CHAPTER 21

Co-ordinate
Geometry
It is one of those chapters which contributes least number of problems in CAT. Perhaps Chapter Checklist
this chapter is more or less algebraic instead of being logical, since most of the problems Cartesian Coordinate System
require formula to solve them. But some other MBA entrance exams ask the question Some Important Formulae
from this chapter. It is not fool proof but this chapter may be optional particularly for Condition of Collinearity
CAT aspirants who feel difficulty in algebraic problems. But it does not mean that this of Three Points
chapter is difficult or can not be learned. Important Results
Important Points in a
21.1 Cartesian Coordinate System Triangle
Shifting of Origin
Rectangular Co-ordinate Axes
Straight Line
Let X ′ OX and Y ′ OY be the two mutually perpendicular lines through any point O in the Equations of Lines Parallel to
plane of paper. The point O is called the origin. The line X ′ OX is called the X -axis and the Co-ordinate Axes
the line Y ′ OY is called the Y -axis. These two lines taken together are called the Different Standard Forms of
co-ordinate axes. the Equations of a Straight
y
Line
Reduction (or Transformation)
of the General Equation
x' x
O Point of Intersection of
Two Lines
y' Condition of Concurrency
of Three Lines
Cartesian Co-ordinate of a Point Angle Between Two Straight
Each axes is calibrated as a scale into several points which are equidistant from each Lines
other. Condition for Parallelism and
Perpendicularity of two lines
y Distance of a Point From a
Given Line or Length of
Perpendicular From the
x' x
O Point (x1, y1) to the
Straight Line ax+by+c=0
CAT Test
y'
Co-ordinate Geometry 1195

The point O is assumed to be zero.

y
21.2 Some Important Formulae
4 Distance Formula
3 P
M The distance between two points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y2 ) is
2
1
N given by PQ = ( x 2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2
x' x
–4 –3 –2 –1 O1 2 3 4
–1 Also, Distance of point ( x1 , y1 ) from origin = x12 + y12
–2
–3
–4
Section Formula
y'
If R ( x, y) divides the line segment joined by the points
P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y2 ) internally in the ratio m : n then
Let P be any point on the plane, then we draw a mx + nx1 my + ny1
perpendicular from P on the X -axis and another on the x= 2 , y= 2
m+n m+ n
Y -axis. Then the distance MP (which is parallel to the
X -axis) is called the x-coordinate or abscissa of point P. If R ( x, y) divides the line segment joined by the points
Similarly, the length PN (which is parallel to the Y -axis) is P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x 2 , y2 ) externally in the ratio m : n, then
mx − nx1 my − ny1
called the y-coordinate or ordinate of point P. x= 2 , y= 2
m− n m−n
Then the position of the point P in the plane with respect to
the coordinate axes is represented by the ordered pair ( x, y). Area of Plane
The ordered pair ( x, y) is called the coordinates of point P.
Area of a Triangle
Quadrants
The area of a triangle ABC whose vertices are
In the adjacent figure the two axes intersect each other A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x 2 , y2 ) and C ( x 3 , y3 ) is denoted by ∆.
perpendicular at point O. The regions XOY , X ′ OY , X ′ OY ′
x1 y1 1
and Y ′ OX are known as first, second, third and fourth 1
quadrant respectively. ∴ ∆ = x 2 y2 1
2
y x 3 y3 1
1
(II) (I) = [ x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x 2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x 3 ( y1 − y2 )]
(–, +) (+, +)
2
x' x Area of a Polygon
O
(–, –) (+, –) The area of the polygon whose vertices are
(III) (IV) ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y2 ), ( x 3 , y3 ), ..., ( x n , yn ) is
1
y' ∆ = [( x1 y2 − x 2 y1 ) + ( x 2 y3 − x 3 y2 ) + ... + ( x n y1 − x1 yn )]
2
The nature of values of x and y in different quadrants is
different which is shown in figure also given below 21.3 Condition for Collinearity
Quadrant Sign of ( x, y ) of Three Points
I (+, +)
The three given points are collinear i.e., lie on the same
II (–, +)
straight line if
III (–, –)
(i) Area of triangle ABC is zero.
IV (+, –)
(ii) Slope of AB = Slope of BC = Slope of AC
For example, let P be a point in second quadrant, then it is
(iii) Distance between A and B + distance between B and
denoted as ( − 1, 2), ( − 2, 3), ( − 3, 5), ( − 6, 8), ( − 7, 10) etc.
C = Distance between A and C.
The coordinates of point O (i.e, origin) are taken as (0, 0). The
(iv) Find the equation of the line passing through any
coordinates of any point on X -axis are of the form ( x, 0) and
two points , if third point satisfies the equation of the
the coordinates of any point on Y -axis are of the form(0, y).
line then three points are collinear.
1196 QUANTUM CAT
21.4 Important Results
NOTE The circumcentre O, centroid G and othrocentre O′ of a
triangle ABC are collinear such that G divides O′ O in the ratio 2 : 1i.e.,
1. If the vertices of a triangle have integral co-ordinates O′ G : OG = 2 : 1
then the triangle can not be equilateral.
2. In order to prove that a given figure is a square, 21.6 Shifting of Origin
parallelogram, rectangle etc. We will prove the Let O be the origin and X ′ OX and Y ′ OY be the axis of x and
following points given in the table below corresponding yrespectively. Let O′ and P be two points in the plane having
the name of the figure. coordinates ( h, k ) and ( x, y) respectively referred to X ′ OX
S.N. Name of the figure Conditions and Y ′ OY as coordinate axes.
1. Square Four sides are equal and the y P (x, y)
diagonals are also equal y
x
2. Rhombus Four sides are equal y
(h, k) O'
3. Rectangle Opposite sides are equal and
diagonals are also equal
x' x
4. Parallelogram Opposite sides are equal O

5. Parallelogram but not a Opposite sides are equal but the

rectangle diagonals are not equal. y'

6. Rhombus but not a All sides are equal but the Let the origin be transferred to O′ and let X ′ O ′ X and
square diagonals are not equal
Y ′ O ′ Y be new rectangular axes. Let the co-ordinates of P
referred to new axes as the co-ordinate axes be ( X , Y )
21.5 Important Points in a Triangle Thus if ( x, y) are coordinates of a point referred to old axis
Centroid and ( X , Y ) are the coordinates of the same point referred to
new axis then.
If ( x1 , y1 ), ( x 2 , y2 ) and ( x 3 , y3 ) are the vertices of a triangle,
then the coordinates of its centroid are x= X +h
 x1 + x 2 + x 3 , y1 + y2 + y3  and y=Y + k
 
 3 3  If therefore the origin is shifted at a point ( h, k ) we must
substitute X + h and Y + k for x and y respectively.
Incentre The transformation formula from new axes to old axes is
If A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x 2 , y2 ) and C ( x 3 , y3 ) are the vertices of a X = x − h, Y = y−k
triangle ABC such that BC = a, CA = b and AB = c, then the
The coordinates of the old origin referred to the new axes
coordinates of its centre are
are ( − h, − k )
 ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
 , 
 a +b+c a +b+c  21.7 Straight Line
NOTE If the equations of the sides of the triangle are given then A straight line is a curve such that every point on the line
we find the bisectors of internal angles and then their point of
intersection to determine the incentre. segment joining any two points on it lies on it.
The general form of the equation of straight line
Circumcentre
ax + by + c = 0
If ‘O’ is the circumcentre of a triangle ABC, then
OA = OB = OC and OA is called the circumradius. where a, b and c are real constants and x, y are two
unknowns.
To find the circumcentre of ∆ABC, we use the relation
OA = OB = OC . This gives two simultaneous linear equation Slope (or Gradient) of a Line
and their solution provides the coordinates of circumcentre. a
m = tan θ = −
Orthocentre b
a c
To determine the orthocentre, first we find equations of lines { Q ax+ by + c = 0 ⇒ by = − ax − c ⇒ y = − x−
passing through vertices and perpendicular to the opposite b b
sides. Solving any two of these three equations we get the a
⇒ y = mx + c, where m = − and c is a constant}
coordinates of orthocentre. b
Co-ordinate Geometry 1197

Here m is called the slope or gradient of a line and c is the  m − m1 

tan θ = ±  2 
intercept on y-axis. The slope of a line is always measured in  1 + m1 m2 
anticlockwise.
y y Condition of Parallelism of Lines
If the slopes of two lines is m1 and m2 and if they are parallel
B
B then,
x'
q
x x'
q
x
m1 = m2
A O O A
y' y' Condition of Perpendicularity of Lines
If the slopes of two lines is m1 and m2 and if they are
Slope of a line in terms of coordinates of any
perpendicular to each other, then
two points on it.
m1 . m2 = − 1
If ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x 2 , y2 ) are coordinates of any two points on a
line, then its slope is Intercepts of a Line on The Axis
y − y1 Difference of ordinates rise y
m= 2 = =
x 2 − x1 Difference of abscissa run
B
Angle Between two Lines y
y
A
C B x
O x

θ If a straight line cuts x-axis at A and the y-axis at B then OA

x and OB are known as the intercepts of the line on x-axis and
O A D
y-axis respectively where O is the origin.

Introductory Exercise 21.1

1. The point (− 2 , 3 ) lies in the quadrant : 7. A (− 3 , 2 ) and B (5 , 4 ) are the end points of a line
(a) First (b) Second segment, find the coordinates of the mid points of the
(c) Third (d) Fourth line segment :
(a) (1, 3) (b) (2, 3) (c) (3, 2) (d) (4, 3)
2. The point (2 , − 3 ) lies in the quadrant :
8. In the previous question (no. 7) find the co-ordinates
(a) First (b) Second of the point which divides AB in the ratio 2 : 3 :
(c) Third (d) Fourth  1 14  1   1
(a)  ,  (b) (2 , 3 ) (c)  , 3 (d)  3 , 
3. Find the distance between the points (− 5 , 3 ) and 5 5  5   2
(3 , 1) : 9. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides
(a) 2 7 (b) 3 14 (c) 5 17 (d) 2 17 the join of the points (2, 4) and (6, 8) externally in the
4. Let the vertices of a triangle ABC be ratio 5 : 3 :
(4 , 3 ), (7 , − 1), (9 , 3 ) then the triangle is : (a) (5 , 6 ) (b) (12 , 14 ) (c) (3 , 8 ) (d) (2 , 7 )
(a) Scalene (b) Isosceles 10. The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are (3, 1),
(c) Equilateral (d) none of (a), (b),(c) (2, 3) and (– 2, 2). Find the coordinates of the centroid
5. Let the vertices of a triangle ABC be of the triangle ABC :
(4 , 4 ), (3 , 5 ), (− 1, − 1), then the triangle is : (a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 3) (c) (4, 5) (d) (5, 6)
(a) scalene (b) equilateral 11. Find the co-ordinates of the incentre of the
(c) right angled (d) none of (a), (b), (c) triangle whose vertices are the points (4 , − 2 ), (5 , 5 )
6. Let the vertices of a triangle ABC be (7 , 9 ), (3 , − 7 ), and and (− 2 , 4 ) :
 7 2  5 5
(− 3 , 3 ) then the triangle is : (a)  ,  (b)  , 
 3 3  2 2
(a) right angled (b) equilateral
6 
(c) isosceles (d) both (a) and (c) (c)  , 5 (d) none of these
5 
1198 QUANTUM CAT
12. Find the coordinates of the circum centre of the 23. The co-ordinates of A, B, C are (6 , 3 ), (− 3 , 5 ), (4 , − 2 )
triangle whose vertices are (8 , 6 ), (8 , − 2 ) and (2 , − 2 ) : respectively and P is a point (x, y), then find the value
(a) (2 , 3 ) (b) (5 , 2 ) ∆PBC
(c) (5 , 3 ) (d) (7, 2) of :
∆ABC
13. If the coordinates of the mid points of the sides of a x+ y−2 x− y
(a) (b)
triangle are (1, 1), (2 , − 3 ) and (3 , 4 ). Find its centroid: 7 4
 2  3 x+ y−3
(a)  3 ,  (b) 2 ,  (c) (d) none of these
 3  4 5
 2 24. Find the slope of the line joining the points (7 , 5 )
(c) 2 ,  (d) none of these
 3
and (9 , 7 ) :
14. If the previous problem (no. 13) find the incentre for (a) 1 (b) 2
the given triangle : 1
(c) (d) 3
 3 7  2
(a)  8 ,  (b)  , 5
 2 2 
25. If A(− 2 , 1), B (2 , 3 ) and C (− 2 , − 4 ) are three points,
(c) (2 3 , 5 ) (d) none of these
find the angle between BA and BC :
15. A (− 2 , − 1), B (1, 0 ), C (4 , 3 ) and D(1, 2 ) are the four  3  2
(a) tan− 1   (b) tan− 1  
points of a quadrilateral. The quadrilateral is a :  5  3
(a) Square (b) Rhombus  3
(c) tan− 1   (d) none of these
(c) Parallelogram (d) none of (a), (b),(c)  2
16. The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in a order 26. What is the slope of the line perpendicular to the line
are (− 1, 0 ), (3 , 1) and (2 , 2 ) respectively. Find the passing through the points (3 , 5 ) and (− 4 , 2 ) ?
coordinates of the fourth vertex : 3 2
(a) (− 1, 2 ) (b) (− 2 , 1) (a) − (b) −
5 3
(c) (2 , 3 ) (d) (3 , − 2 ) 7
(c) − (d) none of these
17. If the coordinates of the mid points of the sides of a 3
triangle are (1, 2 ), (0 , − 1) and (2 , − 1). Find the 27. A line passes through the points A (2 , − 3 ) and B(6 , 3 ).
coordinates of its vertices :
Find the slope of the line which is parallel to AB :
(a) (1, − 4 ), (3 , 2 ), (− 1, 2 ) (b) (1, 2 ), (2 , 3 ), (3 , − 4 )
2 3
(c) (3 , 4 ), (5 , 2 ), (1, 2 ) (d) none of these (a) (b)
3 2
18. Points A(4 , − 1), B(6 , 0 ), C (7 , 2 ) and D(5 , 1) are the 1 3
(c) (d)
vertices of the following quadrilateral which is a : 2 4
(a) Square (b) Rectangle 28. In the previous question (no. 27), find the slope of the
(c) Rhombus (d) none of (a), (b), (c) line which is perpendicular to AB :
19. Find the area of quadrilateral formed by joining the 4 5
(a) − (b)
points (− 4 , 2 ), (1, − 1), (4 , 1) and (2 , 5 ) : 3 6
(a) 25.4 (b) 20.5 2
(c) − (d) none of these
(c) 24.5 (d) none of these 3
20. Find (x, y) if (3 , 2 ), (6 , 3 ), (x, y) and (6 , 5 ) are the 29. Points A (6 , 6 ), B(2 , 3 ) and C(4 , 7 ) are the vertices of a
vertices of a parallelogram : triangle which is :
(a) (5, 6) (b) (6, 5) (c) (9, 6) (d) (9, 5) (a) right angled
(b) acute angled
21. Determine the ratio in which y − x + 2 = 0 divides the
(c) obtuse angled
line joining (3 , − 1) and (8 , 9 ) : (d) none of the above
(a) 3 : 5 (b) 4 : 3
30. Three points A (1, − 2 ), B(3 , 4 ) and C(4 , 7 ) form :
(c) 2 : 3 (d) none of these
(a) a straight line
22. If the area of the quadrilateral whose angular points
(b) an equilateral triangle
taken in order are (1, 2 ), (− 5 , 6 ), (7 , − 4 ) and (h − 2 ) be
(c) a right angled triangle
zero, find the value of h :
(d) none of (a), (b), (c)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
Co-ordinate Geometry 1199

21.8 Equations of Lines Parallel to 21.10 Reduction (or Transformation)

the Co-ordinate Axes of the General Equation
Equation of a line parallel to x-axis and at a distance k from it The general equation of a straight line is Ax + By + C = 0
is y = k . Equation of a line parallel to the y-axis and at a which can be transformed into various standard forms.
distance h from it is x = h. (i) General Equation ( Ax + By + C = 0) → Slope Intercept
Equation of the x-axis is y = 0 form ( y = mx + c)
Equation of the y-axis is x = 0 Ax + By + C = 0 ⇒ B y = − Ax − C
 A  C
21.9 Different Standard Forms of ⇒ y =  −  x +  −  ⇒ y = mx + c
 B  B
the Equations of a Straight Line A Coefficient of x
where m=− =−
Slope Intercept Form B Coefficient of y
(a) The equation of a line with slope m and making an C Constant term
intercept on y-axis is y = mx + c. and intercept on y-axis = − =−
B Coefficient of y
(b) The equation of a line with slope m and passing through
the origin (here c = 0) is y = mx. (ii) General Equation ( Ax + By + C = 0)
Point Slope Form x y 
→ Intercept form  + = 1
The equation of a line passes through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and a b 
has the slope ‘m’ is y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) Ax + By + C = 0
Two Point Form Ax By
The equation of a line passing through two points ( x1 , y1 ) ⇒ + =1
−C −C
 y − y1 
and ( x 2 , y2 ) is y − y1 =  2  ( x − x1 ) ⇒
x
+
y
=1
 x 2 − x1   C  C
−  − 
Intercept Form  A  B 
The equation of a line which cuts off intercepts a and b x y
x y ⇒ + =1
respectively from the x-axis and y-axis is + = 1 ⋅ a b
a b C Constant term
⇒ Where, intercept on x-axis = − = −
Normal (or Perpendicular) Form A Coefficient of x
The equation of the straight line on which the length of the C Constant term
Intercept on y-axis = − = −
perpendicular from the origin (0, 0) is p and this perpendicular B Coefficient of y
makes an angle α with x-axis is x cos α + y sin α = p.
(iii) General Equation ( Ax + By + C = 0)
Distance (or Symmetrical) Form → Normal Form ( x cos α + y sin α = p)
The equation of the straight line passing through ( x1 , y1 ) and
Ax + By + C = 0 …(i)
making an angle θ with positive direction of x-axis is
x cos α + y sin α − p = 0 …(ii)
x − x1 y − y1
= =r Comparing eqs. (i) and (ii)
cos θ sin θ
A B C
Where r is the distance of the point ( x, y) on the line from the = =
cos α sin α − p
point ( x1 , y1 )
Ap Bp
˜ Since different values of r determine different points on the ⇒ cos α = − and sin α = −
C C
line, therefore the above form of the line is also called
parametric form or symmetric form. p2
⇒ 1 = cos 2 α + sin 2 α = (A2 + B 2 )
C2
1200 QUANTUM CAT
C2 C a1 b1 c1
or p2 = ⇒ p=
A +B 2 2
A +B
2 2 ⇒ a2 b2 c2 = 0
−A B a3 b3 c3
∴ cos α = , sin α =
A +B
2 2
A + B2
2 Which is the required condition for concurrency of three
lines.
∴ The required equation is
˜ Find the point of intersection of any two lines by solving
A B C
− x− y= them simultaneously. If this point satisfies the third
A +B
2 2
A + B2
2
A2 + B 2 equation also, then the given lines are concurrent.

21.11. Point of Intersection of 21.13 Angle Between Two Straight

Two Lines Lines
Let the equations of two lines be Let the two straight lines be
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 …(i) y = m1 x + c1 …(i)
and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 …(ii) and y = m2 x + c2 …(ii)
Let ( x1 , y1 ) be the coordinates of the point of intersection of and θ be the angle between them,
the two lines. a b − a1 b2
then θ = tan − 1 2 1
Then a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 = 0 …(iii) a1 a 2 + b1 b2
and a 2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 = 0 …(iv)
∴ By the method of cross multiplication 21.14 Conditions for Parallelism
x1
=
y1
=
1 and Perpendicularity of
b1 c2 − b2 c1 c1 a 2 − c2 a1 a1 b2 − a 2 b1
Two Lines
b1 c2 − b2 c1 c a − c2 a1
∴ x1 = y1 = 1 2 , (i) If the two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and
a1 b2 − a 2 b1 a1 b2 − a 2 b1
a 2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are parallel,
where a1 b2 − a 2 b1 ≠ 0 a − a2
Then m1 = m2 ⇒ − 1 =
Thus the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two b1 b2
b c − b2 c1 c1 a 2 − c2 a1
lines are 1 2 , a1 b1
a1 b2 − a 2 b1 a1 b2 − a 2 b1 ⇒ =
a 2 b2
Remark To find the coordinates of the point of intersection of two
non parallel lines, we solve the given equations simultaneously and (ii) If the two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and
the values of x and y so obtained determine the coordinates of the a 2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are perpendicular,
point of intersection. then m1 . m2 = − 1
a1 a
21.12 Condition of Concurrency ⇒ −
b1
× − 2 = − 1 ⇒ a1 a 2 + b1 b2 = 0
b2
of Three Lines Thus two lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are
Three lines are said to be concurrent if they pass through a a b c
common point i.e., they meet at a single common point. (i) Coincident, if 1 = 1 = 1
a 2 b2 c2
Thus if three lines are concurrent the point of intersection of
a1 b1 c1
any two lines lies on the third line. (ii) Parallel, if = ≠
a 2 b2 c2
Let a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 …(i)
a1 b1
a 2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 …(ii) (iii) Intersecting, if ≠
a 2 b2
a 3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0 …(iii)
a1 b1
be three concurrent lines then (iv) Perpendicular, if ≠
a 2 b2
a 3 ( b1 c2 − b2 c1 ) + b3 ( c1 a 2 − c2 a1 ) + c3 ( a1 b2 − a 2 b1 ) = 0
Co-ordinate Geometry 1201

21.15 Distance of a Point From a Given Equation of any Line Passing Through the
Line or Length of Perpendicular Point of Intersection of Two Given Lines
From the Point (x , y ) to the Any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
1 1
Straight Line ax + by + c = 0 a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 can be represented
by the equation ( a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) + λ ( a 2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0
Let the length of perpendicular be p, where λ is an arbitrary constant.
| ax1 + by1 + c |
then p= Position of a Point with Respect to a Line
a 2 + b2 Any line ax + by + c = 0 ( c ≠ 0) divides the whole plane into
Distance Between Parallel Lines two parts (i) One part containing the origin called the origin
side, (ii) the other part not containing the origin called
If two lines are parallel, then they have the same distance
non-origin side of the line. The length of the perpendicular
between these throughout. c
Therefore to find the distance between two parallel lines find from the origin on the line ax + by + c = 0 is ;if c > 0
a 2 + b2
the coordinates of any point on one of the given lines,
preferably putting x = 0 or y = 0 If c > 0, we say that the origin is on the positive side of the
Then the perpendicular distance of this point from the other line and if c < 0, the origin is said to be on the negative side of
line is the required distance between the lines. the line. A point P ( x1 , y1 ) is on the origin side or non-origin
side of the line ax + by + c = 0 according as ax1 + by1 + c and
Alternatively Let the two parallel lines be ax + by + c1 = 0 and
c are the same or opposite sign. If c > 0, then P ( x1 , y1 ) is on
ax + by + c2 = 0, then the perpendicular distance between the
the origin side or non-origin side of line ax + by + c = 0
c2 − c1 according as ax1 + by1 + c is positive or negative.
lines is
a 2 + b2 Equations of Bisectors of the Angles Between
Equations of Straight Lines Passing Through ( x 1 , y 1 ) Two Given Lines
making angle θ with the given line y = mx + c Let a1 x + b1 y + c = 0 and a 2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be the equations
m ± tan θ of two given lines AB and AC respectively then the equations
y − y1 = ( x − x1 ) a x + b1 y + c1 a x + b2 y + c2
1 + m tan θ of the two bisectors are 1 =± 2
a1 + b1
2 2
a 22 + b22

Introductory Exercise 21.2

2 4. Find the equation of the line which cuts off intercepts
1. Find the equation of the line with slope and intercept
3 2 and 3 from the axes :
on the y-axis is 5 : (a) 9 x − 7 y = 6 (b) 3 x + 2 y = 6
2 3
(a) y = x + 5 (b) y = x+5 (c) 4 x + 3 y = 7 (d) none of these
3 2
5. Find the intercepts made by the line 3 x + 4 y − 12 = 0
(c) y = 3 x + 6 (d) none of these
on the axes :
2. Find the slope and the intercept on the y-axis of the (a) 2 and 3 (b) 4 and 3
line 3 x + 3 y = 6 : (c) 3 and 5 (d) none
1 1
(a) (b) 6. Find the equation of the line through the points
2 5
(−1, − 2 ) and (− 5 , 2 ) :
2 1
(c) (d) − (a) 2 x + y = 3 (b) 3 x − 2 y + 7 = 0
3 3
(c) x + y + 3 = 0 (d) none of these
3. Find the equation of the line passing through the point
7. Find the equation of the straight line passing through
5
(2 , − 3 ) and having its slope : the point (− 1, 4 ) and having a gradient of 2.5 :
4
(a) 2 x − 5 y + 13 = 0 (b) 5 x − 9 y = 13
(a) 4 x − 5 y = 20 (b) 3 x − 2 y = 5
(c) 13 x − 15 y + 17 = 0 (d) 5 x − 2 y + 13 = 0
(c) 5 x − 4 y = 22 (d) none of these
1202 QUANTUM CAT
8. Find the equation of the straight line which makes 16. Find the equation of the line which passes through the
equal intercepts on the axes passes through the point point (3 , − 4 ) and makes an angle of 60° with the
(3 , − 5 ). : positive direction of x-axis :
(a) x − y = 2 (b) x + y + 2 = 0 (a) x 2 + y 3 = 0
(c) y − x + 2 = 0 (d) none of these (b) 3 x − y = 4 + 3 3
9. Find the equation of the straight line making (c) x 3 + y = 3 2 + 5
intercepts on the axes equal in magnitude but (d) none of (a), (b),(c)
opposite in sign and passing through the point 17. Find the equation of the line joining the points of
(− 5 , − 8 ) : intersection of 2 x + y = 4 with x − y + 1 = 0 and
(a) x − y = 7 (b) 2 x + y = 3 2 x − y − 1 = 0 with x + y − 8 = 0 :
(c) x − y = 3 (d) none of these (a) 2 x + 3 y + 6 = 0 (b) 3 x + 2 y + 12 = 0
10. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (c) 3 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 (d) none of (a), (b),(c)
(− 4 , − 5 ) and perpendicular to the line joining the 18. Find the equation of one of the two lines which pass
points (1, 2) and (5, 6) : through the point (4, 5) which make an acute angle
(a) x + y + 17 = 0 (b) 3 x + 2 y + 11 = 0 45° with the line 2 x − y + 7 = 0 :
(c) x + y + 9 = 0 (d) x − y + 20 = 0 (a) x − 2 y = 0 (b) 7 x + 5 y − 3 = 0
11. A straight line intersects the x-axis at A and the y-axis at (c) 3 x + y + 8 = 0 (d) x − 3 y + 11 = 0
B. AB is divided internally at C (8 , 10 ) in the ratio 5 : 4. 19. Find the equation of the straight line which passes
Find the equation of AB : through the point (5 , − 6 ) which is parallel to the line
(a) x + y = 18 (b) x + y + 2 = 0 8x + 7 y + 5 = 0 :
(c) x + y − 2 = 0 (d) none of these (a) 3 x − 5 y + 8 = 0 (b) 7 x + 8 y + 5 = 0
12. Find the equation of the straight line which passes (c) 7 x − 8 y + 2 = 0 (d) 8 x + 7 y + 2 = 0
through the point (3 , 4 ) and has intercepts on the axes 20. Find the equation of the straight line which passes
such that their sum is 14 : through the point of intersection of the straight lines
(a) 4 x + 3 y = 24 x + y = 8 and 3 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 and is parallel to the
(b) x + y = 7 straight line joining the points (3 , 4 ) and (5 , 6 ) :
(c) 3 x + 7 y = 43 (a) x − y + 2 = 0 (b) x + y − 2 = 0
(d) both (a) and (b) (c) 3 x − 4 y + 8 = 0 (d) none of these
13. A straight line passes through the points (a , 0 ) and 21. Find the length of the perpendicular from the point
(0 , b). The length of the line segment contained (3 , − 2 ) to the straight line 12 x − 5 y + 6 = 0 :
between the axis is 13 and the product of the (a) 5 (b) 4
intercepts on the axes is 60. Find the equation of the (c) 6 (d) 8
straight line : 22. Find the distance between two parallel lines
(a) 5 x + 12 y = 60 5 x + 12 y − 30 = 0 and 5 x + 12 y − 4 = 0
(b) 7 x − 12 y = 50 (a) 3 (b) 7
(c) 5 x + 12 y + 60 = 0 5
(c) (d) 2
(d) both (a) and (c) 2
14. A firm produces 50 units of a good for ` 320 and 23. Find the equation of the line through the point of
80 units for ` 380. Supposing that the cost curve is intersection of 2 x − 3 y + 1 = 0 and x + y − 2 = 0 which
a straight line, estimate the cost of producing is parallel to the y-axis.
110 units : (a) x = 1 (b) 8 x = 7
(a) ` 330 (b) ` 1665 (c) x + 3 = 0 (d) x = 6
(c) ` 440 (d) ` 365 24. Find the equation of the line which passes through the
15. Find the equation of the line on which length of the point of intersection of the lines x + 2 y − 3 = 0 and
perpendicular from the origin is 5 and the angle which 4 x − y + 7 = 0 and is parallel to the line
this perpendicular makes with the x-axis is 60° : y − x + 10 = 0.
(a) x 3 + 2 y + 8 = 0 (b) x + 2 y − 7 = 0 (a) 2 x + 2 y + 5 = 0 (b) 3 x − 3 y + 10 = 0
(c) x + 3 y = 10 (d) none of (a),(b), (c) (c) 3 x + 2 y − 8 = 0 (d) none of these
Co-ordinate Geometry 1203

25. Find the equation of the line which passes through the 31. Find the coordinates of the orthocentre of the triangle
point of intersection of the lines 2 x − y + 5 = 0 and whose vertices are (1, 2), (2, 3) and (4, 3).
5 x + 3 y − 4 = 0 and is perpendicular to the line (a) (2, 5) (b) (3, 4)
x − 3 y + 21 = 0 (c) (1, 6) (d) none of these
(a) 2 x + y + 8 = 0 (b) 3 x + 4 y − 7 = 0 32. Two vertices of a triangle ABC are B(5 , − 1) and
(c) 3 x + y = 0 (d) none of these
C(− 2 , 3 ). If the orthocentre of the triangle is the origin,
26. Find the equation of the line through the intersection of find the third vertex.
the lines 3 x + 4 y = 7 and x − y + 2 = 0 having slope 3.  7 13   3 11
(a) 4 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 (b) 21x − 7 y + 16 = 0 (a)  ,  (b)  , 
2 2  2 2 
(c) 8 x + y + 8 = 0 (d) none of these
(c) (− 4 , − 7 ) (d) none of these
27. Find the equation of the straight line which passes
33. The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2, 1)
through the point of intersection of the straight lines
and (3, – 2). The third vertex lies on y = x + 3. Find the
3 x − 4 y + 1 = 0 and 5 x + y − 1 = 0 and cuts off equal
third vertex :
intercepts from the axis.
 2 13 
(a) 32 x + 32 y + 11 = 0 (b) 23 x + 23 y = 11 (a)  , 
7 5 
(c) 9 x + 18 y + 5 = 0 (d) none of these
 7 13 
x y (b)  , 
28. A straight line − = 1 passes through the point (8, 6) 2 2 
a b
 9 13 
and cuts off a triangle of area 12 units from the axes of (c)  , 
2 2 
coordinates. Find the equations of the straight line.
(a) 3 x − 2 y = 12 (b) 4 x − 3 y = 12  7 13   3 , 3
(d)  ,  or  − 
2 2   2 2
(c) 3 x − 8 y + 24 = 0 (d) both (a) and (c)
29. Find the equations of the bisectors of the angle 34. A straight line L is perpendicular to the line 5 x − y = 1.
between the straight line 3 x + 4 y + 2 = 0 and The area of the triangle formed by the line L and
5 x − 12 y − 6 = 0. coordinate axes is 5. Find the equation of the line :
(a) 8 x + y + 7 = 0 (b) 16 x − 12 y − 1 = 0 (a) x + 5 y = ± 5 2 (b) x − 3 y = 0
(c) x + 8 y + 4 = 0 (d) both (b) and (c) (c) 2 x + y = 0 (d) x + 4 y = 5 2
30. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines whose 35. (1, 2) and (3, 8) are a pair of a opposite vertices of
equations are 2 y − x = 5 , y + 2 x = 7 and y − x = 1. square. Find the diagonals of the square passing
3
(a) (b) 10 through (1, 2) :
10 (a) x − 2 y = 1 (b) 2 x + 7 y = 0
2
(c) 6 (d) (c) 3 x + 2 y + 7 = 0 (d) 3 x − y = 1
5
1204 QUANTUM CAT

CAT-Test
Questions Helping you bell the CAT

LEVEL 01 > BASIC LEVEL EXERCISE

1 The number of integral points (integral point means 4 What is the minimum value of | c|, if the lines
both the coordinates should be integer) exactly in the y = mx + 4, x = m + c and y = 3 are concurrent?
interior of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 21) and (a) 0 (b) 1
(21, 0) is (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) 133 (b) 190 5 Two points (1, 1) and (1, 5) lie on the circumference of
(c) 233 (d) 105 a circle. Which of the following cannot be the area of
2 Two squares have centers at the origin of a coordinate that circle?
plane and sides parallel to the axes. The smaller (a) 2 2π (b) 4π
square has an area of 27 sq. units and the larger (c) 3 3π (d) 6.67 π
square has an area of 91 sq. units. How many points 6 Consider four circles (x ± 1)2 + ( y ± 1)2 = 1. Find the
with only integer coordinates are outside the smaller
equation of larger circle touching these four circles.
square region and inside the larger square region?
(a) x2 + y2 = ( 2 + 1)2 (b) x2 + y2 = ( 2 − 1)2
(a) 45 (b) 54
(c) x + y = (2 − 2 )
2 2 2
(d) none of these
(c) 56 (d) 64
7 What’s the area of a triangle whose coordinates are
3 The diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS are along the
(−7 , 4 ), (3 , − 2 ), (−1, − 5 )?
lines x + 3 y = 4 and 6 x − 2 y = 7. Then PQRS must be a
(a) 27 (b) 26
(a) Rectangle (b) Square
(c) 25 (d) 33
(c) Cyclic Quadrilateral (d) Rhombus

Answers
Introductory Exercise 21.1
1 (b) 2 (d) 3 (d) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (a) 8 (a) 9 (b) 10 (a)
11 (b) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15 (c) 16 (b) 17 (a) 18 (c) 19 (c) 20 (c)
21 (c) 22 (b) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (b) 28 (c) 29 (a) 30 (d)

Introductory Exercise 21.2

1 (a) 2 (d) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (d) 14 (c) 15 (c) 16 (b) 17 (c) 18 (d) 19 (d) 20 (a)
21 (b) 22 (d) 23 (a) 24 (b) 25 (c) 26 (b) 27 (b) 28 (d) 29 (d) 30 (a)
31 (c) 32 (c) 33 (d) 34 (a) 35 (d)

Level 01 Basic Level Exercise

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a)
Co-ordinate Geometry 1205

Hints & Solutions

Introductory Exercise 21.1
1 The point (− 2, 3) lies in the second quadrant. 9 The required coordinates of the point which divides the
join of (2, 4) and (6, 8) externally in the ratio 5 : 3 are
2 The point (2, − 3) lies in the fourth quadrant.
 mx 2 − nx1 my 2 − ny1 
 , 
3 Distance between two points = ( x 2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2  m−n m−n 
Let ( x1, y1 ) ≡ (− 5, 3) and ( x 2, y 2 ) ≡ (3, 1) Here, m : n = 5 : 3, ( x1, y1 ) = (2, 4), ( x 2, y 2 ) = (6, 8)
∴ Required distance = (3 + 5) + (1 − 3)
2 2 Hence the required co-ordinates = (12, 14).

= 64 + 4 = 68 = 2 17 unit 10 Let the co-ordinate of the centroid of ∆ABC be ( x, y ), then

4 Let A ≡ (4, 3), B ≡ (7, − 1), C ≡ (9, 3)  x + x 2 + x 3 , y1 + y 2 + y 3 
( x, y ) =  1 
 3 3 
AB = (7 − 4)2 + (− 1 − 3)2 = 25 = 5
 3 + 2 − 2 , 1 + 3 + 2
=  = (1, 2)
BC = (9 − 7 )2 + (3 + 1)2 = 20 = 2 5  3 3 

CA = (4 − 9)2 + (3 − 3)2 = 25 = 5 11 Let A ≡ (4, − 2), B ≡ (5, 5) and C ≡ (− 2, 4)

∴ AB = CA = 5 Then a = BC = (− 2 − 5)2 + (4 − 5)2 = 5 2
Hence ABC is an isosceles triangle.
b = AC = (4 + 2)2 + (− 2 − 4)2 = 6 2
5 Let A ≡ (4, 4), B ≡ (3, 5), C ≡ (− 1, − 1)
c = AB = (5 − 4)2 + (5 + 2)2 = 5 2
Then AB = (3 − 4)2 + (5 − 4)2 = 2
and ( x1, y1 ) ≡ (4, − 2), ( x 2, y 2 ) ≡ (5, 5),
BC = (− 1 − 3)2 + (− 1 − 5)2 = 52
( x 3, y 3 ) ≡ (− 2, 4)
AC = (− 1 − 4) + (− 1 − 4) = 50
2 2
∴ The coordinates of the incentre of the ∆ABC are
∴ AB + AC = BC
2 2 2  ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 
 , 
 a+ b+c a+ b+c 
Hence by the Pythagoras Theorem, ABC is a right angled
triangle. 5 5
= ,  {Substitute the values of (a, b, c)
2 2
6 Let A ≡ (7, 9), B ≡ (3, − 7 ) and C ≡ (− 3, 3)
x1, x 2, x 3, y1, y 2 and y 3}
Then AB = (3 − 7 )2 + (− 7 − 9)2 = 272
12 Let S ( x, y ) be the circumcentre, then AS = BS = CS = R ,
BC = (− 3 − 3)2 + (3 + 7 )2 = 136 where R is the circumradius
AC = (7 + 3) + (9 − 3) = 136
2 2 Now ( AS )2 = (BS )2 where S ≡ ( x, y ),

∴ AB 2 = BC 2 + AC 2 A ≡ (8, 6), B ≡ (8, − 2)

∴ ( x − 8)2 + ( y − 6)2 = ( x − 8)2 + ( y + 2)2
Hence by Pythagoras Theorem, triangle ABC is a right
angled triangle. ⇒ 36 − 12y = 4 + 4 y
Also, since BC = CA, hence ABC is an isosceles triangle. ⇒ y=2
Thus ABC is a right angled isoceles triangle. Again (BS )2 = (CS )2, where S ≡ ( x, y )
7 The coordinates of the mid points of AB B ≡ (8, − 2), C ≡ (2, − 2)
 x + x 2 , y1 + y 2   − 3 + 5 2 + 4
= 1  = ,  = (1, 3) ∴ ( x − 8)2 + ( y + 2)2 = ( x − 2)2 + ( y + 2)2
 2 2   2 2 
⇒ x 2 + 64 − 16 x + y 2 + 4 + 4 y
8 Here ( x1, y1 ) = (− 3, 2) and ( x 2, y 2 ) = (5, 4)
= x2 + 4 − 4x + y2 + 4 + 4y
The coordinates of the point which divides AB in the
ratio 2 : 3 ⇒ − 12x + 60 = 0 x = 5
 2 × 5 + 3 × − 3 2 × 4 + 3 × 2  1 14 ∴ The circumcentre S ≡ ( x, y ) = (5, 2)
= ,  = , 
 2+ 3 2+ 3  5 5
1206 QUANTUM CAT
13 Let P (1, 1), Q (2, − 3), R (3, 4) be the midpoints of sides 3+ x 1 y+1
⇒ = and =1
AB, BC and CA respectively triangle ABC. 2 2 2
Let A( x,1 y1 ), B( x 2, y 2 ) and C ( x 3, y 3 ) be the vertices of ⇒ x = − 2 and y =1
triangle ABC. Hence the fourth, vertex of the parallelogram is (− 2, 1)
Then, P is the mid point of AB 17 Solve as the question no. 13 has been solved. The required
x1 + x 2 y + y2 vertices of the triangle are (1, − 4), (3, 2), (− 1, 2).
⇒ = 1, 1 =1
2 2 18 Let the vertices be A(4, − 1), B(6, 0), C (7, 2), D(5, 1), then
⇒ x1 + x 2 = 2 and y1 + y 2 = 2 …(i) the coordinates of the mid point of AC are
Q is the mid point of BC  4 + 7 , − 1 + 2  11 , 1
x2 + x3 y + y3   = 
⇒ = 2, 2 =−3  2 2   2 2
2 2
Coordinates of the mid point of BD are
⇒ x 2 + x 3 = 4 and y2 + y3 = − 6 …(ii)
 6 + 5 , 0 + 1  11 , 1
  = 
R is the mid point of AC  2 2   2 2
⇒ x1 + x 3 = 6 and y1 + y 3 = 8 …(iii)
Thus AC and BD have the same mid point. Hence ABCD is a
From eqs (i), (ii) and (iii), we get parallelogram.
( x1, y1 ) ≡ (2, 8), ( x 2, y 2 ) ≡ (0, − 6) Now, AB = 5, BC = 5
and ( x 3, y 3 ) ≡ (4, 0) ∴ AB = BC
Then the coordinates of the centroid So, ABCD is a parallelogram whose adjacent sides are
 x + x 2 + x 3 , y1 + y 2 + y 3  equal. Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.
= 1 
 3 3 
Also, we have AC = 3 2
 2 + 0 + 4 , 8 − 6 + 0  2 BD = 2
=  =  2,  and
 3 3   3
Clearly, AC ≠ BD. So ABCD is not a square.
14 Since ( x1, y1 ) ≡ A(2, 8), ( x 2, y 2 ) ≡ B(0, − 6) 19 Let A, B, C , D be the points (− 4, 2), (1, − 1), (4, 1) and (2, 5)
and ( x 3, y 3 ) ≡ C (4, 0) respectively. Then the area of the quadrilateral ABCD
Now, a = BC = 2 3, b = AC = 2 17 , c = AB = 10 2 1
= {− 4 × − 1 − 2 × 1 + 1 × 1 − 4 × − 1 + 4 × 5 − 2 × 1
The coordinates of the in-centre of the triangle ABC are 2
 ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3  + 2 × 2 × − 5 × − 4}
 , 
 a+ b+c a+ b + c  1
= (4 − 2 + 1 + 4 + 20 − 2 + 4 + 20)
∴ Required coordinates of incentre are 2
49
 2 13 + 20 2  = = 24 ⋅ 5 square units.
 , 2 13 − 6 17  2
 13 + 17 + 5 2 13 + 17 + 5 2
−4 1 4 2 −4
Hint
15 Let A, B, C and D be the vertices of the quadrilateral 2 −1 1 5 2
whose coordinates are (− 2, − 1)(1, 0), (4 , 3) and (1, 2) 1
respectively. NOTE Area of quadrilateral = {( x1y2 − x2 y1) + ( x2 y3 − x2 y3 )
2
Now, AB = 10, BC = 18, DC = 10, AD = 18 + ( x3 y 4 − x 4 y3 ) + ( x 4 y1 − x1y 4 )}
∴ AB = CD and BC = AD i.e., the opposite sides are equal.
20 Let A, B, C , D be the points (3, 2), (6, 3), ( x y ) and (6, 5)
Hence ABCD is a parallelogram.
respectively.
16 Let A(− 1, 0), B(3, 1), C(2, 2) and D( x, y )be the vertices of a
Since ABCD is a parallelogram, the diagonals AC and BD
parallelogram ABCD taken in order. Since the diagonals of must bisect each other i.e., the mid points of AC and the
a parallelogram bisect each other. mid point of BD must coincide and hence the coordinates of
∴Coordinates of the mid point of AC the two mid points are the same
= Coordinates of the mid point of BD 3+ x 6 + 6 2+ y 3+ 5
∴ = and =
 − 1 + 2 , 0 + 2 =  3 + x , 1 + y  2 2 2 2
⇒ 
 2 2   2 2  or 3 + x = 12 and 2+ y = 8
 1 ,   3 + x , y + 1 or x=9 and y=6
⇒  1 =  
2   2 2  Hence ( x, y ) = (9, 6)
Co-ordinate Geometry 1207

21 Let the line y − x + 2 = 0 divide the join of (3, − 1) and (8, 9) 26 If m1 be the slope of the line passing through the points
at the point P in the ratio k : 1. Then the coordinates of P A(3, 5) and B(− 4, 2), then
 k . 8 + 1.3 k . 9 + 1 (−1)  8k + 3 9k − 1 2− 5 3
are  ,  = ,  m1 = =
 k+1 k+1   k+1 k+1 −4−3 7
Since, this point lies on the line y − x + 2 = 0, we have If m2 be the slope of the perpendicular line CD then
9k − 1 8k + 3 2 m1 ⋅ m2 = − 1
− + 2 = 0 or k =
k+1 k+1 3 3
or m2 = − 1
2 7
Hence the required ratio is k : 1 = : 1 = 2: 3
3 7
or m2 = −
22 Let the points be A(1, 2), B(− 5, 6), C (7, − 4), D(h, − 2) 3
Given, area of the quadrilateral ABCD = 0 27 Let m1 be the slope of line AB
1 3 − (−3) 3
or {(6 + 10) + (20 − 42) + (− 14 + 4h) + (2h + 2)} = 0 ∴ m1 = =
2 6−2 2
or h=3 If m2 be the slope of a line parallel to AB, then
1 3
23 Area of ∆PBC = {(5x + 3y ) + (6 − 20) + (4 y + 2x )} m2 = m1 =
2 2
1 7 28 Let m3 be the slope of line perpendicular to AB, then
= (7 x + 7 y − 14) = ( x + y − 2)
2 2
m1 . m3 = − 1
and area of ∆ABC 3
⇒ ⋅ m3 = − 1
1 2
= {(30 + 9) + (6 − 20) + (12 + 12)}
2 2
⇒ m3 = −
49 3
=
2 3− 6 3
29 m1 = Slope of AB = =
∆PBC x + y − 2 2− 6 4
Hence =
∆ABC 7 7−3
m2 = Slope of BC = =2
y 2 − y1 7 − 5 4−2
24 Slope of the line = = =1
x 2 − x1 9 − 7 7−6 1
and m3 = Slope of AC = =−
Here ( x1, y1 ) ≡ (7, 5) and ( x 2, y 2 ) ≡ (9, 7 ) 4−6 2
1
25 Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of BA and BC respectively. ∴ m2 . m3 = 2 × − = − 1
3−1 1 2
Then m1 = = This shows that BC is perpendicular to AC.
2 − (− 2) 2
Hence, ABC is a right-angled triangle.
−4−3 7
and m2 = = 4 − (− 2)
− 2− 2 4 30 m1 = Slope of AB = =3
3−1
Let θ be the angle between BA and BC. Then
7−4
7 1 and m2 = Slope of BC = =3
− 4−3
m2 − m1 4 2 2
tan θ = = =± ∴ m1 = m2
1 + m1m2 1+ ×
7 1 3
4 2 ∴ AB is parallel to BC and B is common to both AB and BC.
 2 Hence, the point A(1, − 2), B(3, 4)and C(4, 7 )are collinear.
⇒ θ = tan − 1  
 3
1208 QUANTUM CAT
Introductory Exercise 21.2
1 The equation of the line with slope 2/3 and intercept on the 7 Let (− 1, 4) be the point as shown in figure and let P ( x, y )
2
Y-axis 5 is y = x + 5(Q y = mx + c) be any point on the line. Then the gradient (or slope) of the
3 y−4
line = 2.5
2 We have 3x + 3y = 6 x − (− 1)
y
or 3y = − 3x + 6
1 P(x, y)
or y=− x+2
3
Comparing the above equation with y = m x + c we get A(– 1, 4)
1
m=− and c = 2 x
3 O
 1
Hence slope is  −  and intercept on the y -axis is 2.
 3 y−4 5
⇒ =
5 x+1 2
3 We have m= and ( x1, y1 ) = (2, − 3)
4 ⇒ 5x − 2y + 13 = 0
∴ The equation of the line as point slope form is 8 Let the equation of the straight line in the intercept form be
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) x y
+ =1 …(i)
5 a b
or y − (− 3) = ( x − 2)
4 Since the intercepts are equal, therefore a = b
5 ∴From eq. (i)
or y + 3 = ( x − 2)
4
x+ y=a …(ii)
or 5x − 4 y = 22
Since this line passes through the point (3, − 5)
4 Here a = 2 and b = 3 ∴ 3 + (− 5) = a ⇒ a = − 2
x y
∴The required equation of the line is + = 1 ∴From eq. (ii), the required equation of the straight line is
2 3 x + y = − 2 or x + y + 2 = 0
⇒ 3x + 2y = 6
9 Let the equation of the straight line be
5 We have 3x + 4 y − 12 = 0 x y
+ =1 …(i)
⇒ 3x + 4 y = 12 a b
3x 4 y x y Since intercepts a, b are equal in magnitude but opposite in
⇒ + =1 ⇒ + =1
12 12 4 3 sign.
x
Which is of the form +
y
=1 ∴ b= −a
a b x y
∴ From eq. (i) + =1
Thus the required intercepts on the axes are 4 and 3. a (− a)
6 The equation of the line through the points (− 1, − 2) and or x−y=a …(ii)
y − y1 Since this line passes through the point (− 5, − 8).
(− 5, 2) is ( y − y1 ) = 2 ( x − x1 )
x 2 − x1
∴ − 5 − (− 8) = a
where ( x1, y1 ) ≡ (− 1, − 2) ⇒ a=3
and ( x 2, y 2 ) ≡ (− 5, 2) Hence, from (ii) the required equation of the line is
∴Required equation is x−y=3
2 − (− 2) 10 Let m1 = slope of the line ‘joining’ (1, 2) and (5, 6)
y − (− 2) = [ x − (− 1)]
− 5 − (− 1)
6−2 4
4 ∴ m1 = = =1
or y + 2= ( x + 1) 5−1 4
−4
If m2 be the slope of the perpendicular line, then
or x + y + 3= 0 m1m2 = − 1 ⇒ m2 = − 1 (Q m1 = 1)
Co-ordinate Geometry 1209

∴The required line has slope m2 = − 1 and passes through By the given conditions,
the point (− 4, − 5) AB = 13 ⇒ a . b = 60 …(ii)
Hence, the required equation of the line in the point slope From eq. (i) a + b = 13
2 2
form is
⇒ a2 + b2 = 169
( y − y1 ) = m2 ( x 2 − x1 )
or y − (− 5) = − 1 { x − (− 4)} ⇒ a + b = ± 17
or x+ y+ 9=0 Again (a − b) = (a + b)2 − 4ab = 289 − 240 = 49
2

x y ∴we get a = 12, b = 5 and a = − 12, b = − 5

11 Let the equation of the line AB be + =1 …(i)
a b ∴The required equations of the straight line are
y x y x y
+ = 1 and + =1
12 5 − 12 − 5
B (0, b)
i.e., 5x + 12y = 60 and 5x + 12y + 60 = 0
C (8, 10) 14 Let the equation of the cost curve as a straight line be
4

y = mx + c …(i)
(a, 0)
5

x where x = number of units of a good produced

O A and y = cost of x units in rupees.
Then the coordinates of` A and B are respectively (a, 0) Given, when x = 50, y = 320 and when x = 80, y = 380
and (0, b). from eq. (i) 320 = 50m + c …(ii)
Since C(8, 10) divides AB in the ratio 5 : 4, we have and 380 = 80m + c …(iii)
5× 0 + 4 × a
=8 Subtracting eqs. (ii) from (iii), we get m = 2
5+ 4 Substituting m = 2 in eq. (ii), we get c = 220
5×b+ 4 × 0 ∴ From eq. (i) y = 2x + 220
and = 10
5+ 4 when x = 110, y = 2 × 110 + 220 = 440
or a = 18 and b = 18 Hence , the required cost of producing 110 units is ` 440.
Hence from eq. (i), the required equation of the line AB is 15 Here p = 5 and α = 60°
x y ∴The required equation of the line is
+ = 1 or x + y = 18
18 18 x cos α + y sin α = p
12 Let the equation of the line in the intercept form be or x cos 60° + y sin 60° = 5
x y ⇒ x+ 3y = 10
+ = 1, where a and b are intercepts on the axes.
a b
 3 1
Then a + b = 14 or b = 14 − a Q sin 60° = and cos 60° = 
 2 2
x y
Since the line + = 1 passes through the point (3, 4) ;
a b 16 Here ( x1, y1 ) ≡ (3, − 4) and θ = 60°
3 4 3 4
∴ + = 1 or + =1 The required equation of the line in the symmetric form is
a b a 14 − a x − x1 y − y1
=
or a2 − 13a + 42 = 0 or (a − 6)(a − 7 ) = 0 cos θ sin θ
x−3 y − (− 4)
∴ a = 6, 7 ⇒ =
cos 60° sin 60°
If a = 6 then b = 8
If a = 7 then b = 7 ⇒ 3x − y = 4 + 3 3
Hence the required equation of the line are 17 We have 2x + y = 4 …(i)
x y x y
+ = 1 and + =1 and x− y+1=0 …(ii)
6 8 7 7
Solving eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
or 4 x + 3y = 24 and x + y =7
x = 1 and y=2
13 Since the line passes through A(a, 0) and B(0, b), it makes
∴The point of intersection of eqs. (i) and (ii) is (1, 2).
intercepts aand b on the axes of x and y. Let the equation of
Again 2x − y − 1 = 0 …(iii)
the line be
x y x+ y−8=0 …(iv)
+ =1 …(i) Solving eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get ( x, y ) ≡ (3, 5)
a b
1210 QUANTUM CAT
∴The point of intersection of (3) and (4) is (3, 5) 21 Length of the perpendicular from the point (3, − 2) to the
∴ The required equation of the straight line joining the straight line 12x − 5y + 6 = 0 is
points of intersection (1, 2), (3, 5) is 12 × 3 − 5 × − 2 + 6 36 + 10 + 6
= = 4 units.
(5 − 2) (12)2 + (− 5)2 169
y − 2= ⋅ ( x − 1)
(3 − 1)
22 Putting y = 0 in 5x + 12y − 30 = 0, we get
⇒ 3x − 2y + 1 = 0
5x − 30 = 0 or x=6
18 The equation of the line through the point (4, 5) is
∴(6, 0) is a point on the first line 5x + 12y − 30 = 0
y − 5 = m( x − 4) …(i)
Required distance between the parallel lines =
where m is the slope of the line.
Perpendicular distance of the point (6, 0) from the second
Now the given line is 2x − y + 7 = 0
line 5x + 12y − 4 = 0.
⇒ y = 2x + 7 …(ii)
5.6 + 12.0 − 4 30 − 4
If m1 be the slope of the line (ii), then m1 = 2 = = = 2 units
52 + 122 13
If eq. (i) makes an angle of 45° with eq. (ii), then we have
m1 ~ m 2− m 2~ m 23 The equation of the line through the point of intersection of
tan 45° = = i.e.,
1 + m . m1 1 + 2m 1 + 2m 2x − 3y + 1 = 0 and x + y − 2 = 0, is
m−2 2− m (2x − 3y + 1) + k( x + y − 2) = 0
∴ either 1 = or 1 =
1 + 2m 1 + 2m i.e., (2 + k )x + (k − 3)y + (1 − 2k ) = 0 …(i)
m−2 If this line is parallel to the y-axis, then its equation must be
If = 1 then m = − 3
1 + 2m of the form x = h, i,e, the coefficient of y in (i) must be zero.
2− m 1 ∴ k − 3 = 0 or k = 3
If = 1 then m =
1 + 2m 3
Hence, from (i) the required equation of the line is
Hence, from (i) the required equation of the two lines is (2 + 3)x + 0 . y + (1 − 2 × 3) = 0 [Putting k = 3]
1
y − 5 = − 3( x − 4) and y − 5 = ( x − 4) ⇒ x =1
3
⇒ 3x − y − 17 = 0 and x − 3y + 11 = 0 24 The equation of any line passing through the point of
intersection of the lines x + 2y − 3 = 0 and 4 x − y + 7 = 0
19 The equation of any straight line parallel to the line
is
8 x + 7 y + 5 = 0 is 8 x + 7 y + c = 0 …(i)
where c is an arbitrary constant. x + 2y − 3 + k (4 x − y + 7 ) = 0 …(i)
If the line (i) passes through the point (5, − 6), then or (1 + 4k ) x (2 − k )y + (7 k − 3) = 0 …(ii)
8 × 5 + 7 × (− 6) + c = 0 4k + 1
m1 = Slope of the line (ii) =
⇒ c=2 k−2

Hence from (i), the required equation of the straight line is and m2 = (Slope of the line y − x + 10 = 0) = 1
8x + 7 y + 2 = 0 If the line (i) be parallel to the line y − x + 10 = 0
20 Solving x + y = 8 and 3x − 2y + 1 = 0 , we get the point of 4k + 1
then =1 ⇒ k = −1
k−2
intersection.
∴The point of intersection is (3, 5). Hence from (i), the required equation of the line is
Now, the equation of the line joining the points ( x + 2y − 3) − 1 . (4 x − y + 7 ) = 0
(6 − 4) ⇒ 3x − 3y + 10 = 0
(3, 4) and (5, 6) is ( y − 4) = ( x − 3)
(5 − 3)
25 Solving 2x − y + 5 = 0 and 5x + 3y − 4 = 0, we get x = − 1
⇒ x− y+1=0 …(i) and y = 3 i.e., the point of intersection of the given lines is
∴The equation of the line parallel to the line (− 1, 3).
x − y + 1 = 0 is ∴The equation of any line perpendicular to the line
x − y +c=0 …(ii) x − 3y + 21 = 0 is 3x + y + k = 0 …(i)
Where c is an arbitrary constant. If the line passes through If this line (i) passes through the point (− 1, 3) then
the point (3, 5) then 3× −1 + 3+ k = 0
3 − 5 + c = 0 or c = 2 ⇒ k=0
Hence from (2), the required equation of the line is ∴From (i), the required equation of the line is 3x + y = 0.
x − y + 2 = 0.
Co-ordinate Geometry 1211

26 The equation of any line passing through the intersection of 24

⇒ ab = 24 ⇒ b=
the lines 3x + 4 y − 7 = 0 and x − y + 2 = 0 is a
(3x + 4 y − 7 ) + k( x − y + 2) = 0 …(i) 24
Substituting b = in (ii), we get
3+ k a
Slope of the line = − =3
4−k 8
=
6
= 1 ⇒ a = 4 or − 8 and b = 6 or − 3
15 a 24
⇒ k= a
2
Hence, from (i) the equation of the straight line are
Hence, from (i) the required equation of the line is
x y x −y
15 − = 1 and − =1
(3x + 4 y − 7 ) + ( x − y + 2) = 0 4 6 −8 −3
2
⇒ 21 x − 7 y + 16 = 0 ⇒ 3x − 2y = 12 and 3x − 8 y + 24 = 0
27 The equation of any line passing through the point of 29 The equation of the lines may be written as 3x + 4 y + 2 = 0
intersection of the lines 3x − 4 y + 1 = 0 and 5x + y − 1 = 0 and − 5x + 12y + 6 = 0 in which the constant terms 2 and 6
is are both positive.
(3x − 4 y + 1) + k(5x + y − 1) = 0 …(i) The equation of the bisector of the angle in which the
for intercept of this line with the x-axis, y = 0 3x + 4 y + 2 − 5x + 12y + 6
origin lies is =
∴ 3x + 1 + k(5x − 1) = 0 33 + 42 (− 5)2 + (12)2
k −1
⇒ x= ⇒ 16 x − 12y − 1 = 0
5k + 3
The equation of the other bisector is
For intercept of the line (i) on the y-axis, x = 0 3x + 4 y + 2 − (− 5x + 12y + 6)
=
∴ − 4 y + 1 + k( y − 1) = 0 32 + 42 (− 5)2 + (12)2
k −1
⇒ y= ⇒ x + 8y + 4 = 0
k−4
Since the intercepts on the axes are equal.
30 Let the equations of the sides BC , CA and AB of the triangle
k −1 k −1 7 ABC be represented by
∴ = ⇒ k = 1, or x = −
5k + 3 k − 4 4 2y − x = 5 …(i)
But k ≠ 1, because if k = 1, the line (i) becomes 8 x − 3y = 0 y + 2x = 7 …(ii)
which passes through the origin and therefore cannot make y − x =1 …(iii)
non-zero intercepts on the axis. Solving the above 3 eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
7  9 17 
∴ k = − and from (i), we get A(2, 3), B(3, 4) and C  , 
4 5 5
7
3x − 4 y + 1 − (5x + y − 1) = 0 ∴The area of ∆ABC
4 1 17 9 9 17 
= 2 × 4 − 3 × 3 + 3 × − 4 × + × 3− × 2
⇒ 23x + 23y = 11, which is the required equation of the 2 5 5 5 5 
line. 1 51 36 27 34 3
= 8 − 9 + − + − = units.
28 We have
x y
− =1 …(i) 2 5 5 5 5  10
a b
Since (i) passes through the point (8, 6) 31 Let A(1, 2), B(2, 3) and C(4, 3) be the vertices of ∆ABC.
8 6 3− 3
∴ − =1 …(ii) m1 = Slope of BC = = 0 i.e., BC is parallel to the
a b 4−2
The line (i) meets the x-axis at the point given by y = 0 and x-axis.
from (i) x = a i.e, the line (i) meets the x-axis at the point ∴The perpendicular from A(1, 2) to BC is parallel to the
A(a, 0). y-axis and its equation is x = h, which passes through
Similarly, the line meets the y-axis ( x = 0) at the point A(1, 2)
B(0, − b). ∴h = 1 i..e, the equation of the perpendicular from A(1, 2)
By the given condition, area of ∆ = 12 on BC is x = 1 …(i)
1 3− 2 1
⇒ ab = 12 m2 = Slope of AC = =
2 4 −1 3
1212 QUANTUM CAT
If m2′ be the slope of a line perpendicular to AC then By the given condition,
1 1
m2m2′ = − 1 or ⋅ m2′ = − 1 or m2′ = − 3 ± (3x1 + y1 − 7 ) = 5
3 2
∴ The equation of the perpendicular from B(2, 3) on AC ⇒ 3x1 + y1 − 7 = ± 10
whose slope is − 3 is ⇒ 3x1 + y1 = 17 …(ii)
y − 3 = − 3( x − 2) and 3x1 + y1 = − 3 …(iii)
⇒ 3x + y = 9 …(ii) Solving eqs. (i) and (ii) we get
7 13
The orthocentre is the point of intersection of two lines (i) x1 = , y1 =
and (ii) 2 2
∴From eqs. (i) and (iii), we get Solving eqs. (i) and (iii) we get
3×1 + y = 9 3 3
x1 = − and y1 =
⇒ y=6 2 2
∴The required coordinates of the orthocentre are (1, 6)  7 13
Hence, the coordinates of the third vertex is either  , 
 2 2
32 Let A( x1, y1 ) be the third vertex. Let AD, BE , CF be the
 3 3
perpendiculars from the vertices on the opposite side or  − , 
 2 2
BC , CA, AB respectively. Then the orthocentre O(0, 0) is the
point of intersection of AD, BE and CF. 34 Equation of any line L perpendicular to
Since AD i.e. OA is perpendicular to BC. 5x − y = 1 is x + 5y = k …(i)
∴ Slope of BA × slope of BC = − 1 Where k is an arbitrary constant.
y1 − 0 3 − (− 1) If this line cuts x-axis at A and y-axis at B, then for A, y = 0
or × = −1
x1 − 0 − 2− 5 and from (i) x = k i.e., A is the point (k, 0) for B, x = 0 and
7 x1 k  k
⇒ y1 = …(i) from (i) y = i.e., B is the point  0, 
4 5  5
Again, since OB is perpendicular to CA 1
∴ Area of the given ∆ OAB = ( x1 y 2 − x 2, y1 )
− 1 − 0 y1 − 3 2
∴ × = −1
5− 0 x1 + 2 1  k2  k2
=  − 0 =
⇒ 5x1 + 10 = y1 − 3 2 5  10
 7x  k2
⇒ x1 = − 4 Q y1 = 1  But the given condition =5
 4  10
7 x1 7 × (− 4) or k 2 = 50
From eq. (i), y1 = = = −7
4 4
∴ k=±5 2
Hence, the required coordinates of the third vertex A are Hence, from (i), the required equation of the line is
( x1, y1 ) = (− 4, − 7 )
x + 5y = 5 2
33 Let ( x1, y1 ) be the third vertex then or x + 5y = − 5 2
y1 = x1 + 3 …(i) 35 Let ABCD be the square and let (1, 2) and (3, 8) be the
The area of the triangle formed by the points (2, 1), (3, − 2) coordinates of opposite vertices A and C respectively.
and ( x1, y1 ) The equation of the diagonal AC is
1 8−2
= {− 4 − 3 + 3y1 + 2x1 + x1 − 2y1} y − 2= ( x − 1)
2 3−1
1
= (3x1 + y1 − 7 ) ⇒ 3x − y = 1
2
Co-ordinate Geometry 1213

Level 01 Basic Level Exercise

19 × 20 Therefore the area of the circle, πr2 ≥ 4π
1. Total integral points = 1 + 2 + 3 +… + 19 = = 190.
2
Hence choice (a) is the correct one.
Hence choice (b) is the correct one.
6. First we draw the four circles each with radius 1 unit and
2. Area of the larger square is 91, so each side of this square
all of them would be symmetric as shown in the following
will be little larger than 9 but less than 10.
diagram. So it is obvious that the centre of the larger circle
From the following figure you can understand that each would be origin (0, 0).
side of this square will have 9 integral points. So the total
integral points this square will contain = 9 × 9 = 81.
And, area of the smaller square is 27, so each side of this
square will be little larger than 5 but less than 6. From the (1,1)
following figure you can understand that each side of this
square will have 5 integral points. So the total number of
integral points contained by this square = 5 × 5 = 25
So the number of integer coordinates outside the smaller
square region and inside the larger square region is
81 − 25 = 56

And the radius of the larger circle = distance between the

origin and the centre of the smaller circle + radius of the
smaller circle = 2 + 1
Therefore the equation of the larger circle
= x 2 + y 2 = ( 2 + 1)2
7. First of all draw a rectangle encapsulating the triangle.
Now, area of the desired triangle = Area of rectangle − Area
of all the three triangles I, II and III.
Length of the rectangle = 3 − (−7 ) = 10
Hence choice (c) is the correct one. Breadth of the rectangle = 4 − (−5) = 9
1 Therefore, area of the rectangle
3. Slope of x + 3y = 4 is − . And slope of 6 x − 2y = 7 is 3.
3 = 10 × 9 = 90
Therefore, these two lines are perpendicular which shows 1
that diagonals are perpendicular. Area of triangle I = (9 × 6) = 27
2
Hence PQRS must be a rhombus. 1
Area of triangle II = (10 × 6) = 30
4. Since all three lines pass through a common point, 2
therefore they will satisfy each other as follows. 1
Area of triangle III = (4 × 3) = 6
3 = m(m + c) + 4 2
⇒ m2 + cm + 1 = 0
(–7, 4) (3, 4)
Since m is a real number, so the discriminant must be
non-negative. That means, c2 − 4 ≥ 0 II
⇒ c2 ≥ 4 ⇒ c ≥ 2 or − c ≥ 2
⇒ | c| ≥ 2
Therefore, the least possible value of| c| is 2.
(3, –2)
Hence choice (c) is the correct one. I
III
5. The distance between the given points
(–7, –5) (–1, –5) (3, –5)
= (1 − 1)2 + (1 − 5)2 = 4
Since the given points lie on the circumference of the circle, Therefore area of the desired triangle
so the diameter of the circle must be greater than or equal
= 90 − (27 + 30 + 6) = 27.
to 4. That means the radius of this circle must be greater
than or equal to 2. That is r ≥ 2. Hence choice (a) is the correct one.