Introduction to History:
Events that happened in the past and the
Definition, Issues, Sources and Methodology
Definition
• History – the common definition of History is
the “Study of the Past”.
• Historian – is the “Arbiter of Facts” and
evidences in making interpretations and
forming historical narrative.
• History – was derived from the Greek word
“Historia” which means knowledge acquired
through inquiry and investigation.
• Linguist – can also be helpful in tracing
historical evolutions; past connections among
different groups and flows or cultural influences
by studying language and the changes.
Sources of History
• Historical Sources
✓ Primary Source - are those sources produced
at the same time as the event, period or subject
being studied.
✓Secondary Source – are those sources which
were produced by an author who used primary
sources to produce the material.
• Historical Methodology
✓ it comprises certain techniques and rules that
historians follow in order to properly utilize
sources and historical evidences in writing
history.
Issues of History
1. What is History?
2. Why we study History?
3. History is for whom?
• All this questions it can be answered by
“Historiography”.
• What is Historiography?
✓Historiography is usually the History of
History.
Distinctions between history and historiography
• History
1. Is the study of the past.
2.
causes of such events.
• Historiography
1. Object of study
2. History itself
3. Books
4. How was a certain historical text written.
5. Who wrote it.
6. What was the context of its publication.
7. What particular method was employed.
8. What was the source used.
History and Historian
• Historian
1. Narrator
2. Access representation of the past through
historical sources and evidences.
3. Is a person of his own who influence by his
own context, environment, ideology and
education.
4. Used methodology and relevant facts.
Historian Job
1. Seek historical evidences and facts
2. Interpret those facts
3. It is the job of the historian to give meaning
to those facts and organize them into a
timeline, establish causes and write history.
External and Internal Criticism
• Historian should be able to conduct an
external and internal criticism.
✓External Criticism – is the practice of verifying
the authenticity of evidence by examining its
physical characteristics, consistencies with the
historical characteristics of times when it was
produced, and the material used for evidence.
✓Internal criticism – is the examination of the
truthfulness of evidence. It looks at the content
of the sources and examines the circumstance
of its production.
• Task of the historian – is to organize the past
that is being created so that it can offer lessons
for nations, societies and
civilization.
• Historian Job – to seek for the meaning of
recovering the past to let the people see the
continuing relevance of provenance, memory,
remembering and historical understanding for
both the present and the future events.
School of Thought in History
• Positivism
✓ 18th and 19th century.
✓this school of thought requires empirical and
observable evidence before one can claim that
a particular knowledge is true.
✓Discipline in History “No document- No
History”.
• Post Colonialism
✓emerged in early 20th century when formerly
colonized nations grappled with the of creating
identities and understand their societies against
the shadows of their colonial past
✓it tells the history of their nation that will
highlight their identity free from that of colonial
discourse and knowledge.
✓Is to criticize the methods, effects and idea of
colonialism.
• Annales School of History
✓is a school of history born in France that
challenge the canons of history.
✓This School of thought did a way with
common historical subjects that were almost
always related to the conduct of states and
monarchs.
The Philippine Setting is an Example of Primary
Sources
The Philippine Island
• An archipelago consisting of the following
numbers of Islands.
o Pre- Colonial – 7,100 islands and islets.
o Before – 7,107 islands and islets.
o Present – 7, 641 islands and islets.
• Categorized under the three geographical
division; Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
• Manila City is the capital of the Philippines.
Temperature
• Based on the average of all weather stations
in the Philippines, except Baguio, is 26.6 Degree
Celsius (79.9 Degree Fahrenheit )
• The coolest months fall in January with
temperature of 25.5 Degree Celsius (77.9
Degree Fahrenheit)
• While the warmest month occurs in the
month of May 28.3 Degree Celsius (82.9 Degree
Fahrenheit).
• In Baguio with an elevation of 1,500 meters
(4,900 ft) above sea level, the main average is
18.3 Degree Celsius (64.9 Degree Fahrenheit) or
cooler by about 4.3 Degree Celsius (8 Degree
Fahrenheit).
• Baguio Temperature: 17 Degree Celsius
Humidity
• Humidity indicates a high amount of moisture
or vapor in the air which directly affects the
temperature.
• The Philippines is considered as highly humid
which can be attributed to the significant level
of evaporation from the seas flanking the
country to the various prevailing winds during
the different seasons, and lastly, due to the
pressure of abundant rains in a tropical country
such as ours.
• Example Humidity of Baguio – 90%
• Precipitation 10%.
• Wind: 3 km/h
Climate and Weather
• Weather – what is happening in the
atmosphere on a given day, in a specific place.
Local forecasts include temperature, humidity,
winds, cloudiness, and prospects for storms or
other changes over the next few days.
• Climate – is the average of these weather
ingredients over many years.
Climate in the Philippines
• Tropical climate
• Two seasons: Wet season and Dry season.
• Types of Climate:
◦ Type I
◦ Type 2
◦ Type 3
◦ Type 4
Seasons
• Using temperature and rainfall as bases, the
climate of the country can be divided into two
major seasons:
1. the rainy season, from June to November;
and
2. the dry season, from December to May.
• The dry season may be subdivided further
into:
1. the cool dry season, from December to
February; and
2. the hot dry season, from March to May
Typhoons
• An average of 20-23 tropical cyclones enter
the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
• Category of Typhoons:
◦ Tropical depression < 61km/h
◦ Tropical Storm 62-88km/h
◦ Severe Tropical Storm 89-117km/h
◦ Typhoon 118-220km/h
◦ Super typhoon 220+km/h
General
Resources
• The soil and its products
• Classification of soils
✓Alluvial - soil which produces agricultural
products such as abaka, coconut, corn, and
tobacco.
✓Shale and Sandstone- good for products like
sugarcane, tobacco, corn, rice and coconut,
however, the harvest is of lower amounts
compared to products from alluvial soils.
✓Limestone- which is conducive for agricultural
products such as corn, citrus, cassava, and
banana and is also best for grazing of animals
due to its abundance of grass.
✓Volcanic soil- which is found in areas where
past volcanic eruptions occurred and is used for
citrus and other upland crops in Cavite,
Batangas, and Laguna, while in Bicol, the soil is
uited for Abaka and in Negros, the soiled is
suited for sugarcane.
✓Andesite and Basalt- soil is generally found in
Negros Occidental and is used for sugarcane
plantations
✓Mountain soil- kind of soil where trees are
found, such as ipil, dao, molave, yakal and
narra, which are used for industrial, commercial
and residential purposes.
• Water Resources
✓The Country has many seas, rivers, lakes, bays
and straits, resulting to an active fishing
industry
that has been a source of livelihood for many
Filipinos.
• Two kinds of Fishing industry in the country
1. Genetic Industry- covers fish reproduction,
fish culture, and fishpond.
2. Extractive industry-covers direct fishing in
shallow, high seas and in coral areas.
• Mineral Resources
1. Rich in metallic, non metallic and fuel
minerals
2. Metallic- gold, iron, manganese, lead,
mercury, nickel, silver and chromite.
3. Non-metallic- clay, cement for
construction, pyrite, rock phosphate,
limestone, marble, silica, asbestos,
gypsum, and Sulphur
4. Mineral Fuels- carbon and petroleum
6. Bicol Region (Region V)
7. Western Visayas (Region VI)
8. Central Visayas (Region VII)
9. Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
10. Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
11. Northern Mindanao (Region X)
12. Davao Region (Region XI)
13. SOCCSKARGEN (Region XII)
14. Caraga (Region XIII)
15. NCR (National Capital Region
16. CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)
17. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao

Filipino Character
Origins of the Philippine
• Hardworking and Industrious
Archipelago
• Brave, nationalistic and freedom loving
• Theories that explain how the Philippine
• Pakikipag-kapwa tao- sense of hospitality
archipelago was created.
• Family orientation- putting high value and
1. Volcanism- the eruption of the volcanoes
importance of family
caused the formation of some islands in the
• Joy and Humor- ability to be happy even in
country
adversity
2. Diastrophism- the process of movement of
• Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity
the earth’s crust that resulted in the formation
• Faith and Religiosity-sense of believing in the
of mountains and mountain ranges, such as
power of the almighty creator
Sierra Madre, and Cordillera mountain ranges
• Ability to Survive- ability to cope up with
3. Gradation- it is the formation of mountains
every challenge
and volcanoes after which, erosion took place
leading to the creation of rivers, lakes, delta,
and other landforms found all over the country • Friendly- sense of oneness and connection to
4. Land Bridge- explains that the Philippines was others
once connected to the mainland Asia through • Cleanliness- sense of self-actualization to
bridges of land formed during the Pleistocene hygiene
or Ice Age, 2,500,000 years ago. • Loyalty to friend- act of being grateful to
someone who has been dear and helpful
• Fatalistic- belief on fate and destiny
Regions of the Philippines
• Respect for Elders- high regard for people
• Divided in 17 regions
older than you
1. Ilocos Region(Region I)
• Regionalistic
2. Cagayan Valley (Region II)
• Sensitivity to personal affront- considerate
3. Central Luzon (Region III)
towards the feelings of others.
4. CALABARZON (Region VI-A)
5. MIMAROPA (Region VI-B)
The Dawn of the Philippines and the early
Relations to the World before Spanish • Archeological Sites in Batangas, Laguna,
Colonization Mindoro, Ilo-Ilo, Masbate, Palawan, Cebu and
Davao, where different types of jars and
Learning Objectives
porcelain were unearthed, have been the living
1. The learners will be able to identify the
testaments of the existence of the Chinese
different influences introduced in the
traders in the country.
Philippines before Spanish Colonization.
2. The learners will be able to understand that
before Spain Colonized the Philippines, Filipinos • The strategic location of Tondo, Manila as well
enjoy their total freedom. as Pasig and Laguna Lake, inevitably made it
major beneficiaries of foreign trading.
• Mirrors, scales, coins and Jades were
Objectives
evidently exchanged and marketed by the
1. The learners will be able to identify the
Chinese and Arab traders
different influences introduced in the
Philippines before Spanish Colonization.
2. The learners will be able to understand that Chinese Influences in the Philippines
before Spain Colonized the Philippines, Filipinos • Manufacturing of gunpowder
enjoy their total freedom. • Method of gold mining
• Art of metallurgy
• Philippines had been living as an isolated
• Use of porcelain, gong, silver, tin and other
territory gifted with abundance of original
metals
inhabitants or natives who yielded productive
• Blacksmithing, goldsmithing
raw materials.
• Kite Flying
• The agricultural gifts of the settlers prompted
• Various forms of gambling,
the natives to exchange their local goods.
e.g. Jueteng
• The discovery of Philippine Island was due to
the wind patterns encountered by the traders
while navigating the seas. • Manner and mode of dressing through the
use of silk
• The use of fan and umbrella
The following reasons for the influx of foreign
• Culinary diet
ships on the open seas
a. Brewing of tea, cooking of lumpia,
1. To look for potential colonies and expansion
pansit,mami, chopseuy and ukoy
of their territory
b. The use of appetizer
2. To search for spices and other raw materials
• The use of slippers such as bakya, a wooden
3. To look for potential market of their native
shoes
products
4. To gain territorial hegemony.
• Social customs
Chinese in the Philippines
a. Filial respect of children to an older brother
• It was during the 9th and 10th Century A.D
or sister, parent and elders
when the economic ties of Chinese traders
b. The use of firecrackers during New Year and
begun in the Philippine territory.
other festivals to scare away evils spirits and
• It was during the Sung dynasty when Chinese
bad luck
goods started to spread through the use of
c. Collection of tongs, a percentage fee
Chinese Vessel
d. The use of gongs in celebrations and
festivals
Indian presence in the Philippines
• The expansion of Indian Culture overseas
actually started during the Srivajaya and
Majapahit empires from 9th – 10th Century.
• Their culture influenced other parts of Asia
through the “Indianized” immigrants and
traders from Indochina, Siam, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java and other islands of Indonesia.
• Artifacts unearthed from Various Excavation
Sites in the Philippines
✓Pottery adorned with decorations in various
forms
✓Iron weapons such as knives, dagger, spear,
axes
✓Glass beads and bangles, in green and blue
colors
✓Beads made of semi-precious stones
✓Copper image of Ganesha (Indian god of
elephants) was found in Mactan in 1843
✓A garuda-designed pendant was discovered in
1961 in Palawan.
✓This symbolized the mythical bird of Vishu
(Indian god of Preservation)
Indian Influence to Filipino Culture
• Languages
• Literature
• Religious Beliefs
• Writings
• Customs
• Material Culture
Japanese presence in the Philippines
• Contacts with Philippine Islands begun when
Japanese traders and merchants, during the
12th Century A.D., decided to go on an
economic-driven journey to the Philippines,
particularly the region of Luzon which they
called Rusun.
• Their travels to the Philippines mostly
compromised of barter trade of minerals such
as gold and pearls.
• Influences of Japanese Culture
1. Manufacturing of weapon for warfare
2. Goldsmithing and jewelry making in
Pagsanjan, Laguna
3. Breeding of ducks particularly the Balut
industry in Laguna de Bay towns.
4. Breeding of Fishes like Bangus industry in
Bulacan and other provinces.
Arabian presence in the Philippines
• Arab traders brought Islam to South East Asia,
including the
• Philippines
• They intermarried with the daughters of
native chiefs to gain trading advantage, thereby
raising small families of Islam believers.
• Islam first gained its foothold in the
Philippines, particularly in Sulu, around 1310
A.D.
Islam in Mindanao
• Islamic growth in Mindanao:
✓Last quarter of the 13th century- there was
already an existence of Muslim communities in
Sulu
✓Second half of the 14th century- stage of
Makhdum where missionaries arrived in Sulu
and accelerated the conversion of the Muslim in
the area.
✓Beginning of the 15th century- Raja Baguinda
from Sumatra arrived in Sulu and believed to
have married a Pamisuli- respected title of a
chieftain’s daughter. With him believed to be
scholars of the Islamic religion that
strengthened the work of former Muslim
missionaries.
✓Middle of the 15th century- this is the
foundation of political institution such as the Pre-
Sultanate in the leadership of Sharif-ul- Hashim, Colonial Period
who took power in 1450.
• Archipelago
• The progress of Islam in Sulu moved further The Philippine Archipelago is an archipelago
northward in Mindanao covering Maranao and consisting of more than 7,000 islands and islets
Zamboanga areas. stretching almost a thousand miles from north
✓Middle of the 15th Century- Muslim to south.
missionaries settled in Pulangi basin, namely • People
Sharif Awliya and Sharif Maraja and The Filipino belongs to a mixtures of races,
intermarries with the daughters of local basically a Malay, it because of their brown
chieftains. skinned.

• If there is an inter-marriage between the

✓In 1511, Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan Filipino and the foreigner particularly the white
arrived from Jahore and hastened the Islamic it is known as metizo class, they are also called
conversion process through political alliances the mestizoisie.
and intermarriages to the daughters of local • Filipino’s Common Traits
chiefs. Based from the Mindanao tarsilas, Hospitality
Kabungsuan was the first sultan and the last Close Family ties
was Sultan Manggigin, who began his reign in Respect for the elders
the year 1896 and ended in 1906. Fatalistics or Fatalism
✓Muslim wrote their leaders’ history and their Loyalty
respective reign and genealogy in what the
Sensitive
called Tarsilas and Khutabs.
Indolent
Sources Lack of initiative
Curious
• Books:
• Torres, J.V, (2018). BATIS: Sources in Jealousy
Philippine History. C & E Publishing, INC. Regionalistic
• Nestor M. Asuncion, Geoffrey Rhoel C. Cruz & Pakikisama
Bernardino C. Ofalia (2019). Readings in
Philippine History. C & E Publishing, Inc.
• John Lee P. Candelaria & Veronica Alporha. Before Conquest
(2018). Readings in Philippine History. Rex People in the Philippines
Bookstore. • Early 1970’s, it had been assumed that the
• Teodoro Agoncillio. 8th Ed. (1990). History of Philippines was part of mainland china. That
the Filipino People. Garotech Publishing. during the Pleistocene or Ice Age, the waters
Lesson 2 surrounding what is now the Philippines fell
about 156 feet below the present levels.
• As a result, a vast are of land was exposed and
The became sort of land bridges to the mainland of
Philippine Setting Asia. (Theory of Land Bridge).
Land Bridge (Migration)
• Negritos, proto- Malay and people were the
principal people of the Philippine Archipelago in
pre-historic and ancient times.
• The Negritos are believed to have migrated by
land bridge some 30,000 years ago during the
last glacial period.
• Later, migrations were by water and took
place over several thousand years repeated
movements before or after the start of the
Christian era.
• During pre-historic Ice ages sea level dropped
and exposed land- bridges between Asia and
Islands, Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia.
• When sea level rose, pecan waters covered
this land bridges, cutting off the islands from
the Asian main land. Early settlers in the
Philippines may have also arrives by boat.
Tabon Cave
• The discovery of tabon cave in Palawan in the
year 1962 of a skull cap and a portion of a jaw,
presumed tobe a human being, shows
conclusively that man came earlier to the
Philippines than Malay Peninsula, where
according to the old theory, it is were the
Filipinos came from.
• Also the cave discovered by Dr. Robert B. Fox
and ateam from National Museum of the
Philippines between 1962- 1966.
• 22,000 – 24,000 years old.
• Neil McIntosh also undertook the analysis of
the Tabon Skullcap and Mandible in 1975 and
discovered that the early inhabitants of the
islands died due to a fall or a blow to the head.
(Tabon Man).
• Archaeological discoveries
Manunggol Burial Jar – considered asNational
Culture Treasure. There are 150 burial jar found
in Igang Cave.
Skull Cap of the Tabon Man, Earthenware
Jade Ornaments, Jewelries
Stone Tools, Animal Bones
Human fossils dating back 47,000 years ago.
Earliest human remains found in Tabon Cave
Garuda Gold Pendant
• Were found in Tabon caves
• An image of a golden Garuda of Palawan.
• The eagle bird who is the mount of Hindu
deity Vishnu.
• Discovery of Sophisticated Hindu imagery and
gold artifacts in Tabon Caves.
Barter Trade System
• In, Trade- Barter derived from “baretor”.
• Barter is a system of exchange where
participants in a transaction directly exchange
goods or services for other goods or services
without using a medium exchange of money.
• A barter system is an old method of exchange.
This system has been used for centuries and
long before money was invented.
• History of barter dates back 6000 BC.
• It was introduce by Mesopotamia tribes,
bartering was adopted by Phoenicians bartered
goods to those located in various other cities
across oceans.
• Goods were exchanged for food, tea,
weapons and spices.
• Salt was another popular item exchanged.
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
• The history of the Philippines between 900 AD
and 1965 begins with the creation of the Laguna
Copperplate Inscription in 900 AD and ends
with Spanish Colonization in 1565.
• The inscription records its date of creation in
the year 822 of the Hindu Saka calendar,
corresponding to 900 AD on the Gregorian
System.
• The recovery of this document marks the end
of prehistory of the Philippine archipelago.
• This document is the earliest record of a
Philippine language and the presence of writing
in the islands.
• Its contents also suggests the existence of
political dominion and long-distance trade in
the Philippine Archipelago in the 9th century.
Early Customs and Practices Male Clothing
• Male attire was composed of the upper and
lower parts.
• Upper Parts – Kanggan
Was a black or blue collarless jacket with short
sleeves.
The color of the jacket indicated the rank of
the wearer.
 Chief/ Datu – wore red jacket
Below his rank – blue or black/ depending
upon the position in society.
• Lower Parts – Bahag
Female Attire
• Was composed of the upper and lower parts.
• Upper – Baro or Camisa
was a jacket with sleeves.
• Lower – Saya by the tagalog and patadyong by
the Visayan.
Putong
Female Attire
• Was composed of the upper and lower
parts.
• Upper – Baro or
Camisa
was a jacket with sleeves.
• Lower – Saya by the tagalog and
patadyong by the Visayan.
Putong
• Male had a head gear consisting of a piece of
cloth called “Putong”, which was wrapped
around his head.
• The color of the Putting showed the manliness
of a man.
• Red Putong- the wearer had killed a man in a
war.
• Embroidered Putong- a man who killed at
least 7 man in a war. Ornaments
• It is an armlet- called Kalumbiga.
• Pendants, bracelets, gold rings, earing's, and
even leglets.
• These ornaments were made of gold.
Tattoo
• Adornment of the body.
• As an exhibit of a man’s war record.
• The more tattoos a man the more he was
looked up in the society.
• Tattoo- considered as a man’s war medal.
• Writers called them Pentados or the painted
ones and their islands Islas del Pentados or
Islands of the Painted Ones.
Houses/ Bahay Kubo
• Built to suit tropical climate, the ancient
house was made of wood, bamboo and
nipa palm.
• Antonio de Morga – a Spanish jurist and
chronicle described the average house, as he
saw it at the beginning of the 17th century.
Badjaos
• Badjaos or sea Gypsies of Sulu, made their
houses in their boats, for they were a sea-
roving people whose life depended upon the
wealth of the seas.
Balangay
• Balangay also known as- Barangay.
• Is a type of lashed-lug boat built by joining
planks edge- to edge using pins, dowels and
iber lashings. They are found throughout the
Philippines and were used largely as trading
ships up until the colonial era.
Social Classes
• The Philippine Society were divided into three
(3) classes.
• Noble – the noble consisting of the chiefs and
their families, wielded tremendous influence in
the barangay and enjoyed rights that were not
usually enjoyed by the other members of
society. In the Tagalog region they were usually
carried the title of Gat or Lakan, (Lakan Dula or
Gat Maitan).
• Freeman – called Maharlika by the tagalogs.
They were composed of free men likewise
dependents who had earned their freedom.
• Dependents – occupied the lowest stratum
known as Alipin among tagalogs, acquired low
status in society by inheritance, by captivity in
war, by failing to pay his debts, by purchase or
by committing a crime for which he was duly
sentenced.
• Among the Tagalogs; the dependents were
either: (Tagalog Dependent);
• Aliping Namamahay or Aliping Sagigilid.
Aliping Namamahay
1.Had his own family and house;
•Served his master during planting and harvest
season, rowed for him;
1.Helped in the construction of his house
•Served his visitors.
Aliping Sagigilid
1.Had no property of his own;
2.Lived with the master;
•Could not marry without the masters approval.
Visayan Dependent;
Three Kinds
1.Tumataban – worked for his master when
summoned to do so;
2.Tumarampuk – worked for one (1) day for his
master;
3.Ayuey – worked three (3) days for his master.
Position of a Women
• Customary Laws
gave them the right to be the equal of men,
for they could own and inherit property, engage
in trade and industry, and succeed to the
chieftainship of a barangay in the absence of a
male heir.
Marriage Customs
• A man’s wife was his legitimate wife and was
called “asawa”. While the other women were
euphemistically called “friends”.
• Before the marriage, the man must meet
several conditions;
To give a dowry- called “bigay-kaya”,
consisting of land, gold or dependents.
Must give the bride-to-be’s parent a certain
amount of money, known- as “panghimuyat”,
as payment for the mother’s nocturnal efforts
in rearing the girl to womanhood.
Another form of bribe called “bigay-suso” was
to be given to the girl’s wet-nurse who fed the
bride during her infancy with milk from her
own-breast.
The man must also give the girl’s parents
another sum of money called- “himaraw”, as
reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding
the girl during her infancy.
Another bribe that the man must give to the
girl’s relatives, it was called- “sambon”.
• The state of the courtship immediately before
the marriage was and is still called-
“pamumulungan” or “pamamalae”.
Marriage
Customs of the Muslims
• The first stage of courtship known as-
“panalanguni”, or betrothal, a group of a
tribesmen of the groom paid the girl a visit.
• The second stage was set. It was called
“pedsungud” or settlement of the dowry.
• Third stage was set;
Consisted of the wedding festival known as-
“pegkahawing”.
The “Hadji or Judge” – read the so called
instruction to the couple.
• The dowry was of (7) seven kinds;
1. Kawasateg- consisting of a big amount of
money to be given to the close relatives of the
bride;
2. Siwaka- consisting of brassware or a few
hundred pesos to be given to those who had
helped in arranging the wedding;
3. Enduatan- consisting of brassware or money
or animals to be given to the village chief;
1. Pangatulian- consisting of jewelry to be given
to the girl’s mother and aunts;
2. Tatas- consisting of a blade to be given to the
girls uncle;
3. Langkad- consisting of a special sum of
money to be given to the girl’s parents as a sort
of a fine for having by passed the elder sister of
the bride, if she had any; and
4. Lekat- consisting of an amount equivalent to
ten or more pesos to be given to girls
attendant.
Mixed Marriages
• A marriage between a freemen and a
dependent.
• If the married couple belong to a different
classes, let say a freemen and a dependent,
their children were equally divided among the
parents in so far as social status is concerned.
• If the father was a freemen- the eldest, the
third and the fifth, the seventh and soon,
whether male or female belonged to the father.
The second, the fourth, the sixth and so on,
belonged to the mother.
Barangay as a Government Unit
• The barangay was the unit of government and
consisted of from 30 to 100 families.
• The tagalog word “barangay” was derived
from the Malay or Balangay, means a boat,
which transported them to these shores.
• Each barangay was independent and was
ruled by a “chieftain” or “datu”.
• It was the prime duty of a chieftain to rule and
govern his subjects and to promote their
welfare and interests.
• Chieftain had wide powers, for he exercised
all the functions of government. He was the
executive, the legislature and the judge. He
was, the supreme commander in time of war.
Blood Compact
Inter- Baranganic Relations
Consisted in carrying on commerce between
barangays and agreements concerning
friendship and alliance.
• They started a treaty of friendship and
alliance;
This treaty of friendship by means of the
“blood compact” or “sanduguan” in which the
contracting parties drew blood from their arms
and mixed the blood, drawn with the wine in
the cup, the parties then drink the same cup,
making them blood- brothers.
Barangay Laws
• Laws either customary or written.
• Customary Laws- were handed down orally
from generation to generation and constituted
the bulk of the laws of the barangay. Example:
Inheritance, divorce, usury, partnership, crime
and punishment, property rights, family
relations, adoptions and loan.
• Written Law- were those that the chieftain
and his elders promulgated from time to time
as necessary. Example: Code of Kalantiaw- and
Muslim Law.
How Law was made in the Barangay
When a chieftain of a barangay wanted a law
to be enacted in order to prevent a commission
of a serious or minor crimes, He called the
elders of the community and told them what he
had in mind.
The elders approved his plan, for it was meant
to protect the society from the incursions of the
bad elements.
Chieftain then made the necessary regulations
or rules, which the elders immediately
approved.
A public announcers- called Umalohokan, was
summoned and ordered to go around the
barangay to announce the promulgation of the
new rules and regulations, with a “bell” in one
hand, the Umalohokan called the attention of
the subjects by ringing the bill furiously.
The Umalohokan will tell the crowd about the
provisions of a new law.
Anybody violating the law will be arrested and
brought before the chieftain to be judged
according to the merits of the case.
Judicial Process in the Barangay
• A court- was composed of the “chieftain” as
“judge” and the “barangay elders” as a “jury”.
• Conflicts arising between subjects of a
different barangays were resolved by
arbitration in which a board composed of elders
from neutral barangays acted as “arbiter”.
Trial by Ordeal
• The purpose is to determine the guilt
of a person.
• The trial by ordeal was resorted to in order to
show that God in his infinite
wisdom always took side of the innocents.
• Another Example:
Bultong
• Bultong is an intense style of wrestling that is
widely used throughout the
Philippines.
• Bultong is the Ifugao name for their sport of
traditional wrestling. It is often played during
town and provincial fiestas.
Religious Belief
• The ancient Filipinos believed in the
immortality of the soul and in life after death.
• Their rituals were based on beliefs in a ranking
deity whom they called- Bathalang Maykapal,
and a host of other deities in the environmental
spirits and in soul- spirits.
• Bathala the equivalent of the spanish dios,
was supposed to be the creator of the earth and
man and therefore superior to all other deities.
• Idiyanale- also known as god of agriculture.
• Sidapa- also known as a god of death.
• Balangaw- also known as a rainbow god.
• Mandarangan- also known as a war god.
• Agni- a fire god.
• Magwayen- a god of the other world.
• Lalahon- a goddess of harvest.
• Siginarugan- a god of hell.
• Diyan Masalanta- a god of love.
Burial
• Belief in life after death and in the
relation between the dead and the living
made the ancient Filipinos respectful of their
dead.
• The deceased relatives was placed in a
wooden coffin and buried under the house,
complete with cloth, gold and other valuable
things.
Languages
• There are more than a hundred languages and
dialects in the Philippines, eight of which may
be considered major languages. They are
tagalog (made the basis of the National
Language); Iloko, Pangasinan, Pampangan,
Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Samarnon or Samar-
Leyte and Maguindanao. At iba pa.
System of Writing (Baybayin)
• The Filipinos before the arrival of the
Spaniards had a syllabary which was
probably of Sanskrit or Arabic provenance.
• The syllabary consisted of seventeen (17)
symbols, or which three (3) were vowels
standing for the present five (5) vowels and
fourteen (14) consonants.
Literature
• The literature of the early Filipinos may be
classified into floating or oral literature and
written literature.
• The literature of the tagalog; example:
Sawikain, Bugtong, Suliranin, Kumintang.
Music and Dance
• The Filipinos are born musicians, for they
easily learn tunes by ear.
• Many Filipinos who play two or more musical
instruments have never been in music
academies, nor have they any knowledge of the
musical notations except what they know by
ear.

Copper
• Copper an ancient metal.
• The first metal to be widely used by the early
Filipinos.
Lesson 3
The Spanish Period
Under Imperial Spain
• Spectacular change during the Renaissance;
• Opening of the world to European Shipping;
• Propelled by Gospel, Gold and Glory;
• Improved Technology- New types of Ships,
sailing charts and maps, navigational
instruments, gunpowder, and superior high-
powered arms;
• The conquest of the two Iberian Superpowers;
1. Spain
2. Portugal
• Spain and Portugal
Ultimate goals to discover the rest of the
world
Accumulation of wealth
Political authority
Additional empirical knowledge on Science
and technology
Support small economic elite
Able to finance reconnaissance enterprises in
the vast unknown, undiscovered seas,
untouched, unchartered continents.
Terra Incognita of Asia (15th Century)
• Started Maritime Discovery;
• New Sea Lane to the southeast Asia were
chartered, which led to the “Spice Trade
Route”;
• Portugal- sailing via south eastern route which
made a break-through into the Indian Ocean in
the year 1488 and ended with the fall of
Malacca in the year 1511 and the Maluku or the
Moluccas in the year 1512;
• Spain- sailing via western or southern route
that made serendipitous landfall in the west
indies in the year 1942 and culminated the
“rediscovery” of the Philippines in the year
1521.
East meets West
• Reasons:
Making the food (discriminating medieval
tastes triggered the search spices of all sorts);
Pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and ginger
which were indigenous to the east;
Spices accented the bland taste of meat and
fish, while preserving them;
Expensive spices- like black pepper- it could
even buy land, pay taxes, liberate a city, even
pay dowries;
11th century- pepper was counted as pepper-
corns, cinnamon and ginger as their smallest
priceless particles;
Spices, gold, slaves, silver and silk brought
them great wealth;
Merchants- became richer and powerful in
trading cities of Italy;
Gold, silver – not only funded but also
expanded the jewelry trade of rare pearls and
rubies from India.
The Lusitanian- Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime
Discoveries
• Portugal- was the 1st country to use
innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding,
established by Henry “the navigator” of the 1st
navigational school in the globe at Sagres Point
in 1419.
• Spain- was the 1st exploration in modern
times, inspired by Florentino Map- maker Paolo
Toscanelli to discover westward sea route to
India.
• Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo)
made a land-fall in Guanahani it was identified
as San Salvador but in 1986 as Samana Cay
Island in October 1492 on the coast of Cuba.
• This voyage, generated misapprehension and
dispute between Spain and Portugal.
Fixed Imaginary Line
• The two superpowers of the 15th century
finally fixed an Imaginary Line drawn from the
North and South Poles.
• Spain- owned lands lying in west and the Cape
verde Islands.
• Portugal- owned lands lying to the east.
• Both nation, agreed to propagate the tenets
of Christianity in their newly found land.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
• Fixed Imaginary line between Spain and
Portugal dividing the rights to colonize all lands
outside of Europe.
• It was signed which partitioned the non-
Christian World into spheres of influence;
• Papal Bull of 1493- granting the new world to
Spain.
• Africa and India- were reserved only for
Portugal;
• Later, Brazil- were also reserved to Portugal.
The Magellan (Magalhaes) Expedition (1518-
1521)
• Ferdinand Magellan (Fernao de Magalhaes)-
the Portuguese serving the Spanish royalty.
• Magellan’s original suggestion was of reaching
the Maluku (the spice islands) by sailing the
westward but his suggestion was rejected by
the King of Spain.
• In the year 1518- Magellan convinced Charles
V that he could find the shorter way to the
Maluku Islands by sailing westward via the
Americans.
• Reconnaissance voyage in 1511-1512
“Magellan visited the Spice Islands” and
Magellan received a Royal order to bring back a
cargo of the priceless spices.
It started the great epics of Human Discovery
• When Magellan sailed from San Lucar, Spain
in the year 1519, Magellan and his men was on
board five antiquated ships with a crew of 235
men.
• Magellan, skirting unknown and uncharted
lands, he sailed around the southern tip of
South America, across the vast Pacific Ocean
after 98 days of sailing north west ward,
Magellan finally reached the Philippines on
March 17, 1521.
Magellan Expedition
• After the Portuguese reached the Maluku
Islands in the year 1511, the earliest
documented European expedition to the
Philippine Archipelago was led by the
Portuguese Navigator Ferdinand Magellan in
the service of King Charles V of Spain in 1521.
• Magellan’s Expedition first arrived at the
Island of Homonhon at the mouth of the Leyte
Gulf on March 16, 1521.
• On easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, in the
Islands of MAZAUA (Limasawa), Magellan
solemnly planted a cross on the top of a hill
overlooking the sea and claimed for the King of
Spain the possession of the Islands he had
encountered, naming them Archipelago of Saint
Lazaruz as stated in the “First Voyage Around
the World” by one of his companions, the
chronicles of Antonio Pigafetta.
• Magellan sought alliances among the people
in the Islands beginning with Datu Zula of Sugbo
Cebu, and took special pride in converting them
to Christianity. Magellan got involved in the
political conflicts in the Islands and took part in
a battle against Lapulapu, chief of Mactan and
the enemy of Datu Zula.
The Battle of Mactan
• The battle occurred at dawn on April 27,1521.
• Magellan with 60 armed men and 1,000
Visayan warriors had great difficulty landing on
the rocky shore of Mactan where Lapu- Lapu
had an army of 1,500 waiting on Land.
• Magellan waded ashore with his soldiers and
attacked Lapu-Lapu forces, telling Datu Zula and
his warriors to remain on the ships and watch.
• Magellan underestimated the army of Lapu-
Lapu, and grossly out numbered, Magellan and
14 of his soldiers were killed. The rest managed
to reboarded the ships.
• The Battle left the expedition with too few
crewmen to man three ships, so they
abandoned the Conception. The remaining
ships – Trinidad and Victoria – sailed to the
Spice Lands in Indonesia.
• From there, the expedition split in two
groups.
1. Trinidad (Ship), commanded by Gonzalo
Gomez de Ezpinoza, tried to sail eastward
across the pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of
Panama.
2. Victoria (Ship) continue sailing westward,
commanded by Juan Sebastian Elcano, and
managed to return to Sanluca de Barremeda,
Spain in1522.
In Mactan
• Magellan was defeated and killed in Battle in
April 1521, as a consequence ofhis intervention
in a dispute between Lapulapu and Zula,
chieftains of Mactan.
Lapu- Lapu
• Whose name was first recorded as Cilapulapu.
• He was a Datu of Mactan in the Visayas.
• The Modern Philippine Society (MPS) regards
him as the First Filipino Herobecause he was the
first native to resist imperial Spanish
Colonization.
• He is the best known for the “Battle of
Mactan” that happened at dawn on April 27,
1521, when he and his warriors defeated
Portuguese explorer “Ferdinand Magellan” who
was killed in Battle.
• Magellan’s death ended his voyage of
circumvention and delayed the Spanish
Occupation of the islands by over forty years
until the expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
in 1564.
• The Monuments of Lapu-Lapu have been built
in “CEBU” and “MANILA”, while the Philippine
National Police and the Bureau of Fire
Protection use his image as part of their official
seals.
Maluku and the Philippines
• Three Spanish expeditions followed
Magellan’s sailing from Mexico, which had
become a Spanish colony;
• The Saavedra (1527-29);
• The Villalobos (1541-46);
• Most successful expedition was the Legazpi
expedition (1564), as a sequel to the Magellan
voyage, a large fleet of seven ships.
Ships used in Spanish expeditions reaching the
Philippine Archipelago
• In the year 1521
Leader – Ferdinand Magellan
Ships – Trinidad, San Antonio, Conception,
Santiago and Victoria.
Landing – Homonhon, Limasawa Cebu.
In the year 1525
 Leader – Garcia Jofre de Loaisa
Ships – Santa Maria de la Victoria, Espiritu
Santo, Anunciada, San Gabriel, Jayson Ponce,
Santa Maria del Parral, San Lesmes and
Santiago.
Landing – Surigao, Visayas, Mindanao.
• In the year 1527
Leader – Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron
Ships – 3 unknown Ship.
Landing – Mindanao.
• In the year 1542
Leader – Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
Ships – Santiago, Jorge, San Antonio, San
Christobal, San Martin and San Juan.
Landing – Samar, Leyte, Saranngani.
• In the year 1564
Leader – Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Ships – San Pedro, San Pablo, San Juan and San
Lucas
Landing – first landed on Samar, established
colonies as part of Spanish Empire.
Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
• King Charles V ceded his alleged rights to
Muluku, to John III of Portugal for 350,000
ducats, not knowing that they rightfully
belonged to the Portuguese area of
responsibility as provided for in the Treaty of
Tordesillas.
Treaty of Tordesillas- a line of demarcation
was drawn from pole to pole, it consists at 297
½ leagues east of the Maluku, as the western
limit of Spain’s colonial ownership.
• Spanish goal in the “West” was limited only to
the Philippines.
• To stop Hispano- Lusitanian rivalry.
Villalobos Expedition
(1542-1546)• Under the command of Ruy Lopez
Villalobos, six (6) ships and some 370 men,
departed from Juan Gallego (Natividad), Mexico
in November 1542.
• In 1543, they reached the eastern coast of
Mindanao.
• Extreme hunger due to absence of food
supply, his men forced to eat all the available
meat dogs, cats, rats, unknown plants, lizard
and poisonous crabs.
• In Sarangani, had only minimal amount of
food available, such as rice, sago, few hens,
hogs and three (3) deer.
• Villalobos leave Saragani, and surrendered to
the Portuguese at Amboina in the Maluku,
where he succumbed to a malignant fever.
• Villalobos Expedition was the naming of
Tandaya or Kandaya (Leyte) in 1543 as Las
Phelipinas (Las Islas Filipinas) in honor of the
crown prince Philip II, by Bernardo de la Torre a
commander of the Ship.
Legazpi- Urdaneta Expedition (1564)
• February 1565- Legazpi reached Cebu and
contracted blood compacts with Datu Si Katuna
and Datu Si Gala of Bohol.
• Legazpi was instructed to bring back to
Mexico the samples of Philippine- grown spices;
• To discover the return route to Mexico; and
• To abide by the 1529 Zaragoza treaty- not to
proceed to Maluku.
• Fr. Andres de Urdaneta- Legazpi’s chiefpilot,
whose expertise was the seasonal winds, he just
acquired while he is with Loaisa expedition.
• He discovered the “Urdaneta Passage” on his
return Natividad via the Pacific.
• Urdaneta Passage- the lane, was used by the
Manila-Acapulco Galleon until 19th century.
The making of the Spanish “Indio”
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi- having a title of
“Adelantado de Filipinas” granted by King Philip
II.
accomplish an almost bloodless conquest of
the Philippines.
It because of permanent colonization by
Legazpi- the Indios lost the freedom earlier
enjoyed.
• “Indio”- is a term by the 16th – 19th century
Spaniards to refer to the poor people in the
Philippines who could be slaves and peasants
only, or lowest rank group.
Political Institutions During Spanish Regime
• In the year 1565- 1821 – In the Philippines the
captaincy- general was administered by the
Spanish King through the viceroyalty of Nueva
España (Mexico).
• All Spanish possessions were governed by the
Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias (Royal and
Supreme Council of the Indies) established in
1524 by Charles V.
National Level
• King – (seat power in manila/ Intramuros)
through Consejo de las indias, governed
through his sole spokesperson and
representative in the Philippines;
• Gobernador- General – a captain general of
the colony;
was a commander in chief of the army and
thenavy;
The President of the real audiencia (Supreme
Court), the islands highest judicial body, vice-
real patron, he had a power over ecclesiastical
appointments in the church and the right to
supervise mission work.
Source of civil power for various levels of
administration.
Salary- 40,000 per annum.
Provincial Level
• Alcaldia- (previously known as the
encomienda);
• Alcalde mayor- exercise executive and judicial
powers, special privilege of engaging on trade
through indulto de comercio (a privilege of
alcaldes enjoyed in the year 1751- 1844);
• Provincia or hukuman (used by Bonifacio’s
Katipunan- and later called lalawigan), was the
alcalde mayor (provincial governor) for
thepacified provinces and districts;
• Corregimientos- or unpacified military zones
(like Mariveles, Mindoro and Panay) were
headed by the Corregidores.
Provincial Level
• Alcaldia- (previously known as the
encomienda);
• Alcalde mayor- exercise executive and judicial
powers, special privilege of engaging on trade
through indulto de comercio (a privilege of
alcaldes enjoyed in the year 1751- 1844);
• Provincia or hukuman (used by Bonifacio’s
Katipunan- and later called lalawigan), was the
alcalde mayor (provincial governor) for the
pacified provinces and districts;
• Corregimientos- or unpacified military zones
(like Mariveles, Mindoro and Panay) were
headed by the Corregidores.
• Only the Spaniard could be an alcalde mayor
or a Corregidor; who exercise as a judge,
inspector of encomiendas, chief of police,
tribute collector, vice- regal patron and a
captain- general of the province.
Executive and judicial authority;
Military authority in his area of responsibility
Answerable solely to the Governor- General
and the Real Audencia in Manila.
Two Ancient Castilian Institution
1. Residencia; (1501-1799);
2. Visita; (1499- 18th Century);
•Function
To check the abuse of power of royal officials.
Residencia
• It was a judicial review of Residenciado (one
judged) conducted at the end of histerm of
office, supervised publicly by a juez de
residencia
• If Residenciado found guilty of a public
misconduct; the following are the penalties;
Imposed heavy fines;
Sequestration of properties; or
Imprisonment; or a Combination of all
penalties.
Visita
• Conducted by a Visitador- General (those who
are sent from Spain;
• Investigation occur at the time within
theofficial’s term without notice.
• Two kinds of Visita;
• Specific Visita – meant an investigation of a
single official or a province;
• General Visita – meant an investigation of the
whole viceroyalty like Mexico- or Captain-
General like Philippines.
Filipino Bureaucrats
Municipal Level
•Little Governor or Gobernadorcillo- (replaced
by the Capitan Municipal in 1894);
 Headed by the Pueblo or Municipio;
Qualification of a Gobernadorcillo;
• Any Filipino or Chinese Mestizo;
• 25 years old;
• Literate in oral or written Spanish;
• Became a Cabeza de Barangay (Barrio
Administrator) for four (4) years;
• The Gobernadorcillo was assisted by three
supernumeraries or inspector (tenientes de
justicia) who supervised boundaries of
cultivated fields (sementeras), branding of
livestock (Ganado) and police (policia);
constables (alguaciles: the four tenientes
segundos; liutenants of districts (tenientes del
barrio), and a secretary (directorcillo).
Barrio (Barangay) Government;
• Cabeza de Barangay;
Main role was a tax and contributions collector
for the Gobernadorcillo.
Cabezas were exempted from taxation.
The title originally given by Philip II – to show
good treatment, to entrust the name, and the
government.
• Manual del Cabeza de Barangay (1874);
Requirements;
Literacy in Spanish;
Good moral character;
Property ownership- as qualifications for
cabezas;
Served for three (3) years term.
• Mid-19th Century- Cabeza de Barangay who
served for 25 years were exempted from forced
labor.
Amalgamation of Church and State
• It was in the exercise of political power and
economic powers of the Spanish clergy, the
disunity between the Church and the State.
• Church meddling in civil government and
press censorship pointed by some Filipino
laborantes (reformers) as well as
revolucionarios in the 19th centuries.
Separation of Church and State
• Became an outstanding innovations of the
Malolos Constitution in 1898.
• Ten (10) years later; the first and only open
anti-friar demonstration against the intolerable
church abuses took place in Manila on March 1,
1888- led by Doroteo Cortes, aided secretly by
Marcelo H. del Pilar and Jose Ramos Ishikawa.
• Newly Passed Penal Code; Article 218.
• Article 218 of the newly passed penal code
vouching for the right of petition and assembly,
a group of influential gobernadorcillos,
principales, and residents of Manila, they
marched through the streets of the city to the
Ayuntamiento (City Hall) demanding the
expulsion of friars in the Philippines, including
Archbishop Pedro Payo himself, demostrators,
manifesto declared “Long Live the Queen! Long
Live the Army! Down with the friars!.
• Friars – they control all the fundamental
forces of society in the Philippines.
• They control the educational system, for they
own the University of Sto. Tomas and they are
local inspectors of every primary schools.
Institutional Impact of Spanish Rule
• When the Spanish settled permanently in the
Philippines in the year 1565;
They found the Filipinos living either lineal or
nucleated barangay settlement scattered along
water routes and river banks (in pattern of ilaya
or upstream ibaba or downstream) and
mountain ridges.
Economic Situations
• Taxation without representation;
Income- generating mechanisms were
introduced by the Spanish Colonial Government
in the Philippines consisting of tribute and
income tax);
Indirect Tax; direct (personal o Such as
customs duties and the bandala. o Monopolies
(Rentals estancadas) of special
crops and items as spiritous liquors, nuts,
tobacco, explosives and opiums.
Buwis (tribute); o May be paid in cash or kind,
partly or wholly as palay or tobacco, chickens,
textile, or even wax and special regional
produce, depending on the area of the place.
The Encomienda System
• Encomiendas:
1. Royal; and
2. Private.
• Spaniards imposed encomienda to the
natives, meaning to entrust, another term as
“revenue- getting”.
• Encomienda came from the word
encomendar, which means to entrust, and it
was equivalent to “trust territory”.
The Encomienda System
• Two Kinds of Encomiendas existed in the
Philippines;
• The royal or crown (realenga or encomienda
de la real corona);
The Land reserved for the crown and included
the principal towns and ports, like Bagumbayan
(now luneta), Lagyo (approximately the site of
the present Plaza military, between Malate and
Ermita), Santa Ana de Sapa, Tondo, Navotas and
Malabon in Manila and Lubao and Betis in
Pampanga.
2. The private (encomienda de particulares).
The private encomiendas were granted to
individuals who were either the King’s protégés
or men who served with merit during the
conquest and pacification campaigns.
examples of these were Pandacan, Sampaloc
and Macabebe, privately owned by one Pedro
de Chaves; Bataan by Juan Esguerra, and
Batangas owned personally by Francisco
Rodrigues.
• Tribute of Collections;
Each encomendero collected according to his
personal whim.
When gold is abundant and money was scarce,
they demand cash or reales; when the reales
were plentiful and there was scarcity of gold,
they asked for gold, even when poor Filipinos
were coerced to buy them.
Encomenderos sometimes seized the entire
quantity of his rice from the Filipino without
leaving him grain to eat.
Problem in the Encomienda System
• These are the source of pain and suffering to
the Natives/ Filipinos;
Spanish encomenderos they confiscate the
crops and animals without just compensation or
if the Filipino failed to pay heavy taxes.
Excessive tribute of collection from the Filipino
tenants.
Some of the encomenderos were cruel and
ruled with fear andforce.
The Catholic Church owned vast of lands in
their own encomienda, categorized as friar
land, and with Filipinos as its farmers that paid
taxes and share to the church and government.
Policies During Spain Colonization
1. Reduccion
2. Repartimiento
3. Instruccion
Reduccion
• The Spanish attempted to tame the reluctant
Filipinos through Christian indoctrination in a
quite novel settlementpattern using the
convent/ casa real/ plaza complex as the focal
point.
• The reduccion, to the Spaniards was no doubt,
a civilizing device to make the Filipinos law
abiding citizens of the Spanish crown and in a
long run, to make them ultimately little brown
Spaniards in adopting Hispanic culture and
civilization.
Repartimiento
• The settled Filipinos under Spanish
administration were following two
complementary laws and regulations.
• Catholicism, they were obliged to follow by
the faith, the teachings of the church and what
it demands, like the expenses in burial,
offerings, marriage fees and donations.
• As colony of Spain the Filipinos were deemed
to follow its rules such as payment of taxes,
forced labor, monopoly of products and fight
against Spain’s enemies inside and outside the
country.
Polo y Servicio
• It was a require force labor to all Filipino men
aging 18- 60 years old and must complete 40
days’ work. They were assigned in various
locations of work like shipyard for Galleon
Ships, Constructions of churches, roads, and
bridges or to the forest to cut trees for logs.
They called the worker POLITAS.
• Tributo (Tribute);
o Another form of taxes.
Instruccion
• Religious care for the natives inside the
encomienda and make sure that all were
indoctrinated and baptized in the Catholic
church.
Congregation in the Philippines
Augustinians (1565);
Franciscans (1577);
Jesuits (1581);
Dominicans (1587);
Recollects (1606);
Benedictines (1895).
The Political System
• The Spanish king ruled the Islands through the
viceroy of Mexico which was then another
Spanish colony.
Council of Indies (1565-1837);
Overseas Council (1837-1863);
Ministry of the Colonies (1863-1898) – a
special government body that supervises
matters pertaining to the colonies assisted by
the king of Spain.
National Government
• Governor-General;
Acted as the Spanish King’s representative to
the Philippines;
He serves as the chief executive of the county.
His duties were as follows;
•Enforce the king’s royal decrees, implement
laws coming from Spain;
•Direct supervision of all government offices
including tax collection; and
3. Lastly, to create and divide parishes and
appoint priest . In addition, he could also
disregard and suspend the implementation of
Royal decrees and laws coming from Spain
based on his valid reasons.
However, incidents may happen that the
governor may be ousted or put behind bars due
to some issues concerning his position.
Royal Audencia
• Effective in May of 1583; by a Royal Decree.
• Established as the Highest Court of Justice in
the Philippines.
• Composition of Royal Audiencia;
• The Governor-General as the president;
• Oidores (Justices) and fiscal.
• Its primary function is to address justice in the
country by hearing and deciding Civil and
Criminal ases in court.
• To audit Annual Government Finances, serves
as consultation body of the Governor.
• Created Laws.
• Residencia;
a Special Judicial Court that scrutinizes the
performance of a governor general who will be
replaced.
The residencia, of which the incoming
governor general was usually a member,
submitted a report of its finding to the King.
• Visitador General;
Sent by the Council of the Indies in Mexico to
observe conditions in the colony.
The Visitador reported his findings directly to
the King. But sometimes abuses, oppressions
and malpractices to the natives were seldom
reported to the king.
Bribery became a large scale business among
the visitas and the governor- general.
Local Government
• Provincial Government;
Alcaldias;
o headed by the Spanish Alcalde Mayor
assigned in
provinces which were already pacified,
andpeople were peacefully settled in
designated places.
Corregimientos;
o under the control of Corregidores or army
officers led by a politico-general, these are the
places whereprovincial territories that were in
the process of pacifications.
City Government
Spanish colonizer introduced in the Philippines
the European pattern of civilization.
Ayuntamiento;
ocities which consists of Alcalde (Mayor),
Rigidores (Councilors), and Alguaciles (Chief of
police or sheriff).
Municipal Government
(Pueblo de Indios) – municipality headed by a
Gobernadorcillo.
Gobernadorcillo’s duty;
o Tax collection
o Enfore law in municipal and countryside
o Hear cases involving small amount of money
Four Liutenants aided the Gobernadorcillo;
o Teniente Mayor (Chief Lieutenant) ;
o Teniente de Policia (Police Lieutenant);
o Teniente de Sementeras ( lieutenant of the
fields);
o Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the
livestocks).
Barangay Government
• In 1573, the Augustinian bishops
recommended to the King of Spain to retain the
barangay privileged class (Datu and Maharlika)
in power and in 1594;
• The title Cabeza de Barangay originally came
rom King Philip II.
• Under the provincial government policy, the
barangay would be headed by a Cabeza de
Barangay. This would be the highest position
given to the natives in the Philippines.
• Cabeza de Barangay’s duties
1. Collect Tribute Tax among members of their
barangay.
2. Implement in the Barangay the laws and
royal decrees
• Privileges of a Cabeza de Barangay;
1. The headsman and the eldest son would be
exempted from paying the annual tribute.
2. Free from rendering their service to the
government.
3. Enjoyed the privilege of using the Spanish
term “Don”.
4. The eldest son can avail a scholarship givenby
the governmentwhere they will be taught of the
Christian doctrines, reading, writing and
arithmetic.
Cadiz Constitution
• In the year 1812;
Was declared on March 19, 1812 at Cadiz,
Spain.
Don Ventura de los Reyes, a native merchant
of Vigan, Ilocos Sur was one of the delegates
who signed the constitution.
After a year this was made known in Manila on
April 18, 1813, one of the most important
articles in the constitution was exemption of
the natives from paying tributes and rendering
public services.
Also, the termination of the galleon trade on
Sept 14, 1813.
o However, the restoration of the throne of
Fernando VII led to the abolition of the
constitution through the Valencia Decree on
May 4, 1814.
The Social System
1. Peninsulares;
Spaniard who were born in the Iberian
Peninsula, they were called full blooded
Spaniards.
• Criollos;
Spaniard born in America.
• Insulares;
full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines.
• Mestizos;
result of the intermarriage of a native with a
European or Chinese.
• Indios;
native people in the country.
• Principalia;
social and educated class in the towns.
• Ilustrados;
native-born intellectual in the late 19th
century.
Filipino Families during Spanish Regime
Family is patriarchal
Family relation was intimately close, with
Christian teachings, the member of the family,
pray, eat and hear mass together.
Cases of broken homes at that time were
veryrare.
Father guides his male children
Mother taught her daughters household
chores.
• Governor General Narciso Claveria issued a
Decree in 1849, that all native families must
adopt a Christian surname which is bases on the
compiled Names of Saint, Flora, Fauna, and
others.
• Calendar of activities were introduced by
Spanish authorities and Friars which were
expected to celebrate these activities as part of
being a Catholic Family.
1. Celebration of Christmas and misa de gallo;
2. New year celebrations;
3. Semana Santa;
4. Santacruzan;
5. Todos Los Santos- All Saint’s Day;
6. Holidays (founding of the Spanish Empire and
giving respect to the Spanish queen and King.
Education under Spain
• Royal Order of King Charles in 1550;
Stating that all teachers and religious assigned
in villages under the dominion of the Spanish
crown should use the Spanish language as
medium of instruction and propagation of the
Catholic faith, at the same time introduced the
European system of education.
First school that was established was the
parochial schools, with the friars as their
teachers. The children were taught of Christian
doctrines, reading, writing, arithmetic, •
Education decree of 1963;
requiring the government to offer school
institutions for boys and girls in every town.
College was equivalent to a university during
Spanish regime and student graduated with a
degree of Bachelor of Arts.
• From 1570-1868;
there was minimal government control in the
first school established in the Philippines.
The first college founded in the country was
organized by a Jesuit Congregation which were
mostly school for boys, such as the College of
Manila later change to College of Saint Ignacio,
College of San Ildefonso in Cebu, and College of
San Jose in Manila
• In 1859;
the government established Escuela Pia, then
later on it was renamed Ateneo de Municipal in
Intramuros.
This was a public school for boys which was
run by the Jesuit Congregation.
• Dominican friars;
Established school and colleges in 1616 it was
College of Sto. Tomas and in 1630 they founded
another school, the San Juan de Letran in
Manila.
Augustinians founded Conciliar Seminary in
Vigan. The subjects taught were humanities,
pharmacy, philosophy, theology,
medicine,natural science, geography, science
and mathematics.
• Education for Girls;
1. Colegio a regular school for girls;
2. Beaterio a combination of school and
nunnery (Potenciana in Manila, College ofSta.
Isabe; College of Sta. Rosa, Some of the
Beaterio were as follows: Beaterio de la
Campanoa de Jesus, Beaterio de Santa Catalina
and Ignancia del Espiritu Santo in Binondo.
• Vocational and Special School for Specific
skills;
1. Nautical Academy;
• Academy of fine Arts School;
• School of Botany;
1. School of Agriculture;
• School of Commerce;
• A royal decree implemented in Dec 10, 1863;
• Compulsory education for children;
• Subject taught must be Christian Doctrine,
Reading; Writing, Spanish, Music, Agriculture
and Geography;
• Encourage the study of Spanish Language;
Painting
Filipinos exemplified their talent in painting,
particularly of those in the middle class;
Damian Domingo- father of Philippine Painting
and opened the first school of painting in the
Philippines named Academia de Dibujo de
Pintura;
Juan Luna is the one note Spolarium;
Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo and Juan Luna both
painters studied painting from Spain and
became known fortheir stroke of brush in the
Philippines and in Europe.
Isidro Arceo and Miguel Zaragoza were both
notable painters.
Sculpture
Natives from the Cordillera were famous of
their carving and sculpture skills.
When the Spaniards came, natives started to
carve religious personalities in wood and ivory.
Isabelo Tampingo, Jose Arrevalo, Manuel
Asuncion and Jose Rizal.
Literature
Pasyon is a written piece of literature
depicting suffering of Jesus Christ, was apopular
reading among Filipinos in observance of the
holy week.
Written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen in 1704
which was followed by the later versions in
1750 by Luis Gian, Father Mariano Pilapil in
1814 and Father Aniceto de la Merced in 1856.
Theatre
Zarzuela is a musical acting, singing with
comedy that revolved in a story of a certain
time;
Cinaculo is inspired by religious story,
portraying of the life and suffering of Jesus
Christ;
Moro-moro is a play presenting the Muslim
and Christian battles in Mindanao, ending in the
triumph of Christianity.
Music and Dance
Awit and Kurido with musical show, dances
and songs depicting the conversion of early
Filipinos to Christianity.
Kundiman most romantic entertainment was a
combination of romantic worlds and mellow
tunes interpreted through songs.
Rigudon, Cariñosa, Polka- Spanish dance.
Every district in the islands has its own
folkdance interpreted attractively in festivals
and local shows.
Economic System
• Galleon Trade;
It was the trade monopolized by the Spanish
government from 1565 to 1815.
Using a Galleon Ship with a route of Acapulco,
Mexico to Manila, Philippines.
All traders especially Chinese who would like
to engage business to any Spanish colony
needed to use the Galleon Ship for
transportation of their goods.
They would not allow any traders to go in if
they would not use their Galleons.
The Spanish took taxes from the goods at the
same time the transport fee for the galleon
ship. These trading lasted for almost 250 years.
Abuses behind the Successful
Galleon Trade
1. Vandala is more oppressive than the polo.
Vandala was a compulsory sale of products
to the government.
1.Every province was given quotas, and since
the treasury was in no position to pay, only
token payment and promissory notes were
given to the natives.
2. Polo y Servicio.
3. Falla- purchase exemption for Polo.
4. Chinese immigration is substantially altered
the ethnic composition of the Philippines.
Galleon Trade
❑ 1565 – 1815;
1.Prevented rich trade with other Asian
countries such as Japan, China, India and
Vietnam.
2.Though the trade was a rich source of income,
it only benefited few individuals and institutions
like the Catholic Church, businessmen,
government agents and middlemen.
•It exploited the Filipinos through the Polo, by
building ships to owned by the government for
Galleon trade use.
Silk Industry in the Philippines
• Governor General Jose Basco encouraged the
natives to produce more goods and exports. He
encourage the large scale production of cotton
and silk, with this in Camarines a large land
were planted to mulberry trees to feed silk
worms.
• Scientific methods of farming were introduced
to the natives for the increase of production.
Tobacco
• In March 1782, Gov. Gen. Jose Basco
implemented the Royal Decree of King Charles
III. The governor placed some areas in the
country exclusively for Tobacco farming.
• The selected provinces were ILOCOS,
CAGAYAN VALLEY AND MARINDUQUE.
Farmers in these provinces were required to
sell their tobacco products to the government
through its agents.
Excessive Taxation
• Tributes; surpassed the official tariff which
was one peso in 1589. the list of tax payers was
not up to date, and often the sons often pay the
tax of their dead father.
• Sanctuarium; Taxes paid by the Filipinos to
the Catholic Church, which was used for
personal friar expenses, church construction
and repair.
• Donativo de Zamboanga; Taxes paid by
Filipinos to pay the Spanish-Filipino expeditions
against Muslims in Jolo and Maguindanao.
• Cedula; at first, the aim of implementing the
cedula was to regulate the coming of the
foreigners in the Philippine island. Another, it
was to avoid the astonishing increase of racial
diversity in the colony
Western Infrastructure
• Spanish architecture found its way in the
Philippines through the building of stone houses
and churches built through the efforts of
Filipino labor.
• Some of these structure still stand today like
the Manila Cathedral, Quiapo Church, Basilica
de Sto. Niño in Cebu and Paoay Church in
Ilocos Norte.
Lesson 4
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
• The Spanish-American War was lasted only
about ten weeks in 1898. However, the war had
far-reaching effects for both the United States
and Spain.
• The Spanish American War was an 1898
conflict between the United States and Spain
that ended Spanish Colonial Rule in the America
and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in
the western Pacific and the Latin America.
Historical Background
Causes of the War
• The conflict had complex beginnings.
• In the year 1890’s, Cuba had unsuccessfully
battled Spain for independence for many years.
• In 1895, the Cuban revolutionary Jose Marti
led an expedition to the island, attempting to
seize power from Spain.
• As a result of U.S. had economic interests in
Cuba, the U.S. government sought to stabilize
the situation. An agreement was negotiated
between the United States and Spain by which
Cuba would become self-governing on January
1, 1898.
• On January 1898, During the riot in Havana,
President William McKinley sent the USS Maine
to Havana to protect U.S. citizens and interests.
• On February 15, 1898 an explosion sank the
Maine, killing 266 men on board.
• On April 19, 1898 the congress passed the
Teller Amendment, which said that the United
States would not establish permanent control
over Cuba.
• The United States declared war on Spain on
April 25, 1898.
The War
• Although Cuba played a key role in the start of
the war, the battles between the U.S. and Spain
took place around the world.
• In fact, the first hostilities took place in the
Philippines on May 1, 1898 in the Battle of
Manila Bay. Fighting did not occur in Cuba until
June 1898; a key battle took place on July 1,
1898.
• One of the leaders of U.S. forces in this battle
was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt,
who led a cavalry regiment known as the Rough
Riders.
• In May, U.S. troops landed in Puerto Rico,
where they faced little Spanish opposition. By
August 2, 1898 the Spanish and the Americans
began to negotiate an end to the conflict, with
the Spanish accepting the peace terms laid out
by President McKinley.
• Hostilities formally ended on August 12, 1898.
• The Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish
American War, was signed on December 10,
1898.
• Spain gave up Guam, Puerto Rico, its
possessions in the West Indies, and the
Philippines in exchange for a U.S. payment of
$20 million.
• The United States occupied Cuba but, as
provided for in the Teller Amendment, did not
try to annex it.
Media Coverage
• The war helped fuel major changes in U.S.
news media. U.S. newspapers covered the war
with Gusto. Technological innovations changed
reportage and documentation. New technology
that made it easier for newspapers to publish
photographs allowed the papers to publish
more illustrations and less text.
• Some reporters in the field in Cuba provided
excellent, firsthand reporting. Reporters who
used telegraphs as the basis for their stories,
however, typically relied on secondhand
information.
Major newspaper owners - including Joseph
ulitzer of the New York World and William
Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal
viewed public interest in the war as an
opportunity to sell newspapers. The papers, in a
circulation war, featured sensational coverage
and attentiongrabbing photographs of events in
Cuba. Although the cause of the explosion of
the USS Maine was unknown, for example, New
York newspapers blamed Spain. Historians once
held that biased coverage of the war, often
referred to as yellow journal sm, was a cause of
the war. Today, however, historians find less
evidence for that claim.
• At the time of the war’s outbreak, film was a
new medium, and the conflict became a
popular topic. Short films showed such scenes
as servicemen exercising, Theodore Roosevelt
and the Rough Riders on their horses, and
funeral processions of dead soldiers. Motion
pictures began to move from being seen as a
fad to an accepted method of documenting
historical events- even though some films
depicting events from the war were actually
reenactments.
Aftermath of the War
• Victory in the Spanish-American War
transformed the United States, a former colony,
to an imperial power. Many Americans saw this
development as a natural part of the nation’s
“Manifest Destiny” the belief that expansion of
the United States was both right and inevitable.
• Opposition to this new role also existed. In
June 1898, the American Anti-Imperialist
League was formed to fight annexation of the
Philippines. Its members included former
President Grover Cleveland, industrialist
Andrew Carnegie, author Mark Twain, and labor
leader Samuel Gompers.
• A recognized war hero, Theodore Roosevelt
instantly became credible as a political
candidate. Roosevelt was elected governor of
New York in 1898 and vice president of the
United States in 1901.
• Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest
president to date later that year, when
President McKinley was assassinated just
months into his second term.
The Return of Aguinaldo
The declarations of the Philippine
Independence
• During the Spanish-American War, Filipino
rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo proclaim the
independence of the Philippines after 300 years
of Spanish rule.
• By mid-August, Filipino rebels and U.S. troops
had ousted the Spanish, but Aguinaldo’s hopes
for independence were dashed when the
United States formally annexed the Philippines
as part of its Peace Treaty with Spain.
The Philippines, is a large islands archipelago
situated off Southeast Asia, was colonized by
the Spanish in the latter part of the 16th
century. Opposition to Spanish rule began
among Filipino priests, who resented Spanish
domination of the Roman Catholic churches in
the islands. In the late 19th century, F
the middle class began caipino intellectuals and
ing for independence. rew
In 1892, the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary
society, was formed in Manila, the Philippine
capital on the island of Luzon. Membership
dramaticaly, and in August 1896 the Spanish
uncovered the Katipunan’s plans for rebel ion,
forcing premature action from the rebels.
Revolts broke out across Luzon, and in March
1897 28-year-old Emilio Aguinaldo became
leader of the rebellion.
• By late 1897, the revolutionaries had been
driven into the hills southeast of Manila, and
Aguinaldo negotiated an agreement with the
Spanish.
• In exchange for financial compensation and a
promise of reform in the Philippines, Aguinaldo
and his generals would accept exile in Hong
Kong. The rebel leaders departed, and the
Philippine Revolution temporarily was at an
end.
• In April 1898, the Spanish-American War
broke out over Spain’s brutal suppression of a
rebellion in Cuba.
• The first in a series of decisive U.S. victories
occurred on May 1, 1898, when the U.S. Asiatic
Squadron under Commodore George Dewey
annihilated the Spanish Pacific fleet at the
Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines.
• From his exile, Aguinaldo made arrangements
with U.S. authorities to return to the Philippines
and assist the United States in the war against
Spain. He landed on May 19, rallied his
revolutionaries, and began liberating towns
south of Manila.
• On June 12, he proclaimed Philippine
independence and established a provincial
government, of which he subsequently became
head. T ie rebels, meanwhile, had endrcled the
Spanish inaniani
a and, with the support of Dewey’s squadron in
a Bay, would surely have conquered the Spanish
Dewey, however, was waiting for U.S. ground
troops, which began landing in July and took
over the Filipino positions surrounding Manila.
On August 8, the Spanish commander informed
the United States that he would surrender the
city under two conditions: The United States
was to make the advance into the capital look
like a battle, and under no conditions were the
Filipino rebels to be allowed into the city. On
August 13, the mock Battle of Manila was
staged, and the Americans kept their promise to
keep the Filipinos out after the city passed into
their hands.
The Americans occupied Manila and planned
peace negotiations with Spain, Aguinaldo
convened a revolutionary assembly, the
Malolos, in September. They drew up a
democratic constitution, the first ever in Asia,
and a government was formed with Aguinaldo
as president in January 1899. On February 4,
what became known as the Philippine
Insurrection began when Filipino rebels and U.S.
troops skirmished inside American lines n
Manila. Two days later, the U.S. Senate voted
by one vote to ratify the Treaty of Paris with
Spain. The Philippines were now a U.S. territory,
acquired in exchange for $20 million in
compensation to the Spanish.
• In response, Aguinaldo formally launched a
new revolt-this time against the United States.
The rebels, consistently defeated in the open
field, turned to guerrilla warfare, and the U.S.
Congress authorized the deployment of 60,000
troops to subdue them.
• By the end of 1899, there were 65,000 U.S.
troops in the Philippines, but the war dragged
on. Many anti-imperialists in the United States,
such as Democratic presidential candidate
William Jennings Bryan, opposed U.S.
annexation of the Philippines, but in November
1900 Republican incumbent William McKinley
was reelected, and the war continued.
• On March 23, 1901, in a daring operation, U.S.
General Frederick Funston and a group of
officers, pretending to be prisoners, surprised
Aguinaldo in his stronghold in the Luzon village
of Palanan and captured the rebel leader.
• Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the
United States and called for an end to the
rebellion, but many of his followers fought on.
During the next year, U.S. forces gradually
pacified the Philippines.
• In an infamous episode, U.S. forces on the
island of Samar retaliated against the massacre
of a U.S. garrison by killing all men on the island
above the age of 10. Many women and young
children were also butchered. General Jacob
Smith, who directed the atrocities, was court-
martialed and forced to retire for turning
Samar, in his words, into a “howling wilderness.
• In 1902, an American civil government took
over administration of the Philippines, and the
three-year Philippine insurrection was declared
to be at an end. Scattered resistance, however,
persisted for several years.
• More than 4,000 Americans perished
suppressing the Philippines-more than 10 times
the number killed in the Spanish-American War.
More than 20,000 Filipino insurgents were
killed, and an unknown number of civilians
perished.
• In 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines
was established with U.S. approval, and Manuel
Quezon was elected the country’s first
president. On July 4, 1946, full independence
was granted to the Republic of the Philippines
by the United States.
The History of the Philippine Revolution
The Philippine Revolution is one of the most
important events in the country’s history,
awakening a proud sense of nationalism for
generations of Filipinos to come. In a period of
heavy struggle and conflict, Filipinos of different
backgrounds united with a common goal: to
resist colonialism. The revolution against Spain
was sparked in 1896 after Spanish authorities
discovered the “Katipunan,” a Filipino
revolutionary society plotting against their
colonizers. It ended in 1902, where Spain lost
and ceded sovereignty of the Philippines to the
United States.
the Katipunan: The secret organization that
initiated the revolt
• Andres Bonifacio was the Supreme of the
Katipunan (association), or as it was also
known: Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest
and Most Venerated Association of the Sons
and Daughters of the Land).
• The organization drew inspiration from Dr.
Jose Rizal, whose literary works, particularly
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, exposed
the cruelties of the Spanish colonizers. Before
Katipunan was established, both Bonifacio and
Rizal were part of ‘La Liga Filipina’ – a
progressive organization initiated by Rizal that
sought peaceful reforms.
• After Rizal’s arrest and deportation to
Dapitan, La Liga Filipina dissolved. This was later
replaced by a call for aggressive reforms, put
forward and favored by Bonifacio. Upon hearing
of Rizal’s arrest, Bonifacio and his fellows
founded the Katipunan. The anti-colonial secret
organization eventually attracted people from
lower and middle classes across the country,
enjoining them in an armed revolt against
Spain.
• Rizal, the country’s national hero, refused to
participate. Bonifacio believed timing wasn’t on
their side and the nation was still unprepared.
In spite of his friend’s reservations, Bonifacio
and his fellow Katipuneros continued with their
plan.
• Yet, on August 1896, a Spanish friar found
them out.
A Series of Bloody Revolts
• After the discovery of the Katipunan, Spanish
authorities made several arrests to identify
their members. Bonifacio and his fellows were
planning a nationwide revolt.
• This led to an event called the ‘Cry of Pugad
Lawin’, where revolutionaries took part in a
mass tearing of cedulas (community tax
certificates), symbolizing their fight against
Spain.
• Bonifacio simultaneously planned an attack
on Manila. However they were caught off
guard, as though the revolutionaries were
greater in number, the Spanish authorities were
more armed.
• According to historical accounts, Bonifacio
continued with his plan despite the failure in his
first attempt.
• The revolt flared up in the surrounding
provinces, including Central Luzon, San Juan del
Monte and Southern Tagalog (which is why this
is also known as the Tagalog War).
• After several unsuccessful revolts, rebels in
Cavite finally had a taste of victory. Under
Emilio Aguinaldo (mayor of Cavite El Viejo) and
Mariano Alvarez (Bonifacio’s uncle), the
Philippine Revolution was in full swing.
• The revolution dragged down the name of
Rizal. He was accused of being associated with
the secret militant society. Charged with
sedition, conspiracy and rebellion, Rizal was
sentenced to death by firing squad.
Internal struggles, conflicts, and a surprising
turn of events
• Alongside the Spanish authorities,
Katipuneros were soon fighting amongst
themselves. Rivalries emerged between
commanders and territories, creating big rifts in
the association.
• The Katipunan divided into two councils,
namely the Magdiwang and Magdalo - that is,
those who favored Aguinaldo and those who
favoured Bonifacio.
• To settle the leadership dispute, the Tejeros
Convention was established.
• This assembly of officials was intended to
unite the two factions and elect officers for the
revolutionary government.
• After a makeshift election, Bonifacio lost to
Aguinaldo and leadership was turned over to
him.
• Bonifacio was given the role of Director of the
Interior, but his qualifications were questioned.
Under this further scrutiny he left the assembly
-
Aguinaldo took oath as President the following
day.
The Rival Government
• Bonifacio soon set out to Naic, Cavite, where
he established a rival government against
Aguinaldo. Newly recognized as the leader of
the revolution, he issued a coup d’etat against
Aguinaldo’s government. Upon learning this,
Aguinaldo ordered the official arrest of
Bonifacio.
• Bonifacio was captured and found guilty of
sedition and treason by the War Council. They
were soon executed near Maragondon.
• Aguinaldo and his fellows soon established
the Republic of Biak-na-Bato and drafted the
first constitution.
• They came up with a pact that called for an
end to the revolution, which was positively
favored by the Spanish Governor-General. The
pact’s agenda included: the surrender of
weapons to revolutionaries, amnesty, exile for
leaders, and payment to the revolutionaries
worth $400,000 USD.
• While the Spanish kept their word, other
revolutionary generals took arms – the
Philippines was still not independent.
The arrival of the Americans and the
Declaration of Independence
• April 1898 marked the second phase of the
Philippine Revolution. After a US Navy warship
exploded and sunk in Havana harbor, the
Americans declared a war against Spain known
as the Spanish-American War.
• The US Navy’s Asiatic Squadron, led by
Commodore George Dewey, sailed to Manila
and defeated the Spanish Navy. In just a few
hours all Spanish ships were destroyed and the
US gained control of the Philippine capital.
• Meanwhile, Aguinaldo became friendly with
the United States. Aguinaldo met with a US
consul who advised him to cooperate with the
Americans. And so, from his exile in Hong Kong,
Bonifacio eventually returned to the Phi ippines
and resumed the attacks against the Spanish
authorities.
• And, On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared
the country’s independence and the birth of the
Philippine Republic. From his balcony in his
house in Kawit, Cavite, the Philippine flag was
unfurled. The Philippines’ National Anthem,
“Lupang Hinirang” was first heard by the
Filipino people.

• It was December of that year when the

Spanish government ceded the Philippines to
the United States through the Treaty of Paris.
• While it ended the Spanish-American War, the
Americans took possession of the Philippines.
Independence had not really been achieved.