’ Peer Reviewed Referred and UGC Listed Journal (Journal No. 40776) y ISSN 2277-5730 ‘ z AN INTERNATIONAL ()ISSN 2277 - 5730 AN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY QUARTERLY RESEARCH JOURNAL AJANTA Volume -IX__Issue - Ill July - September - 2020 ENGLISH PART -1 Peer Reviewed Referred and UGC Listed Journal Journal No. 40776 Se IMPACT FACTOR / INDEXING 2019 - 6.399 www.sjifactor.com * EDITOR * Asst. Prof. Vinay Shankarrao Hatole MSo Maths), MBA (Mktg), MBA (HR), IM Drama (Acting), M Drama (Prod. & Dit), MES “+ PUBLISHED BY + a ijanta Prakashan Aurangabad. (M.S.)VOLUME - IX, ISSUE - Ill - JULY - SEPTEMBER - 2020 AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) 3. Effectivity of Five Different Plant Extracts Against the Aphid Population on Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern. Aniruddha S, Deshpande U. A, More P.K, Kalbande S.N, Malode Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, India, Abstract Among the vegetable and oilseed crops cultivated worldwide, Brassica crops are regarded as one of the most important group of plants. However, number of insects and pests found to limit the crop yield out of which aphid infestation is the most devastating one. In present investigation, extracts made of leaves of five plants ~ Cocculus hirsutus, Carissa carandas, Lantana camara Tridax procumbens, Mansoa alliacea with fresh cow urine and 0.25% slaked lime were evaluated for their effe vity against aphid population along with positive control TATA Tafgor. After 24 hrs. of treatment, 100% mortality was reported in TATA Tafgor while all extracts show more than 50% average mortality. More promising results were obtained after 48Hrs. Extracts from Cocculus hirsutus, Tridax procumbens and combined extracts of all these five plants shows 100% mortality and hence found to be effective biocontrol agents for aphid population. This will help farmers, transition away from highly toxic conventional chemical pesticides in to an era of truly sustainable agriculture, Keywords: Brassica juncea, Aphids, Cocculus hirsutus, Carissa carandas, Lantana camara, Tridax procumbens, Mansoa alliacea, Mortality Introduction Brassica juncea is a worldwide cultivated major oilseed and vegetable crop having fast growth rate and nutritional value (Oldham, 1999) The production of rape and other leafy vegetables for local and export markets is one of the profitable agricultural enterprises. In Sahara of South Africa, small holder vegetable production is a fast expanding enterprise due to the increasing demand from the rapidly increasing populations (Kuntashula et al., 2004). Diseases are the major cause of low productivity of oilseed Brassica ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776 19VOLUME - IX, ISSUE - Ill - JULY - SEPTEMBER - 2020 AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) Many factors affect productivity of rapeseed crop out of which aphid infestation is the ‘most devastating one. Rape aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) are sap sucking pests mostly called as cabbage aphids as they also attack cabbage (B. oleracea var. oleracea). Mainly they infect leafy brassicas: their numbers tend to peak in spring and autumn when temperatures are moderate. They can form large colonies on the youngest leaves which become stunted and distorted. They can spread cauliflower mosaic virus to brassicas, Also causes a potential contamination issue (Ekman et al., 2014). Aphid infestation is uncontrollable due to their high reproductive potential (Ulusoy and Olmez, 2006), If attack starts at seedling stage it can cause yield losses from 80% to complete crop failure (Singh and Bakhetia, 1987) Many synthetic pesticides are available to control aphid population and they are very effective but their effectivity comes with certain disadvantages like - pest resurgence and emergence of secondary pests, effect on non-target insect species (Shiberu and Negeri, 2016), development of pesticide resistance in the target pests (Belmain et al., 2013), cause food and groundwater contaminations, pollution, forms pesticide residue which accumulate in beneficial organisms and human beings (Georghiou, 2000), high costs and associated toxicity risks (Canhilal et al.. 2006), local unavailability’ of synthetic products, poorly labeled or packaged products, and also frequently adulterated and sometimes, some products being sold after expiry date (Stevenson et al., 2012). There is an urgent need to develop cheaper and safer alternatives for insect pest control, using plant based products (Dayan et al. 2009). Biopesticides are very important to the rural poor who are vulnerable and marginalized Many smallholder rape growers are, herewith, shifling focus to more reliable, sustainable and environment friendly agents of pest control, the biopesticides. Indeed, because rape is a fast- growing vegetable, and yet highly susceptible to aphids, which are highly reproductive, it is necessary to determine a biopesticide which, at a highly efficacious concentration, can potentially control the pest in a short time so as to cherish the maximum leaf production of the crop. Materials and Methods It Includes Following Steps 1 ‘election, Collection and Identification of Plants Coceulus hirsutus, (L.) Diels; Carissa carandas L., Lantana camara (L.) LH. Bailey: Tridax procumbens L., and Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) AH, Gentry. (Figure 1) were collected from ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776 20VOLUME - IX, ISSUE - Ill - JULY - SEPTEMBER - 2020 AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) campus area of Govt. Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati, Leaves were used as the experimental material in the present investigation. The plants were identified with the help of standard flora (Dhore, 2002). 2. Synthetic Insecticide TATA Tafgor is used as a synthetic insecticide. Chemically, it is 30% EC formulation of Dimethoate (Figure 3). Itis highly effective in controlling the sucking and caterpillar pests, It was used as a pos ive control for aphid control experiment procured from local market Krushi Seva Kendra, Amravati 3. Extraction of Plant Materi For this fresh leaves of selected plants Cocculus hirsutus, Carrissa carandus, Lantana camara, Tridax procumbens and Mansoa alliacea were collected and washed under clean tap ‘water, Clean leaves were separated and used for extraction of organic plant extract, Leaves were cut into small pieces with the help of knife, About 20gm of each plant material was taken in separate beakers and then 400ml water was added in each beaker. Extract was boiled for about 30 to 40 min till all the components of leaves comes in water and stored in separate five bowls for 2- 3 days. Extract was filtered through muslin cloth (Figure 3) 4, Preparation and Application Extract © About 40ml. of plant extract mixed with! Oml fresh cow urine. About 0.5gm Slaked lime was added as value addition. The estracts were put in a small sprayer. + Petriplates were set up in triplicates each having cotton soaked with water in it ‘© The time required to kill 50% of the population of gross aphids due to extract spraying was calculated by probity analysis using modified detached leaf bioassay technique. The heavily aphid infected leaves of Brassica juncea were collected from the experimental field of Department of Botany, Govt. Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities Amravati (Figure 2) ‘© Infected leaves having aphids (threshold population: more than 50 on half leaf) were placed on cotton in a petriplates were used for treatment (Figure 3), * Data afler application of insecticides was recorded afler time intervals of 24 and 48 hours of treatment, Average mortality percent of aphid population was calculated. * TATA Tafgor and Distilled water spray were used as positive and negative control respectively ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776 21VOLUME - IX, ISSUE - Ill - JULY - SEPTEMBER - 2020 AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) Results and Discus ns The screening is a better means of evaluation of the insecticidal activity of different leaf extracts on aphids. The effect of leaf extract of different plants and positive control dimethoate on aphid population is tabulated in table no. 1 and table no. 2 (Figure 4). First spray of all plant extracts showed potential to kill aphids. All plant extract was found to be potent to kill more than 50% of aphids. Among the individual leaf extract of different plants highest mortality (74%) was noted in Cocculus hirsutus and lowest (59.4%) mortality. was recorded in Tridax procumbens. Mansoa alliacea, Lantana camara and Carrissa carandus showed 68.91% 67% and 65.7% of mortality respectively. While mixture of all plant leaf extract (Cocculus hirsutus, Carissa carandas, Lantana camara, Tridax procumbens, and Mansoa alliacea) showed 57.38% of mortality which is lower than Tridax procumbens, Dimethoate is also used against the aphids as a positive control and found to be more potent to kill the aphids whereas, Control (D.W.) showed increase in aphids; population (Table no. 1 and figure 4). Though Dimethoate killed 100% of aphids but it is not convenient to use because of its harmful effect on quality of soil, water and biodiversity. Mixture of different plant showed lowest (57.38%) ‘mortality effect on aphids than individual plant extracts, this may be due to antagonistic effect of secondary metabolites from these plants when they got mixed which results in reduced activity ed by against aphids. The mortality of aphids due to spray of leaf extract was easily ident loosening of aphids from leaf surface and dead aphids were seen on cotton with an isolates. The dead aphids were left on the leaf surface for confirmation of death due to extract spraying, On 3rd day (after 48 hrs.) all dead aphids including those seen on cotton in petriplates were placed over a wet filler, Death of aphids due to extract spray was confirmed by microscopic observation. Each treatment was replicated thrice with an control, The per cent mortality of aphids was calculated after 1" and 2™ spray with respect to control. Combined extracts, Cocculus hirusutus extract and Tridax procumbens extract showed 100% mortality of aphids after 3rd day while Mansoa alliacea, Lantana camara, Carrissa carandus showed 96.94%, 94.57% and 93.93% effectiveness against aphids respectively. The study shows that Cocculus hirusutus, Mansoa alliacea, Lantana camara, Carrissa carandus and Tridax procumbens has inhibitory effects on aphid population (Table 2 and Figure 5). Many workers earlier reported insecticidal activities of many plant extracts against various aphids infecting various plants. Extracts of Lippia javanica leaf powder and Solanum delagoense ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776VOLUME - IX, ISSUE - Ill - JULY - SEPTEMBER - 2020 AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) ripe fruit pulp were found to possess pest control properties against rape aphids and tomato red spider mites (Tetranychus evansi) (Muzemu et al., 2011). Devi and coworkers in 2003 reported insecticidal activity of five plants against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii). Mvumi and Maunga in 2018 carried out studies on efficacy of lantana (Lantana camara) extract against aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) in rape (Brassica napus) over varied periods. Rajashekar et al. (2014) reported Lantana camara to be efficacious against storage pests Antifungal activity of Mansoa alliacea is also reported earlier along with antiviral effect against some plant viruses (Zoghbi et al., 2009). Muhammad Sarwar (2013) evaluated the effect eness of four botanical pest control agents - Tobacco, Garlic, Goosefoot and Aloe vera L, through foliar applications on canola crop. Kumar et al, (2016) evaluated antiseptic, insecticidal and antiparasitic properties of the leaf and flower of Tridas procumbens. Zahtamal (2017) reported termicidal activity of Papaya (Carica papaya) leaves against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, Patel et al. (2016) stated the effect of Lantana and Ocimum extracts against the fecundity of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), Use of both plant extracts can be incorporated in integrated pest management (IPM) as they are effective in reducing the reproduction rate of aphids in mustard ecosystem. Conclusion Selection of pesticides with small ecological footprints is a key aspect in developing sustainable agricultural systems. The selection of pesticides often emphasizes natural products and organic-certified pesticides to increase sustainability, because of the prevailing public opinion that natural products are uniformly safer, and thus more environment friendly, than synthetic chemicals, TATA Tafgor is systemic organophosphate insecticide that provides quick knockdown to insect pests such as bug, stem borer, aphid, beetles, and weevil. But it is also responsible for acute poisoning in non-target organisms even in humans. All the extracts found to be potent against aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) on Brassica juncea. Among five extract Cocculus hirsutus, Tridax procumbens and combined extracts found to be potent and most effective after second spray and showed 100% mortality. While Mansoa alliacea, Lantana camara, Carrissa carandas extract showed 96.94%, 94.57% and 93.93% mortality of aphid polpulation after 2™ spray respectively. Cocculus hirsutus, Tridax procumbens ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776 BVOLUME - IX, ISSUE - Ill - JULY - SEPTEMBER - 2020 AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) and combine extracts proved to be the most effective insecticides and should be checked further for their effectivity in field condition. The organic pest management system is an environment friendly, cost effective, and healthy method of pest control system, Bio-pesticides are a set of tools and applications that will help our farmer's transition away from highly toxic conventional chemical pesticides into an era of truly sustainable agriculture References © Belmain, S. R, Haggar, J., Holt, J. and Stevenson, P. C. (2013). Managing legume pests in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and prospects for improving food security and nutrition through agro-ecologi intensification, Chatham Maritime (United Kingdom) Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, P - 34, © Canhilal, R , Caer, G. R., Griffin, RP. (2006), Life history of the squash vine borer, Mellitia cucurbitae (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sessiidae) in South Carolina, J. Agric. Urban Entomol. 23:1-16, © Dayan, FE, Cantrell, C. L. and Duke, S. 0. (2009). Natural products in crop protection, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 17:4022-4034 © Devi, N., Singh, T. K. and Chitra, D. L. (2003), Efficacy of certain botanical insecticides against cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover) on Brinjal, Pestology, 27(3):6-10. © Dhore, M. A. (2002). Flora of Amravati District with special reference to the distribution of Tree species, Ph.D Thesis, Amravati University © Ekman, J., Tesoriero, L. and Grigg, $. (2014), Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Brassica ‘Vegetables: a Field Identification Guide © Georghiou, G. (2000). The magnitude of the resistance problems, In Pesticide resistance strategies and tactics for management, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 11-44. © Kumar, R. S., Samuel, P. N., Selvakumar, M. and Shalini, K. (2016). Anti-oxidant, anti- diabetic, antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of Tridax procumbens, Joumal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2016, 8(8):808-812 + Kuntashula, E., Mafongoya, P. L., Sileshi, G., Lungu, S. (2004). Potential of biomass transfer technologies in sustaining vegetable production in the wetlands (dambos) of 4037-51 eastern Zambia. Exp. Agric ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776 orVOLUME - IX, 0 ‘SUE - IIL - JULY « SEPTEMBER AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) Muzemu, S., Mvumi, B. M., Nyirenda, $. 0. M., Sileshi, G. W., Sola, P., Chikukura, 1, Kamunula, J. F., Belmain, S. R., Stevenson, P. C. 2011), Pesticidal effects of indigenous plant extracts against rape aphids and tomato red spider mites. Afr. Crop Sci. Confer. Proc., 10:169-171 Mvumi, C, and Maunga, P. R. (2018): Efficacy of lantana (Lantana camara) extract application against aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae) in rape (Brassica napus) over varied periods of time, African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 17(8). pp. 249-254. Oldham, C. H. (1999), Brassica crops and allied Cruciferous crops, Biotech Books. Delhi, India Patel, S.. Singh, C. P, and Yaday, S. K. (2016), Effect of Lantana camera and Ocimum sanctum extracts on the fecundity of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), Journal of Plant Development Sciences, Vol. 8 (2): 83-85. Rajashekar, Y., Ravindra, K. V., Bakthavatsalam, N. (2014), Leaves of Lantana camara Linn, (Verbenaceae) as a potential insecticide for the management of three species of stored grain insect pests, J. Food Sci, Technol, $1(11):3494-3499. Sarwar, M. (2013). The Inhibitory Properties of Organic Pest Control Agents against Aphid (Aphididae: Homoptera) on Canola Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) Under Field Environment, JSRES, 1(8), pp. 195-201 Shiberu, T. and Negeri, M, (2016). Effects of synthetic insecticides and crude botanicals extracts on cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Cabbage. J. Fertil. Pestic, 7:162. Singh, B. and Bakhetia, D. R. C. (1987). Screening and breeding techniques for aphid resistance in Oleiferous brassica: A review. Oilcrops Network, International Development Research Centre, Canada, pp. - 50. Stevenson, P. C., Nyirenda, . P., Mvumi, B. M., Sola, P., Kamanula, J. F., Sileshi, G W., Belmain, $. R. (2012), Chapter 11 Pesticidal plants: A viable alternative insect pest management approach for resource-poor farming in Africa, In Biopesticides in environment and food security. Issues and strategies edited by Koul, Dhaliwal, Khokhar and Singh, Scientific Publishers, pp. 212-238. ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776VOLUME - IX, ‘SUE - IIL - JULY « SEPTEMBER 0 AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) Ulusoy, M. R., Olmez, B. S. (2006). Effect of certain Brassica plants on biology of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae under laboratory conditions, Phytoparasitica, 3.4(2):133-138. Zahtamall, Ardiansyah, S. A., Marsifah, T., Soesilohadi, R. C., Handayani, S. and Handayani, $. M. (2017). Toxic Potential of Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaves as Termicidal Against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, 7th International Conference on Agricultural, Chemical, Biological and Environmental Sciences (ACBES-2017). Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) pp. 43-46. Zoghbi, M., Oliveira, J.. and Guilhon, G. (2009). The genus Mansoa (Bignoniaceae): a source of organosulfur Compounds, Brazilian Jounal of Pharmacognosy, 19(3): 795- 804 Table no. |: The effect of leaf extract of different plants and positive control dimethoate on aphid population after first spray (24 hrs.) Treatment No of | Total no. of aphids |No. of | Mortali | Averag Petriplates scored feeding on aphids |ty of |e Brassica juncea leaves killed | Aphids | Mortal Before After (%) ity Spray 24hrs of (%) spray Control RL 124 148, 0 0 0% (Distilled water) PRE 102 140 0 0 R3 7 Is4 0 0 Control RL 163 0 163 100 100% (Dimethoate) R2 184 0 184 100 R3 189 0 189 100 Coceulus RI 108 1 7 89.81 | 74% hirsutus R2 Gl 9 48 7 Extract (A) R3 109 4B 66 60.55 Mansoa alliacea | RI [222 59 163, 7342/6891 Extract (B) R2 107 35 72 67.28 | % RS 109 37 2 66.05 Lantana camara | RI 187 52 135 7219 | 67% Extract(C) R2 200 56 4 72 RB 140 37 8 59.28 Carissa RL 4 55 59 51.75 65.7% carandas R2 106 20 86 8113 ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776 26‘VOLUME - IX, ISSUE - III JULY - SEPTEMBER - 2020 AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) Extract(D) RS 93 33 60 oa51 Tridax RI oT 28 39 38.20 | 594% procumbens R2 iL 63 27 30 Extract(E) RB @ 6 34 x0 Combined RI 8 30 3B 3023 | 57.38 Extracts RZ 133 30 103-7744 | % (A*B+C+D+E) PRB 76 a7 # oat Table no. 2: The effect of leaf extract of different plants and positive control dimethoate on aphid population afier second spray (48 hrs.) Treatment No. of | Total no, of aphids |No. of | Mortality | Average Petriplates | scored feeding on aphids | of Aphids | Mortality Brassica juncea leaves | killed | (%) %) After 24] After 24 hrs. of I" | hrs, of 2" spray | spray (Afier 4shrs.) Control (Distilled | RT 148 168 0 0 water) R2 140 178 0 0 0% R3 154 188 0 0 Controt RI 0 0 : : > (Dimethoate) R2 0 0 : : RS 0 0 = Cocculus hirsutus [RT i 0 i 100 Extract (A) RD 19 0 9 100 100% RS B 0 B 100 Mansoa — alliacea | RT 59 2 37 96.61 96.94% Extract (B) RD 35 2 3B 94.21 R3 37 0 37 100 Lantana camara [ RT 32 2 30 96.15 Extract(C) R2 56 4 32 92.85 94.57% R3 37 3 4 94.73 Carrissa_carandas | RT 35 3 50. 90.90 93.93% Extract(D) RD 20 0 20 100 R3 33 3 30 90.90. Tridax RI 28 0 28 100 procumbens R2 @ 0 B 100 100% Extract(E) R3 6 0 6 100 ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776 7VOLUME - IX, ISSUE - III - JULY - SEPTEMBER - 2020) AJANTA - ISSN 2277 - 5730 - IMPACT FACTOR - 6.399 (www.sjifactor.com) ‘Combined RI 30 0 30 100 100% Extracts R2 30 0 30 100 (A+B+C+D+E) [RS 27 0 27 100 Figare 2 aphid ‘arse atast Caan caandes—infstton (0B ewe i Piactaesvl mbes ance crops bia Fd Figure 3. Extract preparation, Cow urine and Tata Tafyor (Positive ‘Control and Treatment to infected Leaves, ENGLISH PART -I/ Peer Reviewed Refereed and UGC Listed Journal No. : 40776 28