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1.3 Revision Guide Bonding Aqa
1.3 Revision Guide Bonding Aqa
1.3 Revision Guide Bonding Aqa
Only use the words molecules and intermolecular forces when talking about simple molecular substances
boiling and high- because low- because of high- because of high- strong electrostatic forces
melting of giant lattice weak intermolecular many strong covalent between positive ions and sea of
points of ions with forces between bonds in delocalised electrons
strong molecules (specify macromolecular
electrostatic type e.g van der structure. Take a lot
forces waals/hydrogen of energy to break the
between bond) many strong bonds
oppositely
charged ions.
conductivity poor: ions poor: no ions to diamond and sand: good: delocalised electrons can
when solid can’t move/ conduct and poor, because move through structure
fixed in lattice electrons are electrons can’t move
localised (fixed in (localised)
place) graphite: good as free
delocalised electrons
between layers
N Goalby chemrevise.org 3
Shape of molecules
Cl
Tetrahedral 4 0 H 109.5 SiCl4, SO42-, ClO4-,
NH4+
H H
H
H
H H
F
F
Octahedral 6 0 90 SF6
F F
F F
How to explain shape 1. State number of bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons.
2. State that electron pairs repel and try to get as far apart as possible (or to a
position of minimum repulsion.)
3. If there are no lone pairs state that the electron pairs repel equally
4. If there are lone pairs of electrons, then state that lone pairs repel more than
bonding pairs.
5. State actual shape and bond angle.
Remember lone pairs repel more than bonding pairs and so reduce bond angles (by about 2.5o
per lone pair in above examples)
N Goalby chemrevise.org 4
Occasionally more complex shapes are seen that are variations of octahedral and trigonal
bipyramidal where some of the bonds are replaced with lone pairs. You do not need to learn the
names of these but ought to be able to work out these shapes using the method below
: : X:
:
X X : X : : X
:
:
Square planar Bond angle ~89O Bond angle ~89O Bond angles ~119 + 89O
Linear
Bond angle 90O (Reduced by lone pair) (Reduced by lone pairs) (Reduced by lone pair)
Bond angle 180O
e.g XeF4 e.g. BrF5 e.g I3- e .g.ClF3 e.g. SF4 & IF4+
Xe has 8 electrons in its outer Cl has 7 electrons in its outer I has 7 electrons in its outer
shell. 4 F’s add 4 more shell. 3 F’s add 3 more shell. 4 F’s add 4 more
electrons. This makes a total of electrons. This makes a total of electrons. Remove one electron
12 electrons made up of 4 10 electrons made up of 3 bond as positively charged. This
bond pairs and 2 lone pairs. pairs and 2 lone pairs. The makes a total of 10 electrons
The means it is a variation of means it is a variation of the 5 made up of 4 bond pairs and 1
the 6 bond pair shape bond pair shape (trigonal lone pair. The means it is a
(octahedral) bipyramidal) variation of the 5 bond pair
shape (trigonal bipyramidal)
N Goalby chemrevise.org 5