4/25/2022

MUSIC HISTORY &

SCIENCE
Using science to decode the history of popular music in the United States

OUTLINE
•Music Basics
•Early popular music
•Evolution into rock & roll
•The Golden Era of Rock
•Diversification into rap, punk,
electronic music, etc.

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WHY DO
THIS?

• End-of-year fun

• Art appreciation

• Science is everywhere!

MUSIC BASICS
Thanks, ears and brain!

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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxcbppCX6Rk

PITCH
• High notes: high frequency, short wavelengths
• Higher energy
• Lose these frequencies with age
• Low notes: low frequency, long wavelengths
• Travel farther

• How fast or how slow the music is

TEMPO
• Prestissimo vs. adagio
• Beat – Unit of time in music
• Commonly kept by drums, but not always!
• Can be measured in beats per minute: BPM
• Gives time “value” to a note
• Bar or measure – Group of beats

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METER OR TIME SIGNATURE

• Meter – patterns within a bar/measure, usually in groups of two,
three, or four, then in larger groups of four, eight, or sixteen

Common time (4/4) Triple meter (3/4)

Island in the Sun Waltz #2
-Weezer -Elliot Smith

Many complex meters just a combination of 2, 3, and 4: Dave Brubeck - Take 5 [3+2]

Mary had a little lamb little lamb little lamb

Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow

Meter?

Are all of these words sung equally?

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Mary had a
little lamb
little lamb
little lamb
Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow

Are all of these words sung equally?

Mary had a little lamb, little lamb, little lamb

Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow

Two sets of 4 groups of 4 (4/4)

Ma ry had a

lit tle lamb (pause)

lit tle lamb (pause)

lit tle lamb (pause)

Ma ry had a

lit tle lamb whose

fleece was white as

snow (stretch) (stretch) (stretch)

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COUNT ALONG: FROM FINNER

• Beginning: Hard to tell

• Instruments join:
• Count: 4, 4, 4, 6
• Don’t forget pauses: 4 + pause, 4 + pause, 4 + pause, 6

• Value of pause = 6-4 = 2

• 4+2, 4+2, 4+2, 6

• Or, because 6 is 3+3: 3+1(+2), 3+1(+2), 3+1(+2), 3+3

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No beat
EMPHASIZED BEATS:
ON BEAT AND OFF BEAT
Jefferson Airplane-White
Rabbit
Drums/bass on beat,
guitar/voice off beat

• On Beat Interrupters-Bad Guy

(Billie Eilish cover)
• Typically 1 2 3 4 or 1 2 3 4 in 4/4 All on beat, then drums
off, then drums and
•Off beat guitar off

• Typically 1 2 3 4 Syncopation Example:

Overwhelmed chorus
•aka back beat Can you spot it?

•type of syncopation – unexpected beat

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RHYTHM
• The pattern of music, repetition which connects the sounds
• Linked to beat, but could be part of melody/harmony
• Common in drums, bass, good for dancing!

Lots of emphasis on rhythm Little emphasis on rhythm

Doors – My Wild Love Debussy – Clair de Lune

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MELODY & HARMONY

• Melody – The tune, voice, or theme of a musical piece
• The part you can hum/whistle
• Most often played by guitar, piano, (singing) voice Imogen Heap-
Hide and Seak
• Harmony – Supporting notes/sounds
• Most often bass guitar, extra voice (or overdub, autotune, vocoder)
• Uses constructive wave interference to make new layered sounds

Nirvana – Polly Walk Off The Earth - Polly

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GENRE (ZHON-RUH)
• Genre – A style of music (e.g. rock, rap, country, etc.) with similar
instruments, elements, styles, themes, etc.
• Not always self-assigned, many sub-genres

• Examples:
• Heavy metal: Black Sabbath - Paranoid

• Death metal : Dethklok – Metalocolypse theme

• Progressive metal: Tool - Schism

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MUSIC AND THE BRAIN

• Auditory Illusions (next slide) • New vs. Too new
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=PLzKx6R75IA

• Sometimes behaves so strangely

• Chaos to kids

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PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSICAL
PREFERENCE

• Battle between Rite of Passage and Tribalism, with Imprinting

• Rite of Passage – The desire to break out and forge own path
• Source of counterculture, rebellion
• Tribalism – The desire to connect to your group
• Including parents, family, culture, etc.
• Imprinting – Instinctual learning that happens at critical life stage
• Famous in ducklings

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Imprinting

Tribalism Rite of Passage

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HOW DOES
NEW MUSIC
GET MADE?
• All music is a variant on previous music
• Nothing is really new
• Because of tribalism/imprinting, nothing is truly “better”

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Late

Early
EVOLUTION AS A MUSIC ANALOGY
• Evolution is small genetic changes (mutations) over time,
eventually creating new organisms
• Music, also, had small modifications in the music which created
new types of music (genres)
• Mixing
(two populations into one)

• Mutation
(accidental innovation)

• Revival
(convergent evolution)

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Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto #1, mvmt. 1 (~1875) Offenbach’s Belle Nuit, Ô Nuit D’amour (1881)

EARLY POPULAR MUSIC IN THE USA

Nothin’ fancy

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Arthur Miles-Lonely Cowboy, Part 1

FOSSIL RECORD
• Older it is, harder to find
• Rocks get buried, destroyed, etc.
• Same in music!

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FAUNAL
Old or New? Name the decade! One song each 1920s-2010s
SUCCESSION
• Older it is, the more different it is to what we have today,
making it harder to know what is going on
• More assumptions as you fill in missing information
• Gives each time period a unique style
• Same in music!

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1950s 1970s 1920s 1990s 1960s 2010s 1940s 1980s 2000s 1930s
FAUNAL
Old or New? Name the decade!
SUCCESSION
• Older it is, the more different it is to what we have today,
making it harder to know what is going on
• More assumptions as you fill in missing information
• Gives each time period a unique style
Bonus Round! (these are harder and not one per decade)

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PATCHES
Good example of how times change
Patches Peaked at #6 in 1962
(and how ‘better’ is relative)

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FIRST “AMERICAN” MUSIC

• “Folk” ~ Music of the people, played by commoners
• Three main influences in American folk music:
1. European classical music (rules like tempo, meter, harmony)
2. European folk music (content, rhythms, instruments)
3. African folk music (content, rhythms, instruments)

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EARLIEST HISTORY
• Phonograph invented by Edison (1877)
• Minstrels – Very racist, appropriated culture, inc.
• Stephen Foster
• Oh Susanna, Camptown Races, Dixie, My Old Kentucky Home, Shoo Fly, Turkey in the Straw
• Tin Pan Alley – Produced many popular songs from 1885-1920+
• Broadway – Opera-lite musical theater for common people
• Ragtime – Dance-y piano music
Samuel Rous – Give my regards to
Paul Robeson – Old Folks at Home (Foster) Broadway (George Cohen)

Al Joulson – Swanee (Gerswin) Scott Joplin – The Entertainer

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12-bar example

BLUES

• Evolved from African work songs and spirituals

• Call and response, typically sad subject matter, late1800s to today
• Blues progression (12 bar blues) in instrumentation: AAB
• A (4 main key) – A (4 repeated words in a related key) – B (4 conclusion)
Muddy Waters- More modern example:
Robert Johnson- Lead Belly-
Rollin’ Stone Tracy Chapman – Give
Crossroad Blues In the Pines
Me One Reason

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Influences:

Thank You Hide and Seek

BARBERSHOP
• Disputed origins , but very popular 1900-1920
• 19th C. African American? 17th C. British?
• “Ringing,” strong 4-part harmony with overtones, extra sounds
• Many popular songs use a less complex, but similar, vocal harmony
Schmitt Brothers – Up a Lazy River (Carmichael/Arodin)

Acoustix – Stars and Stripes Forever (Sousa)

Buffalo Bills – Lida Rose

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Gershwin-
Rhapsody in Blue
JAZZ

• Evolved from blues/ragtime in New Orleans, known for improvisation

• Became a new form of higher class (art) music, with complexity
• Polyrhythms – More than one rhythm at once
• “America’s Classical Music”
• Lead into the swing, big band, and “lounge” genres of the 1930s-1940s+
Duke Ellington- Billie Holliday-
Take the A Train Glen Miller-
Summertime (Gershwin)
In the Mood

Benny Goodman- Ella Fitzgerald-

Dave Brubeck- Love is Here to Stay
Sing, sing, sing
Take 5
(with a swing)

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EVOLUTION INTO ROCK AND ROLL

Blues goes mainstream

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EDIACARAN
• About 600 million years ago, some of the first simple ‘animals’ evolve
• Similar to early rock and roll/pop, a ‘preview’ of things to come
• Start of bilateral symmetry (that you have as well)
First clam-like thing Trilateral symmetry?!?

First animal?

First filter feeders First proto armor?

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EVOLUTION OF MUSIC =>

Cambrian EVOLUTION OF LIFE
Ordovician
• Evolve innovations
Ediacaran • Radiation and diversification
• Cambrian explosion
• Emerge new ideas • Modern animals • Modern animal groups
• First animals diversify
• Mid 60s
• Bilateral symmetry • Late 60s – on
• Famous rock
• 50s – Early 60s develops and • Modern genres start to form
experiments (metal, EDM, etc.)
• First rock & roll

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BRANCHES OF BLUES

• Blues has several important branches after 1920:

• Rhythm and Blues – Urban, African American, higher energy,
enhanced rhythm hybrid of blues and jazz
• Country – Rural Anglo fusion of folk and blues
• Gospel – Christian hymns and music mixed with blues

Soul Stirrers (w/ Sam Cooke) – One More River

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COUNTRY

• Blues mixed with folk, especially Appalachian influence

• First music “stars” ever: Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family
• Eventually spur into Nashville sound, rockabilly, and bluegrass

Blue Yodel #1 ‘Cyclone’ of Rye Cove When I’m Gone

My Little Lady When the World’s on Fire River of Jordan

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Modern country
stylistically similar
GOLDEN ERA OF COUNTRY

Bill Monroe- Hank Williams- Patsy Cline-

Blue Moon of Kentucky Move it on Over Crazy (written by Willie
(Bluegrass) Nelson)

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RHYTHM AND BLUES (R&B)

• Mix of blues and jazz, with an emphasis on the beat, found in
African American communities in the 1940s
• Cuban rhythms and gospel traditions also added to R&B
• “R&B” was synonymous, at first, with non-white
• Boogie Woogie – Early precursor to R&B with ragtime influences
• Fast, ascending to descending base line and trills
• Evolved into Jump Blues later, even influenced reggae
• Later evolved into R&B, soul, and funk (more to come later)

Pinetop Smith-
Louis Jordan- Big Mamma Thornton- ‘Contemporary’ R&B:
Pinetop’s Boogie Woogie
Saturday Night Fish Fry Hound Dog Boyz II Men-Thank You

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Four Lads-
Istanbul RISE OF VOCAL GROUPS
• Jazz/swing lounge acts (crooners) popular in 30’s and 40’s
like Bing Crosby, Perry Como, Nat King Cole, Sammy Davis
Jr., Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra (first heartthrob?)
• 40’s and 50’s see rise of vocal groups, in two categories:
• Doo Wop – 3- or 4-part singing, R&B influence,
onomatopoeia
• Some of the first crossover/mainstream (also popular with white
audiences) and racial integration in pop music
• Jazz/Big Band Vocal Groups like the Four Lads, The
Lettermen, Four Freshmen
• Both use harmonic elements from barbershop
Frank Sinatra- Nat King Cole- The Lettermen-
The Chords- Marcels-
You Make Me Feel So Mona Lisa When I Fall In Love
Sh-Boom Blue Moon
Young
(first crossover hit!)

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~1950:
ROCKABILLY
Nekromantix-
Stray Cats-
Nekronauts
Rock This Town
(Psychobilly)

• White, mainstream audiences still shying away from R&B

• Rockabilly is first “rock” music that has mainstream success
• Combination of R&B and country, uses upright bass (add percussion)
• Launched careers of artists like Elvis Presley (1954), Johnny Cash
Bill Haley-
Arthur Crudup/ Carl Perkins- Johnny Cash- Everly Brothers-
Rock Around the Clock
Elvis Presley- Blue Suede Shoes I Walk the Line Wake Up Little Susie
(first rock song?)
That’s All Right

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SOUL
Percy Sledge-
When a Man
Loves a Woman

• Combination of R&B, gospel, and jazz, “secular” gospel, mainstream

• Started in late 1950s, competed with rock ever since
• Motown – Famous R&B and soul record company, Detroit, 1960
• Atlantic and Stax records also were famous R&B/soul companies
Ray Charles- Sam Cooke-
Night Time Is A Change Is Aretha Otis Redding-
Supremes- James Brown-
the Right Time Gonna Come Franklin- These Arms of
Where Did Our Please Please
(Early protest Think Mine
Love Go Please
song)

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ROCK AND ROLL EMERGES

• Bo Diddley and Chuck Barry take R&B and
complete the transition to rock and roll

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OTHER IMPORTANT EARLY ROCK

ACTS

• Fats Domino
• Elvis considered him the real ”king”
Whitewashed
version
• Little Richard
• Famous for showmanship

• Dick Dale
• King of surf guitar
• Early use of amp noise to change sound

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OTHER IMPORTANT EARLY ROCK

ACTS
• Ritchie Valens
• Born in LA area to Mexican parents
• Died at 17 in a plane crash

• Buddy Holly
• Started lineup of two guitars, bass, drum
• Died with Valens “The day the music died”

• Jerry Lee Lewis

• Wild piano playing, controversial
• Inaugural member of R&R HOF

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THE GOLDEN ERA OF ROCK

The Arms Race of Sound

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CAMBRIAN
• Speciation - One species become many
• Famous example: Cambrian explosion
• When hard parts evolved, many forms (“ideas”) evolved
• If this new idea works, then the animals flourish!
• When pop music started taking off, it flourished!

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EVOLUTION OF MUSIC =>

Cambrian EVOLUTION OF LIFE
Ordovician
• Evolve innovations
Ediacaran • Radiation and diversification
• Cambrian explosion
• Emerge new ideas • Modern animals • Modern animal groups
• First animals diversify
• Mid 60s
• Bilateral symmetry • Late 60s – on
• Famous rock
• 50s – Early 60s develops and • Modern genres start to form
experiments (metal, EDM, etc.)
• First rock & roll

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ARMS RACE
• Used in science (and politics)
• One group outcompeting or trying to outperform another
• Occurs in popular music, especially in the 1960s

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MAJOR ROCK MOVEMENTS IN THE

1960S
• Surf
• British Invasion (~blues revival)
• Psychedelic
• Folk (revival)

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Famous Uncle

SURF ROCK

• Made most famous by the Beach Boys

• Songs about teen issues: cars, dating, etc.
• 50’s vocal groups highly influential
Jan & Dean- Surfaris-
Beach Boys- Beach Boys- Ventures- Surf City Wipe Out
Surfin’ I Get Around Walk Don’t Run

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MEANWHILE… GIRL GROUPS!

• Late 50s/early 1960s had many girl groups, with
typically 4 female singers, in harmony
• Helped by producer Phil Spector, and his “Wall
of Sound”

Shirelles- Shangri-Las-
Supremes- Ronettes-
Will You Still Love Remember
Where Did Our Be My Baby
Me Tomorrow (Walking in the
Love Go
Sand)

Early feminism

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BRITISH INVASION

• Started with the Beatles, the first boy band, in 1964

• Other Brits followed, many with a heavy US blues/R&B influence
Kinks-
Beatles- Rolling Stones- You Really Got Cream-
Love Me Do Paint it, Black Me Crossroads
Who-
Animals- My Zombies-
House of the Generation Time of the
Rising Sun Season

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INFLUENCE OF THE BEATLES

• Beatles made pop music an art form, which others followed

• Brian Wilson writes Pet Sounds, the Beach Boys’ best album
• Beatles helped to popularize garage rock (simple and raw),
concept album, hidden track, double tracking, etc.
• Helped start Progressive Rock and Psychedelic Rock
Beach Boys- Beach Boys- Monkees- ? And the Turtles-
Wouldn’t it Be You Still I’m a Believer Mysterians- Eleanor
Nice Believe In Me 96 Tears

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PSYCHEDELIC ROCK

• Highlighted by the use of noise, drone, jams, nontraditional

instruments, improvisation, World Music influences, nonsense lyrics
• Bands like Jefferson Airplane, Grateful Dead, The Doors, Pink Floyd
• Famous for drug use, hippie culture, concerts like Woodstock,
Monterey Pop Festival (part of the Summer of Love)
Jefferson Grateful Dead- Doors- Pink Floyd- Pink Floyd-
Airplane- Scarlet Begonias Break On Fearless Comfortably
White Rabbit Through Numb

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FOLK ROCK REVIVAL

• Folk, especially rural white folk, had an underground

following starting in the 1940s, peaking in the 1960s
• Many of the songs and singers were political
• Famous members: Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan
• Spurred folk rock, soft rock, country rock, southern rock
Woody Bob Dylan- The Byrds-
Guthrie- Blowin’ in the Turn! Turn!
This Land is Wind Turn!
Your Land Pete Seeger- Simon and
Bob Dylan- Garfunkel-
If I Had a
Like a Rolling The Boxer
Hammer
Stone

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DIVERSIFICATION OF POPULAR MUSIC

Pop branches out

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Fish?
Us? Starfish
Clams Sea Urchin
Oysters
ORDOVICIAN
• After experimentation, you get diversification
• Famous example: Ordovician Diversification
• Some things go away forever
Velvet
• Forms that made it and succeeded branch out worms?

Bugs
Lobsters
Crabs

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EVOLUTION OF MUSIC => EVOLUTION OF LIFE

Started=> Experimented=> Branched out
Cambrian
Ordovician
• Evolve innovations
Ediacaran • Radiation and diversification
• Cambrian explosion
• Emerge new ideas • Modern animals • Modern animal groups
• First animals diversify
• Mid 60s
• Bilateral symmetry • Late 60s – on
• Famous rock
• 50s – Early 60s develops and • Modern genres start to form
experiments (metal, EDM, etc.)
• First rock & roll

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STARTING IN THE LATE 60S THROUGH THE

90S, MANY NEW GENRES ARE MADE
• Southern Rock
• Progressive Rock
• Metal
• Punk
• Alternative/Grunge
• Ska/Reggae
• Electronica/New Wave
• Disco
• Funk
• Hip Hop

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SOUTHERN ROCK (AKA

COUNTRY ROCK)
• Mix of country and rock and roll, especially Nashville sound
singers like Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, Merle Haggard
• Crossover country stars like Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings
• Part of a long, consistent intermingling of rock and country
Allman Brothers- Eagles- CCR-
Ramblin’ Man Hotel California Bad Moon Rising

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PROGRESSIVE ROCK

• Starts with complex recordings by the Beatles, Beach Boys, closely

linked to the psychedelic rock movement
• Used world influence, academia, classical styles and instruments
Rush- Queen- Yes-
Tom Sawyer Bohemian I’ve Seen All Pink Floyd-
Rhapsody Good People Money

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METAL

• Started with Jimi Hendrix, who innovated electric guitar

• Grew out of blues and psychedelic rock in late 1960s
• Known for loud, heavy, deep sounds and edgy vocals
• Led Zeppelin or Black Sabbath considered the first metal band
• Became very popular in 70s and 80s to today, with many subgenres
Black Sabbath- AC/DC- Rage Against
Jimi Hendrix- Paranoid Back in the Machine-
Purple Haze Black Bulls on Parade
Led Zeppelin- Metallica-
Black Dog Enter Sandman

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PUNK
• Started as a term associated with garage rock
• Became genre of rough, basic, DIY, antiestablishment music
• Reactionary to the heavy, overproduced sounds in rock
• Bands like The Stooges, Velvet Underground, Modern Lovers start
• Gained success with the Clash, Sex Pistols, the Ramones
• Maintained underground following, peaking with pop punk in 90s
The Ramones- The Clash- Green Day-
Blitzkrieg Bop London Welcome to
Velvet Calling Paradise
Sex Pistols-
Underground-
God Save the NOFX-
I’m Waiting for
Queen Linoleum
the Man

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ALTERNATIVE

• Evolved and overlapped with punk music and indie music

• Added mainstream, metal, blues, folk influences to punk
• Famous for depressed attitude, alternative tuning of guitars
• Early bands include REM, Violent Femmes, Sonic Youth, Pixies
• Nirvana moved alternative music to the mainstream
• Subgenre called grunge out of Seattle, Washington
Violent
Radiohead-
Femmes- Nirvana-
Paranoid
Blister in the Sun Smells Like
Pixies- Android
Teen Spirit Smashing
Where is my Pumpkins-
Mind? Today

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No Doubt-
Spiderwebs
SKA
Sublime-
Santeria

• Started in Jamaica in the 1950s from R&B and Caribbean influences

• Evolved into rock steady, dub, and reggae
• Known for walking bass line and strong rhythms on the offbeat
• British revival 2-tone started in the late 70s
• American punk-ska revival third wave started in the mid 90s
Desmond Bob Marley-
Dekker and the High Tide or Save Ferris-
Aces- Low Tide The World is
Israelites Specials- New
Prince Buster- Toots and the
Rudi, A
Take it Easy Maytals-
Message to
Pressure Drop
You

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ELECTRONIC
MUSIC/
ELECTRONICA

• Musicians and academics have long experimented with electronic

music, especially in keyboard synthesizers
• By the 80s, electronically-produced music very mainstream, leading
to New Wave
• Keyboards, drum machine prominent Depeche
Mode-
Eurythmics- Enjoy the
Sweet Dreams Silence
Cure-
Kraftwerk- Love Song
Autobahn

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EDM

• EDM=Electronic Dance Music

• EDM (and remixing) starts having significant mainstream pop
success in 90s, especially in Europe (but also in America)
• Spurred many subgenres like techno, house, ambient, dubstep
C+C Music
Alice Fatboy Air- Skrillex-
Factory-
Deejay- Slim- Femme Scary Monsters
Gonna
Better Off Praise You d’Argent and Nice Sprites
Make You
Alone
Sweat

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DISCO

• Perhaps the most enveloping musical fad of all time!

• Heavy use of strings, keyboard, drum machine, strong beat
CPR song…? • Started out in dance clubs only, became mainstream
• Mostly late 70s, helped by movies like Saturday Night Fever
Trammps-
Walter Murphy-

Bee Jees- Michael Jackson- Star Wars- 5th of Beethoven

Rock With You Theme (disco)

Stayin’ Disco
Alive Inferno

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FUNK

• Grew out of soul, extreme focus on rhythm, less on melody

• Used as samples in hip hop and EDM
Isley
Stevie Brothers-
Wonder- Footsteps
Sir Duke in the Dark
Winstons-
James Amen
Brown- Parliament- Brother
I Got You Flash Light (Amen
break)

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HIP HOP/RAP
DJ Kool Herc discusses early techniques

• Started in the Bronx, NY in the late 70s

• DJs used instrumental breaks in (mostly) funk songs for
dancing, then rhythmically recited lyrics over these breaks
• Known for strong rhythms, explicit content, social
commentary, brags, and inward monologues
• Gained mainstream popularity in the late 80s and early 90s
Dr. Dre f. Snoop
Sugarhill Gang- Afrika Bambaataa- Run DMC- Dogg-
Rapper’s Delight Planet Rock It’s Tricky Nothin’ But a G
Thang

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Ska Rap Punk

EDM
Fusion
Metal New
Reggae Alternative Wave
Jazz Southern
Funk Disco
Progressive
Soul
Lounge Psychedelic Electronic
Folk Folk Rock
Music
Swing Girl
Groups
Big Band
Bluegrass Doo Wop Rock & Roll

Surf Brit Invasion

Blues Country Rockabilly
R&B
Jump Blues

Boogie Woogie

Ragtime

Tin Pan
Alley Barbershop
Time

Classical Minstrels

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Ska Rap Punk

EDM
Fusion
Metal New
Reggae Alternative Wave
Jazz Southern
Funk Disco
Progressive
Soul
Lounge Psychedelic Electronic
Folk Folk Rock Music
Swing Girl
Groups
Big Band
Bluegrass Doo Wop Rock & Roll

Surf Brit Invasion

Blues Country Rockabilly
R&B
Jump Blues

Boogie Woogie

Ragtime

Tin Pan
Alley Barbershop
Time

Classical Minstrels

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