nt&-Cirvcuit umdomumal amd dumirconaduct

m duc

am

am
Umit T-9.C amd 4f Loreuty
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
Unit L- Åumi- cenductos amd disdus
tG

t
ee

ee
Umit Uruamaiate

-
vn

vn
Na

Na
Umit Uucdumic imsbumumtatien
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 30/05 2022
Umit-I
m9.C amd CUwWA

am

am
brouth o wvumt im L-R Ciruit
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
LT
vn

vn
Na

Na
t u comaislwiR o wuut COntaimimg, a JuAiaton
uaiatamct amd om Jmducto eimductamcl em-
m

am

am
L
im Uuts dd CemmLdedl ts thi batt
ta

E.u cemmict tht duitch S te ths point

Á
ut

ut
au

Tt i hl tht cwvumf at
Ga

Ga
outh
tG

wumÉ:
amy iUmL imsTamt Jm thi crcuit.
t

t
ee

em. thi coil which uill ee

Lt L di bu thu
vn

vn
Na

Na

eps tht low o wyumt

dt
uom Chm4 daui
VJR
m

am

am

+E-LoldL
ta

iR
ut

ut
au

dt
Ga

Ga

iF-R
tG

dt
t

t
ee

ee

mtgratimgon beth sidu

vn

vn
Na

Na

CE-R
thos(f-iR)+C-
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
Ga tG tG tG
ut au au au
am ta ta ta
m m m D

olf
to

dt
olt
t

-(4
E
0
C

Oi--)
log(-

i--
OAt t=o

ik1-

dt(e
Na Na Na
K
R

vn vn vn

e
j=o

t,

hducU
ag

ee ee ee
t t t

E
E

Ga Ga Ga Ga
E
6-iR)-
ut ut ut ut

iml
am am am am

-
ogCE-oCE-o)tc
fut in 0

Aeg
)

m)

i=)
Na Na Na

Constamt
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
 unc thl Jiall D 10un JSUDOUmt
propetiomal to thu umduciu tm Lorstant ()
w plst a aoph betuum Curtunt ond tivru
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
outh o
tG

t
ee

ee
UvUn
vn

vn
Na

Na
miuion s hndu.ciuus tumu cemstomt
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

ut
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
-dI-e
Na

Na

i1)
m

am

am
ta

=i/2:718-1) L= 212
ut

ut
au

2.718 e
Ga

Ga

218
tG

t
ee

ee

O.632
vn

vn

induutiu timt comåtamt s that value

Na

Na

Hunce,
o tim um whLCh cuwvumt m
he ciycuit
ttmu L, maiCimlim Vauuu hy
o
becemus 0 632
imouaAmA
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 ucay o dwvumt in L-R rcuit '

R
m

am

am
M-
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn
cut

vn
w Lomaidur a comtaimimg o sUAKG
amel am imducton' ef imductom
Na

Na
usistamu usR

L
im dtuu commictd to thi battrdy e.mzE e
ul Conmuct thi suitch S.ts thi poimt B 4o
ducay ocwvumt: t i bi thi cwvwnt' at amp
m

am

am
timt imtamt um thi cuCuut
ta

ut

ut
au

t Ldi 6i ths em. o thu cail ushich uilU

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

opRL th" ciwvwmt

ee
m
vn

vn
thm hauw
Na

Na

V-iR

-lcL iR
m

am

am
dt d
ta

ut

ut
au

boTh didis, Juu gut

Ga

Ga

niorotimg on
tG

t
ee

ee

.c
Jak
vn

vn
Na

Na

loy&tcc
At t=0
, bo
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 m

am

am
t-lo
ta

i-leqi

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
lopl)
tG

- t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
ea" wto t
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

dt L ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

dt
tHunatic
prspolisral
Humcidica um cwvumt is imwsily
m

am

am

to imduciue tlml Condtamt.().

ta

ut

ut
au

tme
a oph bUuum cwumt amd
Ga

Ga

plpt
tG

thi a{louumo cwuL

t

t
ee

ee

obtaim
vn

vn
Na

Na

ot
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 Qmitiom hduclul timi omastamt.
ut im eg t 4R
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
i-,
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
ss that ualut
imduciiu tim comutamt
Na

Na
Humr
n.
tma valuu diouwaalmg
which Cwoumt tims e its
matimm hy
hasrging, q Sapariten thuusUgh (Kisitamce
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

R
Ga

Ga
tG

A
t

t
ee

C ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

ud a cicwut contaimim a JUsistame

comaidun
amd a cakaritaro Coacitamki C
u cmhuett im stues uuuth thi dattuy de.m.
m

am

am

E. la Cmmuc .thi duitch S to thi point a £on

ta

ut

ut
au

changimg o cabociton, dt g hl the charngu at

Ga

Ga
tG

wncL
ti imatamt. I botumtial di
t

t
ee

ee

tht copaciter 2 wull okhosA the"lour o

vn

vn
Na

Na

chong Ium hmaw

V= LR

F-) dt
am

am

am

dlt
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 M qut
rigrtalim on boTh didus
fat S d
A-0
m

am
Rl()-
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
-Re log(E8+A
ee

ee
0 0
vn

vn
A RCLoa
Na

Na
0 - RC LCE-g)+ RelopF
RcllE)-
m

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
RC
tG

-MRc
t

t
ee

e ee
vn

vn

-Rc
Na

Na

EC

9 Ec(I-e)
- 9C1-e -
m

am

2-cy CE
ta

2
ut

ut
au

t
.
Ga

Ga

uuith aushct to
tG

o-
t

)
ee

ee

d
vn

vn

dt
Na

Na

RC
rem
g-9
am

am

RC
dt
2,2)
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 RC
a comatamt uhich s knouwm as tims
st is dmoid by
ComAtamt 6 Rlaration tim.
Ame dhu rat o chaigime of cohoitor i muwu
m

am

am
ta

nberthemal d» thi Rilazaion, dim CRC).

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

w plot a graph betuuum chan omd im

t
ee

ee
shtaim thi ollouuim curuu.
vn

vn
Na

Na
chorqimg
Coboctor
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
imitin im Constomt
ee

ee
vn

vn
e
ct t CR in
Na

Na

91-e e
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

=
9./2-118-1
t

t
ee

ee

2.718
vn

vn

2. x LH8
Na

Na

2.718

tume tim comstamt lp that valul o timi in

am

am

am

tich chona e tha cabocito becmis 0.632

ut

ut

ut

macimum Sy dsrcoupsimg
valul
Ga

Ga

Ga

Jumm
 ENAchanaimg c obo.citor dhroush
Rusintam
m
R

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
contaiming, a
dt w comsldur a Cicuut
JuaistancL R Amd a cabhacitsn o
capacitamu
commicted im odvus uuith' thi hattuuu
C
commuct thu duitch S ta thu
m

am

am
o nE ull
ta

dischorigimg e cahaciten.
ut

ut
er
au

hsint 8
Ga

Ga
tG

instamt
t q hi thi chang at my timu
t

t
ee

ee
cabaciton C
h lstmtial diwumc thi
vn

vn

uuill auowl thi plow ef 'chargt

Na

Na

uem hm law
V=iR
m

am

am
R
ta

ut

ut
au

da R
Ga

Ga
tG

Hwu-ve aigm shous that changu Auouass uith

ee

ee
vn

vn

dtim
Na

Na

- Rc dg
dt
ntearatimg. tn both dids, uu qt
am

am

am

Jat fae
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 t-RCeg9+A0
At t=0 99.
m

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
ea tA
tG

oRC

t
ee

ee
A RC Jog99
vn

vn
Na

Na
O RcJo2q t RC o9 2.
m

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

2
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
R-
Na

Na

S w. J to tuqut,
g-(7)()
m

am
ta

-d
ut

ut

2
au

ot
Ga

Ga

Rc
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

Fda
Na

Na

dtRc
RC Ceratamt.
RC
i a constamt uuhich is knouwm as tim
am

am

Cematomt n Rloxation tmt It is dlumotd

ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 Hhmc tht tatn e dischorngim i
capacitor
wmuwsly nshohenal t thu r constant
chara
m

am

am
wblat a gnaph Dituum hiwwm)
ta

ul ohitain thi follouuimg

ut

ut
au

amd mt

Ga

Ga
tG

CUTUUL

t
ee

ee
HSATATTVTVKVTT

ihchaQUTLG
vn

vn
Na

Na
Sopacite
m

am

am
imitiem o limu Lenziarmt
ta

ut

ut
tCR t= CR Um eq
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
22
vn

vn
Na

Na
m

am

am

tonstant that valul o timt im

ta

unc mi is
ut

ut
au

uuhich charug, of thi copacitor

icomis
Ga

Ga
tG

iml o marimum Lallut áu eduouasim4.

t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 DiachangAma Cabacitor through Shductamcs
L
m A

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

.t
t

t
us Comsidvr a ciucuit comtaimim a
ee

ee
vn

vn
dmouctamcl L Omd. a Cabacity ol Capocitomct
cmmucted im suies uitA' thi batwuy
Na

Na
C u
commuct thi cuitoh S to thu peimt
em.E. li copatiton.
8
obi dischargimg tLmL imstamt
Amy
m

am

am
t q thi charai ät cabaciton 2
ta

diumcL o thi
ut

ut
petumtial
au

Jhu
o
chargi
Ga

Ga
faueul thi lou amy tim instamt
tG

uill
ull imstamt
cwumt at
t

t
thi
ee

t iha circit thum em; ee

thi cail tdi
vn

vn
im thi dt
oppel the lowr of changi
Na

Na

uill
rom 6hm" dau
V=iR

o-
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut

C
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

ddt 2 0
am

am

am

Put LC =
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
Ga tG tG tG
au au au

2
ut

0
am ta ta ta
m m m
St us

At t-0,
dt
d
olt

-
A
sth

2
A,
Na Na Na t

2
Ae
Ld2 tag o/

A +A2.
vn vn vn 2Ae-

AC+)=o
tA
ee ee ee
t t t

- A,e"t A,e
wt +Ae jwt
Ga Ga Ga Ga
ountual

ut ut ut ut
am am am am

-
Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
eguntuon of second ordur
Ga tG tG tG
ut au au au

At
ta ta ta

lt
am m m m

t
0,

t4 +

2
2A,
m

j[A,e-

A2
A-A 0-

2
A
A -A2
i=o
Na Na Na ijo[,-A,
vn vn vn

0
==o
ee ee ee

A+9+A -A -2,t

2
t t t

o
Ga Ga Ga A,e'] Ga
ut ut ut ut

-ywt
am am am am

Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
 om thi about eant ds clean that
that dBchougin
dischorging,
ocabocitor us illatoy.
u plot o gobh hitwum chogl amdl imu
cwuu
m

am

am
w ohtain thi allsuuimg
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

9ischongumg

t
ee

ee
Sopoior
vn

vn
Na

Na
Chongina opaciten through lyistamcL
m

am

am
ta

amd Imductame
ut

ut
au

R
Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

B
ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

t us Cmaiowr a ciHuit Contaimim am

Jmducto e
imductanct omd, a itn
o iatama R amd capoci tor capacitamcL
m

am

am
ta

uuith thi batteu,

ut

ut

a ConmLctd im estles
au

C
Ga

Ga

ul commtet th euuitch to th
S
tG

emEA
t

t
ee

ee

point n chorging o capacutoz- it um 9

vn

vn

ot amy timt imstamt

Na

Na

athu chang thi uwUumt at amy

thi eieut -onol bu The :Om.i
tonlimstamt im thi Urcuit
ceil Ldamd betunthial diuumcof
am

am

am

th
im th
ut

ut

ut

copaciter wi opbe
Ga

Ga

Ga

C
 law echag ahumom hm fau
m

am

am
E- Ldi-Lc - iR
ta

ut

ut
au

dt

Ga

Ga
tG

-Ls (da - 2 dg
t

t
E
ee d

ee
-
= o
dtl dt
- d-
vn

vn
dt
Na

Na
+E
dt
- -
m

am

am
dt EC
ta

O
ut

ut
au

C
Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

dg+
dt +C-EC) = o ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

t LC =2k
-0
m

am

am

dt
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga

-
tG

=
ut -Ec)
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

dg dx
Na

Na

dt d
d' d
dt2 d4
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 lt
aguatien of ail Cond
duumual
m

am

am
Jis thi
ta

ut

ut
au

dguatisn

Ga

Ga
o diwumial
tG

Lut thu edoluitton ths

t
ee

ee
AR*
vn

vn
Na

Na
dcl t Ae

C AK e
m

am

am
ta

Clt
ut

ut
au

Adet 2k AX E*+= o A=o

Ga

Ga
(3)
tG

A +2k t)
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
+2K +W°= o
Na

Na

a 4bY + C = o
a , b=2k , C=J
m

am

am
rem hu Sharacharya emula
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga

= -2 k IJ 4k-4X1xw2
tG

t
ee

ee

2X
vn

vn
Na

Na

-(kSk-
=(-k tJk-) (- k-kA)
am

am

am

Ae A, A,
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 (-ktJK-)Az -kJo) t
OC = A, e
C-kNK)t
A C-k- Jktu)t
m

am

am
2-EC A,e
ta

-k-JR-w)E

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
Ae +Ae
tG

22t
t

t
ee

ee
t t=o 9=0
vn

vn
Na

Na
2.+A,e tA,e
O

A+A-9 -
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
t'
au

ts(-kRw)*
Ga

Ga
tG

t
e (-ktJRw) tAE
ee

d Ot A ee
vn

vn
dt C-k-Jk)
Na

Na

Jpt-g).-R+JR-E
+A-k-JRE)*RTE
A,-k+
m

am

am

t- o, i=
ta

0
At
ut

ut
au

tJk-)e" +A,(-k-Jk ar)e

Ga

Ga

A(k
tG

o
t

t
ee

ee

-k(A +Aa) + Jr-(A -A)

vn

vn

o
Na

Na

o kg.tJR-ot (A,- A)
A-A2 = -k2.
am

am

am

JK
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
Ga tG tG tG
ut au au au
am ta ta ta
m m m

A,
2
A

A2

. 2
A
Na Na Na
AtatA-
vn vn vn
=

.t
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga

Jr
A
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
?. -k2o

A21oI-L/1t
2

Na Na Na

C-k-R
(-tJr)t
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut

-qo
am am am am
 St is thu gumUtal dol" of elicond svdin dilwunliolL
e m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

JK o =+¥€
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
C-ktJk-4a) = -Vt
Na

Na
(-k-Jkw?)= -ve
n beth cbommtial tuums (hauwu)oru
m

am

am
mLgatiu D0 homimial tm o
ta

Uwy
ut

ut
au

mat futhv aimpldy

Ga

Ga
emall Hunce ul Com
tG

ths eguatism. Jhi aph in this case is

t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
houn in th diagham.
Na

Na

Joas -kho, whvu h->o2

Jk- -t
m

am

am
ta

1
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee

2,tA,(14A4)4 A,(1-h4)
vn

vn
Na

Na

=(147)

29o teA +A)+A4(A,-4]-0-

Ct(tAX , (A,-A)=
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 d-.t2xthty]
m

am

am
Att0, =0
ta

ut

ut
au

0 9.te (xto)
Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
9- te F,tht
Na

Na
9.

-k*-kt,
-2,t+eht
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
de hythtye -k
tG

0-2. k) (
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
i =g+ hy-khtyekE
Na

Na

At t=0, J=o
kg.thye
m

am

am
ta

-kq, =hg
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

2t e
Na

Na

9- 2-2.44)
am

am

am

1--1-Ütki
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
Ga tG tG tG
ut au au au
am ta ta ta
m m m

-1
k-

2.-2.
-9. 2
2

-|
Na Na Na

-kt
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
J-CA)

t t t

Lasl

e
Ga Ga Ga Ga

Leik#
2
ut ut ut ut

*avanalcvea
)(
am am am am

ct+sinsk|

aesneirac
/1-
=JTJoR

CaslL
Na Na Na
whnt B=Ju+k

t
vn vn vn

2
ee ee ee

2i
t t t
2

-
Ga Ga Ga Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am

sm0
Ramymb
 incharimg l dohacilo thruough Ripijtomr
amd mductam
m C R

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
At s comdidvi a cicuit contaimumg om imdurt
vn

vn
duaisManca R
Na

Na
imductamcu L uamod avUBiAton
a cahacito Cahacítamce C ausonmucld
amad
n odviw s sonmsd
uith tht"-battouy of Bdm.fEdischanguny
Auiteh S to the feimt for
m

am

am
ethe
ta

cahaciton.
ut

ut
umatamt
au

amy tim
Ga

Ga
b thi chagt al
tG

tit 9 h th CUUUmt
amd
t

t
cicuit d
ee

th
im amy um instamt dmdht
th ee
cCuit.
CuCit.
vn

vn
at
Na

Na

thm,
Ih imducud e. m.. o, thi coilLd auill othoss
th lo 6 cwouit wmod thi potekal dilhumcL
o tu cabaciton? uill fauowr thi flöirof
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

chongl
Ga

Ga
tG

thim m V-iR
Ohm" Jau
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

-L d=dR Pd dt
- dt
- (-4R
am

am

am

dt/
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 R
m dtt olt

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
Qut
ee

ee
R-2k [C
vn

vn
L

-
Na

Na
d +2k. di fo2=0 2

dt
t is cwwmtial Lguation d odCemd crdur.
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
t thu loutien o this eguuation.
au

Ga

Ga
tG

2Ae
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
d-e
Na

Na

olt
ol Ae
dt
m

am

am
ta

Ade+ 2kAdeta Ae=o

ut

ut

0
au

Ga

Ga
tG

Ae C+2k +a)= o
t

t
ee

ee

=
+2k« tw 0
vn

vn
Na

Na

rom hu hanachauya Mthad

xw
d= -2ktJYk-uxl
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 2k t2/k
2
= (-ktJk-oi)
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
A,eA,t
Na

Na
Ae +A, e -
-kJk-T)E
m

am

am
t t=o ,9 2
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
9.-Ae +A°
tG

t
ee

AtA2 ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

), 3) w.J. to t,
i- tJk-)(-ktJk-)+H -k-k)t
dt
m

am

am
ta

(-k-JRa)
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga

At t0, J= o
tG

t
ee

ee

A,e-k +Jkès)+A2e -k-Jkw

vn

vn

O
-
Na

Na

+
o-kCA+A2) kÈw2 (A A2)
O - -
kg. + VK- (A-A,) Brom
am

am

am

A-A2 K -5)
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
Ga tG tG tG
au au au

St j
ut ta ta ta e+
am m m m

equatin
A

k-=
Na Na Na
A t +A-M=

th qmual
vn vn vn

2
ee ee ee

+Ve
JRE|
2»

t t t

dol "
Ga Ga Ga Ga

kt

k+JRwt)=-Ve
+A
t 2

ut ut ut ut
K-

am am am am
k-w

Sk-WTJt
Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
t t t

k-VR
Ga Ga Ga Ga

t2/1-k
ut ut ut ut
am am am am

o dicond odun clilwwmial

)A
 ng ) tolh ucp9v2u) itial ttum sUws) w
mgatul ado Yhonntial
toUy vu
mall th
m

am

am
alomplify
Hema,uut Cam mst uhuths
ta

ut

ut
au

AsA Ls

Ga

Ga
Jhe yplaph in
tG

lguuatiom

t
ahaun um tht diagmam ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
Sos
I- k-o
h, uvhvu h
Jk-w = 2o
m

am

am
C-k+h)t -k-h)
e
ta

A,e +A
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

-
t

t
ee

A(14hd)+A, (h) ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

-CR+A,) +ht(A-A,)
t At A) =X
A-R)
m

am

am
ta

q-x+At
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t-0,9-9
ee

ee
vn

vn

= elxtoj
Na

Na

.tAty
am

am

am

lth sushict to
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 -kt

di- -R)4ehyt hty -)

dt

t t-o, J=0
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
O-k.t+hy
tG

t
Kq. hy ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
(7)- l1.+K*
m

am

am
tk4)
-
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

LoaL k<w
t

t
ee

K -J-t-E) JT Jwk ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

=
whu
Jw-k- B

-k-B)t
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

k te
-BA)
Na

Na

2eCe pt + np
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
Ga tG tG tG
ut au au au
am ta ta ta
m m m

Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
CosuT.

t t t
JoblI

Ga Ga Ga Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am

Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
 demulas
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

1 nouth of cuwwmt im -R cUrcuut

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
=i. (1-
vn

vn
Na

Na
2. ucou o wUumt im L-R cicuit
-
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
o Sobacüloi throunh KaistamcL
Na

Na

3. Choraing

22. 1-e
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

4.Buischoimg e, Sobatilor thrsugh

t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

Ristomc
Na

Na
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 Numical
attaimimg hall thi
1. hour that th
m
tim to cuCut

am

am
Valu o matimum dwvumt
ta

ut

ut
hauimo am imoluctamc
L Amd
au

Ga

Ga
.s L
tG

Jusixtomce R
in sUuLs 0.69

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
T.P.T t=069 R
Gum
2
m

am

am
Loge2 o-69
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
rnbm,
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

1-e
m

am

am

e
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

2
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

,
2
Rt oe2
am

am

am

L
ut

ut

ut

t = 0.69
Ga

Ga

Ga

L
 t 069 rouud
2. A cobocitor i chargud through2 muga ohan
m

am

am
Usistamo rem D.C osGwCL Juachime m
ta

ut

ut
au

thu chongL pts 3 valuu el is marimum,

Ga

Ga
tG

0.5 ec. what uill hi thi cobocitamcl of

t

t
ee

ee
TMust Juou]
copociter
vn

vn
J4 0-(o2 Loge=2.3026 kogj,T
Na

Na
R= 2 MJL = ZxloN M= 10N
t 05 dic AF= 10F
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

C?
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
m
Na

Na

2 21-
m

am

am
ta

()
ut

ut
au

e 4xioc
Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee

4X/oC 4
vn

vn
Na

Na

= e 4 2. 3o26
lt
4x lo C
am

am

am

2.3026 X0.602|
4xlo' C
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 4X1ox2.30 XO 6o
m

am

am
C0-18 X/o F
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
s
tG

3.
cabociton. cabacitane0.18 pF diaschargd

t
ee mu

ee
threugh a hugh Jusitamc o5 sc C
vn

vn
diouasima thi chorai pto h of ib prok valus.
Na

Na
ind tht valu c uAstamcl
=
C=o.18uF 0.l8 Xlo F

e cahaciterr
m

am

am
Qichangima thrsugh susistamat
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t 0.5 sec
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
R- ?
Na

Na

em
0.5
m

am

am
ta

X1o"6
RXo 8
ut

ut

4
au

Ga

Ga
tG

Jog,t = 0.5
t

-6
ee

ee

RXo8 Xlo
vn

vn

2.3026 Rog/ 4
Na

Na

0S
RXo18Xlo
.3026 X 0.6 O0
O 5
RX 0-|8X[o6
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga

0.18 x lo x K0 6o
2.3o
 =
R 2x)o'N
R21
m

am

am
cl copocitamci o-5uF us dischorngud
ta

4. capaciton

ut

ut
au

thouah 10 MA" utameL. What uull hi thi

Ga

Ga
timt o duouasimg half changi om
tG

t
ee

ee
Caaaciten?
vn

vn
F 9
Na

Na
o.5 Xlo
C0 5uF = =
R loM /oxio =/0N t?
en dichatgima of cabaciton
m

am

am
9-2.
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

1oXo Xlo
ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

e osXio

2
eg2 =
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

O69
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

O»69 XS
Na

Na

t 3.45 d
5.n al-R cut.
cwvumt bucsmis i
am

am

am

moximum valuuu hy inOuasimg im 5 &ec

whot ul bi thi tim-conasamt ol cincuit
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 log, 2 O 6.9

t 5 dic
m

am

am
ta

tim sonstamt

ut

ut
of
cincuit?
au

Ga

Ga
tG

youth o cwvwnt
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
iCl-
Na

Na
-.C1-
m

am

am
SR
ta

-
ut

ut
e
au

Ga

Ga
3
tG

t
ee

3 ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

=5
m

am

am
L
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga

5R 2.30 26
dlo 1.5
tG

L
t

t
ee

ee

SR 2.3026 XD Z 4 lsg, 1.5-0 24.

vn

vn
Na

Na

R 2.3026X0:24
5
am

am

am

XO
2.3026 24
=
ut

ut

ut

= 123 Kc
Ga

Ga

Ga
 6. Cabaciten o I uF cahacitamc LadigchoTQLd
thraugh high vusitamc
thaugh JuSLAO mt de Julisse
ha chonge em
cabaciisn is fo
ds sec, fUmc
lo dec, fuma
m

am

am
Valuu RiAtamct
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
C=IuF
tG

C 1oFCopaciten
t

t
ee

ee
Sixcharngim e
vn

vn
Na

Na
t = 10 sLc

R
m

am

am
ac
ta

em 2 Re
ut

ut
2.e
au

-Rir<
Ga

Ga
tG

t
2.e
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

=
dog 2 = 1o
m

am

am
R
ta

ut

ut
au

O-69 Jo
Ga

Ga
tG

R
t

t
ee

ee

R oD63
vn

vn
Na

Na

R
44X lo
R = 1.44 X lo x1
am

am

am

A= 44 M
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 R =
aL-R evcut, in Yo 1,
Juhich/. oN
L=
tn Omol ap.plitd d.c Go V butemts am at
m= doss im
tmi t=0, dt t=4 Aic. timcl ouut
m

am

am
hiot im cincuit.
ta

oUm

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

L= 4 Hmuy

t
ee

ee
R 1
vn

vn
Na

Na
E= Volt
P ?

m i, -
m

am

am
R
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
- crcuit
vn

vn
rouuth im R
Na

Na

diol1-e
m

am

am
ta

i-(1- e)
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

1- 2.72
am

am

am

2.72-
ut

ut

ut

272
Ga

Ga

Ga
 m ( 2172

am

am
032
ta

27 2

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

3-79

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
P=iR
P-379)R
Pl4 36 KI
m

am

am
ta

P 14.36
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
IP=4.4Latt
tG

t
ee

ee
m s
dl umductamet l0H amd
vn

vn
8. imductor
Lsitamce 5L s Lmncteo to a baltUTY G
Na

Na

9 Nolt omal miglgcols imtemal Jusiatame

Ho lemg it tok e
thi cwUwnt to JLach
ualuu?
50. 01 ib matimuim dtady
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

L 10Hruy
Ga

Ga
tG

R 5-2
ee

ee

2 volt
vn

vn

F
Na

Na
am

am

am

prem
rsuth oCuUUumt
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
[1-e)
tG

t
ee

ee
/1-
vn

vn
Na

Na
-*
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
2
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

2 Lt Rog.2
m

am

am

t2
ta

0.69
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee

t= 38 ssc
vn

vn
Na

Na

9.A pocitor bchangel upta a pmit potutial

diumu huughisitamc tmu an
3m N
uAchimg thi otemtial dilvumc pto valuu
am

am

am

ol ts mmatimum Laluu s 05 ltc. Limd

ut

ut

ut

cabacitpma o takociton
Ga

Ga

Ga
 R= 3X Io
Chongimg ocabaceitor
V V
m

am

am
ta

t= 0.5 otc

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
aem "Rc)
2.1-e
[-
vn

vn
2
Na

Na
CV=CVI-e R
ols
-Cu
V1-e -
-
e 3xlsX 9=C
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

=
Ga

Ga
tG

6XIo'C 4
t

t
ee

Jog ee
vn

vn
6XIo'C
Na

Na

IMegal7)= 1o6
2-302 6 1o
3
IMi cm)= lo
== 230X O: So 4-60
m

am

am
6X/o°C
ta

= C
ut

ut
au

x0.6o X6X(0*
Ga

Ga

2-30
tG

t
ee

ee

6
C= 0 /2 X/o F
vn

vn
Na

Na

C=O 12 uF
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 . Cakacitot of capacitamci 20.uf s
7T
dinchargtol threugh am imducton of
umouctamci 5o mH Eimd fuguimcy
m

am

am
.
ta

ut

ut
cliachaugumq
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
C-20pF ee 20x/oF

ee
F
vn

vn
L
o-34
Na

Na
50 mH 50xI
7T
m

am

am
2
ta

f
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

2x3.14 5o X)o*x20 ee
vn

vn
xi
Na

Na

3./4
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

L
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

0.S-3 500 Hwtz

. Aobaciton of 2 F an imducter o o.15 HR
au conmucted im svuls,
am

am

am

a UsiAtamc 15L o
diachangimg sabaciter)
ut

ut

ut

ba lut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 is cillotey? , find. ibuguumey
mC 2X10F L= 0-15 H

am

am
R= 1S
ta

ut

ut
au

discharguma ecapociten is acillotsn

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
y2 LC
vn

vn
Na

Na
25 o0

25obo
xotSXDK
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

LC OSXXI56
Ga

Ga
tG

3
t

t
ee

3.3 X/o
6
ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

2500 3.3Xlb

R
412
m

am

am
ta

umc, disshanaima of cabaciten

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga

Gacillotoy
tG

t
ee

ee

2/Te
vn

vn
Na

Na

2x3|4J o.js x2XO

am

am

am

RTT 3.3X10
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga

291 Hutz
 2n am acilloteu ciCut l= b.) HiynuyC 99u
What uil tu thu ualw omoimun.
UsSmbinotn
LLmbirolin
ulich jm Us
ASLStamc m joinim
m

am

am
oacilatouy?
cineit Luill h
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
2 H
tG

20Xlo'E
t

t
C 20F= oscillatouy edo na
ee

ee
vn

vn
th cicult is
Na

Na
4L2
m

am

am
4L2 LC
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

Kmax ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

2Jlo
2x/oL
m

am

am
13 A copacton c capacitamcL0. smF amo
ta

ut

ut
au

JUAiAtamci l0 m- chagod to a tntal

Ga

Ga
tG

umcL 10 volt Lleukat im conitamt

t

t
ee

ee

marimUUm hargA i touo.

vn

vn
Na

Na

C O.S mF 0. 5 X (o F

R /Om lo x Io 6 = |0

.
am

am

am

m LomAtamt C CR) = ?
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 CR =o5 xjo X1o
= oSXLe sAc
5
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

CV
2.

Ga

Ga
-6
tG

ol5x 1o X6
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
,
5
Na

Na
Mindwumimt o high vusiktamcL through
.aRoA mithed
m

am

am
C
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

R
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

Ealtei,
Jt mu0dUUmg thi hioh JuAlAtamca thtaugh
uekogt muthod. ulu craidur dischargimg o
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut

cobocitsT thrsugh vusibtamc

au

Ga

Ga

i kmowr that thl Jumoimmg chongi al aru

tG

timu imstamt
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

RC
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 RE
clogel
-
t o all ul prus kuy k eso thu capaciton is
m

am

am
changkd wupto ib marimmum ValuL 9, Neu, Uu
ta

ut

ut
au

vula kuy k amd prus kuyk, s changL

Ga

Ga
6allistick yalivamemabu. t he
tG

miauuud y
t

t
chana is 9,. hu valuw of hoaL diucty
ee

ee
vn

vn
pruepo
biomal ts thi diletiem of gjaluamemiter
Na

Na
thwn

-
m

am

am
kaykais
ta

Neuw kiy k3 id prusdrd amd r'Juleasnol

ut

ut
au

dischargimg of cobouiton dtatb

Ga

Ga
do
tG

kug ka is ulossol amol kyk2 ib pusLol s

t

t
NGuw
ee

tha umaimimg shatg ib muosuud by B.G ee

vn

vn

a
Na

Na

t 9, thi umoimimg chargt hin dillcuon

im 9auamomutvr

-
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

R
ee

ee

ci
vn

vn

o/K
Na

Na

R clo
am

am

am

Bu hilp o th aboul fomula wt com

hugh vusistamcs.
ut

ut

ut

tolculat thi
Ga

Ga

Ga
 Kchho Tousb
D
Luwt ow-vvutlaw hu oLUm
m ay. cuUUWnb Jmcmim

am

am
thi aUm
to0my oUnts us sgual to paimt
o
ta

ut

ut
Cwumts outgeimg wm that
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
s
m

am

am
mcsmumg wumi- Am e Qulgolm
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
CUUmti
tG

titi dtist4
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
m

am

am

Hunc thi alabraic dumoumcomimg. amd

ta

ut

ut
au

utgoimg. cuuumt is equal to

O.
Ga

Ga
tG

Taw: Valtog dour- Accotdimg to tha

ee

ee

in nd
vn

vn

hi dum
Na

Na

is gual to dlm 0 bCeluch

o cwvumt a-
it Couusptmdimg Jusistamci le
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 E R

R
4ta2)
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
Ra
vn

vn
E2
veltage aur
Na

Na
n Muh I, Aksly kirchho

E Ci ti,) R+ i, R
m

am

am
ta

Sn Muh
I
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
E
ee

(t iz)R t d Rr
ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

ubanhesition thieum.
ThUu
totimimt- m amy umian mituoiR,
uo OT mOu tNam uuo owci, thumn fhe
m

am

am

amch is egual ta
ta

tatal Cwvumt im amuy

ut

ut
au

um o cwumh duu ta imdiuidual

Ga

Ga

thi
tG

Cwvunmt B0wCA
ee

ee
vn

vn

dt1
Na

Na
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 tG tG tG

n
Ga au au au
ut ta ta ta
am m m m

ApAy

E
MuhT
m MphI
Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ruatisn/ bro

ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut

-O

ZZ23

Z+Z23t
Z
am am am am
tiadly

t
auu

Z,21)
in
Kirchhotvoltag Zaw

Na Na Na

OD
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
 tG tG tG

n
Ga au au au
ut ta ta ta
am m m m

Apply

Mash I
o
n MishI

E2
z,+7,)
Na Na Na
tichho

E
vn vn vn

z
=
ee ee ee

=d+
z2t

Z
t t t

ZI
-is)z,-4
Ga Ga Ga Ga

i'z,
ut ut ut ut

7
am am am 7 am

Zat2,2t)
Z2

voltnq laus,

Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
 thum total cuwvmt
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

=E Z

Ga

Ga
tG

(72+2Z,tz,) (z7tz,7gt 7,2,)

t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
E Z2tE,z
Na

Na
(z,Z2+22Z tz Z)

Numuucal
m

am

am
ta

umn
ut

ut
cwvwmtis
1 n a iwwn cUCut , aleulat
au

Ga

Ga
tG

BE makimg usL
th amchu AB, Bc omd
t

t
ee

ouLUTpitim thisum. ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

So.V
2.00M
2
2
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee

B
vn

vn

********

ci-i,)
Na

Na

2 2
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 tauw,
bply Kichhot uottopt
n MishTI
m

am

am
6i464,-
ta

200 4A +si, +2 > 200

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
n Mish TI
tG

t
ee

ee
o 1o-i) +2(i-i) -(1,
vn

vn
12(- 4)-64
Na

Na
O 12i-12 -6
0= 12i-18i

-
m

am

am
2i = 18
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
200=
(4)6,
Na

Na

3
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee

20 A
vn

vn

A
Na

Na

K
6

2n I5oV
2
am

am

am

inchkho' eltog Kau

ut

ut

ut

4pply
Ga

Ga

Ga
 n Miah
I
O 4-i4) +2(i-i2)-6i,
-4d, +2 -2d2 -64
m

am

am
O =
ta

o = 6-12i2

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

2 L2

t
ee

ee
n
vn

vn
Mh.
Na

Na
+
ISo. 1o 6i, +2i
So = 2 6 i2
IS O 2(2á,) +6 Jz am.
m

am

am
ta

I50 3042
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

= 2x5
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
oA
Na

Na

Nor th Cwvumt um hamch AB C4A Jugiatamce)

-Ci-iz)
i-i+ iz
m

am

am
ta

+5
ut

ut

= 20-/o
au

Ga

Ga
tG

= 1SA
t

CloAJuistomcA
ee

ee

jm hamch BC
Now thu cwUwmt
vn

vn

=-Ci-ia)
Na

Na

= [o -20+40
am

am

am

A3
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 um -bsamch BE C6- JU:bLtamu)
JNouw
the cwUumt
m

am

am
= 40 +Ss
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
=
SSA
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
2. m a giwn cnoit, calaulat cwUumt dm AB,
Na

Na
8C md BE moRing us e SLLbrsitien
thiwum lo
A
m

am

am
50 y
ta

220V
ut

ut
au

T2
Ga

Ga
2
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

-
2. 2.0V
6

2
2
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

F E
Ga

Ga
tG

Apply orchhe volagt lnun

t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

220 4t 6u,+2i
220 6i+ 6, -0
n
am

am

am

Muh I o 1o(i-ij)+2i-4,)-6i,
ut

ut

ut

0 2-12d- 6i
Ga

Ga

Ga
 O 12 i 18.i -

m 3d

am

am
2 20 /
ta

=
) +61

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

220 18 i, +6á1

t
ee

ee
3 i,+G,
vn

vn
220=
Na

Na
220 15i
A
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
22A
tG

t
Ton
ee

ee
A B
vn

vn
in ISoV
Na

Na

6.
2
E T
Appy kiuhhot veltagt laur
m

am

am
ta

r
ut

ut

Mesh I-
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

04'4, +2i'-2ig -6
Na

Na

o= 6i - 12 2
2
am

am

am

Muah I ISo 10i+fi,t2i'

ut

ut

ut

1SO 2'+6
Ga

Ga

Ga
 50 = 12 (2.i,) t6.4
ISo 3012
m

am

am
=SA
ta

ut

ut
au

= AXS

Ga

Ga
tG

loA
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Nour thu wUunt im hnamch A8 (4n) UsUstanc
Na

Na
d--i)
2 -(o-S)
m

am

am
= 22S
ta

= |4A
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

No th CvvWmt Jm bramch B.C 1o 2

t

t
ee

UUlamcL ee
vn

vn
-Ci-i)
Na

Na

I0-/22- 44
3

= lD
22 3
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

So-22
Ga

Ga
tG

3
t

-
ee

ee
vn

vn

3
Na

Na
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 Ribrocity thswm
Olalummt- n limiot miluorR, thi
amy
m

am

am
SUUUmt im I mmtbh Ci) du to CuUumI
ta

ut

ut
au

doU I mh i Qmal to h Cwunt

Ga

Ga
tG

Um Imih (iz) dul to olami wUUMt AGUL

t
ee

ee
GI msh ie
vn

vn
Na

Na
R M.
R2
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

E
Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Aphly kivnchho voltnga kau
Na

Na

n MushI
E- iR t(-4)R3
m

am

am
ta

E iR+iR3*4R3
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

EtiR i(R+R3)
t

t
ee

ee

i- EtiRz -
vn

vn

(R,+R
Na

Na

n Muh.I
O JR2-(-i)R3
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut

0 i R2
-(EtiR
Ga

Ga

Ga

RtR3
 O - 4R R E Ra
m CRtRa) R,tE)t

am

am
ERs
JR2 B3+R
ta

= -

ut

ut
au

CR,+R3) R,+R3

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
ER
vn

vn
(RR
Na

Na
(RR
ERa A)
(R,R2+ Rz R3tR3R)
m

am

am
ta

Ra Ra
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

yC'-i
t

t
ee

)E ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

n MuahT 0 -
R R (i-i2IR
O
i 'Rz tiz R3
m

am

am

'R
ta

di2 (R +Rz)
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga

upCR, tR
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

n Mh I =i'R
Na

Na

E t (i -ui,)Rs
E R2 +u R3-uas
EgCR #R,)Ra ¢i, CR,+&R -izks
am

am

am

R3 R3
ut

ut

ut

om
Ga

Ga

Ga

CR+R2
 R3
m

am

am
ta

t i2

ut

ut
Ra R2
E
d RiR2 t da R, R3
au

Ga

Ga
tG

R3

t
ee

ee
CRi Rat R3
vn

vn
E =
Rzt R, R)
Na

Na
R3
ER3
R,Rt Rz R2t R,R3
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
ER3
au

Ga

Ga
CR,
Rt RzR3t R3R
tG

t
ee

uom clear hat ee

vn

vn
(H) amd l8) it
Na

Na

m
Thumim thuoum
m

am

am
ta

teumimal Jimtlat metuok

ut

ut

totumumtA duw
au

Ga

Ga

sotburs amdN
mwmwi O CWUnU
tG

Cmtamima A
t

t
ee

ee

ctt valtagl md total

vn

vn

Combimation eH opim
Na

Na

imtuimal Jmpidmc.
Total intethaf-
neo htwon
Ump edahce L
Ccdathlg Q
L obon dto
ZL
am

am

am

wVLnt dyvcus
amd Ambtclancis voAtage
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 M 2
A
m

am

am
E'
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

Apply kinchhofvoltagt laur,

t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
n MuhT
Na

Na

N
E zt(-4)z3
m

am

am
ta

il z, +z3)
ut

ut
Etiz3 =
au

Ga

Ga
tG

EtCz, +Z3)
Z
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

Gn Mish I

N
o dy2 z ti z -
(i-i)
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

Czt23
t

t
ee

ee

Z+ Z+Zs
vn

vn
Na

Na

Cz,tz3)
N

(3
am

am

am

Cz3)
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 -(A)
(7,22t 223 t2,2, tZ,22 tZ34
imdimg th wpim cut voltagt u
m

am

am
Ten
ta

maki th tellouuimg dlia.gam

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
E
Na

Na
Ably kichhovoldagi lau in mishI
m

am

am
E zt
izz
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

z+73) ee
vn

vn

Chun ciicuit woltogi Valtog hutwem amd

A B
Na

Na

Voltaga ocOss Z;
V zZ3
m

am

am
y
ta

ut

ut

C2+73)
au

Ga

Ga

limdimo, thu tstol

umteimal implolame uue
tG

dot
mak! thu Jollouuina diagram.
t

t
ee

ee

Z
vn

vn

M. m A
Na

Na

Z3
am

am

am

+ =2t2
ut

ut

ut

Z3 ZZ3
Ga

Ga

Ga
 Z ZZ3
m t

am

am
ta

Z Z+Z2

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

Zi Z3 + Z2
t

t
ee

ee
Zat2 A
vn

vn
Z Z, Z3+ Z3z2
Na

Na
+Z,Z2

Z3t23
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

C7,+73)
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
EZs -
Na

Na

C
m

am

am
7 73+773t737t4 (B
2t7;74) |
ta

ut

ut
au

em e"(A) &B)
Ga

Ga

it is cduan that
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn

timc broud
Na

Na

1 Tnd cpum c t voltoqt amdl huumim 4

usibtomce e tuwe tvmimals A 2B in h
am

am

am

incuit ab shoum bilkuw

ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 20 -2
A
m

am

am
V=l00
ta

veit

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
om ee

ee
V= iR
vn

vn
0 iC 20+3)
Na

Na
0o=uX 23

.
23 20
m

am

am
M- A
ta

ut

ut
au

Gpum cicuit valtoqt= 3..2

Ga

Ga
tG

Lotoas b/wA k8
t

t
ee

20 3- ee
au im /
vn

vn
= Voltag avisS 3N
Na

Na

AItomce 20
v'= ix3) 3th
v' = 100 x3
20-2
6
m

am

am
2
ta

t
ut

ut

is huumims
au

v 300 valt
Ga

Ga

ULMtamCe
tG

23
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 2 phly Thunim thuerum te imd hu cwuumt
im 12Nof thu ciicut as shown hiloU
3 4.
m

am

am
A
ww
ta

ut

ut
au

36 V
6-2

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
bum V= R
Na

Na
do
em,
36 X9
-4A
Lotogu acws AB .e th vataqt ocress 6 .
m

am

am
V=iR
ta

ut

ut
au

=
V= 4x6
Ga

Ga
tG

V 24 «lt
t

t
ee

Now u ull imd out total mtuumal JUsutanc ee

vn

vn
en total umtumal Jusistomc l Jull maki
ad
Na

Na

tollouw
ciuit3 the
M

6
m

am

am
ta

B
ut

ut

uen
au

Ga

Ga
tG

Rz
t

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

R 2
Jum, R= R,+Rz2
R R-+ 4
am

am

am

R=2 +4
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga

R= 6
 humum tQuualmt cincut

6
m

am

am
-
2
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
bam V= iR
Na

Na
24 =i x(+12)

24 8i
A
m

am

am
ta

oo thu cuuumt
ut

ut
i-LA
au

Ga

Ga
tG

3. Salculan th wvwnt though l0oN Jm thu

t

t
ee

tolluimg ciluut y usima huuumim theeum ee

vn

vn
12
Na

Na

20.S 6
m

am

am
ta

e
ut

ut

huumim hwwm tost u0 uull zind aut

au

Ga

Ga

ehLn cuit voltaq amol fon opun ciciit

tG

vltaqe
t

hu felouuma cincuit.
ee

ee

w moki
12
vn

vn

A
AM
Na

Na

8-2
am

am

am

Aplaly toucbhovolkaqs laur

ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 100= oi+20 d2
10
tuz +2l2
d+342 = 10 )
m

am

am
Apply tinchhe
ta

veltags Jaw,

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
12d +8 i -20i2
tG

t
ee

ee
20 20i2 = O
vn

vn
Na

Na
NEm{I) ma a)
= 2 sA 2.SA
Th woltaga ooLOs AB
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

um
Ga

Ga
V= R
tG

t
V
2S
ee

ee
X 6
vn

vn
V
20 vGt
Na

Na

Teimd out thi umtemal Juaistamu l wuill maki

th fellcuimg cbcuit
12
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga

8
tG

10
t

t
ee

ee

20
vn

vn

R 20 A
Na

Na

20+12
R
am

am

am
ut

ut

ut

R SC
Ga

Ga

Ga

3
Ga tG tG tG

o
ut au au au
am ta ta ta ubm,
m m m
R

56-

th vumt
V=iR
Na Na Na

20
vn vn vn
S.6A

d
ee ee ee

20 LX10S
t t t

20 (S 6+loo)
Ga Ga Ga Ga
100
de thuumum Aquuualnt

ut ut ut ut
am am am am

O.18 A An
cicuit

Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
 Notsn thiyum
dtatmumt tuua twuminal limnan miiwerk
- A
m

am

am
Contaumime a mumbUi of cwUUMt
ta

ut

ut
au

dowcs amd imbsdumcs , Cam bl Julocmol by

Ga

Ga
tG

thu barall comhimation cungle cwvumt s

t

t
ee

ee
odowL amd total Jmtwunal impidume
vn

vn
Na

Na
A
JuLetoununa
a mctutgiR
m

am

am
B
ta

Norte Guiualumt wuw

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

as Accsdimg to huwmim thuswm, thi cuwvunt

t

t
ee

im z dui to huwmin' eguicalumt cucut ee

vn

vn
U JQual to thi wUumt n
Na

Na

Z by tus tuunimal
Jimo mutuueik
Te imolim thi wvumt im z, dluu to
toumimol Jimtar MuturR Jhinim Lauiualimt
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut

Gie thu maRu th huuumim' Jquuiualont _chit

au

Ga

Ga
tG

A
t

t
ee

ee

t
vn

vn
Na

Na

8
am

am

am

Jhuuminasquiualunt civcut
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 wm h au
V=iR
V C7t z)
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
(A)
au

Ga

Ga
tG

cuvunt
t

t
T imdimg dht uineuit
ee aimal

ee
vn

vn
wvumt dowuL li maki thi fallauimg
Na

Na
ciut
,
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

aur
t

t
m,Ce
ee

ee
vn

vn
V
iz
Na

Na

It is thi het cUut cwvwnt

uquualemt ,ciuut
l maki thi Noton*
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

1
Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

Z amdz au im nortallL cmbimatiom

am

am

am
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga
 Zt smds zL
thun oumtial dwumci titulum
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

v
Ga

Ga
+4
tG

t
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na
Z+7
hn awvmt im z
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
V
au

=
z
Ga

Ga
(72)
tG

t
ee

8) ee
vn

vn
(Zta)
Na

Na

em & t is dual that

Hmc oud
m

am

am
ta

ut

ut
au

Numuul
Ga

Ga
tG

1. rau Nsrtens ugubualamt tiucuut e thu giun

t

t
ee

ee

dm loadR
vn

vn

coit amd saleulatn

Na

Na

3 2 A

4 R16
am

am

am

IOV
ut

ut

ut
Ga

Ga

Ga

8
 La mod &ut dhert cUCLUt suvumt umok
th fallsuumg ciLut.
3.0 u, 2 n A
M.
m

am

am
(u)
ta

ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
tG

t
ee

ee
oV
vn

vn
Na

Na
Aphlyimg kiwhho voltogL Jaur n misht)
10 i+3i +y(i-i)
o = 9 i+ 4i-4
m

am

am
ta

4-2,= 5 )
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
Jaw im mshr)
tG

Applyima Ruuchho veltagu

t

t
ee

O 2i-Cui)x+ ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

4i 46 = O-2)

bm ) Amde)
m

am

am
ta

6ut total vaistamcL uul ill

ut

ut

imd maka
au

Ga

Ga

thi tolsuimg cincuit

tG

t
ee

ee

2
A
vn

vn
Na

Na

8
2-
M A
am

am

am

4
ut

ut

ut

-8
Ga

Ga

Ga
 2
Ga tG tG tG
ut au au au
ta ta ta

R'
am m m m

R= 4
2

m
R'-1
MA-

6
2

Na Na Na

ViR
vn vn vn

V R
ee ee ee
B

t t B
t
A
A

Ga Ga Ga Ga

' votoA AUr0AS A 8,

ut ut ut ut
am am am do Noton' equiualumt cotut
am

Na Na Na
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
Ga t Ga t Ga t Ga
ut ut ut ut
am am am am
Ga tG tG tG

2-
ut au au au

27oV
am ta ta ta
m m m

th

Chtaim
V=4 volt

=
Na Na Na

24
Asad I8-
4
vn vn vn

AAAA-
ee ee ee
t t tG

4
Ga Ga Ga
V=iR

ut ut ut au
A
am am am ta
m
RL

CUUumt

4
Na Na Na

gum mituek amd

AAAA-
= LA.
vn vn vn
ee ee ee
elo CUUWmt im RL, Anem

Ga t Ga t Ga tG
ut ut ut au

A
am am am ta
m

Na Na Na
Nutom* equiualumt cicuit

vn vn vn
ee ee ee
t t tG
ot

Ga Ga Ga au
ut ut ut ta
am am am m
the
the
imd thL cwuumtim

N N N
 24-
aM
ti-)

A
m

am

am
kichof Zaur
ta

ut

ut
au

n Muh I
Ga

Ga
tG

270 24i+ 12(i-i)

t

t
ee

ee
2t0 24i +|2i-124
vn

vn
t0-36i-12d
Na

Na
4S=6i- 2i-O
h MishI
o 4i,- 12(i-i)
m

am

am
ta

0
4i-12u+12
ut

ut
au

Ga

Ga
O =
6à
tG

-12d
12i =
t

t
l6
ee

ee
vn

vn
Na

Na

0us =6x4-2
45 8, -2
US6
m

am

am

- o Nerrto equuiualtms
ta

ut

ut

1SA
au

cicuit
Ga

Ga

6
tG

2
t

t
ee

ee

2-2
12n R=18-2
vn

vn
Na

Na

2 2&8 U L
24 md 12 AA dn [

3
am

am

am

8 omd 1L Ou Un adruls
ut

ut

ut

R=844 2
Ga

Ga

Ga
Ga tG t
ut au
am ta
m

th
V
V
=
Na Na
vn vn

g
om
SY
V=iR

ee ee
t
3X18

5t
tG
S

Ga au
ut

3
ta
Volt
am m
V = iR

A
zx
(8
Na Na
ham botmtual ditumc

CWUwmt l6N.

vn vn
ee ee
33
Ga tG t
ut au
am ta
m
blw mols

Na Na
vn vn
of

ee ee
tG t
Rs

Ga au
ut ta
am m

N N