Unit 2.

Health Problems

Health issue occurs when the normal metabolism of the body failed or
altered due to pollutant, pathogen or other means that cause health problem which
are considered as disease.

Sometimes these issues could be genetic, in which the patient might inherit
the disease causing gene from their parents. These health issues were first
diagnosed and an effective treatment is given to the patient depending on his need
so that the body metabolism returns back to normal. Thus helps the patient to
recover from the disease.

The most common ways to ask about someone's health are:

- How do you feel today?

- How are you feeling?
- Is everything okay?

They will most likely respond:

- I'm fine.
- I feel sick.
- Not so good.
- Not very well.
- I don't feel well.
- I'm sick.

When you see (or hear) that they are not well, then you can ask:

- What's the matter?

- What's wrong?

If the person wants to say what is wrong, they may give the reason they feel that
way:

- I have ... (+ health condition)

- I've got ... (+ health condition)
 - I have a headache
- I've got a sore throat.

vocabulary

an allergy: una alergia: a broken leg una pierna rota

asthma: asma: a bruise un moretón
a backache: un dolor de espalda: a cold un resfriado
a broken leg: una pierna rota: a cough tos
cancer: cáncer: cold frío
a cold: un resfriado: sprain esguince
a cough: tos: a cramp un calambre
diarrhoea: Diarrea: a cut un corte
an earache: un dolor de oído: an earache un dolor de oído
a fever: fiebre a fever fiebre
the flu: la gripe a headache un dolor de cabeza
a headache: un dolor de cabeza: a runny nose una nariz que
moquea
heartburn: acidez: a sore throat dolor de garganta
(the) measles: (el) sarampión: a stomachache dolor de estómago
a rash: una erupción a stuffy nose una nariz tapada
a sore throat: dolor de garganta a sunburn una quemadura de
sol
a sprain: un esguince a toothache un dolor de muelas
a stomachache dolor de estómago I have flu tengo gripe
sunburn: bronceado: I dizzy Me mareo
a toothache: un dolor de muelas sunburn bronceado
 Exercise.

1. write the corresponding name under the figures.

a cramp A broken bruise a cold cough

leg

a cut an earache a fever a headache a stuffy nose

a sore throat a stomachache a stuffy nose sunburn a toothache

2. Match the words to your drawing with a line

A broken leg

bruise

a cold

cough

a cramp

a cut

an earache
 a stuffy nose.

could and should for suggestions

We can use modals to give suggestions and advice, and to talk about
obligations (things we have to do).

Purpose Modal

could
Suggestion
might (want to)

should
Advice ought to
had better

must
Obligation
have / has (got) to

- You might schedule your appointment for the morning.

- You should eat vegetables every day.
- You have to finish this book by Friday.

AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

These modals are followed by the base form of a verb.

Subject Modal Base form of verb

I / We / You / They could leave

 might (want to)
should
ought to
had better
He / She / It
must

Subject Modal Base form of verb

I / We / You / They have (got) to

leave

He / She / It has (got) to

SUGGESTIONS

We use the modals of suggestion could and might (want to) to give someone ideas
about possible plans or actions.

- We could ask her to join us or we could go alone.

- You might want to get a coat before we leave.

We only use might not (not could not) in negative suggestions.

- You might not want to go to the party. That's OK.

We only use could (not might) in questions.

- Could you ask him to help you?

Yes, I could.
No, I couldn't.
Shall we or Shall I are used in more formal suggestion questions, mainly in British
English.
 - Shall we go to the play?

Negative

We use the modals of advice should, ought to, and had better to give our opinion of
the best thing to do in a particular situation.

We use should and ought to for general advice.

- You should try out for the team.

- You ought to try out for the team.

We use had better for very strong advice and warnings. Had better ('d better) is
often a threat of a possible bad result.

- You'd better take the test or you might not get into university.

We use shouldn't and had better not (not ought not to) for negative advice.

- You shouldn't leave your keys in the car.

- You'd better not be late for your meeting with the principal.

We use should (not ought to or had better) in questions asking for advice.

- Should I ask about his daughter?

Yes, you should.
No, you shouldn't.
Obligation
We use the modals of obligation have / has (got) to and must to talk about
something that someone has to do.
 Have / has got to is more often used in British English.
- I've got to study more or I won't get good grades.
I need to study more.
- He's got to practise before the concert.
He needs to practise.
 Have / has to is used more often than must.
- I have to wash the dishes today.
 It is my responsibility / obligation to do this.
- She has to take her little sister to school every day.
It is her responsibility / obligation to do this.
- I must change my lifestyle if I want to be healthy.
There is no choice. I need to do this.

The negative forms of have to and must have different meanings.

 Don't / doesn't have to means that something is not necessary, but it is
allowed.
- ou don't have to go to school tomorrow. It's a holiday.
You don't need to go to school, but you can if you want.
- She doesn't have to eat her salad
 Must not (mustn't) means that something is not allowed
- You mustn't eat fried foods or you will have a heart attack.
Exercice
write on the line could or should

 A: I need some more money to buy that car.

 B: You could get some from Sally.

 We could go for a walk after work tomorrow, if you like

 To improve your German, you could attend a course or study on your own.

 You could take her to a restaurant or a cafe for the first meeting.

 A: I have a headache.
 B: You should take an aspirin.
 If you have problems, you should call him and talk about them.
 You look very tired. You should take a rest.
 He has a terrible toothache. He should go to a dentist.
 You should go home early tonight. Your mother is very angry at you.
  We could go for a drink after school tomorrow, if they like.

 You could always call my mother and see if she might babysit.

 I could do the shopping for you if you are tired.

Can / can’t

Can means power. The negative of can is cannot, whose abbreviated

version is can’t.

It refers to the ability and possibility of performing an action, as well as the

possibility of a certain event occurring. For this reason, the words can and can’t are
usually accompanied by another verb (what can or cannot be done). In Spanish,
"can" can be translated on many occasions as "knowing", in the sense of knowing
how to do something.

It is a defective verb, that is, they have certain characteristics that only
defective verbs have:
- It is not modified in the third person singular in the present tense (he,
she or it)
- Do not use the auxiliary "do" or "does" to ask questions or deny.
- It does not use the preposition “to”.

It is important to highlight that in any type of sentence (affirmative, negative or

interrogative) with can or can't, the verb that accompanies them does not change
in the third person singular in the present tense either (no "s" or "is" is added) .

 Request permission: Can o shall

 Can is also often used, in colloquial language, to ask permission to perform
certain actions. However, in formal language it is more appropriate to use “shall”
instead of can.

 Ask for help: Can or would

To ask someone to carry out an action, can be used in colloquial language.
However, the most formal way to ask for help is to use would instead of can. In
these cases the word “please” is usually added.

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES WITH CAN

The basic structure of the phrase with can is:

 Subject (pronoun or noun) + can + verb + complement.

Both affirmative and negative and in question, the complement may not be
present.

Examples:

1. Theresa can swim very fast. (Theresa can swim very fast.)
2. I can play guitar. (I can play the guitar.)
3. You can cook very well. (You know how to cook very well.)
4. The baby can walk. (Baby can walk.)
5. We can travel by bus. (We can travel by bus.)
6. I can climb the tree. (He can climb the tree.)
7. The can fix cars. (They know how to repair cars.)
8. It can rain tomorrow. (It may rain tomorrow.)

NEGATIVE SENTENCES WITH CAN’T

The basic structure of the phrase with can’t is:

  Subject (pronoun or noun) + can’t + verb + complement.

Examples:

 She can't stay up all night. (She can't stay up all night.)
 Michael can't drive very well. (Michael can't drive very well.)
 You can’t do this task in one hour. (You cannot do this task in an hour.)
 She can't walk. (She can not walk.)
 I can't play the trombone. (I don't know how to play the trombone.)
 They can't hear you. (They cannot hear you.)
 I can't end this way. (It can't end like this.)
 We can't visit Susan today. (We cannot visit Susan today.)