4) Extemporaneous / Impromptu Speaking
Actors, of course, recite from memory whenever they perform from a script in a stage play, television
program, or movie scene. When it comes to speeches, memorization can be useful when the message 1) Memorizing the Manuscript:
needs to be exact and the speaker doesn’t want to be conned by notes.
(Manuscript – Hand written matter, a copy of a book before it is printed)
The advantage to memorization is that it enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience
This method of presentation can be one of the most effective methods of presentation. But it requires an
throughout the speech. Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your
extra ordinary power to memorize because if the presenter forgets his text, his speech will sound stilled /
hands to make gestures. If your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an advantage.
unnatural / too formal. Besides he will become a butt of ridicule. He, therefore, should avoid memorizing
However, there are some real and potential costs.
long speeches. Memorizing a quotation, an opening paragraph, or a few concluding remarks will
strengthen his delivery and impress the audience.
First, unless you also plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but meaningful variations in speech
2) Reading the Manuscript:
delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume and pace), gesture, and facial expression,) your
presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer. Second, if you It means read out the written material aloud. This method is often used whenever a complex or technical
lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that presentation is made such as the description of some machine or the policy matters of an organization.
something is wrong. More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be Reading intelligibly is an art, which can also be learnt after much practice. Once the manuscript of a
extremely difficult to find your place and keep going. Obviously, memorizing a typical seven-minute presentation is prepared, the reader should do a lot of practice and rehearse again and again. In verbatim
presentation takes a great deal of time and effort, and if you aren’t used to memorizing, it is very difficult (word by word) reporting, the reader and listener contact is often interrupted. Moreover, such word for
to pull off. Realistically, you probably will not have the time necessary to give a completely memorized word reporting becomes dull and monotonous. For effective manuscript presentation, the reader should
speech. However, if you practice adequately, your approach will still feel like you are being follow the below mentioned suggestions:
extemporaneous.
A. Be familiar with the text by reading it again and again.
Nuances or Modes or Methods of Delivery / Presentation: B. Learn right pronunciation of the technical terms used.
Good planning is the backbone of good presentation. Equally important or perhaps more important is the C. Maintain proper flow of the language for which proper pause and voice modulation can be used.
manner of delivery. It was all about the selection of appropriate method and nuance of Presentation that
3) Speaking from Notes:
Antonio, after the assassination of Julius Caesar, delivered a funeral speech and won the mob by his
oratory.
Making presentation with the help of an outline is a very common method of presentation. The speaker Posture or Body Position: It refers to the way one stands, one sits and walks. When someone stands erect,
prepares notes on a sheet or cards and then with the help of appropriate audio visual aids, he makes his it shows confidence. When someone sits with ease and grace, it shows his majesty and royalty. When
presentation. someone walks with ease and grace, it shows him energetic and confident.
This process makes the delivery easy and impressive. The speaker while making presentation maintains Slump Posture shows unwillingness and uneasiness.
eye-contact with the audience and never for a moment the presentation becomes mechanical, dull or
monotonous. Practice indeed makes perfect. An inexperienced speaker should do proper rehearsal before Eye-Contact: The eyes are the windows of the mind. They express passion, moods and other physical and
making presentation. mental traits.
4) Extemporaneous / Impromptu Speaking: Gesture: These are those physical movements that someone makes often unconsciously. One should take
care about the same at the time of making communication with people.
The words extemporaneous or impromptu means done without preparation or planning. The term
impromptu speech, thus, means a speech delivered without any preparation done beforehand i.e. Paralinguistic Features
unrehearsed delivery in speech. Paralinguistic features are non-verbal vocal clues that help in giving urgency to our voice. It is a part of
Such impromptu speeches of formal mode should be avoided. They can be made after some caution. “You communication as it adds human touch to our words. Therefore, it is essential to understand the
might have to give an impromptu or unrehearsed speech if you’re called on to speak unexpectedly or if characteristic nuances of voice namely quality, volume rate, pitch, pronunciation and pauses.
you have agreed to speak but neglected to prepare your speech. Avoid speaking unprepared unless you  VOLUME: Loudness or Softness of Voice
have spoken countless times on the same topic or are an extremely good public speaker. When you are
asked to speak ‘off the cuff’, take a moment to think through what you will say. Then avoid the temptation  RATE: Words Spoken Per Minute
to ramble.”  PITCH: No of Vibrations per Second, Rise and fall of Voice
 PAUSE: A Short Silence
 PRONUNCIATION: A way to speak word distinctly
 MODULATION: A Way to Adjust Tone, Pitch and Volume
BODY-LANGUAGE /KINESICS
 SILENCE: A Total Absence of Voice and Speech Delivery
Body language is also known as Kinesics. It means the study and role of the body movements such as
winking, shrugging, kicking etc in communication. We have graphed some traits of
Kinesics as follows-
Personal Expression: It is physical appearance which makes first impression upon the audience.
In addition, personality creates impression upon the people whom we speak.
Facial Expression: Facial expression plays an important role in oral communication. It expresses
happiness, anger, surprise, boredom, fear, sadness, hatred, liking, disliking, rejection, love, agreement,
frustration etc.
Head Movements: Movements of head speak a lot rather than words. Nodding of the head shows honor,
confidence and self-respect. The low-bent head shows politeness and modesty. The jerk of the head shows
either rejection or confirmation.
Argumentative skills: Pattern and Ingredients Claims
The terms argument and argumentation reflect the two senses in which the term argument is used, as both Your claim is your main point. It should either seek to change how the audience thinks or how the audience
product and process. An individual constructs an argument to support a claim. The dialogic process in acts. The audience should be able to agree or disagree with your claim, and they should understand the
which two or more people engage in debate of opposing claims can be referred to as argumentation or need for the claim. Sometimes a claim can seem more serious and necessary than it actually is. For
argumentative discourse to distinguish it from argument as product. Nonetheless, implicit in argument as example, take the claim that the Fourth Amendment should not be repealed. While technically a claim, it
product is the advancement of a claim in a framework of evidence and counterclaims that is characteristic isn't a claim that carries much significance because there is no serious debate in the U.S. concerning the
of argumentative discourse, and the two kinds of argument are intricately related repeal of the Fourth Amendment. There is a serious debate, however, concerning the meaning, spirit, and
breadth of the Amendment, with serious debates centring on specific issues within the topic of gun control.
Argumentation skills integrate both the capacity to make use of a linguistic repertoire and the capacity to It's your job to communicate the exigency, or necessity, of the claim to your audience.
use language with a communicative purpose. Although a communicative purpose can be achieved without
the use of augmentation skills, we hold the view that argumentation must be conceived as a dialogic Reasons and Evidence
process in which opposing or similar claims meet, as well as a discourse mechanism whereby the user of You need reasons and evidence to convince audiences. Reasons and evidence answer the fundamental
the language can demonstrate his/her ability to use knowledge acquired for effective communication. question: Why are you making this claim? The evidence should support your reasons, and your reasons
People use arguments on a daily basis for different purposes, like persuasion, negotiation, debate, should be appropriate to your audience. You should choose the reasons and evidence that are also the most
consultation, and resolving differences of opinion; thus, “argumentation or the use of arguments plays a likely to convince your specific readers or listeners. Knowing the general values and priorities of your
critical role in the development of critical thinking and in developing a deep understanding of complex readers will help you determine what they will count as compelling reasons and evidence. Evidence should
issues and ideas”. Actually, argumentation is a fundamental cognitive skill required for the 21st century also be reliable and based on authoritative and trustworthy sources. It should be appropriately cited and
thinking citizen. ample enough to convince, designed to appeal to your target audience's values and priorities.
The ability to generate and evaluate sound arguments has received increasing recognition as fundamental Here are some useful strategies for using evidence to support your arguments:
to good thinking, since “argumentation is a dialogue in which participants may take many different
 Build on what readers already know.
positions and change their minds as it proceeds”. Therefore, argumentation skills are not detached from
 Present evidence from general to specific.
Hymens and Bachman’s notion of communicative competence that has to do with the functional use of
 Keep support appropriate and clear.
language. Both authors emphasize interaction among learners and the use of meaningful and
 Rely on authoritative sources.
contextualized language.
 Use diagrams, graphs, and other visuals when appropriate.
Five organs of Argument  Don’t assume that evidence speaks for itself. Explain its significance to your audience
Warrants
Constructing a persuasive argument is no easy task, but knowing the parts of an argument can structure
your thinking as you begin to put one together. Here are the five parts of an argument: Warrants express justifying principles, shared beliefs, or general assumptions. They are the spoken or
unspoken logic that connects your reasons to your evidence.
1. Claims
Take for example, the argument:
2. Reasons
I need new shoes because these new ones have holes in them and it’s the rainy season.
3. Evidence
One who accepts this argument is one who likely shares the following warrant:
4. Warrants
When shoes can no longer protect the feet, they need to be replaced.
5. Acknowledgment and Response
To some, this is common sense that justifies the claim for new shoes. But even in cases where your CHECKPOINTS/GUIDELINES FOR WRITING A GOOD ARGUMENT
audience shares your warrant, evidence is still needed to connect the warrant with the claim. In other
words, the evidence must show that the shoes are indeed in bad condition for the audience to agree.  I have explained the issue. My audience understands the debate I am participating in.
Sometimes an audience will share the same warrant as you but disagree with the evidence you present.  I have conveyed the urgency of the issue. I have shown that there is a clear need for an argument.
For example, the audience might not believe that the shoes are in as bad of shape as the arguer believes.  I have stated my claim clearly and concisely.
In that case, the argument is likely to fail for lack of convincing evidence.
 I have introduced the reasons and evidence that will support my claim.
Other times, an audience won’t share a warrant with you. For example, a person might not believe in
replacing damaged shoes, but rather repairing them. One who has a fix-it-first attitude might respond in  My evidence is arranged persuasively. The order of my argument enhances its persuasiveness for
the following way: my audience.
“Who says you need to buy new shoes? I can get those repaired for a fraction of the price.”  I use credible, authoritative sources to support my claims.
As you see, warrants are important for getting an audience to accept specific conclusions. For this reason,  I have supported my claims thoroughly. I have not left out important evidence.
warrants may need their own evidence, or backing, to make your audience more likely to accept them.
 I have avoided the trap of letting the evidence speak for itself. I have made the connection between
Acknowledgment and Response my claim and the evidence clear for my audience.
Acknowledging and responding to opposing viewpoints can help your argument in a few ways:  I use emotional appeals (pathos) in a responsible and ethical manner.
It helps you build trust with your audience  I have qualified (or moderated) my claims.
It gives your argument additional context.  I have fairly represented the opposing viewpoints.
It challenges you to moderate or qualify your claim  I have offered counterpoints and refutations. My counterpoints are supported by evidence.
It invites you to find common ground  My argument seeks common ground with the opposing viewpoint. My solutions aim for a better
future for both sides of the debate.
When stating the opposing viewpoint, it’s important to do so fairly. Misrepresenting the opposing  My argument is ethical, moral and legal. I don’t seek to “win” my argument while ignoring how
viewpoint is not just unethical, but it will likely cause your audience to lose trust in your argument. some groups might be adversely affected.
After stating the opposing viewpoint, look for parts of the argument that actually seem right—try to  I have presented my argument as a tool for gaining further understanding of the issue.
acknowledge valid concerns. Doing so may lead you to make concessions to the other side, which will
 I haven't pretended that my argument is the final (or even only) solution, but rather a way toward
challenge you to moderate your claim and encourage common ground.
gaining consensus on an important issue.
Of course, you also have the opportunity to respond to points you feel are not valid from the opposing
 The style and diction of my argument is suitable to my audience. I have given the draft of my
viewpoint through refutation and counterpoints. Counterpoints should include their own supporting
argument to someone else for feedback.
evidence as well.
 I have used feedback and suggestions to strengthen my argument.
Debate & Discussion: Unity, Coherence & Emphasis Dialogue is listening with an Open Spirit
Debate refers to “the systematic presentation of opposing arguments about a specific issue” A dialogue is listening with an open spirit.
Benefits of Debates There’s no set idea.
1. Debates can help you practice and demonstrate your critical thinking skills. It’s about listening with an open mind and asking questions that lead to understanding (the goal is not to
win.) Ann writes:
2. Debates can help you learn to discuss complicated topics calmly, clearly, and competently
“The first and most difficult task of dialogue involves parking the ego and listening with an open spirit.
3. Debates can help you cultivate your persuasion skills From this receptivity can come questions which lead to understanding.”
4. Debates help deepen your understanding of topics when you "actively" listen to opposing views Debate is a verbal “Fight”. It’s about winning an argument.
5. Debates help sharpen communication skills – you can learn to say more with fewer words “Dialogue is the opposite of debate, a verbal “fight,” the goal of which is to win an argument by besting
6. Debates can be mind-opening – "actively" listening to opposing opinions can help you think out of the an opponent.
box – they can offer a broader range of alternatives, excite imagination, and ignite creativity
The focus is on listening for flaws in the “opponent’s” argument rather than listening to understand
7. Debates help remind you that while business is about competition it is also about compromise and something new or from a different perspective.
cooperation
Ego is typically at the center of this win-lose conversation.”
8. Debate teams can offer a sense of comradeship, demonstrating the value o f teamwork.
Discussion is the “Breaking Apart” of Issues
9. To those with a truly open-mind, debates can broaden and deepen reasoning and communicating skills. A discussion is the “breaking apart” of issues. It’s about pushing a winning idea. Ann writes:
They can enhance the ability to think and communicate clearly and quickly.
“Dialogue is also different from discussion, the “breaking apart” of issues, individuals or situations to gain
Debates are not... agreement.
1. Debates are not wars Discussions tend to be fast-paced, persuasive conversations in which one person tries to convince the other
2. Debates are not arguments of a point of view or solution.
3. Debates do not mean one team must win and one must lose (both can be successful or both can be Ego, control and power over others are often at the forefront of this style of talking.”
losers)
REMEMBER:
Public Speaking: Audience Analysis; Approach and Style
You learn more from the person who disagrees with you than from the one who agrees. Here we do not deal with the history of public speaking, Ancient Greece, Plato and Aristotle, least
Dialogue, Debate and Discussion of all the Sophists, but the aim is to bring you closer to public appearance and public speaking skills as
they are woven throughout all spheres of work and life, indispensable to anyone who has contact
Ann offers 3 labels for conversations that you can use to help understand what’s going on:: with other people. So, if you haven't decided to live on a deserted island, which are very few left, or
have taken a vow of silence, which would not be very helpful because people can perform in
1. Dialogue
public without any spoken word, we encourage you to join us in this journey through the secrets
2. Debate of public speaking and oratory, and slowly but surely master this essential skill.
3. Discussion
Unfortunately, it must be noted that at the present time, although perhaps not that it was any different in 4. Explain the value of speaking with credibility.
other times, almost all generations are growing up in an environment where they do not actively get in
contact with teachings of public speaking and what it might mean, what the art of rhetoric is for and
Why it should be studied. Realistically, it can't be expected that young people growing up with the Interviews: Types; Focus & Objectives
knowledge and skills of public speaking and rhetoric, because it is a very small percentage of parents
than can actively teach these skills to their children. On the other hand, even the school system, The very word ‘interviews’’ many of you when you come across such a word, you have different sorts of
through primary and secondary schools, including colleges, except certain majors, does not mention, inhibitions, but then one thing is certain that all of us have to appear at interviews. Now, those of you who
much less teaches those skills. are yet to get a job, might be thinking how to succeed in an interview. And those who are in jobs already,
they might be waiting for new positions, but yet they will also have to face interviews. Even when you
Therefore, we are faced with the fact that many businesses fail and many goals are not achieved, become a part of the organization or workplace, you have to appear at different sorts of interviews. And
especially in international business relations and diplomacy. Our public discourse look like "reality all these sorts of interviews have different purposes also, in your own life also, even in your private life,
show". There is general illiteracy in society and cacophony of various "slangs" to the level of social lives, you have to appear at interviews right from a child’s admission to a good school, to an
glorifying vulgarity and disrespect of every civilised and moderate mutual addressing. appointment either in a hospital or in a hostel, or for some other occasions also you have to appear at
interviews.
One of the ways that this situation can change for the better, at least in this one visible segment of
public speaking, is to learn at least some basic rules and skills of oratory and beautiful civilised dealing Let us try to understand what interviews are and what actually the expectations in an interview are.
with our environment and, in general, to learn to communicate better. Whilst the most important moment Because as I said interviews are not confined only to jobs or to admissions, but then there are various
of communication is transfer of information, which should be reliable, verified, controlled, but also occasions which necessitate an interview. So, if you know clearly, what interviews are and you also know
dynamic and subject to change. Well, in order to come up with an answer how to successfully master the the expectations of interviews, you will be better prepared and armed, so that you can face the value of
techniques of public speaking, it is first necessary to answer the following questions which are aimed at knowing you.
A century ago, in his book „Handbook of Public Speaking”, John Dolman noted that public speaking An interview is a mutual exchange of information between an employer and you, as a candidate for a
is significantly different from theatre performances - that „ is not conventionalised imitation of life, position. An interview is a two-way process. You evaluate the employer while he/she evaluates you. Since
but life itself, a natural function of life, a real human being in a real communication with neighbours, there is no one way of interviewing, you will have to develop your own style. In order to present yourself
and the best is when it is the most realistic“. well during the interview, you must be prepared. Preparation builds confidence and enables you to give a
Some official definition of public speaking would be: "Public speaking (sometimes termed oratory better presentation of your qualifications.
or oration) is the process or act of performing a presentation (a speech) focused around an individual Personal Interview is the foremost tool to judge the abilities of a person. In the face-to-face contact
directly speaking to a live audience in a structured, deliberate manner in order to inform, influence, or between the interviewer & interviewee, it is possible to record more than only verbal responses; which
entertain them. Public speaking is commonly understood as the formal, face-to-face talking of a are often superficial. When human beings communicate directly with each other, much more information
single person to a group of listeners. It is closely allied to "presenting", although the latter is more is communicated. The nature of words used, facial expressions & body language- together contribute in
often associated with commercial activity. Most of the time, public speaking is to persuade the judging a person.
audience."
This term ‘interview’ comes from a French word which is interview or sometimes inter and view.
Audience Analysis Interview actually means to see the other person. Now, an interview is actually a sort of face-to-face, if
you might have heard from others it is actually a face-to-face communication. Most of the time this is oral,
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
the people who are interviewing you, meaning there by the interviewers people who are appearing at
1. Understand the value of acknowledging your audience. interview, they will be called interviewee, and those who are taking your interview, they will be called
interviewer. Now, an interview is an oral tool to test the candidate’s traits, qualities for different purposes.
2. Understand how to choose a worthwhile topic.
An interview is an oral tool to test the candidate’s traits, qualities for different purposes. An interview may
3. Explain how to adapt your speech to your audience’s needs. be regarded as a systematic method by which a person enters more or less imaginatively into the inner life
of comparative strangers.
Purpose/Objectives Of An Interview employer is searching not only for a qualified applicant but also for someone who would actually benefit
the organization. Potential employers also want to convince potential employees that the position is one
An interview is a mutual exchange of information between an employer and you, as a candidate for a they should accept if offered.
position. The primary objectives are to:
• Supplement resume information

Exit Interviews
• Show that you understand your strengths and weaknesses and have a sense of direction
Exit interviews are those that occur when a person chooses to leave a place of employment. The
• Enable the employer to evaluate your personality and attitudes in terms of the demands of the
conventional wisdom is that someone who is leaving may be more likely to provide honest answers about
organization and the position
organizational cultures, policies, supervisors, compensation, and other aspects of the workplace. If used
• Allow you to gain information about the organization and the job that is not available through other correctly, these interviews can provide employers with valuable insight that can be incorporated to
sources improve employee satisfaction and thus the productivity and success of an organization. These interviews
are also increasingly common in education and among multiple types of groups, such as volunteer
• Give you and the employer an opportunity to discuss the desirability of further contact or an offer of organizations.
employment
Persuasive interviews
Persuasive interviews are those that have influence as the ultimate goal. The interviewer may appear to be
Types of the interview gaining information but is actually attempting to influence the thoughts or actions of the interviewee. This
form of interview may sound a bit manipulative and perhaps underhanded, but it is quite common. When
A job interview is an interview consisting of a conversation between a job applicant and a representative
salespeople ask your opinion about a product or service, they often do so in a way that attempts to sway
of an employer which is conducted to assess whether the applicant should be hired Interviews are one of
you toward what they want you to purchase. At other times, what appears to be a survey is in reality an
the most popularly used devices for employee selection
attempt to persuade. Political workers have frequently been accused of dirty tricks under the guise of
Interviews vary in the extent to which the questions are structured, from a totally unstructured and free- conducting straightforward surveys.
wheeling conversation, to a structured interview in which an applicant is asked a predetermined list of
They attempt to plant a seed of doubt or concern in the mind of the interviewee. For instance, imagine
questions in a specified order; structured interviews are usually more accurate predictors of which
being asked, “If the incumbent were convicted of running a cockfighting ring, would this influence your
applicants will make suitable employees, according to research studies.
vote in the upcoming election?” Depending on your opinion of roosters or animal cruelty in general, it
An informational interview is an informal conversation you can have with someone working in an area of would or would not affect your vote, but such questions often influence voter perceptions of candidates
interest to you. It is an effective research tool and is best done after preliminary online research. It is not and result in rumors being circulated
a job interview, and the objective is not to find job openings.
Individual Interviews
You may feel awkward reaching out to people you don't know. However, most people actually enjoy
The most common interview format is one interviewer interviewing one candidate, either by phone, via
taking a few moments out of their day to reflect on their professional life and give advice to someone with
video or in person.
an interest in their field.
Approaches/Strategies/Methods To Interviewing
Job Interview Structured Interview

When people think of interviews, an employment interview is probably what comes immediately to mind. The goal of this approach is to reduce bias and assist the employer in making an objective decision.
Employment interviews are those in which a potential employer interviews a potential employee. Both Typically, each candidate is asked the same set of questions, responses are recorded, and ratings are
parties have a great deal riding on the success of an interview. The potential employee is not only seeking assigned to each response.
employment but also determining whether the job is one that would be accepted if offered. The potential
Unstructured Interview
In this format of interview, questions are based on the applicant's resume, so different questions will be UNIT -03 (CO3)
posed to each applicant. Without structured guidelines, the conversation can be free flowing, thus making
this method of interviewing the most prone to bias. Although this type of interview may seem more casual,
you must still be well prepared and know the points you want to make. Be careful not to provide
information you would not have communicated if the interview was more structured. Interpersonal Communication Skills
Features: Methods; Principles; Requisites; Team- work; Skills: Empathy, Emotional Intelligence,
empathy and listening skills. Time Management; Attitude; Responsibility, Leadership qualities: Integrity;
Values; Trust; Self Confidence & Courage; Communication and Networking; Speed reading; Problem
Solving & Trouble- Shooting
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is the interaction and exchange of information between two or more people. This
can be verbal and/or non-verbal communication.
Key interpersonal communication skills

Effective interpersonal communication skills are required to form connections and establish relationships. There
are many different types - we have described eleven of the most important skills:
Interpersonal communication in the workplace plays an important role in employee satisfaction,

motivation, collaboration and business success.
Interpersonal communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas and feelings between two
or more people through verbal or non-verbal methods.
It often includes face-to-face exchange of information, in a form of voice, facial expressions, body
language and gestures. The level of one’s interpersonal communication skills is measured through
the effectiveness of transferring messages to others.
Commonly used interpersonal communication within an organization includes daily internal employee
communication, client meetings, employee performance reviews and project discussions. In
addition, online conversations today make a large portion of employees’ interpersonal communication
in the workplace.
Effective interpersonal communication methods

Interpersonal communication is the ability to engage in expressing feelings, thoughts or information to
another person. With interpersonal you can communicate in three main basic ways: Verbal For a business to function effectively people must work well together in order to achieve a common goal. Some
Communication, Non-verbal Communication and Written Communication. people struggle with teamwork because they believe that they know how to do the job better than anyone else
and they do not trust others to do their roles. This can create conflict and hurt the overall effectiveness of the
team.
 Verbal Communication
If this is something you find difficult assist your colleagues whenever you can and ask your colleagues for their
Communicating verbally is a major means to sending messages between teachers, students and teachers.
opinions and ideas - be enthusiastic when colleagues offer their own ideas.
Examples of verbal are face to face meetings, telephone calls, departmental meetings, video chats and
presentations. A leader that can’t work with a team is a failure!
Leaders that develop great teams around them have two things that they do well:
 Non-verbal Communication
 They have a lot of emotional intelligence and
Non-verbal communication is less commonly used. However, gestural communication such as sign  They are able to provide a clear vision for the team.
languages allows people without hearing to be connected to the educational community.
Basic team dynamics
All these ways of interpersonal communication are ways of connecting with others and building  Open communication to avoid conflicts.
relationships between staff members such as teachers, students and parents.  Effective coordination to avoid confusion and the overstepping of boundaries.
 Efficient cooperation to perform the tasks in a timely manner
 High levels of interdependence to maintain high levels of trust, risk-taking, performance.
Four Principles of Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication is inescapable. Training to Improve Teamwork
1. Forming
Interpersonal communication is irreversible. You can't really take back something once it has been
said. … This stage is described by approach/avoidance issues, as well as internal conflicts about being
independent vs. wanting to be a part of the team.
Interpersonal communication is complicated. No form of communication is simple. ...
Team members usually tend to 'play it safe' and minimize their risk taking in case something goes
Interpersonal communication is contextual
wrong.
Teamwork in this stage is at its lowest levels.

Teamwork
2. Storming
Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal or to complete a task in the
most effective and efficient way. The second stage is characterized by a competition for power and authority, which is the source of
most of the conflicts and doubts about the success of the team.
The movement towards teamwork was mostly due to the Hawthorne studies, a set of studies conducted in
the 1920s and 1930s that highlighted the positive aspects of teamwork in an organizational setting. After If teamwork is low in this stage, it is very unlikely that the team will get past their conflicts. If there
organizations recognized the value of teamwork and the positive effects it had on their companies, entire is a high degree of teamwork and willingness to collaborate, then the team might have a brighter
fields of work shifted from the typical assembly line to the contemporary High Performance future.
Organizational Model.
3. Norming
The third stage is characterized by increasing levels of solidarity, interdependence, and cohesiveness, Importance of teamwork
while simultaneously making an effort to adjust to the team environment.
 Teamwork motivates unity in the workplace
This stage shows much higher levels of teamwork that make it easier for the above characteristics to  Teamwork offers differing perspectives and feedback
occur.  Teamwork provides improved efficiency and productivity
 Teamwork provides great learning opportunities
4. Performing  Teamwork promotes workplace synergy
This final stage of team development includes a comfortable environment in which team members are
effectively completing tasks in an interdependent and cohesive manner. Skills
This stage is characterized by the highest levels of comfort, success, interdependence, and maturity, and Empathy is, at its simplest, awareness of the feelings and emotions of other people. It is a key element of
Emotional Intelligence, the link between self and others.
therefore includes the highest levels of teamwork.
Advantages of Team Works Empathy goes far beyond sympathy which might be considered “feeling for” someone. Empathy, instead,
is “feeling with” that person, through the use of imagination.
Problem Solving:A group of people can bring together various perspectives and combine views and
opinions to rapidly and effectively solve an issue. Due to the team's culture, each team member has a Empathy is a capability we all have—perhaps to greater or lesser degrees—that allows us to put ourselves
responsibility to contribute equally and offer their unique perspective on a problem to arrive at the in the place of another person and experience their feelings. We all crave connectedness and it seems our
best possible solution.[20] Overall, teamwork can lead to better decisions, products, or services. The brains are hard-wired to mirror others’ experiences. Research shows children as young as two demonstrate
effectiveness of teamwork depends on the following six components of collaboration among team understanding that others have different perspectives than their own. Even babies prefer to hear sounds
members: communication, coordination, balance of member contributions, mutual support, effort, and from other babies rather than older voices—evidence of our human desire for affinity and alignment.
cohesion.
Benefits of Empathy: There are important benefits of empathy.
Healthy competition: A healthy competition in groups can be used to motivate individuals and help
Identity:Empathy affects our own identity. We tend to understand ourselves through the people we spend
the team excel. time with and we derive our sense of self from the types of people with whom we have the closest
relationships.
Developing relationships: A team that continues to work together will eventually develop an
increased level of bonding. This can help members avoid unnecessary conflicts since they have Cooperation: Empathy also facilitates cooperation which is critical for teams to function effectively. In a
become well acquainted with each other through teamwork.By building strong relationships between new study, when empathy was introduced into decision making, it increased cooperation and even caused
members, team members' satisfaction with their team increases, therefore improving both teamwork people to be more empathetic. Empathy fostered more empathy.
and performance.
Innovation:Empathy can expand your horizons and extend your thinking. By understanding an unfamiliar
Individual qualities: Every team member can offer their unique knowledge and ability to help point of view, you can stretch and test new perspectives and ideas—a process key for successful
improve other team members. Through teamwork the sharing of these qualities will allow team innovation and important to ensuring your thinking doesn’t stagnate.
members to be more productive in the future.
Influence:In addition to the benefits of empathy to the community, empathy is also good for you
Motivation:Working collaboratively can lead to increased motivation levels within a team due to individually because it can help you sell and influence others. Putting yourself in others’ shoes and
increasing accountability for individual performance. When groups are being compared, members understanding their perspectives facilitates discussion. Empathy also allows you to use their perspective
as a common starting point toward influencing them to your point of view.
tend to become more ambitious to perform better. Providing groups with a comparison standard
increases their performance level thus encouraging members to work collaboratively. [
Empathy is important especially when you disagree with others and it can admittedly require effort. In
addition, it is easier to empathize when you are similar or when you share things in common with another
person. But is it perhaps more important and beneficial when your empathy lets you see something
different than your own view and learn from another perspective. Empathizing may not change your mind,
but it can help you appreciate others and connect in new ways.
Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as emotional quotient or EQ) is the ability to understand, use, you can try to find similarities anyway. For instance, if a coworker states that they are having trouble
and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize adjusting to an increased workload, you may identify by thinking of a time when you had more
with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict. chores at home.
We define EI or EQ as the ability to: Wisdom: If someone is sharing something emotionally important with you, it’s likely because they
trust your judgment and experience. Wisdom includes both understanding the speaker’s input and
 Recognize, understand and manage our own emotions examining the circumstances around the problem to better grasp all the factors involved. For
 Recognize, understand and influence the emotions of others example, if one of your colleagues is having a conflict with another person in the department, you
can acknowledge one person’s stress while also considering that the other party has their own
challenges and is likely not trying to be offensive.
In practical terms, this means being aware that emotions can drive our behavior and impact people
(positively and negatively), and learning how to manage those emotions – both our own and others – Non-judgment: An important part of listening empathetically is to refrain from criticizing the other
especially when we are under pressure. party, either out loud or to yourself. You may find that you disagree with something the speaker
When would I need to manage my Emotional Intelligence? has said, but consider they have their own reasons for acting how they do.
 Giving and receiving feedback Trustworthiness: If you’re in a situation where the other person is speaking to you about emotional
matters, it’s crucial to keep what they say in confidence. However, if they ask that you support them
 Meeting tight deadlines
by mediating a conflict with another party, you may discuss the details of the conversation if it helps
 Dealing with challenging relationships you achieve the speaker’s goal.
 Not having enough resources Patience: Even with close colleagues and friends, it can be challenging to disclose emotional
 Dealing with change experiences. It may take the speaker some time to find the words for what they want to say and feel
comfortable enough to express them. Be patient and allow them the time they need to speak freely.
 Dealing with setbacks and failure
Responsiveness: Although empathic listening means listening to the other party without
interjecting your input, there will likely be a time when the speaker wants to hear what you think.
Empathetic listening In these cases, it may help to clarify by asking, for instance, “Would you like to hear what I think
about this?” or “What kind of feedback would you like from me?”
Empathic listening is a structured listening and questioning technique that allows you to develop and
enhance relationships with a stronger understanding of what is being conveyed, both intellectually and
emotionally. As such, it takes active listening techniques to a new level.
Time Management Definition
Empathic listening? “Time management” is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time between
Empathic listening is the practice of being attentive and responsive to others’ input during conversation. specific activities. ... By using the time-management techniques in this section, you can improve
Also called active listening or reflective listening, empathic listening requires you to be considerate of the your ability to function more effectively – even when time is tight and pressures are high.
other party’s input. One main quality of empathic listening is giving support and encouragement rather
than advice or criticism. Listening empathically entails making an emotional connection with the other Good time management enables an individual to complete more in a shorter period of time, lower
person and finding similarities between their experience and your own so you can give a more heartfelt stree and leads to career success.
response. Benefits of Time Management:
Qualities of an empathic listener Stress Relief
Here are some important qualities you’ll likely need in order to listen empathically: More Time
Presence: More than just be physically in the same space with the speaker, presence entails being More productivity
focused closely on the conversation. To be present, it is important to minimize external distractions
and refrain from planning your responses while the other person is talking. More opportunities
Compassion: The main component to being an empathic listener is identifying with the other Goal Achievement
person’s emotional experience. Even if you haven’t experienced the same situation as the speaker,
Better Quality of Life
Attitude  Self-awareness
Self-awareness is paramount for leadership. The better you understand yourself, the more
Attitude is a psychological construct, a mental and emotional entity that inheres in, or effective you can be.
characterizes a person. They are complex and are an acquired state through experiences. It is an
individual's predisposed state of mind regarding a value and it is precipitated through a responsive
expression towards oneself, a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object) which in turn  Gratitude
influences the individual's thought and action. Being thankful can make you a better leader. Gratitude can lead to higher self-esteem, reduced
Generally attitude is considered as a state of mind and the way we receive the things and how do depression and anxiety, and even better sleep. Few people regularly say “thank you” at work, even
we react in different situation. though most people say they’d be willing to work harder for an appreciative boss. Learn how to
give thanks and practice more gratitude in the workplace.
Attitude can be broadly classified into two types:
Positive Attitude: Positive attitude means to see the brighter side of the situation.  Learning agility.
Negative Attitude: Negative Attitude means to see the darker side of the situation. Learning agility is the ability to know what to do when you don’t know what to do. If you’re a
“quick study” or are able to excel in unfamiliar circumstances, you might already be learning agile.
Leadership But anybody can foster learning agility through practice, experience, and effort. Explore how great
Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual, leaders are great learners, with strong learning agility to get started.
group or organization to "lead", influence or guide other individuals, teams, or
entire organizations.  Influence
A leader is someone who can see how things can be improved and who rallies people to move Being able to convince people through logical, emotional, or cooperative appeals is a component
toward that better vision. Leaders can work toward making their vision a reality while putting of being an inspiring, effective leader. Influence is quite different from manipulation, and it needs
people first. Just being able to motivate people isn’t enough — leaders need to be empathetic and to be done authentically and transparently. It requires emotional intelligence and trust-building.
connect with people to be successful. Leaders don’t have to come from the same background or
follow the same path. Future leaders will actually be more diverse, which brings a variety of
perspectives.  Empathy.
Empathy is correlated with job performance and a critical part of emotional intelligence and
The Characteristics & Qualities of a Good Leader
leadership effectiveness.
 Integrity.
The importance of integrity should be obvious. Though it may not necessarily be a metric in  Courage
employee evaluations, integrity is essential for the individual and the organization.
It can be hard to speak up at work, whether you want to voice a new idea, provide feedback to a
direct report, or flag a concern for someone above you. That’s part of the reason courage is a key
 Ability to delegate. skill for good leaders. Rather than avoiding problems or allowing conflicts to fester, courage
Delegating is one of the core responsibilities of a leader, but it can be tricky to delegate enables leaders to step up and move things in the right direction. A psychologically safe
effectively. The goal isn’t just to free yourself up — it’s also to enable your direct reports, facilitate workplace culture encourages speaking the truth.
teamwork, provide autonomy, lead to better decision-making, and help your direct reports grow.
Communication and Networking
 Communication.
A Leader must be able to listen to, and communicate with, a wide range of people across roles, A communication Network is a collection of methods that users employ to pass on valuable
social identities, and more. The quality and effectiveness of communication across your information. The communication network is the sum of all the means and methods that an organization
organization directly affects the success of business. employs to communicate.
In the context of career development, networking is the process by which people build Chain Network
relationships with one another for the purpose of helping each other achieve professional goals.
A company or the organization is like a platoon. It has its leader at the front and the troop following right
behind. For communications that are for the more than two nodes or more than two levels of employees, we
When you network, you exchange information: can employ this method of communication.
You may share business cards, résumés, cover letters, job-seeking strategies, and leads about open
Here the network traces a chain of command. This may start with a senior or a high ranking employee or a
jobs, information about companies and organizations, and information about a specific field.
manager, who hands it over to the next level and so on. For example, the communication starts from a C E O
You might also share information about meet-up groups, conferences, special events, technology and trickles down to the employees of a lower level.
tools, and social media.
You might also solicit job “head-hunters,” career counsellors, career centres, career coaches, alumni The C E O may pass the information on to the managers who will pass it to the lower levels without alteration.
associations, family members, friends, acquaintances, and vendors. Notice that the message which generates at the higher level has to trickle down to the lowest level without
any alteration.
Networking can occur anywhere and at any time. In fact, your network expands with each new
relationship you establish. And the networking strategies you can employ are nearly limitless. With Since in this communication, a large number of nodes or repetition points may be involved, there is a great
imagination and ingenuity, your networking can be highly successful. chance of error and miscommunication.
Networks in Communication In addition to this, the chain network is very time consuming and often results in messages that are not
understood by at least some people in the chain.
Following are the most common networks in various organizations:
Wheel and Spoke Network
Vertical Network
This is like the vertical communication but with the difference that there are several people communicating
with a central figure or person. Here a single controlling authority is involved in a vertical type
This is a kind of a formal network. So consequently it is suitable for communications between different levels communication and radiates instructions and orders to several of his employees who are working under him.
of employees.
This is an improvement over the chain communication and provides a direct link between the top command
For example a higher ranking manager and a lower-ranking official. and the employees. However, due to the nature of this communication, it constitutes a form of the micro-
management and will thus be very taxing.
This network thus enables two-way communication wherein immediate feedback is a common practice. This
is a direct link between the employees and their subordinates and thus the chance of miscommunication is An advantage of the wheel and spoke network is that it relays instructions and orders directly from the highest
very low. level to any subordinate levels. There are no middle parties or disruptions to the communication channel.
Circuit Network Due to the micromanaging nature of this type of communication is only suitable for small organizations.
In this type of network, two people or nodes will communicate with each other continuously. One of the Larger businesses will not have the resources to deploy this mechanism.
nodes will produce messages and the other a feedback to the messages. The communication is thus two people
communicating with each other, sending messages and feedbacks and thus forming a loop or a circuit. It should also be kept in mind that this way of communication is very effective and the miscommunication is
the least.
This circuit or loop is what we call the circuit network. Usually, the two people that are interacting via this
form of networks are of the same hierarchical level. This is different from the Vertical Network where the Star Network
feedback and the messages are two-way communication.
The star communication network has several participants. Each of these participants enables two-way
communication between each of the nodes or people that are participating in the network.
Consider this as a wheel and spoke network that does not have a central focus point. The members of this Most jobs have elements of problem-solving - this is where you think of solutions to deal with a problem. This
network are free to communicate. They can exchange data and information with each other without any type of creative thinking can help maintain harmony within a team. The general structure to problem-solving
hurdles or restrictions. is:
Which type of networks to be used and which type of networks are suitable, depends on the size of the  Identifying the problem
organization and the nature of the projects.  Exploring all of the solutions
 Deciding on which solution to implement
 Implementing the solution
The basis of good communication is a loyal and sincere transmission and reception of information. This will  Reviewing the outcome
also require a well-defined set of processes and policies in the organization.
Speed Reading
Conflict resolution
Reading: Reading skill refers to the ability to understand written text. Reading is generally defined as a It's likely that you'll need to resolve a conflict at some point. Active listening and problem-solving are useful for
cognitive process that contains decoding symbols to attain meaning. Reading is also important part of this as you'll need to hear from all sides objectively and you'll need to come to a positive resolution.
communication. In this process a person can be aware or get knowledge of other creativity. There are
various purpose of reading such as General Reading, Academic Reading and Professional Reading: Resolving conflict is not always a negative experience - it can be very constructive and provide you with an
understanding of underlying problems, for example, perhaps a team member is having difficulties at home
A normal rate for learning is 100-200 wpm, and for comprehension it is 200-400 wpm. Speed reading is which is making them more irritable.
normally done at a rate of around 400-700 wpm. Anything above 500-600 wpm means sacrificing
By forming a plan with those involved, you can help them move forward and manage their difficulties. They
comprehension, although this varies from person to person.
may have never experienced this constructive help before your mediation.
Reading is a lively process of making senses of words and sentences one reads. Reading process involves Troubleshooting
three stages.
Troubleshooting is a systematic approach to problem solving that is often used to find and correct issues
Skimming with complex machines, electronics, computers and software systems.
Skimming is reading a text quickly to get a general idea of meaning. It refers reading quickly without Troubleshooting is the process of diagnosing the source of a problem. It is used to fix problems
pausing to study in detail. In Skimming what we read is more important than what we leave out. Goal of with hardware, software, and many other products. The basic theory of troubleshooting is that you start
skimming is a bird's-eye view of the material, with the most general (and often most obvious) possible problems, and then narrow it down to more
specific issues.
Example Many product manuals have a "Troubleshooting" section in the back of the manual. This section contains
A learner taking a reading exam decides to approach text by looking at the title, introductions, and any a list of potential problems, which are often phrased in the form of a question. For example, if your
diagrams and sub-headings, then skim reading to get a clear general idea of what the text is about. computer's monitor is not producing an image, you may be asked to answer the following troubleshooting
questions:
Scanning : (According to British Council)
1. Is the monitor plugged in to a power source?
Scanning is reading a text quickly in order to find specific information, e.g. figures or names. 2. Is the monitor turned on?
Sometimes facts may be buried within long text passages that have relatively little else to do with the 3. Is the monitor cable plugged into the computer?
topic. So a good speaker skims the material first to decide if it is likely to contain the facts he needs. In 4. Is the computer turned on?
scanning a reader needs to focus on table of contents, summaries, indexes, headings, and typographical
cues. 5. Is the computer awake from sleep mode?
If the answers to all the above questions are yes, there may be some additional questions such as:
Decision making and problem-solving skills
1. Does your computer have a supporting video card?
2. Have you installed the necessary video card drivers?
3. Is the monitor resolution set properly?
Unit -04 (CO4)
Typically, each of these questions will be followed by specific advice, whether the answer is Yes or No.
Sometimes, this advice is presented as a flowchart diagram. This means each question is followed by a Attitude: Definition, Nature and Characteristics
series of other questions, depending on the answer. However, in many cases, only single solutions are
An attitude is a positive; negative or mixed evaluation of an object that is expressed at some level of
provided for each question.
intensity. It is an expression of a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of a person, place, thing or event.
Troubleshooting is something we all have to do at some point, though some of us have to troubleshoot These are fundamental determinants of our perceptions of, and actions toward all aspects of our social
product problems more often than others. The good news is that, the more you do it, the more you learn environment. Attitudes involve a complex organization of evaluative beliefs, feelings, and tendencies
and the better you get at fixing problems. Since many products have similar troubleshooting steps, you toward certain actions.
may find that after awhile, you don't even need the manual to find solutions to the problems you encounter.
How much we like or dislike something determines our behavior towards that thing.
Four steps to troubleshooting
Step 1: What exactly is the problem? We tend to approach, seek out or be associated with things we like; we avoid, shun or reject things we do
2) Gather more details, eliminate variables not like.
Step 3: Reproduce the problem, develop hypothesis of root cause
Some examples of attitudes are- he has a positive attitude about the changes, she is friendly and has a good
Step 4: Attempt a fix based on findings attitude, he was showing some attitude during practice today, so the coach benched him, I like my friends
that means I am expressing my attitudes towards my friends, etc.
Definition of Attitude
Attitude is the manner, disposition, feeling and position with regard to a person or thing, tendency or
orientation especially in the mind.
According to Gordon Allport, “An attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness, organized through
experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to all objects and
situations with which it is related.”
Frank Freeman said, “An attitude is a dispositional readiness to respond to certain institutions, persons or
objects in a consistent manner which has been learned and has become one’s typical mode of response.”
Thurstone said, “An attitude denotes the sum total of man’s inclinations and feelings, prejudice or bias,
preconceived notions, ideas, fears, threats, and other any specific topic.”
Anastasi defined attitude as, “A tendency to react favorably or unfavorably towards a designated class of
stimuli, such as a national or racial group, a custom or an institution.”
According to N.L. Munn, “Attitudes are learned predispositions towards aspects of our environment. They
may be positively or negatively directed towards certain people, service or institution.”
Characteristics of Attitude
Attitude can be described as a tendency to react positively or negatively to a person or circumstances.

Thus, the two main elements of attitude are this tendency or predisposition and the direction of this 3 components of attitude are (1) Cognitive Component, (2) Affective Component and (3) Behavioral
predisposition. Component.
It has been defined as a mental state of readiness; organize to through experience which exerts a directive Factors Influencing Attitudes
or dynamic influence on the responses.
These can also be explicit and implicit.
Explicit attitudes are those that we are consciously aware of and that clearly influence our behaviors and
beliefs. Implicit attitudes are unconscious, but still, have an effect on our beliefs and behaviors.
As said by psychologists Thomas which imposes limits as a level attitude trend is positive and negative,
associated with the object of psychology.
Object psychology here includes symbols, words, slogans, people, institutions, ideas and so on.
Characteristics of Attitude are;

By attitudes, we mean the beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies of an individual or group of individuals
towards objects, ideas, and people.
1. Attitudes are the complex combination of things we tend to call personality, beliefs, values,
behaviors, and motivations.
Attitudes involve some knowledge of a situation.
2. It can fall anywhere along a continuum from very favorable to very unfavorable.
3. All people, irrespective of their status or intelligence, hold attitudes.
However, the essential aspect, of the attitude is found in the fact that some characteristic feeling or emotion
4. An attitude exists in every person’s mind. It helps to define our identity, guide our actions, and
is experienced and, as we would accordingly expect, some definite tendency to action is associated.
influence how we judge people.
5. Although the feeling and belief components of attitude are internal to a person, we can view a
Subjectively, then, the important factor is the feeling or emotion.
person’s attitude from his or her resulting behavior.
6. Attitude helps us define how we see situations, as well as define how we behave toward the
There are a number of different factors that can influence how and why attitudes form. These are-
situation or object.
7. It provides us with internal cognitions or beliefs and thoughts about people and objects.
 Social Factors.
8. It can also be explicit and implicit. Explicit attitude is those that we are consciously aware of an
 Direct Instruction.
implicit attitude is unconscious, but still, have an effect on our behaviors.
 Family.
9. Attitudes cause us to behave in a particular way toward an object or person.
 Prejudices.
10. An attitude is a summary of a person’s past experience; thus, an attitude is grounded in direct
 Personal Experience.
experience predicts future behavior more accurately.
 Media.
11. It includes certain aspects of the personality as interests, appreciation and social conduct.
 Educational and Religious Institutions.
12. It indicates the sum total of a man’s inclinations and feelings.
 Physical Factors.
13. An attitude is a point of view, substantiated or otherwise, true or false which one holds towards an
 Economic Status and Occupations.
idea, object or person.
14. It has aspects such as direction, intensity, generality or specificity.
15. It refers to one’s readiness for doing Work. Types of Attitudes
16. It may be positive or negative and may be affected by age, position, and education.
Attitude is something that lies between emotions and thought processing. It may be positive or negative.
Components of Attitude
In organizational behavior; 3 types of attitudes are;
Attitudes are simply expressions of much we like or dislike various things. Attitudes represent our
evaluations, preferences or rejections based on the information we receive. 1. Job Satisfaction,
2. Job Involvement, and
3. Organizational Commitment. For example, we could have thoughts or beliefs (cognitive) about managers in general, and those thoughts
or beliefs could manifest themselves is not trusting a manager (effective), and thus we would never want
Functions of Attitudes to develop a close relationship with a manager (behavioral).
The most important function of an attitude can only be ascertained by considering it in relation to the It is important to make the point here that these are attitudes – and yes, they can be wrong. Just because
person who holds it and the environment in which they operate. we have an attitude that does not mean it is correct. It is just how we feel about a person or situation.
Daniel Katz outlines 4 functions of attitude areas: Obviously not every manager is trustworthy, but if we let our negative attitudes dictate how we view and
react to managers, we will never be able to see if some are really good people and can be trusted.
1. Adjustment Function.
2. Ego-Defensive Function. Certainly having a good relationship based on trust with the manager is a great thing to have in the
3. Value-Expressive Function. workplace.
4. Knowledge Function.
Attitudes vs. Behavior
Barriers to Change Attitudes
Attitude refers to feelings, beliefs and behavior predispositions directed towards people, groups, ideas or
Employees’ attitudes can be changed and sometimes it is in the best interests of management to try to do objects.
so.
It influences the behavior of the individuals. It decides how to act or behave in a particular situation.
For example, if employees believe that their employer does not look after their welfare, the management
should try to change employees’ attitude and help to develop a more positive attitude towards them. Attitude is a kind of habit. It is the usual way of doing things.
However, the process of changing the attitude is not always easy. Everything in an organization will get better if the attitude of everyone gets better. Successes and failures
in life depend upon the attitude of the individuals.
Actually, the barriers are the limits which prevent the organization from achieving its predetermined goals.
If attitudes are positive, then human relations will be positive. It is internal and very difficult to change.
So every organization should be aware of these and should take corrective actions.
Behavior is the way a person responds to his attitude. This response is either positive or negative,
Barriers to Change Attitudes are; depending on how that views his position.
 Prior Commitment. For example, an employee who disagree?

 Insufficient Information.
 Balance and Consistency. With his supervisor may ignore office protocol.
 Lack of Resources.
 Improper Reward System. In addition, an employee who dislikes another coworker or has little respect for a coworker may display
 Resistance to Change. this attitude by speaking harshly to this individual.
Workplace and Attitudes Behavior can be influenced by a number of factors beyond attitude, including preconceptions about self
and others, monetary factors, social influences, and convenience.
Taking this a step further, we can assemble some ideas of how these three components can impact the
workplace. It is the actions or reactions of a person or animal in response to external or internal stimuli. It indicates
the manner in which something functions or operates.
The challenge in the workplace is that now these components are tied to work functions, policy, procedures
and organizational structure, as well as the people and individuals present in the organization.
Conclusion Attention
Finally, we can say that attitudes are evaluative statement favorable or unfavorable related to the person, To get someone to listen to your argument, you need to get their attention. You have about five seconds
object or events. when talking to someone to engage their attention before they will lose focus. You can do this in several
ways.
Although there are some differences regarding attitudes, based on the opinions of the above, it can be
concluded that the attitude is a state in which man moves to act or do anything in response to a situation  Use their name with a tone that conveys urgency or importance
or condition of the objects in the surrounding environment.  Use emotion to demonstrate your position – smile, frown, be exasperated – whatever emotion
conveys the strength of your position
Actually, it is a statement toward something, or someone exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended  Physically touch them if you have the level of rapport where this is appropriate. Put your hand on
behavior. It is a social orientation an underlying inclination to respond to something either favorably or their forearm or shoulder to draw their attention.
unfavorably.  Bring up a topic that you know they are passionate about and segue into your argument – but be
sure there is a valid connection so you don’t seem to be changing the topic too quickly
 Start with a statement that conveys the benefit of your position for the other person
The Process of Persuasion Need
Persuasion is really a pretty simple process with four basic parts. First, it begins with a person (the source Once you have the other person’s attention, work to keep it. You can lose their attention as quickly as you
or persuader) who wants something that he or she doesn’t have already. Persuasion is goal-directed; so all have it if the other person doesn’t see the need to continue listening. To keep the other person’s attention,
you have to be familiar with what is important to them. What do they want? What do they value? Why
persuaders have goals that they seek, which is the second part in the process of persuasion. Third,
should they care about your side of the argument? Once you can answer these questions, you are ready to
persuasion actually works or occurs through messages, which are directed to the audience to help achieve ‘hook’ the listener by focusing on what they care about.
the persuader’s goal. Fourth, persuasion is always aimed at an audience, which is made up of those people
who can help the persuader accomplish his or her goal. Satisfaction
5 steps of persuasion In this step, you describe to the listener how your position will meet the need you addressed in the previous
step. Will your solution solve their problem? Will it prevent them from having to deal with additional
What comes to your mind when you think about influencing and persuading people? Something problems? In other words, what benefits will the listener receive if they are persuaded by your argument.
negative, right? Although some people might try to persuade and influence by being abrasive or Or what negative consequences will they avoid?
aggressive, nothing can be achieved without effectively communicating with, influencing, and
persuading employers, employees, clients, suppliers, and customers. Visualization
True persuasion and influence means that you are able to convince others of the merit of your ideas without Visualization means that you can create a picture for the listener of what the situation will look like once
needing to bully or disrespect others. Instead, you learn to understand what a particular person needs to they have been persuaded to accept your position or agree to your decision. Help them do this by
hear, believe, or see in order to be persuaded. Then you are able to deliver the missing information or describing what the world will be like ‘after’ they agree with you. For example, use language like:
communication in the way that the other person is actually able to hear it.
 Imagine what it will be like when you no longer have to…
But what does it take to truly persuade someone? Below you can find one famous theory of how persuasion  Can you see how this would reduce your work load (solve your problem, increase your profits,
works. etc.)
 Picture yourself leaving work on time once we make this change (or some other way their life will
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence of Persuasion Steps improve once they agree with you)
In the 1930s, John Monroe developed a series of steps that he believed were the keys to persuading another
individual. The steps are: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization and Action.
Action You list their demographic and psychographic attributes and preferences to gain a better understanding of
your target audience.
Once you sense that you are approaching agreement, you need to cement it by suggesting the next step or
action that will put your solution in motion. Don’t wait – act as soon as you can so that the other person
is not left stewing and thinking things over more (and perhaps changing their mind). Then you can market your brand and products only to those who are most likely to be genuinely interested
in them. This means that there will be higher chances of getting leads and conversions. This will help you
Audience Analysis
increase revenue by investing less.
Number of Audience: It helps us to arrange ample place. It helps to arrange
2. Create Useful and Relevant Content
many other things.
Nature of Audience: The speaker should know the nature of the audience before The best way to reach your target audience is by providing them with useful and relevant content. Writing
he starts speaking. He should know whether or not the listeners are active. He about topics that are of interest to your intended audience is a sure shot way of grabbing their attention.
should know whether or not they are attentive to his speech delivery. If they are
attentive, it will encourage the speaker. The more targeted and relevant your content is, the easier it will be for you to reach your target audience
Needs of Audience: It shows liking or disliking of the listeners. It shows different and engage them.
types of need of the audience. It describes preference of the audience for the
Content marketing plays a major role in helping you generate leads and conversions. It can be
subject matter and other facilities.
implemented in various ways to get your desired results.
Level of Knowledge: It decides the language of delivery. It means the speaker
should deliver his speech in the language that his audience can understand.
Here are some of the most common methods:
Attitude of Both Audience & Speaker: Audience should have positive attitude
towards the physical appearance of the speaker. They should have positive attitude  Video marketing – Videos are highly engaging and interactive in nature. A good quality video
towards the manner of his presentation. They should ever encourage the speaker. can catch the attention of the viewer easily.
 Blog posts and articles – Written content may not work as well as videos and images, but it still
helps you get the attention of your audience. Just make sure that you write about topics that are of
The speaker should avoid criticism of the audience and their gloomy faces.
interest to your target audience and are useful to them.
Specific Techniques for Specific Audience  Social media content – You can connect with your target audience through social media as well.
1. Define Your Target Audience Through a combination of images, videos, and text, you can engage and reach them more
efficiently.
To reach your target audience, you must first define your target audience. And, for this, you need to
understand your customers. 3. Leverage Influencers
You can do this by building a consumer persona. A customer or buyer persona is a generalized Influencer marketing has quickly become the go-to marketing style for digital marketers. You can utilize
representation of how your ideal buyers would be like. the power of social media influencers to reach your target audience more effectively. In this form of
marketing, you partner with influencers to market your brand to their audiences.
Influencer marketing is a very effective marketing technique that can help you attain numerous marketing Relevant, industry-specific hashtags can help you broaden the reach of your social media content. And, it
goals. If you partner with relevant influencers from your niche, you can reach potential customers who will help make sure it’s displayed to people who might actually be interested in it.
might be interested in your brand or niche. This allows for qualified lead generation and helps you reach
For example, if you have a luxury hotel brand, you could use hashtags like #luxurytraveler or
your target audience.
#luxurytravel. This will help you reach people who might actually be interested in booking your services.
4. Use Targeted Advertising
Also, remember to use more specific hashtags than generic ones. In the above example, using generic
You can reach your target audience more effectively by using targeted advertising. Whether it is Google hashtags like #travelblogger or #traveler might not be much effective. That’s because these people might
ads or social media ads, they all provide advanced targeting options to help you reach your target audience. be interested in travel, but most of them might not be interested in luxury travel.
You can target the ads based on demographics, location, and interests of your audience.
Conclusion
This will make sure that your ads are only displayed to those who are likely to show interest in your brand.
Reaching your target audience is an important step in marketing your business and your products. It is
This means you don’t need to spend a fortune on ads to reach your target audience who are more likely to
only when you reach your target audience effectively that you’ll be able to drive more sales conversions.
convert than anyone else.
Leverage these effective techniques to reach your target audience and grow your business.
5. Referral Marketing
Do you have any questions related to the steps mentioned above? Please share them in the comment
Many businesses use a referral system to expand their reach and generate leads. A referral system can help
section below. We’ll try our best to answer them for you.
you harness the power of your own customer base to expand your reach. You can give a referral code to
your customers and incentivize them to share it with others. This way, you can reach your target audience
Steps to persuasion/Influence
quickly and with lower investment.
In the 1930s, John Monroe developed a series of steps that he believed were the keys to persuading another
You can, of course, play around with your incentives. You could offer a discount to your new user and
individual. The steps are: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization and Action.
the referrer or could even give them a special offer. This not only incentivizes the new customer but also
the referrer to make a purchase from you again. Attention
The people who join through such a system may genuinely be interested in your brand and products. This To get someone to listen to your argument, you need to get their attention. You have about five seconds
method has helped businesses to grow and establish their network on a larger scale. when talking to someone to engage their attention before they will lose focus. You can do this in several
ways. Use their name with a tone that conveys urgency or importance
6. Reach Your Target Audience on Social Media via Hashtags
Use emotion to demonstrate your position – smile, frown, be exasperated – whatever emotion conveys the
With people spending more time on social media platforms, you can’t ignore the importance of them to
strength of your position
reach your target audience. However, to target people who might be interested in your brand, you need to
use hashtags.
Physically touch them if you have the level of rapport where this is appropriate. Put your hand on their Action
forearm or shoulder to draw their attention.
Once you sense that you are approaching agreement, you need to cement it by suggesting the next step or
Bring up a topic that you know they are passionate about and segue into your argument – but be sure there action that will put your solution in motion. Don’t wait – act as soon as you can so that the other person
is a valid connection so you don’t seem to be changing the topic too quickly. Start with a statement that is not left stewing and thinking things over more (and perhaps changing their mind).
conveys the benefit of your position for the other person
A guide to the Psychology of Influence and Persuasion of Human Behavior
Need
Once you have the other person’s attention, work to keep it. You can lose their attention as quickly as you
have it if the other person doesn’t see the need to continue listening. To keep the other person’s attention, Negotiation: Definition; Process of Negotiation
you have to be familiar with what is important to them. What do they want? What do they value? Why Negotiation is a dialogue that is supposed to create an agreement or resolve a disagreement.
should they care about your side of the argument? Once you can answer these questions, you are ready to Negotiation is a process that is developed when negotiation counterparts (at least two), who have interests,
‘hook’ the listener by focusing on what they care about. some of which are common and others divergent, desire to reach an agreement.
Negotiation is a method by which people settle differences. It is a process by which compromise or
Satisfaction agreement is reached while avoiding argument and dispute. In any disagreement, individuals
understandably aim to achieve the best possible outcome for their position (or perhaps an organisation
they represent).
In this step, you describe to the listener how your position will meet the need you addressed in the previous
step. Will your solution solve their problem? Will it prevent them from having to deal with additional A negotiation is a strategic discussion that resolves an issue in a way that both parties find acceptable. In
a negotiation, each party tries to persuade the other to agree with his or her point of view.
problems? In other words, what benefits will the listener receive if they are persuaded by your argument.
Soft Negotiation:
Or what negative consequences will they avoid?
Participants are friends.
Visualization The goal is agreement.
Hard Negotiation:
Visualization means that you can create a picture for the listener of what the situation will look like once
Participants are adversaries.
they have been persuaded to accept your position or agree to your decision. Help them do this by
describing what the world will be like ‘after’ they agree with you. For example, use language like: The goal is victory.
Negotiation Includes:
Imagine what it will be like when you no longer have to… 1. Listening
2. Ability to identify the interests of both sides
Can you see how this would reduce your work load (solve your problem, increase your profits, etc.) 3. Persuasion
4. Diplomacy
Picture yourself leaving work on time once we make this change (or some other way their life will improve 5. Building and preserving relationships
once they agree with you)

Objectives: Negotiation Process
1. Identify and discuss individual sources of negotiating strength During1:
2. Practice skills that can influence the outcome of the negotiation
a) Bring the list of your main points and a set of questions
3. Develop an awareness of the importance of personality traits, trust and self-awareness in effective
b) Try not to interrupt; the more they reveal, the more you ’ll learn
negotiating
c) Re-state as impartially as you can “ as I hear it…)
Negotiation Process d) Stay open to new information
e) Take notes
Preparation1:
Negotiation Process
a) Know what your interests are and why you value them?
b) What is the issue at hand? During2:
c) What are the ”needs” vs. “ wants”?
a) Focus on interests. Not people, not gains
d) Know the strengths and weaknesses of your position and Self awareness, personality
b) Use objective criteria to make decisions and be sure the other party does as well
characteristics, emotional intelligence
c) Redirect personal attacks onto the problem at hand.
Preparation2:
Negotiation Process
a) See things from the other’s point of view- why they are negotiating?
During3:
b) Research the interest of the other side
c) What are their needs (security, autonomy, recognition) a) Listen actively and reflectively
d) Be aware of the unpleasant consequences for both sides if your idea/proposal is not accepted b) Listen also for what is not said
e) If you succeed who else might be affected, harmed, advanced? c) Learn from what the other side says
d) Stay open to new information
e) Synthesize the information you hear and use it in your own argument,
Negotiation Process
Planning1:
Negotiation Process
a) Brainstorm all alternatives that could satisfy your needs
During4:
b) Be creative and expand the pie
c) Know who is supportive and who is not/less a) Be prepared to walk away if an agreement is not reached.
d) Does this person has the authority to make the decision? b) Write a note or memo if contract or agreement is required. (e.g., “If I don’t hear by x, will assume
e) Are there any penalties for bluffing? that it stands”)
f) Are there time limits associated with negotiations?
Negotiation Process
The Six-Step
Planning2:
(Negotiation)Process
a) Imagine how it would feel to achieve your goal
b) Role play your opening with a trusted colleague and rehearse the problematic areas a) State the problem/issue.
c) Be the devil’s advocate b) Identify real needs (interests)on both sides.
d) Plan ways to break it/Buy time c) Restate the problem/issue(I think the real issue is…).
e) “I need to think over what you just said so can I have a couple of minutes?” d) Present possible solutions.
e) Decide on the best solution.
f) Reach consensus.
You must be able to communicate and anticipate. From this exercise, you realize that with others you can
do anything, if you have the correct leadership, the right perception, and the correct communication skills.
Qualities or Characteristics of a Good Negotiator
a) Core Characteristics
Good negotiators are calm, cool, collected, creative, ethical, firm, and fair. When the situation demands
it, they must be flexible. A negotiator must be a good listener, not a quick talker. He or she must have 1. Active listening – To do active listening, we must overcome some of our tendencies and habits
knowledge of many things and must be patient and persistent. Negotiators must have special abilities of that interfere with good listening.
perception in order to “read the feel” and to sense what is in the air. They must be able to feel what is 2. Acknowledging what has been said and felt – Have you effectively demonstrated to the other
going on. negotiators that you have heard and understood what they have said? Use paraphrasing and
summarizing.
They must be able to make their presence known. They must not be perceived just as an empty chair.
3. Listen to understand, speak to be understood – Have you thought about ways to communicate with
Sometimes, a person sits on a chair, and you see through the person, and just see the chair; that is not
the other party by using words (and at the right time) in a way that they will understand?
good. Such a person should not be part of the delegation. A good negotiator must be reasonable and
4. Speak about yourself, not them – Have you let them know what are the crucial issues for you and
respectful. He must possess a sense of humour. If not, you will end up having high blood pressure, like
your community and how you feel about the problem at hand? Use “I” statements.
me. You have to be able to laugh it off, even when situations are serious. You must be sincere and honest.
5. Speak for a purpose – Have you thought through the timing and impact of what you wish to say?
The most important thing, and people forget it, is that before you speak, you must be thankful. Thankful,
Be clear and concise.
even to the person you are fighting, for having come to the table. So before negotiations start, thank each
Summing Up
other and cool off tempers. This will induce the other side to let its guard down; in this way, you can
disarm them. Some of the most significant skills required for successful negotiation are −
A good negotiator plays a role of a leader. He must communicate the information to the rest of the team.  Efficient speaking
If the leader leaves, and the delegation is not well informed, all may be lost. You must have a solid idea  A positive attitude
of what the problem is; otherwise you cannot solve it. Third, you need to be able to work well in a team.  Efficient listening
The members of the delegation must be team players. They should not overrate their own importance.  Respect for the other parties
You have to listen to each other.  A sense of humour
 Good negotiators are calm, cool, collected, creative, ethical, firm, and fair
UNIT-5 (C05) The oral communication refers to the spoken words in the communication process. Oral communication
can either be face-to-face communication or a conversation over the phone or on the voice chat over the
Internet. Spoken conversations or dialogs are influenced by voice modulation, pitch, volume and even the
speed and clarity of speaking.
UNIT V- Communication Skills Introduction to oral communication, Nuances & Modes of Speech
Delivery, Public speaking: confidence, clarity, and fluency, Non-verbal Communication: Kinesics, Written communication can be either via snail mail, or email. The effectiveness of written
Paralinguistic features of Voice-Dynamics, Proxemics, Chronemics, and Presentation Strategies: communication depends on the style of writing, vocabulary used, grammar, clarity and precision of
planning, preparation, organization, delivery. language.
Nonverbal Communication
Communication Skills: Non-verbal communication includes the overall body language of the person who is speaking, which will
include the body posture, the hand gestures and overall body movements. The facial expressions also play
The word ‘communication’ has been taken from Latin word ‘communicare’ which means to impart, to a major role while communication since the expressions on a person's face say a lot about his/her mood.
share: sharing ideas, facts, and information and so on. The information can be a lot of different things On the other hand gestures like a handshake, a smile or a hug can independently convey emotions. Non
depending on the context. The information can flows with the help of words, gestures, drawings, paintings, verbal communication can also be in the form of pictorial representations, signboards, or even
songs, music. The means can be: speeches, emails, blogs, forums, text messages, voice messages, poems, photographs,sketches and paintings.
essays, books, newspapers, ads, articles, and practically anything you can speak through, write on or draw
on. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient. The sender and the receiver Process of Communication:
can be people, animals or devices.
Source...
As the source of the message, you need to be clear about why you're communicating, and what you want
Types of Communication to communicate. You also need to be confident that the information you're communicating is useful and
Communication can occur via various processes and methods and depending on the channel used and the accurate.
style of communication, there can be various types of communication: Message...
The message is the information that you want to communicate.
Types of Communication Based on Communication Channels Encoding...

This is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent
(e.g.. language and body) and correctly decoded at the other end.
Based on the channels used for communicating, the process of communication can be broadly classified
as verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Channel...
Messages are conveyed through channels, with verbal including face-to-face meetings, telephone and
Verbal Communication videoconferencing; and written including letters, emails, memos and reports.
Verbal communication is further divided into written and oral communication: Decoding...
Just as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding (involving, for example, taking the time to
read a message carefully, or listen actively to it.) Just as confusion can arise from errors in encoding, it criticizing them for doing so during a time of tight budgets—the occasion allows the speaker to determine
can also arise from decoding errors. This is particularly the case if the decoder doesn't have enough the tone of a part of a meeting. In these kinds of situations, the speaker has the ability to set the tone.
knowledge to understand the message. Considering Language and Style:
As a speaker, the language you use to give your speech will shape the style of your speech. Style refers to
Receiver... the type of language and phrasing a speaker uses, and the effect it creates. Your style can be ornate and
Receiver is the audience to whom the message is transferred. The role of receiver is to decode the message indirect; such a style was common in the nineteenth century but is less so today. For example, consider
and then to give feedback accordingly. the ornate style used in this selection from Daniel Webster’s 1825 “Bunker Hill Monument Oration”:
There are two main elements of style are clarity and appropriateness. Your speech style has the element
Feedback... of clarity if listeners are able to grasp the message you intended to communicate. Using precise language
Your audience will provide you with feedback, verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated increases clarity. In everyday conversation, speakers often use words and phrases without much attention
message. Feedback is the response of the receiver. to precision.
WHAT IS SPEECH DELIVERY?

Nuances of speech Delivery:
Public speaking, delivery refers to the presentation of the speech you haveresearched, organized, outlined,
and practiced. Delivery is important, of course, because itis what is most immediate to the audience. Speaking allows for meaningful pauses, eye contact, small changes in word order, and vocal emphasis.
Delivery relies on both verbal communicationand nonverbal, it is useful to discuss, as the styleof the
There are the methods of delivery that can help you balance between too much and too little formality
speech should be connected to its presentation.
when giving a public speech.
The importance of speech delivery: There are four main kinds of speech delivery- Impromptu, Extempore, Manuscript and Memorized.
Impromptu Speech -An Impromptu speech is delivered at the spur of the moment and is spontaneous. It
Once you have selected and researched your topic, and prepared and organized your presentation, you will
is an unprepared speech, an example of which can be a toast at a wedding or a reception party.
need to work on your delivery. Without diligent work on the initial parts of the speech process, however,
even the most impressive delivery has little meaning. On the other hand, combined with a well-prepared Extempore Speech - An Extempore speech is a style used in public speaking which uses an outline for
and practiced presentation, delivery can be a key to your success as a speaker. Delivery can communicate the speech and some prior preparation. It is a mix of spontaneous and prepared speech in the sense that
your confidence and preparedness to your audience. Effective delivery shows your audience that you have the speaker can change the speech as it goes. The speaker may speak using main points or a brief outline.
researched your topic and understand what you are speaking about. An effective delivery allows you to
pull it all together—to showcase your work and to speak with confidence during your delivery. Manuscript Speech- When a speaker reads from a prepared speech, using a manuscript, the style of
There are eight important aspects of delivery: overcoming anxiety, setting the tone, considering language speaking falls under this category. The entire speech may be read out from notes or printed material. An
and style, incorporating visual aids, being aware of time, choosing a delivery method, projecting a example would be a televised news report which a teleprompter reads out during a newscast. Memorized
speaking persona, and finally, practicing and putting your speech into action. Speech- When a speaker delivers a speech by memorising it or committing it to memory, it can be termed
as a memorized speech.
Preparing Carefully
Experts have discovered that it is not the amount of time you spend preparing, but how you prepare. People This kind of delivery has its pros and cons. Such a speech may either appear effortless or not very natural
who are extremely anxious about giving a speech tend to spend most of their time preparing notes. On the to the audience.
other hand, speakers who have less apprehension and are more effective prepare careful notes, but they
also spend considerable time analysing their anticipated audience. Ways to Improve Speaking Skills
1) Face the speaker and maintain eye contact.
a) Practice Your Speech Before You Give It
b) Focus on a friendly face 2) Be attentive and relaxed.
c) Try relaxation techniques
Setting the Tone: 3) Keep an open mind.
Tone refers to the mood or feeling the speaker creates. Sometimes the tone is set by the occasion. For 4) Listen to the speaker to picture the words that are being said.
example, speaking at a wedding and speaking at a funeral require different tones, and these tones are
determined more by the situation than by the speaker. In other situations—such as speaking in front of a 5) Give the speaker regular feedback.
city council to praise them for making a courageous decision about building a new library or park or
6) Practice active listening by being responsive and attentive.
7) When listening to someone talk about a problem, refrain from suggesting solutions.
8) Wait for the speaker to pause before you ask questions to clarify their stance. Ask questions to ensure
understanding.
9) You can nod and show your understanding through appropriate facial expressions.
10) Pay attention to the non-verbal cues as well.
KINESICS
In face to face interaction, body language plays an important role. We began to form an impression about  Kinesics is used to portray moods and emotions effectively. One of the best examples for kinesics that we
a speaker as soon as we see him/her. The way s/he is dressed, the way s/he walks,the way he smiles,the use in our daily routines is:
way he stands,-all these things show his personality, his skills…. kinesics is the study of the movement of
human body in the process of communication.  subtle cues like eye contact, hand gesture, posture, and mirroring (people copying each other’s postures
during conversation) show a person’s interest in the conversation
Kinesics (the language of body) contains below points-  usually, those who use hand gestures may be more self-confident and energetic or may be perceived as
such
 Personal appearance  studies have even shown that sitting or standing in more open and widespread postures reduces stress
levels
 Facial expressions  kinesics can also make some people seem dominant and others submissive; those who have a confident
posture usually are seen as more dominant
 Eye contact
 In a face to face interaction, body language plays an important role. We begin to form an impression of a
 Movement speaker as soon as we see him. The way he is dressed, the way he walks, the way he smiles, the way he
stands,-all these things show his personality.
 Postures
 These movements reflect an individual’s thought process and regulate communication. The key to
 Gestures effective gestures and postures is they need to appear natural and authentic. If the body language appears
to be faked then others will perceive you as unauthentic.
Kinesics helps in effective communication as it helps to improve our body language and interaction
quality. It helps to know what our personal appearance helps in your effective communication. It helps in  In a current application, kinesics behavior is sometimes used as signs of deception by interviewers looking
learning the facial expressions while speaking to particular vs to a community. It helps in maintaining eye for clusters of movements to determine the veracity of the statement being uttered, although kinesics can
contact, proper posture, and effective gesture throughout the whole communication process. . be equally applied in any context and type of setting to construe innocuous messages whose carriers are
indolent or unable to express verbally.
Thus these little things make our lectures or interaction effective and efficient. And hence of course
 Body language is especially meaningful in an interview as your interviewer will be paying as much
kinesics is helpful for advancing our communication skills.
attention to nonverbal cues as to what you have to say.
 Role of kinesics in Communication: Kinesics is one of the main powerful ways that humans
communicate non-verbally. Spoken language and voice is only 7% to 38% of communication.
louder than words”? Well, it’s true! 60–70% of our communication is nonverbal while only 30–40 % makes
up the verbal component. That’s why we sometimes don’t trust someone even if their words are saying
“trust me”.
Proxemics describes an individual’s perception of and use of space, both personal (how much space do
they take up) and social (distance from another).
It has emerged with the studies of animal behavior conducted in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Just as
animals use urine and physical posturing to define their territory, Hall posited, so do humans use personal
space and concrete objects to establish theirs. Proxemics is one of five non-verbal communication theories,
the others being semiotics (sign language), kinesics (body language), haptics (touch) and chronemics
(time).
Strategies of Effective Presentation:
1. Introduction
2. Defining purpose
3. Analysing audience and locale
4. Organizing contents
“Body language is a very powerful tool. We had body language before we had speech, and
apparently, 80% of what you understand in a conversation is read through the body, not the i. Introduction
words.” – Deborah Bull ii. Main body
iii. Conclusions
Kinesics helps in effective communication as it helps to improve our body language and interaction 5. Preparing outline
quality. It helps to know what our appearance helps in your effective communication. It helps in learning 6. Visual aids
the facial expressions while speaking to a particular person. It helps in maintaining eye contact, proper A. Understanding Nuances of delivery
posture, and effective gesture throughout the whole communication process. a) Extemporaneous
b) Manuscript
c) Impromptu
Paralinguistic Features in communication and Voice Dynamics: d) Memorization
B. Kinesics (Body’s physical movement)
Paralinguistic elements in a person's speech convey meaning beyond the words and grammar used.
a) Personal appearance
Examples of paralinguistic features include pitch, rate, quality of voice and amplitude.
b) Posture
Paralinguistic is the part of communication outside of the words themselves – the volume, speed, c) Gesture
intonation of a voice along with gestures and other non-verbal cues. Whenever there is confusion or d) Facial expression
stereotyping in cross-cultural communication, Para-linguistics is most often responsible. Paralinguistics
e) Eye contact
can be broken down into categories. The following are the most important for the classroom. x Gestures
x Facial expressions x Eye contact x Kinesics or body language x Proxemics Gestures: Gestures are C. Paralinguistic (non-verbal cues)
commonly used in the classroom to help convey a message to second language learners. Be careful! a) Quality
Gestures have different meanings in different cultures. b) Volume
c) Pace/rate
d) Pitch
Proxemics e) Articulation
In the field of somatic psychology, nonverbal communication is a key element. Nonverbal communication f) Pronunciation
is the ability to read and understand people’s nonverbal signals. Have you heard the phrase “actions speak g) Voice modulation and etc.
Presentation: Purpose
Audience and Locale.
To Create Awareness by Sharing

To Motivate and Educate
To Sell Something NUMBER NATURE NEEDS KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE

PURPOSE LEVEL
To Persuade People to Follow a Course of Action To
Inform People about an Idea, Event, Incident Etc LANGUAGE OF
DELIVERY
To Describe a Business Opportunity to Gain Support for Some Course of Action OR

Help to arrange
To Collect People’s Views on New Plans/ Products to Bring Changes. Active Audience Liking or Decide the Of Physical
sound system language of Appearance of the
Presentation teaches us how to deliver our views and thoughts before audiences. Its Passive Disliking
Help to arrange delivery Speaker
main purpose may be described as follows- Audience Varying Needs
ample place Decide the
 It creates awareness by sharing information among people.
Sleepy Audience Subject Matter
Help to arrange choice of easy Of the manner of
Witty Audience words
 It motivates and educates the people.
Preference his presentation
many other things Facilities Encouraging the
 Its main purpose is to sell a product/service. Decide the
speaker
 It persuades people to follow a course of action. Looking for
 It informs people about an idea, event, incident etc. smiling faces
 It describes a business opportunity to gain support for some course Avoiding
of action. Number of Audience: It helps us to arrange ample place. It helps to arrange many other
 It collects people’s views on new plans, policies and products to bring things.
changes.
Nature of Audience: The speaker should know the nature of the audience before he starts
speaking. He should know whether or not the listeners are active. He should know whether
or not they are attentive to his speech delivery. If they are attentive, it will encourage the
speaker.
Needs of Audience: It shows liking or disliking of the listeners. It shows different types of
need of the audience. It describes preference of the audience for the subject matter and
other facilities.
Level of Knowledge: It decides the language of delivery. It means the speaker should
deliver his speech in the language that his audience can understand.
Attitude of Both Audience & Speaker: Audience should have positive attitude towards
the physical appearance of the speaker. They should have positive attitude towards the
manner of his presentation. They should ever encourage the speaker. The speaker should
avoid criticism of the audience and their gloomy faces.
Some steps to make a presentation successful.
Place of Presentation Objective-decision

Speaking From a Podium
Public Address System Self-control
Sitting Arrangement System
An Open Place Lawn Etc
STEPS Poise
Proper Stage
Awareness of the Audience
Audio video Aids
TO
SUCCESSFUL Awareness of Time & Place
Tactfulness
It is a place of presentation. It is the place wherefrom the speaker delivers his speech. Here
the presenter speaks from the podium. It is also known as public address system. It includes Persuasiveness
sitting arrangement, temperature controlling system, and lighting system. It may be an open
place or lawn equipped with all facilities. Enthusiasm
Finally we can conclude that to know about audience properly, we should have knowledge Honesty
of their numbers, nature, needs, level of knowledge and their attitude. All these traits decide
the language of delivery and selection of inputs.
Flexibility
Objective-Decision: The presenter should decide the objective of the presentation. He
should very carefully select the topic of the presentation. The topic should be beneficial to
the audience.
Self-Control: The presenter should not be nervous on the stage. He should take deep
breath, then look at the audience and finally start his presentation.
Poise: The presenter should keep himself in good command of body language. Body
language is the soul of presentation. No presentation can be successful without proper and
tactful movements of body.
Awareness of the Audience: The presenter should be aware of the number of the audience,
their nature, their needs, their attitude and their level of understanding. This will help him
to select appropriate subject of the presentation. This will help him to choose the mode of
the presentation.
Awareness of Time & Place: Time and place play important role in making presentation
successful. The presenter should have knowledge about the time and place of the
presentation. He should reach the place well before the time so that he could ensure whether
or not the things are well arranged. He should have the knowledge of the place so that he
could find out it easily.
Tactfulness: The presenter should be tactful enough in the art of presentation. He should Personal Hygiene
learn some tacts to entertain the audience even though the topic is much critical.
All these above traits make personality. And personality creates impression upon the
Persuasiveness: It is ability to make the audience hear our points of view. It is an art of people whom we speak.
persuading the audience. They will agree with the presenter if he knows the art of
persuasiveness. Facial Expression: Facial expression plays an important role in oral
communication. It includes the following traits:-
Enthusiasm: The presenter should never lose the sight of the objective of the presentation.
Smiling
He should keep up the spirit of the presentation.
Honesty: The presenter should be honest in giving information to the audience. He should Frowning
try his best to provide the audience with complete and correct information of the things. Raising of eye-brows
Flexibility: The presenter should not be rigid if there is a different point of interpretation Tightening of jaw muscles
from the audience. In the end of the presentation, he should invite the audience to ask him
questions. He should answer their questions with patience and honesty. He should also It expresses happiness, anger, surprise, boredom, fear, sadness, hatred, liking, disliking,
welcome their criticism. rejection, love, agreement, frustration etc.
Head Movements: Movements of head speak a lot rather than words. Nodding of the head
shows honor, confidence and self-respect. The low-bent head shows politeness and
Body-Language/ Kinesics
modesty. The jerk of the head shows either rejection or confirmation.
Posture or Body Position: It refers to the way one stands, one sits and walks. When
Body language is also known as Kinesics. It means the study and role of the body someone stands erect, it shows confidence. When someone sits with ease and grace, it
movements such as winking, shrugging, kicking etc in communication. We have graphed shows his majesty and royalty. When someone walks with ease and grace, it shows him
some traits of Kinesics as follows- energetic and confident. Slump Posture shows unwillingness and uneasiness.
Eye-Contact: The eyes are the windows of the mind. They express passion, moods and
Personal Appearance
other physical and mental traits.
Facial Expression
Sincerity
Head Movements
Intelligenc
EYE
KINESICS Posture or Body Position e Attitude
CONTACT
Eye Contact Feelings
Gestures Level of Interest

Body Shape
Personal Expression: It is physical appearance which makes first impression upon the
Smell & Touch
audience. It includes the following features-
Physical Appearance
Gesture: These are those physical movements that someone makes often
Physique unconsciously. The following graph includes some gestures-
Attractiveness
Playing With a Key-ring

0-02ft Intimate
Twisting a Key Chain Clasping
one’s Hand Tightly Shrugging 02-4ft Personal
GESTURES
Shoulders Thumps-up 08-12ft Social
12- Eyesight Public
Nodding Head
Shaking Head
If two persons are from 01 to 02 feet away from each other, they are supposed to be
ECTOMORPH NESOMORPH ENDOMORPH intimate. If they are from 02 to 4 feet away from each other, they are supposed to be
Thin Strong Fat personal. If they are from 08 feet to 12 feet away from each other, they are supposed to be
social. If they are from 12 feet to eyesight away from each other, they are supposed to be
Tall Athletic Round public.
Youthful Muscular Soft
Audio-visual aids for presentation
Body shape: It is also known as physical shape. It is basically classified in three parts as Audio-visual aids are often used to provide the audience with a situation near to reality so
graphed above. that they get the ideas rapidly. These aids help in making spoken words clear because the
ideas are put across through more than one of the five physical senses. The audio and visual
Physical body speaks a lot about the personality of a man. If a man is youthful and tall like aids are graphed below-
the present president of America ‘Barrac Obama”, he is supposed to be a leader and a
dominant person. If a man is fat and round, he is supposed to be a lazy person.
AUDIO-AIDS VISUAL-AIDS AUDIO & VISUAL-AIDS
Smell & Touch: Touching people in different ways, silently communicates many things • Audio tape recorder • Visual Aids
about the man who touches and also the man who is touched. The pat on the shoulder shows • T.V.
Handouts
encouragement. The slap on the cheeks shows anger and revenge. • Audio CDs, CD • • Computer
ROMs Tables • Mobile Phones
• I-PODS
• • Cinema Hall
Graphs & Charts
Proxemics •
It is a language, which tells the meaning of varied distances, people make between each • MP3 • MP4, MP5
Chalk Board/ White
other. It is also known as space-language. We will define this space language through the • Transistors • Board
graph as given below:-
Flip Charts
• Public Address •
System Slides
• a- Microphones b- • Posters
Amplifiers OHP
•
c- Loud speakers
Audio-Visual Aids Magazines
Audio-visual aids are very effective means to explain difficult things in a very simple Research Articles
manner. The presenter can make deep impression upon the audience with the help of audio- Technical Papers
visual aids. We have to keep some precautions before we start presentation using audio-
visual aids. These precautions are as follows- APPENDIX
1. Make certain whether or not everyone can see or hear of these aids.
2. Explain visual aids if there is any similarity between two visual aids. COVER PAGE: Cover page includes the name of the organization wherein the presenter
3. Organize visual aids as the part of the presentation. works or he submits the paper of presentation to this organization. We write the name of
4. Emphasize visual aids to make long expression upon the audience. the writer who has prepared the paper for presentation. We clearly mention the topic for
5. Talk to the audience while using visual aids. presentation in bold letters. Then we write the name of the person to whom we submit the
6. Don’t give your full attention to the audio-visual aids otherwise you will bore the paper of presentation. At last we mention the date of submission on the same page.
audience. INDEX: We basically includes three elements in index
7. To entertain the audience, we have to keep both audio-and visual aids and audience 1. Introduction
at proper attention, similarly. 2. Discussion
8. Determine if the audience is large or small and how they will be seated. 3. Conclusion
Organizing contents of presentation INTRODUCTION: We introduce the audience about the basic things and the background
of the topic of the presentation. We briefly summarize the gist of the presentation.
DISCUSSION: Here we discuss the topic broadly. We highlight each and every point
ORGANISING CONTENTS clearly.
OF
CONCLUSION: It comes out of the two previous elements- Introduction and Discussion.
PRESENTATION Herein we make suggestions to the audience. We also tell them how much this topic is
significant for the growth of the nation.
COVER PAGE QUESTION & ANSWER SESSION: This content is very much important in the course
of the presentation. Herein the presenter invites the audience to ask him question. He
Name of the Organization
answers their question very clearly and with patience. He clears his own doubts through
Name of the Topic this query session. And the audiences are also satisfied with his presentation.
Name of the Presenter BIBLIOGRAPHY: This is the list of the books, journals, magazines, research papers,
Name of the Teacher / Instructor articles, websites etc which the presenter consults during his making of the presentation.
He mentions the names of the writer of the books and also their publication and editors in
Date of Submission the list.
INDEX APPENDIX: The presenter adds the detailed summary of the points mentioned in the
presentation in the appendix.
Introduction
Discussion The outline of presentation
Bibliography
OUTLINE
Appendix
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Journals
OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
MAIN BODY
CONCLUSION
QUERIES
A significant aspect of the outline of the presentation is to know how to start our EXTEMPORE IMPROMPTU
presentation and what to speak first. It does not refer to how we greet our audience. Main
thing is to start with which point. Carefull SCRIPT WrittenSANS SCRIPTMemorization
We have to keep in mind the audio-visual aids management for the presentation. We have y Natura o
suggested some tips to manage them for presentation as follows- l
prepared n Paper Cramme
Speech d
For smaller groups of 5 to 20 participants, flip chart is an acceptable option. Requirin Original
Audio- Tape is a good option for a group of 20 and more than 20 participants. Delivery
g Manuscript
Handouts are useful for large or small crowds but avoid distribute them during Delivery
presentation. Rehearsa
Made-
l
Nuances of speech delivery on
Impulse
NUANCES- Suitable changes, difference, variance in the expression, application etc For
Example
DISTANCE
SPEED
TIME
Here TIME & DISTANCE are two nuances of SPEED. If we make slight change in TIME,
SPEED will either decrease or increase.
Important is how to say, not what to say in the delivery of the speech. It is mandatory to
study all possible, nuances of speech delivery to make the presentation effective,
successful, lively and memorable.
Nuances of delivery are those variables, which affect the mode of presentation. These
variables or nuances are graphed below-
We have graphed four modes of presentation. Every mode has its own importance and
SANS SCRIPT MODE OF PRESENTATION
value in presentation. We will further discuss advantages and limitations of every mode of
In this mode, the operator reads manuscript several times and crams it by heart then he
presentation
delivers it without any script. This mode has some advantages and limitations too.
Advantages
MODES OF
1. Herein it is easy to maintain eye contact with the audience.
PRESENTATION
2. He can use body language properly.
3. He can finish his speech well in time.
EXTEMPORANEOUS MODE OF PRESENTATION Limitations
It is more valuable mode of presentation. It has some qualities, which are given below- 1. It requires too much time to prepare the speech.
It has flexibility of language. One can express the subject of presentation in one’s 2. The crammed speech can bore the audience.
own language. 3. Language is not flexible.
The presenter can use supporting materials during his presentation. 4. No adaptation is possible.
He has enough time so he can make eye contact with most of the audience. 5. It can upset him if he forgets any word or sentence
As he delivers his speech without script, so he needs not to stand at podium. He can
move freely on the stage. Nuances of Voice dynamics
Nuances are very slight differences in traits and contents, modes and manners of
IMPROMPTU MODE OF PRESENTATION presentation. We will apply nuances in the following attributes of presentation and see their
In this mode of presentation, the presenter does not prepare the speech in advance. effects afterwards.
He speaks to the audience all of a sudden. This speech is natural. It is spontaneous
in nature.
The presenter gets chance to express himself.
Limitations
 The presenter has not sufficient time for the preparation in advance.
 Due to lack of time, he can’t organize his ideas properly.

 As he is invited to suddenly deliver the speech, so he can’t gather supporting
materials (quotations, proverbs, statics, illustrations)
SCRIPT MODE OF PRESENTATION

This is the third mode of presentation. Herein the presenter delivers his speech with script.
It has some advantages and limitations too.
Advantages
The presenter can’t skip important messages because first he reads then speaks.
He can prolong his accurate and original speech.
He can refine his language by frequent rehearsals.
Limitations
He has not enough time to make proper eye contact with the audience.
This mode is not flexible because he can’t use his own dialect (self language
GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME : Loudness or
Softness of Voice
RATE : Words Spoken

Per Minute.
PITCH : No of Vibrations per Second. Rise and fall of

Voice
PAUSE : A Short Silence

PRONUNCIATION: A way to speak word
distinctly
MODULATION: A Way to Adjust Tone, Pitch and Volume

SILENCE: A Total Absence of Voice and Speech Delivery.
VOLUME: If locale is open, the volume should be high. Low volume is preferred in small and
enclosed locale. Too high volume shows boorishness (rusticity) and too low volume shows
timidity. It shows lack of confidence. It shows that the speaker is not well prepared. Nuances
of the volume are used to retain the interest of the audience.
RATE: Normal rate of voice is 120- 150 per minute. If the rate is less than 120 words per
minute, the speech delivery is called dull and monotonous. If the rate is more than 150 words
per minute, the speech delivery is called rashly and aggressive. The speaker should vary
speaking pace. He should use pauses to create emphasis.
PITCH: It is the rise and the fall of the voice. If the pitch is low, it shows sadness, dullness,
guilt etc. If the pitch is high, it shows excitement, joy, anger, triumph etc. The speaker should
use variety of pitches to hold the attention of the audience PAUSE: It helps the speaker move
from one thought to another. It lets the speaker reflect on the message and digest it. The speaker
should apply the pauses at the end of important thoughts.
PRONUNCIATION: The speaker should speak word distinctly. If the words are lengthy, he
should split in small parts then pronounce them.
VOICE MODULATION: It is a way to regulate, vary or adjust the tone, pitch and volume of
the voice. It is applied to bring flexibility and vitality to the voice. Word stress and sentence
stress modulate the voice.
SILENCE: It is a good way to arrest the attention of the audience suddenly. The presenter is
needed to make a long pause amid his speech delivery.

Knc101 Ss I Syb Obe Notes-2020-21

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Knc101 Ss I Syb Obe Notes-2020-21

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Knc101 Ss I Syb Obe Notes-2020-21

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

REVISED FIRST YEAR SYLLABUS 2020-21

KNC-101 SOFT SKILLS-I 2L:0T:0P

UNIT II- Presentation and Interaction Skills

UNIT III- Interpersonal Communication Skills Outcome

Curriculum & Evaluation Scheme (I & II semester) Page 43

NOTES Past Continuous Tense

Tenses: Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object

11. They had played cricket yesterday. (Past Perfect) Conjunction

Eight Parts of Speech in English Grammar 2. Pronouns

• “But his sons run it when he’s away.” (plural)

Abate Moderate, decrease Aggravate Arraign Incriminate, indict Exculpate, Pardon

Abjure Forsake, renounce Approve, Sanction Barbarous Frustrate, perplex Civilized

Abortive Vain, unproductive Productive Baroque Florid, gilt Plain, unadorned

Accord Agreement, harmony Discord Barrier Barricade, Obstacle Link, Assistance

Admonish Counsel, reprove Approve, Applaud Bind Predicament Release

Allay Pacify, soothe Aggravate, Excite Batty Insane, silly Sane

Bold Adventurous Timid Contrary dissimilar, conflicting Similar, Alike

Capable competent, able Incompetent, Inept Candid Blunt, bluff Evasive

Calamity adversity, misfortune Fortune Camouflage Cloak, disguise Reveal

Calculating Canny, Devious Artless, honest Carnal Earthly, fleshly Spiritual

Calumny defamation, aspersion Commendation, Praise Captivate Beguile, bewitch Repel

Cease terminate, desist Begin, Originate Cement Plaster, mortar Disintegrate

Consolidate solidify, strengthen Separate, Weaken Conceit Egotism, Immodesty Modesty

Concord Agreement, accord Discord Destructive Catastrophic, pernicious Creative, Constructive

Consolidate Centralize, Fortify Weaken Dwarf Diminutive, Petite Huge, Giant

Creation Formation, foundation Destruction Eager Keen, acquisitive Indifferent, apathetic

Denounce Blame, boycott Defend Ferocious cruel, fierce Gentle, Sympathetic

Glut stuff, satiate Starve, abstain Impenitent Uncontrite, Obdurate Repentant

Grudge hatred, aversion Benevolence, Affection Infernal Damned, Accursed Heavenly,

Genuine Absolute, Factual Spurious Indigent Destitute, Impoverished Rich, Affluent

Mandatory Imperative, requisite Optional Nullify cancel, annual Confirm, Uphold

Miraculous marvelous, extraordinary Ordinary, trivial Obscure Arcane, Vague Prominent

Modest humble, courteous Arrogant, pompous Obtain Access, Inherit Forfeit

Munificent liberal, hospitable Frugal, penurious Ominous Menacing, Foreboding Auspicious

Mutinous recalcitrant, insurgent Submissive, faithful Optimist Idealist Pessimist

Perturbed Flustered, anxious Calm Reason Acumen, Bounds Folly, Speculation

Prudence Vigilance, Discretion Indiscretion Remnant Residue, piece Entire, whole

Paramount foremost, eminent Trivial, inferior Restrain Detain, Confine Incite

Precarious doubtful, insecure Assured Rescind Annul, abrogate Delegate, permit

Startled Frightened, Shocked Waveringly Successful Propitious, Felicitous Destitute, Untoward

Sublime Magnificent, eminent Ridiculous Subsequent consequent, following Preceding, previous

Thrifty Frugal, prudent Extravagant Virtue Ethic, morality Vice, dishonesty

Tremble Vibrate Steady Wan Pale, faded Bright, healthy

Transparent Diaphanous Opaque Waive Relinquish, remove Impose, Clamp

Vain Arrogant, egoistic Modest Winsome Beautiful, Comely Alluring, Rapturous

claim, to declare/ exclaim, Latin cardi heart cardiac, Latin

co-exist, co-worker, co-author, co-operate, co-act, co-

get off , take away extremely,

ante- before: earlier: earlier ante-room, ante-date, ante-dated, ante-mortem, ante-

(of time and order)

(Noun from Verb) (Adjective from Noun )

-ion/-tion associat-ion, creat-ion, combina-tion, selec-tion, rejec-tion,cultiva-

4-Adjective from Verb

-ance abund-ance, brilli-ance, dist-ance, ignor-ance, ful, power-ful

hand-cloth, Adjective + Past Ill-tempered, hot-tempered, short-tempered, sweet-tongued, soft-hearted,

Gerund + Noun Walking-stick, playing-card, dressing-room. Drinking-water, revolving-

Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)