RAGAS, IRENE GRACE Z.

BSN-1D

Anatomy and Physiology Lecture

Assignment for Muscular System

1. List four important functions of muscle tissue.

- Muscles produce movement by acting on the bones of the skeleton, pumping blood, or
propelling substances throughout hollow organ systems.
- Muscles aid in maintaining posture by adjusting the position of the body with respect to gravity.
- Muscles stabilize joints by exerting tension around the joint.
- Muscles generate heat as a function of their cellular metabolic processes.

2. Compare and contrast the three basic types of muscle tissue.

- Skeletal muscle moves bones and other structures. Cardiac muscle contracts the heart to pump
blood. The smooth muscle tissue that forms organs like the stomach and bladder changes
shape to facilitate bodily functions.

3. Describe the gross structure of a skeletal muscle.

- Each muscle has a nerve and blood supply that allows neural control and ensures adequate
nutrient delivery and waste removal.
- Connective tissue sheaths are found at various structural levels of each muscle: endomysium
surrounds each muscle fiber, perimysium surrounds groups of muscle fibers, and epimysium
surrounds whole muscles.
- Attachments span joints and cause movement to occur from the movable bone (the muscle's
insertion) toward the less movable bone (the muscle's origin). Muscle attachments may be
direct or indirect.

4. Describe the microscopic structure and functional roles of the myofibrils, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, and T tubules of skeletal muscle fibers.
- Skeletal muscle fibers are long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei beneath the sarcolemma.
Myofibrils account for roughly 80% of cellular volume, and contain the contractile elements of
the muscle cell. Striations are due to a repeating series of dark A bands and light I bands.
Myofilaments make up the myofibrils, and consist of thick and thin filaments. Ultra-structure and
Molecular composition of the myofilaments:
 ➔ There are two types of myofilaments in muscle cells; thick filaments composed of
bundles of myosin, and thin filaments composed of strands of actin
➔ Tropomyosin and troponin are regulatory proteins present In thin filaments The
sarcoplasmic reticulum is a smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounding each myofibril.T
tubules are infolding of the sarcolemma that conduct electrical impulses from the surface
of the cell to the terminal cisternae

5. Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.

- In the relaxed state, thin and thick filaments overlap only slightly. During contraction, myosin
heads bind to actin, detach, and bind again, to propel the thin filaments toward the M line. As H
zones shorten and disappear, sarcomeres shorten, muscle cells shorten, and the whole muscle
shortens.

6. Compare the gross and microscopic anatomy of smooth muscle cells to that of skeletal muscle
cells.
- Smooth Muscle Fibers
➔ Attached to bones or (some facial muscles) to skin
➔ Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations
➔ Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
- Skeletal Muscle Fibers
➔ Unitary muscle in walls of hollow visceral organs (other than the heart) multi unit muscle
in intrinsic eye muscles, airways, large arteries
➔ Single, fusiform, uninucleate, no striations
➔ Endomysium

7. Compare and contrast the contractile mechanisms and the means of activation of skeletal and
smooth muscles
- Mechanism and Characteristics of Contraction
➔ Smooth muscle fibers exhibit slow, synchronized contractions due to electrical coupling
by gap junctions
➔ Like skeletal muscle, actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism. The
final trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium level, and the process is
energized by ATP
 ➔ During excitation-contraction coupling, calcium ions enter the cell from the extracellular
space, bind to calmodulin, and activate myosin light chain kinase, powering the
cross-bridging cycle
➔ Smooth muscle contracts more slowly and consumes less ATP than skeletal muscle

- Regulation of Contraction
➔ Autonomic nerve endings release either acetylcholine or norepinephrine, which may
result in the excitation of certain groups of smooth muscle cells and the inhibition of
others
➔ Hormones and local factors, such as lack of oxygen, histamine, excess carbon dioxide,
or low pH, act as signals for contraction.
- Special Features of Smooth Muscle Contraction
➔ Smooth muscle initially contracts when stretched, but contraction is brief, and then the
cells relax to accommodate the stretch
➔ Smooth muscle stretches more and generates more tension when stretched than
skeletal muscle
➔ Hyperplasia, an increase in cell number through division, is possible in addition to
hypertrophy, an increase in individual cell size

8. Homeostatic Interrelationships between the Muscular systems to:

a. Integumentary system

- covers and protects muscles, dissipates heat generated by muscles. muscle systems help move blood
to the skin.

b. Skeletal System

- attachment points for muscles, stores calcium needed for muscle contraction. muscle system moves
bones,

c. Nervous system

- initiates, control muscle contractions. muscle system carries out nervous systems commands

d. Endocrine system

- horomones control muscle growth, heart rate. muscle system pushes out, circulates hormones

e. Cardiovascular system
 - delivers O2 nutrients, carries away CO2, wastes from muscle metabolism, circulatory system efficiency
affects muscle strength. muscle system helps push blood through veins back to heart, exercise effects
heart rate

f. Lymphatic system

- drains tissue fluid from muscles, protects muscles from germs. muscle system pushes lymphatic fluid
back to subclavian veins, exercise stimulates immune system

g. Respiratory system

- absorbs O2, releases CO2, respiratory system efficiency affects muscle strength. muscle system
moves air into and out of lungs, exercise affects respiratory rates

h. Digestive system

- absorbs nutrients for muscles, liver metabolizes lactic acid. muscle system chews food, pushes it
through digestive tract, and then out of anus

i. Urinary system

- kidney removes wastes produced by muscles, controls electrolyte balance. muscle system pushes out
urine from bladder (electrolyte:sodium, potassium)

j. Reproductive system

- androgens increase skeletal muscle (androgens:male horomones & is a steroid when someone
cheats). muscle system permits sexual excitement, mating, pushes baby out of uterus.

9. Identify and define at least 5 basic Body Movement.

1. Flexsion
- Bending the joint to reduce the angle between two bones
2. Extension
- straightening a joint to increase the angle between two bones
3. Abduction
- movements away from the medial plane
4. Adduction
- movements toward the medial line
5. Medial Rotation
- Rotation toward the midline
10. Identify and define the different class of Lever System of the skeletal muscle.

1. First-class lever
- has the axis (fulcrum) located between the weight (resistance) and the force.
2. Second-class lever
- the weight (resistance) is located between the axis (fulcrum) and the force.
3. Third-class lever
- force is applied between the resistance (weight) and the axis (fulcrum)