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TWO-DIMENSIONAL
KINEMATICS
Chapter 4
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Units of Chapter 4

•  Motion in Two Dimensions

•  Projectile motion: basic equations

•  Zero Launch Angle

•  General Launch Angle

•  Projectile motion: Key Characteristics

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4-1 Motion in Two Dimensions

•  General idea:

Horizontal and vertical motions are independent

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4-1 Motion in Two Dimensions

•  Horizontal and vertical
motions are independent

•  If velocity is constant,
motion is along a
straight line
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4-1 Motion in Two Dimensions

•  Motion with constant acceleration: same equations as in Chapter
2, but motion in the x- and y-directions should be solved separately:
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4-2 Projectile motion: basic equations

•  Projectile: object that is launched into motion and then follows a path
determined solely by gravity
•  Assumptions:

1) ignore air resistance;

2) g = 9.81 m/s2, downward;
3) ignore Earth s rotation;

If y-axis points upward, acceleration in x-direction is zero and acceleration

in y-direction is -9.81 m/s2
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Example

What is the motion of a struck baseball? Once it leaves the

bat (if air resistance is negligible) only the force of gravity acts
on the baseball.
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Example continued
•  The baseball has ax= 0 and ay= −g, it moves with constant
velocity along the x-axis and with nonzero, constant
acceleration along the y-axis.
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Example
•  An object is projected from the origin. The initial velocity
components are vix= 7.07 m/s, and viy= 7.07 m/s. Determine
the x and y position of the object at 0.2 second intervals for
1.4 seconds. Also plot the results.

Since the object starts from the origin, ∆x and ∆y will represent the location
of the object at time ∆t
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Example continued
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4-2 Projectile motion: basic equations

•  The acceleration is independent of the direction of the velocity:
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4-2 Projectile motion: basic equations

•  These, then, are the basic equations of projectile motion:

•  All studies of projectile motion will use these equations, substituting

specific values for the constants
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4-3 Zero launch angle

•  Launch angle: direction of initial velocity with respect to horizontal
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4-3 Zero launch angle

•  In this case, the initial velocity in the y-direction is zero. Here are the
equations of motion, with x0 = 0 and y0 = h:
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4-3 Zero launch angle

•  This is the trajectory of a
projectile launched
horizontally:
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4-3 Zero launch angle

•  Eliminating t and solving for y as a function of x:

•  This has the form y = a + bx2, which is the equation of a parabola.

•  The landing point can be found by setting y = 0 and solving for x:

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4-4 General launch angle

•  In general, v0x = v0 cos θ and v0y = v0 sin θ

•  This gives the equations of motion:

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4-4 General launch angle

•  Snapshots of a trajectory; red dots are at t = 1 s, t = 2 s, and t = 3 s
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4-5 Projectile Motion: Key Characteristics

•  Range: the horizontal distance a projectile travels

•  If the initial and final elevation are the same:

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4-5 Projectile Motion: Key Characteristics

•  The range is a maximum when θ = 45°:
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4-5 Projectile Motion: Key Characteristics

Symmetry in projectile motion:
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4-5 Example
Zookeeper shoots a banana to a monkey

h=4.10 m

v0=12.0 m/s

2 2
d=5.50 m
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Example
•  An arrow is shot into the air with θ= 60° and vi = 20.0 m/s.

a) what are the vx and vy components of the arrow when

t = 3 s?
The components of the initial velocity
are:
vix=vi cosθ = 10.0 m/s
viy=vi sinθ = 17.3 m/s

At t = 3 s:
vfx=vix +ax Δt = vix = 10.0 m/s
vfy=viy +ay Δt = viy-gΔt = -12.1 m/s
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Example continued
b) What are the x and y components of the displacement of
the arrow during the 3.0 sec interval?
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Example continued
c) How far does the arrow land from where it is released?
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Summary of Chapter 4
•  Components of motion in the x- and y-directions can be
treated independently

•  In projectile motion, the acceleration is –g

•  If the launch angle is zero, the initial velocity has only an

x-component

•  The path followed by a projectile is a parabola

•  The range is the horizontal distance the projectile travels