754 CleenonieDeves and Cres Clanier— Recifier ‘out anaiter Fig.28.26 Hoifwave voltage doubler [<____—Tiper —_____+ c o 2 avi B << eurapier ——""" _,- Fig. 38.27, Voltage multplir showing tplerand uadrupler A load connected between 4 and 2 will have a dc, voltage of 3 Vand from C to D an out Vyp since C, charges up to V, and other capacitors to 2 V,. By using the same principle, voltages up to LEV may be obtained for obcilloseope, CRT applications 38.2.5 Voltage Regulators Inan unregulated power supply, the output voltage changes whenever the input voltage or load changes, ‘An ideal regulated power supply isan electronic cuit designed to provide a predetermined dc. volt: age V, which is independent of the load current and variations in the input voltage. A voltage regulator isan clectronie ciouit that provides a stable dc. voliage independent of the load current, temperature and ac. line voltage variations. Factors determining the stability The output dc. voltage V, depends on the input unregulated de, voltage Mg, load current J, and temperature T. Hence, the change in output voltage of power supply ccan be expressed as follows: wv, et or AV, = SyAVi,+ R, Ml, + SpAT where the three coefficients ae defined asRectifiers, Filters and Power Supplies 755 Input regulation fa Output resistance, R, AV, = 0; AT=0 ay, “ar Temperature coefficient, Sy [AV =0:A7,=0 ‘Smaller the value of the three coefficients, better the regulation of the power supply. Line regulation Line regulation is defined as the change in output vollage fora change inline supply voltage, keeping the load current and temperature constant. Line regulation ie given by change in output voltage _ AV, Line regulation = —“8¢ S OMPU VOTE ‘change in imput voltage ~ AV, Load regulation Load regulation is defined as a change in regulated output voltage asthe load cur- rent changes from no load to full load. It is expressed as a percentage of no load voltage or full load voltage Fae tout Vivo = 100 % Load regulation = Voted Viasioad Toad repulsion = 25S 100 where Va, jug the output voltage at zero load current and Frat jong the Output voltage at rated load current. This is usually denoted in percentage. The plot of the output voltage. V, versus the load curreat J, for a ful-wave rectifier is given, in Fig. 18.18. The drop in the characteristics is a measure of the internal resistance of the power supply. Zener diode shunt regulator A zener diode, under reverse bias breakdown condition, can be used to regulate the volt- Fig, 8.18 Load regulator age across a load, irrespective of the supply voltage or load ccurrent variations, A simple zener voltage regulator circuit is shown in Fig. 18.19. The zener diode is selected with V, equal to the voltage desired across the load. The zener diode has a characteristic that under reverse bias condition, the voltage across it practically remains constant, even if the current through it changes by a large extent, Under normal conditions, the input current J, = J, + Iz flows through resistor R, The input voltage V, can be written as 11=0R + V,= +1) R+ V, vracteristes, When the input voltage V; increases (say due to supply voltage variations), as the voltage across zener diode remains constant, the drop acrost resistor R will increase with’ a corresponding increase in I, + Jz. As Vzis a constant, the volt- ~ age a the load will also remain constant and Fig. 8.19 Zener voltage regulator756. Electronic Devices ond Grute hence, , will be a constant, Therefore, an increase in J, + I, will resull in an increase in, which will not alter the voltage across the load, ‘Tt must be ensured that the reverse voltage applied to the zener diode never exceeds PIV of the diode and at the same time, the applied input voltage must be greater than the breakdown voltage of the ‘zener diode for its operation, The zener diodes can be used as ‘stand-alone’ regulator cizeuits and also as reference voltage sources. EXAMPLE 28.32 Design a Zener shunt voltage regulator with the following specifications: V, = 10 Vs Vig = 20-30 Vs 1,= (0-50) mA; 1, = 20-40) mA Solution Refer to Fig. 18.19, 1 diode Selection of x lo x40 10 =0.4W V% Dona = Hence a 0.5WZ 10 zener can be selected Value of load resistance. Ry Value of input resistance, R = 0-10 a6. (30 + 40) x 107? +, in = 2-0 issn (0+ 20) x 10 Roast Rein. Therefore, p= fee Boe asa z