ARCH496 PLANING 3

ACTIVITY 4

1. SUMMARIZE THE SETTLEMENT PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES

The settlement planning in the
Philippines started in the Pre-colonial
Times. This is the time when the oldest
Filipino settlements, like other cities around
the world, grew out of the need for its
residents to band together. They were
formed for safety or to be near important
resources such as food and water. Most of
the oldest cities were built near the ocean
for fishermen or where there was plenty of
agricultural area for farmers. Overall, the
pre-colonial settlements were sporadic.
In the Spanish Colonial Times, the “laws of the indies” was made. This was promulgated
by King Philip II in 1573 and provided consistent standards and planning procedures for colonial
settlements. These laws established guidelines for site selection, street and square layout and
dimensioning, civic and religious building placement, open space, agriculture, and pasturing
areas, and even the main planning and construction procedural phases. Spaniards drew people
to the city with colorful fiestas, and the Plaza
Complex was built because of various Laws of
the Indies ordinances of the time. The Plaza
Complex is surrounded by important buildings
such as the catholic church, the municipal or
town hall, the marketplace & merchant stores,
elementary school, the homes of “principalia”,
and government buildings. Also, in these times,
the walled city of Manila was established –
Intramuros. It is the home of the Spanish, with
the exception of friars and the high-ranking
officials. Decentralization also took place, and
communities popped up in places like Malate,
San Miguel, and Paco.
In the American Period, the American agenda acts as a framework for urban growth and
physical development. The emphasis on other values such as sanitation, housing, and aesthetic
improvements occurred in this period. Daniel Burnham, who designed Chicago, San Francisco,
and parts of Washington, D.C., was also the architect and planner for Manila. Burnham's Manila
design was remarkably similar to his Washington D.C. design. The similarities between the capitol
mall and Luneta park are striking. Burnham even went so far as to ask the sea to be reclaimed to
 improve the perspective of the city. His design for Manila
included a civic mall to hold national buildings, where the
Finance and Agriculture buildings were built, fronted Manila Bay
like other Baroque plans did, made the Pasig River the main
artery of trade and commerce, and made the entire plan "too
grand."
Manila was the first city to be charted after Burnham
created it. The city of Manila was formed on July 31, 1903,
under Act No. 183. It encompassed Intamuros, as well as the
settlements of Bindondo, Tondo, and Sta. There were 190,000
inhabitants in Cruz, Malate Ermita, Paco, and Pandacan. The
population then was 190,000 people.

Suburbs emerge as years pass by, contributing to the growth of Manila. Quiapo,
Binondo, Sta. Cruz, San Nicolas, and Sampaloc became the Arrables or the first Suburbs.

• Quiapo - the illustrado territory; the enclave of the rich and powerful. Also, the
manifestation of folk religiosity.
• Binondo - the trading port developed by the Chinese and Arabs
• Sta. Cruz - the main commercial district with swirls of shops, movie houses, restaurants,
etc.
• San Nicolas - also a commercial town built by the Spanish with streets of “specialized”
categories (i.e. ceramics, soap, etc.)
• Sampaloc - centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua).
Also known as the first “University Town”
Later Suburbs emerged and these are the following:

• San Miguel (Malacañang) - where rest-houses were built for the Spanish government
• Malate - the early “summer resort” of wealthy and cultured Filipinos. Then became the first
fishing and salt-making town
• Ermita - early tourist belt (red-light district)
• Paco - first town built around a train station
• Pandacan - town built by the Americans for Oil depots
Future Suburbanization emerged as well,
making Quezon City as the new capitol city.
Commonwealth Act No. 457, passed in 1939,
authorized the relocation of the capital to a 1572-
hectare site. Architects Juan Arellano, Harry T. Frost,
Louis Croft, Eng. Juan Arellano, and Eng.
A.D. Williams created a master plan for Quezon City
in 1941. The "City Beautiful" plan represented a rising
nation's aspirations as well as the visions of a
visionary leader.
 Quezon City was intended to be the
Philippines' capital, with the three main
government offices located there. It was the site
of Constitution Hill, which was supposed to be
the national government headquarters until
WWII destroyed it. In 1949, it was resurrected
as the capital, where it remained until 197.
A search committee was constituted in
1946 to find a new location. It was chosen and
named Constitution Hill and National
Government Center in the Novaliches, a 158-
hectare area watershed. The three government seats were supposed to form a triangle at the
complex's center. The Plaza of the Republic, a 20-hectare civic park, was incorporated.
The Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation, which served as a forerunner of the
National Housing Authority, built dwellings for the masses. In addition, the "neighborhood unit"
serves as a model for urban design. The Philamlife Homes, the first of Quezon City's communities
along Highway 54, became an icon of middle-class suburbanization (present day EDSA). Carlos
P. Arguelles, an architect and planner, based it on suburban developments in California with
alterations. Also, the Bagong Lipunan Sites and Services, or BLISS, developed walk-up
developments for government sectors.
In the Present-Day Metro Manila,
Central Business Districts have arisen. The
Manila CBD became the first and most well-
known CBD, functioning as the city's
commercial and business center. The
Makati CBD, which covers 979 hectares and
was started by the Ayala company in 1948,
became the business, financial,
commercial, convention, and recreational
heart of the Metropolitan Region. Ortigas
CBD is another center for commerce,
finance, conventions, shopping, and
recreation. It was built in the 1950s by the
Ortigas group, and its current configuration was only completed in the late 1980s. A total of 600
hectares are included in the region. The Araneta family created the Cubao CBD in the 1960s.
Cubao was conceived as an alternate economic center on the city's eastern outskirts. This 37-
hectare land today has a bazaar economy, while plans are in the works to transform it into a more
modern commercial and recreational center.
Furthermore, new CBDs include Fort Bonifacio Global City, a 500-hectare prime land
development, Boulevard 2000, a 1167-hectare reclaimed land development aiming at reviving
Manila as a commercial and tourist destination, and Filinvest Corporate City, a government-
private sector joint venture. Industrial developments and technical parks are also nearby.
2. URBAN FORM&FUNCTION
A. DISCUSS THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFF. URBAN FORMS
B. GIVE 1 EXAMPLE FOR EACH TYPE
C. PRESENT IN PLAN VIEW DISCUSSING THE GENERAL FORM TYPE

URBAN FORM CHARACTERISTICS

RADIOCENTRIC
- a large circle with radial corridors of
intense development emanating from the
center

Example: Place de la Nation, Paris, France

RECTILINEAR
- usually with two corridors of intense
development crossing the center; usually
found in small cities rather than in large

Example: Alamo Square, San Francisco, USA

STAR
- radiocentric form with open spaces
between the outreaching corridors of
development

Example: Fortified City, Palmanova, Italy

RING
- a city built around a large open space

Example: Rotonda West, United States

LINEAR
- usually the result of natural topography
which restricts growth; may also be a
transportation spine

Example: Abuja Central Area, Nigeria

BRANCH
- a linear span with connecting arms

Example: Meguro, Tokyo, Japan

SHEET
- a vast urban area with little or no
articulation

Example: La Ramblas, Barcelona, Spain

ARTICULATED SHEET
- a sheet accented by one or more central
clusters and several subclusters

Example: Bologna City, Italy

CONSTELLATION
- a series of nearly equal sized cities in
close proximity

Example: Singapore

SATELLITE
- constellation of cities around a main
center

Example: Beijing, China

• Place de la Nation, Paris, France (Radiocentric)

- The Place de la Nation (originally Place du Trône, then Place du Trône-Renversé

during the Revolution) is a circular area on the eastern side of Paris, between the
Place de la Bastille and the Bois de Vincennes, on the border of the 11th and 12th
arrondissements.
- The Triumph of the Republic, a massive bronze sculpture by Aimé-Jules Dalou
showing Marianne, is in the center of the square, which is surrounded by businesses
and a floral garden.
- It is served by the Paris Metro station Nation.

• Alamo Square, San Francisco, USA (Rectilinear)

- Alamo Square is a residential area and park in the Western Addition of San Francisco,
California.
- The intersection of streets at right angles creates a grid of streets, avenues, blocks,
squares, and parks, among other urban places.
- Most cities with a rectilinear or grid plan are the outcome of urban planning, in which
the pattern is the consequence of a previously planned urban design.
- Other distinctive characteristics of each city, such as block subdivisions or groups,
chamfered corners, and diagonal roadways, may also be adapted.

• Fortified City, Palmanova, Italy (Star)

- Palmanova is 70 miles east of Venice in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of

northeastern Italy.
- The town is surrounded by massive star-shaped fortress walls, which were built by the
Venetian Republic in 1593 and are a remarkable example of Late Renaissance
fortressa construction.
- Palmanova is notable for the fact that the entire town and expansive piazza were
constructed by Vincenzo Scamozzi in the shape of a nine-pointed star.
- Ramparts protrude between the points of the star, allowing the points to defend each
other from attacking forces.

• Rotonda West, United States (Ring)

- Rotanda West is a circular-shaped planned community that was built in the early
1970s. It is located near the Gulf of Mexico and contains about 8,000 house sites.
- This region, like Sun Lakes in Arizona, is designed to provide a pleasant environment
for those who prefer to live in tranquil and green surroundings.
- It has, however, been criticized for being a closed and gated community that solely
serves one sort of person.

• Abuja Central Area, Nigeria (Linear)

- The heart of Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory is Abuja's Central Area. It houses the
city's principal government and municipal buildings, as well as primary cultural and
 religious institutions, the city's central business center, and foreign diplomatic
missions and offices.
- The image above depicts Abuja's central district following the implementation of the
revised master plan.
- To promote continued successful growth, land use, urban design, and infrastructure
have been embraced.
- Test layouts for relevant development zones (for example, railway station, parks, the
capital mall, central square, high rise zones); traffic and access concepts for the
entire area are among the development controls.

• Meguro, Tokyo, Japan (Branch)

- In Tokyo, Japan, Meguro is a special ward. Meguro City is the English version of its
Japanese self-designation. It was established on March 15, 1947.
- Meguro is primarily residential, but it also has light industry, corporate headquarters,
the University of Tokyo's Komaba campus, and fifteen foreign embassies and
consulates.
- The urban layout of Meguro resembles a linear span with connected arms.
- The train stations and the streets are situated near the buildings and dwellings for
convenient access to nearby cities.

• La Ramblas, Barcelona, Spain (Sheet)

- Las Ramblas is a tree-lined pedestrian boulevard in Barcelona's Gothic Quarter that

stretches for.75 miles.
- The wide boulevard runs from Plaza Catalunya, the city's largest center, to the
Christopher Columbus monument in Port Vell.
- It is used to be a popular place for people to stroll and spend their free time.
- It became a meeting place for all social classes as a result of its central location, and
it is now a tourist attraction.

• Bologna City, Italy (Articulated Sheet)

- Bologna is the lively and historic capital of Emilia-Romagna, a northern Italian region.
- The Piazza Maggiore, a wide plaza dotted with arched colonnades, cafes, and
medieval and Renaissance landmarks including City Hall, the Fountain of Neptune,
and the Basilica of San Petronio, is the heart of the city.
- Innovative and integrated solutions are needed to make the public open space more
useable, designing it as a location where different generations and populations can
live together, as a place of connection and accessibility, to maintain and improve the
liveliness of Bologna's center.
- To implement integrated policies, the program created to improve the urban and
environmental condition of old Bologna is required (mobility, rehabilitation of public
spaces, environmental protection, enhancement of activities).
- Pedestrianism is an intrinsic characteristic of Bologna’s urban structure.
• Singapore (Constellation)

- Singapore's urban planning aims to make the best use of the country's limited land
resources to meet the diversified requirements of present and future generations of
residents.
- It entails assigning land for competing uses such as housing, commerce, industry,
parks, transportation, recreation, and defense, as well as deciding the density of
growth in particular areas.
- The Concept Plan is a long-term land use and transportation strategy that will guide
Singapore's physical development for the next 40–50 years.
- It ensures that enough land is available to support long-term population and economic
expansion while preserving a healthy living environment.
- Cities near Singapore are Serangoon, Tao Payoh, Hougang, Yishun, Tampines,
Queenstown, Clementi, etc.

• Beijing, China (Satellite)

- The People's Republic of China's urban planning is currently defined by a top-down

strategy, high-density urban development, and widespread urbanization.
- Throughout China's long history, its urban planning ideas and methods have
experienced several modifications as a result of changes in governance and economic
structure.
3. URBAN MODELS
A. GIVE EXAMPLE OF EACH TYPE OF URBAN MODEL
B. PRESENT IN PLAN VIEW DISCUSSING THE GENERAL MODEL FORM/TYPE

URBAN MODEL TYPES

CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY

- the geographer E.W. Burgess

made this theory

- It is derived from a central

business district at the center,
around which all other uses formed

- includes transition zone for

eventual CBD expansion

- has some deficiencies but

simplicity has stood the test of time

Example: Chicago, Illinois

SECTOR MODEL

- the economist Homer Hoyt made

this model in 1939

- developed under the premise that

other uses grow with the CBD in
specific directions; often following
rail or highway arteries, high or low
ground or simply clustering on
same side of city

- consistent with the observation

that most cities grow in the
direction of the higher income

Example: Shivajinagar, India

MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

- by Chauncy Harris & Edward

Pullman (geographers)

- Alternative conceptualization of
urban form. One based on the
premise that uses do not evolve
around a single core but at
several nodes and focal points

- recognizes that different activities

have varying accessibility
requirements

- A commercial area could develop

around a government complex, or

- at major transportation intersect

Example: Los Angeles, California

URBAN REALMS

- by sociologist James Vance

- Presents the emergence of Large

self-sufficient suburban sectors,
each focused on a downtown
independent of the Central city

- independent urban realms

brought by the impact of the
automobile

Example: San Francisco, California

• Chicago, Illinois (Concentric Zone Theory)

- E.W. Burgess applied to his model to Chicago, as shown in the diagram above.
- It was the first to explain the dispersion of social groupings inside urban areas, based
on Burgess' human ecology theory and applied to Chicago.
- This concentric zone theory model portrays urban land use in concentric rings, with
the Central Business District (or CBD) in the center and the city expanding in circles
with various land uses.
- The zones identified are: (1) The center with the central business district, (2) The
transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses or the zone of transition, (3)
Working class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner city or
zone of independent working men's home, (4) Better quality middle-class homes (outer
suburbs) or zone of better housing, (5) Commuter zone, high-class homes on outskirts
of outer suburbs - homeowner can afford to commute to central business district.

• Shivajinagar, Bangalore, India (Sector Model)

- The above image can be related to the sector model by analyzing it.
- Shivajinagar is a neighborhood in the center of Pune.
- The Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune District Court, Pune Agricultural College,
Shivaji preparatory military school, Pune College of Engineering, and other notable
institutions are all located in this neighborhood.
- Shivajinagar's bus station connects the city to other parts of Maharashtra. The
Ambedkar road (University road) connects Pune University to Pune Railway Station
and Aundh via Shivajinagar, as well as the Mumbai Pune old road, which connects
Dehu Road to the vicinity of Pune Railway Station via Shivajinagar, Pimpri, Khadki,
Nigdi, and Chinchwad.

• Los Angeles, California (Multiple Nuclei Model)

- Los Angeles is an example of a multiple nuclei model.

- All the locations are the center of activity in Los Angeles.
- Because of the high clustering of ethnic communities, Los Angeles best fits the multiple
nuclei model.
- It also features multiple centers with various functions.

• San Francisco, California (Urban Realms)

- This is the city that James Vance used to describe the urban realms model for the first
time.
- The city is separated in different realms of economic, social, and other activities.
- In the region, there is a lot of decentralized economic activity.
- Topographic barriers separate the suburban area from the rest of the city.
- For daily commercial and business travel, there is good internal accessibility.
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Urban Realms. (2018). Prezi.com. https://prezi.com/v1ba49ml-z_i/urban-realms/

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meguro

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