Jasmin Monique S.

Simon
BS Mathematics 4A
Numerical Analysis

Final Examination

Answers:

A.
1. Bracketing vs. Open Method

Bracketing Methods are ones that keep convergent while algorithm proceeds. When using
bracketing method such as bisection and regula- falsi methods, it always requires an initial guess.
While, Open Methods simply require a single initial value, which does not have to be a root. It
may diverge as the calculation proceeds, but when it does, it typically converges significantly
more quickly than the bracketing approach.

2. Direct vs. Iterative Approximation

Direct Approximation are ways of solving problems through a finite number of steps.
These ways of solving system of linear equation can be used to solve any non-singular matrix. In
Iterative Approximation, it is not expected it would terminate in a series of steps. Iterative
approaches produce consecutive approximations from an initial guess that only converge to the
exact solution in the limit. A convergence criterion is defined to determine whether a sufficiently
accurate solution has been obtained. These approaches would not achieve the solution in a finite
number of steps even if they used infinite precision arithmetic.

3. Interpolation vs. Extrapolation

Interpolation is estimating the value of dependent variable for an independent variable

that is between points. While, Extrapolation is estimating the value of dependent variable for an
independent variable that is beyond points.

4. Interpolation vs. Regression

Regression is the process of fitting the data to the least error prone function. It means, we
minimize the error and that is how we assess if regression function is performing well or not. It is
a process of finding the line of best. While, Interpolation is the technique of estimating the value
of one variable from the value of another using the line of best fit, as long as the value you're
using is within the range of your data.
B. Application
1. Separate PDF File. (Sorry po sir, nagugulo po kasi yung tables kapag iinsert ko po dito)
2.
a. Crout’s Method

Coefficients Constants 1 0 0 0
1 -1 3 2 15 -1 4 0 0
-1 5 -5 -2 -35 L 3 -2 9 0
3 -5 19 3 94 -2 0 3 -16
-2 2 -3 -21 -1

1 -1 3 2 CHECKING
0 4 -2 0 1 -1 3 2
0 -2 10 -3 -1 5 -5 -2
0 0 3 -17 3 -5 19 3
-2 2 -3 -21
1 -1 3 2
0 1 -0.5 0 ANSWER X3
0 0 9 -3 X1 2 15
0 0 3 -17 X2 -3 -5
X3 4 4.333333
1 -1 3 2 X4 -1 -1
0 1 -0.5 0
0 0 1 -0.33333
0 0 0 -16

1 -1 3 2
0 1 -0.5 0
0 0 1 -0.33333
0 0 0 1
 b. Doolittle’s Method

Coefficients Constants
1 -1 3 2 15
-1 5 -5 -2 -35
3 -5 19 3 94
-2 2 -3 -21 -1

U0 L0
1 -1 3 2 F 1 0 0 0
-1 5 -5 -2 -1 0 1 0 0
3 -5 19 3 3 0 0 1 0
-2 2 -3 -21 -2 0 0 0 1

U1 L1
1 -1 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 4 -2 0 F -1 1 0 0
0 -2 10 -3 -0.5 3 0 1 0
0 0 3 -17 0 -2 0 0 1

U2 L2
1 -1 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 4 -2 0 -1 1 0 0
0 0 9 -3 F 3 -0.5 1 0
0 0 3 -17 0.333333 -2 0 0 1

U3 L4
1 -1 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 4 -2 0 -1 1 0 0
0 0 9 -3 3 -0.5 1 0
0 0 0 -16 -2 0 0.333333 1

X3 ANSWER CONSTANT CHECKING

15 x1 2 15 1 -1 3 2
-20 x2 -3 -35 -1 5 -5 -2
39 x3 4 94 3 -5 19 3
16 x4 -1 -1 -2 2 -3 -21
 C. LU Factorization
Coefficients Constants
1 -1 3 2 15 A=LU
-1 5 -5 -2 -35
3 -5 19 3 94
-2 2 -3 -21 -1

U0 L0
1 -1 3 2 F 1 0 0 0
-1 5 -5 -2 -1 0 1 0 0
3 -5 19 3 3 0 0 1 0
-2 2 -3 -21 -2 0 0 0 1

U1 L1
1 -1 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 4 -2 0 F -1 1 0 0
0 -2 10 -3 -0.5 3 0 1 0
0 0 3 -17 0 -2 0 0 1

U2 L2
1 -1 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 4 -2 0 -1 1 0 0
0 0 9 -3 F 3 -0.5 1 0
0 0 3 -17 0.333333 -2 0 0 1

U3 L4
1 -1 3 2 1 0 0 0
0 4 -2 0 -1 1 0 0
0 0 9 -3 3 -0.5 1 0
0 0 0 -16 -2 0 0.333333 1

X3 ANSWER CONSTANT CHECKING

15 x1 2 15 1 -1 3 2
-20 x2 -3 -35 -1 5 -5 -2
39 x3 4 94 3 -5 19 3
16 x4 -1 -1 -2 2 -3 -21
3.
a. Gaussian Elimination

COEFFICIENT CONSTANT
4 2 4 0 20
2 2 3 2 36
4 3 6 3 60
0 2 3 9 122

1 0.5 1 0 5
0 1 1 2 26
0 1 2 3 40
0 2 3 9 122

1 0.5 1 0 5
0 1 1 2 26
0 0 1 1 14
0 0 1 5 70

1 0.5 1 0 5
0 1 1 2 26
0 0 1 1 14
0 0 0 4 56

1 0.5 1 0 5
0 1 1 2 26
0 0 1 1 14
0 0 0 1 14

X1 6
X2 -2
X3 0
X4 14
b. Algebraic Method (Matrix Inversion)
COEFFICIENT CONSTANT
4 2 4 0 20
2 2 3 2 36
4 3 6 3 60
0 2 3 9 122
ANSWER
X1 6
X2 -2
X3 0
X4 14

CHECKING
20
36
60
122
 4. Jakobi – Gauss Seidel

0.4 0.6 0.8 0

0.6 3.4 5.2 -16
0.8 5.2 1.29 -45.2

INITIAL
INPUT b x1 x2 x3 New mult
X1 69.2 0 0 -0.6 -0.8 10.76841 2.5
X2 12 -16 -0.6 0 -5.2 -11.0736 0.294118
X3 9 -45.2 -0.8 -5.2 0 2.921013 0.775194

A. Gauss Jakobi
JACOBI INITIAL
- - -
69.2 -36 298.6747 514.212 2352.11 4835.09 19462.85 43819.5 162998.4
- - - -
12 30.68235294 194.8509 227.128 1624.18 2254.17 13146.23 21868.8 107289.1
- - - -
9 126.3255814 110.9676 1005.71 1199.408 8040.79 12050.06 65097.6 115293.2

- - - -
-391520 1374855 3466833 11659256 3.1E+07 99292051 2.7E+08 8.48E+08 2.3E+09 7.27E+09 -2E+10
- - - - -
-205100 885185.3 1878374 7373085 1.7E+07 61897005 1.5E+08 5.23E+08 1.3E+09 4.44E+09 1.2E+10
- - - - -
-533603 1069528 4420847 9721680 3.7E+07 87145273 3.1E+08 7.74E+08 2.6E+09 6.82E+09 2.2E+10

- - - - -
6.24E+10 1.8E+11 5.36E+11 1.5E+12 4.61E+12 1.3E+13 3.97E+13 1.1E+14 3.43E+14 9.9E+14 2.95E+15
- - - -
3.78E+10 -1E+11 3.24E+11 8.9E+11 2.77E+12 7.8E+12 2.38E+13 6.8E+13 2.05E+14 5.9E+14 1.76E+15
- - - -
5.98E+10 1.9E+11 5.22E+11 1.6E+12 4.55E+12 1.4E+13 3.96E+13 1.2E+14 3.43E+14 -1E+15 2.98E+15

- - - - - -
8.6E+15 2.55E+16 7.44E+16 2.2E+17 6.4E+17 1.9E+18 5.6E+18 1.64E+19 4.8E+19 1.42E+20 4.1E+20
- - - - - -
5.1E+15 1.52E+16 4.39E+16 1.31E+17 3.8E+17 1.13E+18 3.3E+18 9.74E+18 2.8E+19 8.41E+19 2.5E+20
- - - - -
8.9E+15 2.58E+16 -7.7E+16 2.23E+17 6.6E+17 1.93E+18 5.7E+18 1.67E+19 4.9E+19 1.44E+20 4.3E+20
 - - - -
1.22E+21 3.6E+21 1.06E+22 3.1E+22 9.12E+22 2.7E+23 7.87E+23 2.3E+24 6.8E+24 -2E+25 5.87E+25
- - - - -
7.26E+20 2.1E+21 6.27E+21 1.8E+22 5.41E+22 1.6E+23 4.67E+23 1.4E+24 4.04E+24 1.2E+25 3.49E+25
- - - -
1.25E+21 3.7E+21 1.08E+22 3.2E+22 9.32E+22 2.7E+23 8.06E+23 2.4E+24 6.96E+24 -2E+25 6.01E+25

- - - - - -
1.7E+26 5.07E+26 1.5E+27 4.38E+27 1.3E+28 3.79E+28 1.1E+29 3.27E+29 9.6E+29 2.83E+30 8.3E+30
- - - - -
-1E+26 3.01E+26 8.8E+26 2.6E+27 7.6E+27 2.25E+28 6.6E+28 1.94E+29 5.7E+29 1.68E+30 4.9E+30
- - - - - -
1.8E+26 5.2E+26 1.5E+27 4.49E+27 1.3E+28 3.88E+28 1.1E+29 3.35E+29 9.8E+29 2.89E+30 8.5E+30

- - - -
2.44E+31 7.2E+31 2.11E+32 6.2E+32 1.82E+33 5.4E+33 1.57E+34 4.6E+34 1.36E+35 -4E+35 1.17E+36
- - - - -
1.45E+31 4.3E+31 1.25E+32 3.7E+32 1.08E+33 3.2E+33 9.33E+33 2.7E+34 8.06E+34 2.4E+35 6.96E+35
- - - - -
2.5E+31 7.3E+31 2.16E+32 6.3E+32 1.87E+33 5.5E+33 1.61E+34 4.7E+34 1.39E+35 4.1E+35 1.2E+36

- - - - -
3.4E+36 1.01E+37 -3E+37 8.76E+37 2.6E+38 7.57E+38 2.2E+39 6.53E+39 1.9E+40 5.65E+40 1.7E+41
- - - - -
-2E+36 6.01E+36 1.8E+37 5.2E+37 1.5E+38 4.49E+38 1.3E+39 3.88E+39 1.1E+40 3.35E+40 9.8E+40
- - - - -
3.5E+36 1.04E+37 3.1E+37 8.97E+37 2.6E+38 7.75E+38 2.3E+39 6.7E+39 -2E+40 5.78E+40 1.7E+41

- - - -
4.88E+41 1.4E+42 4.21E+42 1.2E+43 3.64E+43 1.1E+44 3.14E+44 9.2E+44 2.72E+45 -8E+45 2.35E+46
- - - - -
2.89E+41 8.5E+41 2.5E+42 7.3E+42 2.16E+43 6.3E+43 1.86E+44 5.5E+44 1.61E+45 4.7E+45 1.39E+46
- - - - -
5E+41 1.5E+42 4.32E+42 1.3E+43 3.73E+43 1.1E+44 3.22E+44 9.5E+44 2.78E+45 8.2E+45 2.4E+46
 - - - - -
6.9E+46 2.03E+47 -6E+47 1.75E+48 5.1E+48 1.51E+49 4.4E+49 1.31E+50 3.8E+50 1.13E+51 3.3E+51
- - - - -
4.1E+46 1.2E+47 3.5E+47 1.04E+48 3.1E+48 8.97E+48 2.6E+49 7.75E+49 2.3E+50 6.69E+50 -2E+51
- - - - - -
7.1E+46 2.08E+47 6.1E+47 1.79E+48 5.3E+48 1.55E+49 4.6E+49 1.34E+50 3.9E+50 1.16E+51 3.4E+51

- - - - -
9.74E+51 2.9E+52 8.42E+52 2.5E+53 7.27E+53 2.1E+54 6.28E+54 1.8E+55 5.43E+55 1.6E+56 4.69E+56
- - - - -
5.78E+51 1.7E+52 4.99E+52 1.5E+53 4.31E+53 1.3E+54 3.73E+54 1.1E+55 3.22E+55 9.5E+55 2.78E+56
- - - - -
9.98E+51 2.9E+52 8.62E+52 2.5E+53 7.45E+53 2.2E+54 6.44E+54 1.9E+55 5.56E+55 1.6E+56 4.8E+56

- - - - -
1.4E+57 4.05E+57 1.2E+58 3.5E+58 -1E+59 3.02E+59 8.9E+59 2.61E+60 7.7E+60 2.25E+61 6.6E+61
- - - - - -
8.2E+56 2.4E+57 7.1E+57 2.07E+58 6.1E+58 1.79E+59 5.3E+59 1.55E+60 4.5E+60 1.34E+61 3.9E+61
- - - - - -
1.4E+57 4.15E+57 1.2E+58 3.58E+58 1.1E+59 3.1E+59 9.1E+59 2.67E+60 7.9E+60 2.31E+61 6.8E+61

- - - - -
1.95E+62 5.7E+62 1.68E+63 4.9E+63 1.45E+64 4.3E+64 1.26E+65 3.7E+65 1.08E+66 3.2E+66 9.37E+66
- - - - -
1.16E+62 3.4E+62 9.98E+62 2.9E+63 8.62E+63 2.5E+64 7.45E+64 2.2E+65 6.43E+65 1.9E+66 5.56E+66
- - - - -
2E+62 5.9E+62 1.72E+63 5.1E+63 1.49E+64 4.4E+64 1.29E+65 3.8E+65 1.11E+66 3.3E+66 9.6E+66
 B. Gauss Seidel

GAUSS
SEIDEL
INITIAL
-
69.2 -36 -54.0898 -327.888 -2012.67 -12148.6 -73074.7 -439282 2640441 -1.6E+07
- -
12 12.11764706 -50.4231 -255.419 -1481.61 -8850.44 -53141.8 -319363 1919533 -1.2E+07
9 36.13315093 201.7612 1197.899 7185.511 43175.17 259497.6 1559742 9375100 56350724

- -
-9.5E+07 -5.7E+08 -3.4E+09 -2.1E+10 -1.2E+11 -7.5E+11 4.5E+12 2.7E+13 -1.6E+14 -9.8E+14 -5.9E+15
-
-6.9E+07 -4.2E+08 -2.5E+09 -1.5E+10 -9.1E+10 -5.4E+11 3.3E+12 -2E+13 -1.2E+14 -7.1E+14 -4.3E+15
3.39E+08 2.04E+09 1.22E+10 7.36E+10 4.42E+11 2.66E+12 1.6E+13 9.6E+13 5.77E+14 3.47E+15 2.08E+16

-3.5E+16 -2.1E+17 -1.3E+18 -7.7E+18 -4.6E+19 -2.8E+20 -1.7E+21 -1E+22 -6E+22 -3.6E+23 -2.2E+24
-2.6E+16 -1.5E+17 -9.3E+17 -5.6E+18 -3.3E+19 -2E+20 -1.2E+21 -7.3E+21 -4.4E+22 -2.6E+23 -1.6E+24
1.25E+17 7.53E+17 4.53E+18 2.72E+19 1.64E+20 9.83E+20 5.91E+21 3.55E+22 2.13E+23 1.28E+24 7.71E+24

- -
-1.3E+25 7.85E+25 -4.7E+26 -2.8E+27 -1.7E+28 -1E+29 -6.2E+29 -3.7E+30 2.2E+31 -1.3E+32 -8E+32
- -
-9.5E+24 5.71E+25 -3.4E+26 -2.1E+27 -1.2E+28 -7.4E+28 -4.5E+29 -2.7E+30 1.6E+31 -9.7E+31 -5.8E+32
4.64E+25 2.79E+26 1.67E+27 1.01E+28 6.05E+28 3.64E+29 2.19E+30 1.31E+31 7.9E+31 4.75E+32 2.85E+33

-
-4.8E+33 -2.9E+34 1.7E+35 -1E+36 -6.3E+36 -3.8E+37 -2.3E+38 -1.4E+39 -8.2E+39 -4.9E+40 -3E+41
-
-3.5E+33 -2.1E+34 1.3E+35 -7.6E+35 -4.6E+36 -2.8E+37 -1.7E+38 -1E+39 -6E+39 -3.6E+40 -2.2E+41
1.72E+34 1.03E+35 6.2E+35 3.72E+36 2.24E+37 1.35E+38 8.09E+38 4.86E+39 2.92E+40 1.76E+41 1.06E+42
 5 a. MONOMIAL BASIS METHOD

Points: (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4), (5,5), (6,6), (7,7), (8,8), (9,9), (10,10),

( )

( ) ∑ ( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

Solved in Excel
1 X X^2 X^3 X^4 X^5 X^6 X^7 X^8 X^9 y
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 2
1 3 9 27 81 243 729 2187 6561 19683 3

1 4 16 64 256 1024 4096 16384 65536 262144 4

1 5 25 125 625 3125 15625 78125 390625 1953125 5
1 6 36 216 1296 7776 46656 279936 1679616 10077696 6
1 7 49 343 2401 16807 117649 823543 5764801 40353607 7
1 8 64 512 4096 32768 262144 2097152 16777216 134217728 8
1 9 81 729 6561 59049 531441 4782969 43046721 387420489 9
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 100000000 1000000000 10

answer
-9.29E-10
1
-3.869E-10
5.0697E-11
-3.928E-12
1.6342E-13
-1.554E-15
-5.1E-16
3.1225E-17
-4.134E-19
Graph:
b. LAGRANGE INTERPOLATION

Points: (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4), (5,5), (6,6), (7,7), (8,8), (9,9), (10,10),

Lagrange Polynomial:

( ) ∏( )

Weight (Barycentric)

∏ ( )

( )
( )

Graph:
Solution:
C. PROVE THE FOLLOWING

1. INTERMIDIATE VALUE THEOREM

Proof:

Let be on ]. We need to show that there exits which is element of ( ) such that
( ) is between ( ) and ( ).

 By continuity, ( ) ( )
 Without loss of generality, let ( ) ( ) (assume)
 ( ) ( )
 Consider ( ) ( ) *Note: this is continuous
 Then, ( ) ( )–
Bolzano
 ( ) ( )
 Note: is continuous on ( ) and ( ) have different signs. By the Bolzano
Theorem, which states that “if is continuous on and ( ) and ( ) have
different signs, then f has a root in ”. There exists k which is element of
such that ( ) ( )– ( ) .

2. TAYLOR’S THEOREM