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ERA
ERA
Curriculum Era: Hospital-based diploma into college needed to identify, develop and understand concept
and university. theories in line with nursing.
Research Era:
Grad. Edu. Era: 1950s: there is a consensus among nursing scholars that
Theory Era: outgrowth of the research and graduate nursing needed to validate itself through the production
education. of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge.
NURSING: can be a vocation; can be a discipline with a 1860 Florence Nightingale: defined nursing in her
professional style of theory-based practice. environmental theory as the act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.
NURSING: as a profession is committed to recognizing
its own unparalleled body of knowledge parallel to 1952 Hildegard Peplau: introduced her theory of
nursing practice. interpersonal relations that puts emphasis on the nurse
client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.
NURSING: is a unique discipline and is separate from
medicine. It has its own body of knowledge on which Patricia Benner: was born in Hampton, Virginia, and
delivery care is based. received her bachelor's degree in Nursing from
Pasadena College in 1964, and later a master's degree in
Commitment to theory-based evidence for practice is Medical-Surgical Nursing from the University of
beneficial to patients that it guides systematic, California, Berkeley
knowledgeable care.
Philosophy: encompasses more than rhetoric; it is a
Theoretical Foundation of nursing: A central concept of guide by which situation are approached, the viewpoint
health, person, environment, nursing, and caring will be used to see what is before one, and the method by
explored. which one searches for truth as well as understanding
of what truth is.
Theoretical: emphasis will be placed on theories related
to the development of therapeutic relationships, modes Middle range theories: are narrower in scope and offer
of effective communication and nursing therapeutics. an effective bridge between grand theories and the
description and explanation of specific nursing
The significance of theory for the discipline of nursing is phenomenon.
that the discipline is dependent on theory for its
continued existence. Theoretical Definitions: Define a particular concept
based on the theorist's perspective.
Nursing theories: are organized body of knowledge to
define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why do they Concepts: are often called the building blocks of
do it. theories. They are primarily the vehicles of thought that
involve images.
Nursing theories: provide a way to define nursing as a
unique discipline that is separate from other discipline Generality: It speaks to the scope of application and the
(e.g., medicine) purpose within the theory ( Chinn & Krammer, 2015).
Nursing theories: It is a framework of concepts and Virginia Henderson: The need theory
purposes intended to guide the practice of nursing at a
more concrete and specific level. Phase in Nurse Patient Interaction:
Orientation Phase.
Identification Phase
Exploitation Phase.
Resolution Phase.