• For over 2000 years, the Aristotelian ideas about motion

were accepted. He divided motion into two main classes: the

Natural and Violent motion.

• However, these ideas were questioned when Galileo Galilei

presented results of his observation and experimentation
about motion.

• Galileo’s ideas paved the way for Isaac Newton to study

further about motion and come up with his Three Laws of
Motion.
• Possibly the most famous legend in the
history of science is that of the falling
apple.

• The story goes that the young Isaac

Newton was sitting in his garden when an
apple fell on his head and he suddenly
came up with his theory of gravity.
• Newton developed his laws of motion in
1666, when he was only 23 years old.

• Newton's laws refer to the motion of

objects in an inertial reference frame,
which can be described as a system in
which an object remains at rest or moves
with constant linear velocity unless acted
upon by external forces.
• Newton’s First Law of Motion

‘’An object at rest remains at

rest and an object in motion
remains to be in that state of
motion unless acted upon by an
external force.’’

• Resistance to change
• The property of an object when
it opposes changes in motion is
called Inertia.

• Unbalanced forces (external

forces) can change the state of
motion of an object.
• Inertia is a property possessed
by any material so long as it has
mass.

• The more massive the object is,

the more inertia there is.

• Objects with greater mass has a

great tendency to resist change
imposed to it.
• Inertia is a property possessed
by any material so long as it has
mass.

• The more massive the object is,

the more inertia there is.

• Objects with greater mass has a

great tendency to resist change
imposed to it.
• Mass is the amount of matter an object contains (measured in
kilograms)

• Weight is the force acting on matter when acted upon by the

force of gravity (measured in Newtons).

weight (W) = mass (m) x gravity (g)

w = mg
 • If the pull of gravity changes, its weight also changes, but the
mass of the same object does not.
On Earth: On moon:

Mass = 50 kg Mass = 50 kg

Gravity on Earth = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 1

Gravity on Moon = (9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 ) = 1.63 𝑚/𝑠 2
6
Weight on Moon = mass x gravity = 50 kg x 1.63 𝑚/𝑠 2
Weight on Earth = mass x gravity = 50 kg x 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝟐 Weight on Moon = 81.67 kg 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 or

Weight on Earth = 490 kg 𝒎/𝒔 or 81.67 Newton (N)
490 Newton (N)
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• The influence of force and mass.

• The second law of motion states that:

‘’Acceleration of an object depends on the mass of an object

and the amount of force applied on it”
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• In Summary:

❖ Acceleration (a) is directly proportional to net force

(Fnet), and both should have the same direction and;

❖ Acceleration (a) is inversely proportional to inertia and

mass (m).
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• In Summary:

❖ Acceleration (a) is directly proportional to net force

(Fnet), and both should have the same direction and;

❖ Acceleration (a) is inversely proportional to inertia and

mass (m).
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• In Summary:

❖ Acceleration (a) is directly proportional to net force

(Fnet), and both should have the same direction and;

- Directly proportional: as one amount increases, another

amount increases at the same rate.
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• In Summary:

❖ Acceleration (a) is inversely proportional to inertia and

mass (m).

- Inversely proportional - one becomes larger the other

becomes smaller and vice versa.
• In mathematical equation, when three quantities are
combined:

Acceleration = net force

mass
or simply,

a = Fnet
m
• Variables/Symbols

Fnet means Net Force

m means Mass
a means Acceleration
• Rearranging the variables, we can express the second law in
terms of net force:
The Following concepts are derived from the equation:

• Net force is the sum all types of forces that are applied on an object.

• Whatever is the direction of the net force, it follows the direction of

the acceleration.

• The amount of net force is directly proportional to the acceleration.

• Mass is a measure of inertia.

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Force (N) Mass (Kg) Acceleration (𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )

a. A car is being towed. If its mass is 1750 kg and it accelerated at 5
𝒎/𝒔𝟐 , how much net force is involved?

Unknown: Substitution:

Known:

Equation:
a. A car is being towed. If its mass is 1750 kg and it accelerated at 5
𝒎/𝒔𝟐 , how much net force is involved?

Unknown: Fnet = ? Substitution:

Known:

Equation:
a. A car is being towed. If its mass is 1750 kg and it accelerated at 5
𝒎/𝒔𝟐 , how much net force is involved?

Unknown: Fnet = ? Substitution:

Known: m = 1750 kg
a = 5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Equation:
a. A car is being towed. If its mass is 1750 kg and it accelerated at 5
𝒎/𝒔𝟐 , how much net force is involved?

Unknown: Fnet = ? Substitution:

Known: m = 1750 kg
a = 5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Equation: Fnet= ma
a. A car is being towed. If its mass is 1750 kg and it accelerated at 5
𝒎/𝒔𝟐 , how much net force is involved?

Unknown: Fnet = ? Substitution:

Fnet= ma

Known: m = 1750 kg Fnet = (1750 kg) (5 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

a = 5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Equation: Fnet= ma
a. A car is being towed. If its mass is 1750 kg and it accelerated at 5
𝒎/𝒔𝟐 , how much net force is involved?

Unknown: Fnet = ? Substitution:

Fnet= ma

Known: m = 1750 kg Fnet = (1750 kg) (5 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

a = 5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 Fnet = 8750 kg ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2

Equation: Fnet= ma
a. A car is being towed. If its mass is 1750 kg and it accelerated at 5
𝒎/𝒔𝟐 , how much net force is involved?

Unknown: Fnet = ? Substitution:

Fnet= ma

Known: m = 1750 kg Fnet = (1750 kg) (5 𝑚/𝑠 2 )

a = 5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 Fnet = 8750 kg ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2
or 8750 N (Newtons)
Equation: Fnet= ma
b. What is the mass of an object if it accelerated at 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
upon applying a net force of 12.5 N?

Unknown: Substitution:

Known:

Equation
b. What is the mass of an object if it accelerated at 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
upon applying a net force of 12.5 N?

Unknown: m = ? Substitution:

Known: a = 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Fnet = 12. 5 N

Equation:
b. What is the mass of an object if it accelerated at 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
upon applying a net force of 12.5 N?

Unknown: m = ? Substitution:

Known: a = 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

Fnet = 12. 5 N

Equation: m = Fnet
a
b. What is the mass of an object if it accelerated at 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
upon applying a net force of 12.5 N?

Unknown: m = ? Substitution:
m = Fnet
a
Known: a = 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Fnet = 12. 5 N m = 12.5 N
7.5 𝑚/𝑠 2
Equation: m = Fnet
a
b. What is the mass of an object if it accelerated at 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
upon applying a net force of 12.5 N?

Unknown: m = ? Substitution:
m = Fnet
a
Known: a = 7 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Fnet = 12. 5 N m = 12.5 kg ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 2
7.5 𝑚/𝑠 2
Equation: m = Fnet
a
b. What is the mass of an object if it accelerated at 7.5 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
upon applying a net force of 12.5 N?

Unknown: m = ? Substitution:
m = Fnet
a
Known: a = 7 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Fnet = 12. 5 N m = 12.5 kg
7
Equation: m = Fnet
m = 1.67 kg
a
1. An object accelerates 7.2 𝑚/𝑠 2 when a force of 4.0 newtons
is applied to it. What is the mass of an object?

2. An object with a mass of 3.2 kg has a force of 7.3 newtons

applied to it. What is the resulting acceleration of the object?

3. How much force must act on a 50 kg cart to give it an

acceleration of 0.30 𝑚/𝑠 2 ?
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion

‘’For every action, there is an

equal and opposite reaction.’’

• Pair of forces (Action force and

Reaction force)
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion

• When two objects interact, there

is an action force exerted by the
first object to the second object
and, at the same time, the
second object exerts a reaction
force equal in magnitude but in
the opposite direction.
 1st law
‘’An object at rest remains
at rest and an object in
motion remains to be in
that state of motion unless
acted upon by an external
force.’’
2nd law
‘’Acceleration of an object
depends on the mass of
an object and the amount
of force applied on it”
3rd law
‘’For every action, there is
an equal and opposite
reaction.’’