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A Simple Modelling Method for Deection of Circular Plates Under

Impulsive Loading using Dimensionless Analysis and Singular value
Decomposition

H. Gharababaei, N. Nariman-zadeh and A. Darvizeh

Journal of Mechanics / Volume 26 / Issue 03 / September 2010, pp 355 - 361

DOI: 10.1017/S1727719100003919, Published online: 05 May 2011

Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1727719100003919

How to cite this article:

H. Gharababaei, N. Nariman-zadeh and A. Darvizeh (2010). A Simple Modelling Method for Deection of Circular Plates
Under Impulsive Loading using Dimensionless Analysis and Singular value Decomposition. Journal of Mechanics, 26, pp
355-361 doi:10.1017/S1727719100003919

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 A SIMPLE MODELLING METHOD FOR DEFLECTION OF CIRCULAR
PLATES UNDER IMPULSIVE LOADING USING DIMENSIONLESS
ANALYSIS AND SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION

H. Gharababaei *
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Faculty
The University ofGuilan P.O. Box 3756, Rasht, IRAN

N. Nariman-zadeh "
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Faculty
The University ofGuilan P.O. Box 3756, Rasht, IRAN
Intelligent-based Experimental Mechanics Center of Excellence
School of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, IRAN

A. Darvizeh "
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Engineering Faculty
The University ofGuilan P.O. Box 3756, Rasht, IRAN

ABSTRACT
A novel approach of numerical modelling using input-output experimental data pairs is presented for
deflection-thickness ratio of circular plates subjected to impulse loading. In this way, singular value
decomposition (SVD) method is used in conjunction with dimensionless parameters incorporated in such
complex process. The closed-form obtained model shows very good agreement with some testing ex-
perimental data pairs which have been unforeseen during the training process. Moreover, two modifica-
tions are consequently suggested for some similar models already proposed in previous works. The ap-
proach of this paper can generally be applied to model very complex real-world processes using appropri-
ate experimental data.

Keywords : Impulse, Dimensionless analysis, SVD.

1. INTRODUCTION around its outer boundary subjected to transverse im-

In various engineering application, mechanical ele-
ments may be subjected to impacts of foreign object or
to pressure pulses caused by explosions. These in-
volve inertial effect, finite deformation and non-linear
behavior of the materials. So for, available analytical
models concern solids of simple geometric shape,
boundary condition and applied load in which simpli-
fying hypotheses of the problem are also commonly
used to allow the analytical treatment.
One of the structural problems widely analyzed has
been that of a metallic circular plate fully clamped
pulsive loads. Studies into the behavior of plates sub-
jected to impulsive loading have been carried out by
Nurick and Martin [1,2]. They presented an overview
of the theoretical and experimental results that dealt
mostly with a plate that was loaded uniformly over the
plate area. Experimental works on structural compo-
nents subjected to blast loading were performed in or-
der to study permanent large inelastic deformation
(mode I) to investigation both tensile tearing (mode II)
and transverse shear rupture (mode III) at the supports
[3].
A technique that is generally adopted for sheet metal

* Assistant Professor, corresponding author " Professor

Journal ofMechanics, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 2010 355

forming operations using impulsive loading that in-
volves very large sheets and usually axi-symmetric can
be found in references [4,5]. The method is essen-
tially dynamic and the forming is induced by exposing
sheet metal surface to an incoming pressure wave gen-
erated by explosion. However, the direct application
of the pressure wave on the metal surface gives rise to a
stress-strain field distribution of unacceptable profile,
which may lead to premature failure of material.
Hence, to improve the formability limit an alternative
technique referred to as "plug cushion forming" has
been introduced. A plug of soft material is inserted in
contact with plate between the source of explosion and
the plate. Thus, the pressure wave instead of reaching
the plate directly exerts itself on the plate via the plug.
Depending on the thickness of plate and plug, the de-
formation process is slowed down, since the plug acts
as a conduit to transfer the energy at a relatively slower
rate to the plate.
There have been many research efforts for theoretical
modeling the dynamic response and deformation of thin
plates to predict the relationship of deflection-thickness
ratio as a function of the amount of impulse, plate ge-
ometry, plate dimension, and plate material [6]. A
very comprehensive review of such models is given by
Nurick and Martin [1] of which some of those models
also supported by experimental studies. These models
of maximum mid-point deflected prediction of circular
plates are summarized in Table 1. In these equations, /,
/, R, p, a o and 8 are total impulse (N-S), plate thickness
(m), circular plate radius (m), density (kg/m3), static
yield stress (MPa) and maximum mid-point deflection
of plate (m), respectively.
Table 1 Equations of mid-point deflection-thickness
ratio of thin circular plates subjected to uni-
form impulsive loading
References Equations
8 0.318/
Hudson [7]
t t2R(pa0f2
8 0.212/
Symonds and Wierzbicki [8]
t t R(pa0f2
2
8 0.132/
Lipman [9]
t t R(pa0f2
2
8 0.260/
Jones [10]
t t2R(pa0)112
8 0.382/
Batra and Dubey [11]
/ t R(paQf2
2
8 0.135/
Nurick andMartin [2]
/ t2R(paQf2
356
In this paper, experimental data of Bodner and Sy-
monds [12] in which parameters /, /, R, p and a o are
considered as input variables are used to find an equa-
tion for predicting deflection-thickness ratio as output
variable using singular value decomposition (SVD)
method. In this way, the above mentioned input vari-
ables are re-grouped as dimensionless parameters which
are then used to obtain the closed-form equation of de-
flection-thickness ratio of circular clamped plates under
impulsive loading experiments carried out by Bodner
and Symonds [12]. Such hybrid application of SVD
and dimensionless analysis modeling is very simple and
promising in modeling of the complex processes such
as dynamic plastic deformation of plates subjected to
impulsive loading.
2 EXPERIMENTAL TESTS AND RESULTS
There have been several experimental studies for
large deformation of plates under blast and impact loading
reported in literature. A very good comprehensive re-
view of these experiments has been given by Nurick and
Martin [2]. In this paper the results obtained by Bodner
and Symonds [12] have been adopted for modeling using
the SVD approach of the re-grouped dimensionless input-
output data. The structure studied by Bodner and Sy-
monds [12] is a circular plate with full edge claming.
The plate has been subjected to a short duration-high in-
tensity pulse of pressure. Circular plates of mild steel
and commercially pure titanium were loaded impulsively
by means of explosive sheet. By detonating a disk of
explosive sheet transverse pulse loading was applied and
high rate plastic deformation was achieved. The sheet of
explosive was separated from the plate by a styrofoam
buffer pad of the same radius. This pad can serve to
lengthen the pressure pulse acting on the plate and reduce
the pressure magnitude to avoid failure by shear and/or the
occurrence a hole through the plate. In each test, plate
was clamped in a manner intended to prevent displace-
ment in the plane of the plate by fully fixed boundary con-
dition clamping frame. The measurement during each
tests were the final mid-point deflection and the value of
impulse load. A ballistic pendulum and a condenser mi-
crophone apparatus were used to measure the amount of
impulse and its time history, respectively, which have been
described in detail in [12]. The result of impulsive load-
ing applied to circular plates belongs to a series of tests
made for high rate sensitive hot rolled mild steel and tita-
nium with yield stress (ao) of 223MPa and 25 IMPa, re-
spectively. The value of density (p), plate radius (R),
plate thickness (/), for the steel plate are, 7800kg/m3,
0.0318m, and 0.019m, respectively. These values for
titanium plate are 4500kg/m3, 0.0318m, and 0.023m as
given in [12]. Each test was made at each of three values
of impulsive loading radius a, such that alR = 1/3, 1/2, 1.
Therefore, total number of 53 input-output data can be
used for modeling of deflection-thickness ratio which have
been given in Table 2 including the value of measured
impulse in each case.
Journal of Mechanics, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 2010
 Table 2 Experimental data of Bodner and Symonds [12]

Test Static yield stress density ratio buffer pad Explosive thickness Explosive weight Plate thickness Impulse
No MPa (Kg/m3) alR M b (gr) H(in) Me(gr) t(in) I(lb-s) 8/t

1 223 7800 0.3333 0.1 0.031 0.45 0.076 0.191 1.32

223 7800 0.3333 0.1 0.079 0.975 0.076 0.443 3.47
Is)

3 223 7800 0.3333 0.1 0.062 0.9 0.076 0.379 2.93

4 223 7800 0.3333 0.1 0.062 0.9 0.076 0.369 2.92
5 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.08 2.1 0.076 0.884 5.89
6 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.079 2 0.076 0.814 5.64
7 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.031 1 0.076 0.371 2.41
8 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.079 1.95 0.076 0.828 5.59
9 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.079 1.95 0.076 0.828 5.49
10 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.079 2 0.076 0.901 5.91
11 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.081 2.05 0.076 0.853 5.92
12 223 7800 1 0.7 0.031 4 0.0761 1.608 6.36
13 223 7800 1 0.7 0.017 1.9 0.0761 0.707 2.59
14 223 7800 1 0.7 0.021 2.5 0.0761 1.031 4.13
15 223 7800 1 0.7 0.033 3.8 0.0761 1.577 6.38
16 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.078 0.9 0.093 0.402 2.59
17 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.079 0.975 0.0931 0.383 2.61
18 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.079 0.95 0.093 0.408 2.55
19 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.078 0.95 0.0928 0.398 2.8
20 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.06 0.8 0.0929 0.314 2.13
21 255 4500 0.5 0.2 0.079 1.95 0.0933 0.9 4.67
22 255 4500 0.5 0.2 0.062 1.7 0.0929 0.72 3.94
23 255 4500 0.5 0.2 0.03 1 0.0922 0.395 2.06
24 255 4500 1 0.7 0.031 3.2 0.093 1.193 3.56
25 255 4500 1 0.7 0.017 2.1 0.0929 0.804 2.44
26 255 4500 1 0.7 0.03 3.5 0.0928 1.347 4.34
27 255 4500 1 0.7 0.031 3.6 0.093 1.438 4.59
28 255 4500 1 0.7 0.017 1.95 0.0921 0.816 2.55
29 255 4500 1 0.7 0.033 3.8 0.0918 1.6 5.43
30 223 7800 0.3333 0.1 0.031 0.45 0.076 0.197 1.31
31 223 7800 0.3333 0.1 0.03 0.45 0.076 0.186 1.06
32 223 7800 0.3333 0.1 0.079 0.975 0.076 0.435 3.47
33 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.062 1.7 0.076 0.706 4.78
34 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.031 0.95 0.076 0.386 2.58
35 223 7800 0.5 10 0.032 0.95 0.076 0.395 2.64
36 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.058 1.6 0.076 0.696 4.89
37 223 7800 1 0.7 0.025 3.1 0.0761 1.227 5.12
38 223 7800 1 0.7 0.017 1.95 0.0761 0.714 2.74
39 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.078 0.9 0.093 0.378 2.3
40 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.079 0.95 0.0938 0.368 2.36
41 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.061 0.75 0.0922 0.33 2
42 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.031 0.45 0.093 0.192 1.18
43 255 4500 0.5 0.2 0.078 2 0.0928 0.89 4.75
44 255 4500 0.5 0.2 0.032 1 0.093 0.384 1.96
45 255 4500 1 0.7 0.025 2.8 0.0925 1.264 3.92
46 255 4500 1 0.7 0.024 2.7 0.0931 1.069 3.38
47 223 7800 0.3333 0.1 0.079 0.975 0.076 0.425 3.53
48 223 7800 0.5 0.2 0.062 1.7 0.076 0.728 5
49 223 7800 1 0.7 0.026 3.2 0.0761 1.257 5.05
50 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.062 0.75 0.0923 0.311 2.07
51 255 4500 0.333 0.1 0.108 1.4 0.0923 0.507 3.66
52 255 4500 0.5 0.2 0.062 1.7 0.0927 0.705 3.91
53 255 4500 1 0.7 0.025 2.8 0.0921 1.232 3.81

Journal of Mechanics, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 2010 357

 3 DIMENSIONLESS MODELLING OF In order to construct such independent dimensionless
DEFLECTION-THICKNESS RATIO OF parameters for modeling of deflection (8) of thin circu-
CIRCULAR PLATES UNDER IMPULSIVE lar plates under impulsive loading, total impulse /(N-S),
LOADING USING SINGULAR VALUE plate thickness t(m), circular plate radius R(m), density
DECOMPOSITION (SVD) p (kg/m3), static yield stress a o (MPa) have been con-
sidered. From the set of such input-output parameter,
The use of dimensionless parameter in modelling of K = 4 independent dimensionless parameters can be
deflection of circular plates subjected to impulsive
constructed [15,14,2] according to three main dimen-
loading has been reported by Nurick and Martin [2]
sionless (M, L, T) as follows
using some experimental data, including those used by
Bodner and Symonds [12]. They applied the least
squares analyses to obtain a liner relationship of deflec- (7a)
tion-thickness ratio with respect to a dimensionless pa-
rameter called modified damaged number. Recently,
some of authors also deployed group method of data (7b)
handling (GMDH)-type neural networks for modeling
and prediction of explosive compaction process using
dimensionless parameters of the process [13]. How- a
ever, singular value decomposition (SVD) and dimen- 71, = —
(7c)
sionless parameters can be readily used together to ob-
tain a simple equation for predicting the deflection-
thickness ratio based on the experimental data. 713 = (7d)
J
The formal definition of modelling is to find a func-
so that,
tion / so that can be approximately used instead of
actual one, f, in order to predict output y for a given 8
(8)
input vectorX = (xh x2, x 3 ,..., xn) as close as possible to
its actual output y. Therefore given M observation of
multi-input-single-output data pairs so that It should be noted that in Eq. (7b) VO = I I Mp and Mp =
p(^^piate) are the impact velocity and the mass of the
y, = f(xn, xi2, x,3, ..., xin) i = 1, 2, ..., M , plate, respectively. In order to use SVD to obtain the
(1)
model, Eq. (8) can be represented as

it is now possible to obtain / to predict the output %„= (9)

values j>, for any give input vector
Therefore, the problem of modelling is now to find co-
efficients C, a, p, and y so that Eq. (6) is satisfied. By
Xt =(xn, xi2, x, 3 ,..., xin) (2)
using natural logarithm, Eq. (9) can be represented as a
linear relation with respect to the coefficients (r| = LnC),
such that (a), (P) and (y) as
y, =/(x,i, xi2, xo, ..., xin) i = 1, 2, ..., M (3) Ln(no) = Ln(n2) + y Ln(n3) (10)

The problem is now to determine / so that the square Consequently, a system of M Linear algebraic equation
of different between the actual output and the predicted with K = 4 unknown of the above mentioned coeffi-
one is minimized, i.e. cients is now constructed based on M input-output ex-
perimental data pairs as follows

t/Cx,,, x,2, x,3, ..., xj-y,]2 (4)

(11)
In dimensionless modelling, however, a dimensionless
CMO
set, 7i = {TI0, TII, TI2, TI3, ..., %k}, rather than the set of real
physical variable {y, X} = {y, xu x2, x3, ..., xn}, is used where
to obtain / , i.e.
;„ = Ln(ne) , / = 1, 2, ..., M , j = 1, 2, 3 (12)
K = / ( % • , Kit, Thi, - , nki) i = 1, 2, ..., M (5)
and
such that
Qm=Ln(nm) / = 1, 2, ..., M (13)

Such system of linear equations in which M » K = 4

can be represented as

358 Journal ofMechanics, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 2010

 AX=Y , (14)
where
a yf (15)
* — (16)
and
1 Cll Cl2 Cl3
1 C21 C22 C23
A= (17)
I 4>M2 4>M3
The least-squares technique from multiple-regression
analysis leads to the solution of the normal equation in
the form of
= (ATAy1ATY (18)
which determines the vector of the best k = 4 unknown
of Eq. (9) for the whole set of M experimental observa-
tion data. However, such solution directly from solv-
ing normal Eq. (18) is rather susceptible to round off
error and, more importantly, to the possible singularity
of these equations. Therefore, SVD is used to solve
Eq. (14) which leads to better results in comparison
with those of using Eq. (18).
SVD is the method for solving most linear least-
squares problems that some singularities may exist in
the normal equations. The SVD of a matrix A e
${MxK. w here M is number of observation and K is
number of unknowns-is a factorization of the matrix
into the product of three matrices, column orthogonal
matrix U e 9{MxK , diagonal matrix W e 9{KxK with
non-negative elements (singular values), and orthogonal
matrix V e 9iKxK such that
A = UWV 1 (19)
The most popular technique for computing the SVD
was originally proposed in [16]. The problem of op-
timal selection of vector of the coefficients in Eqs. (15)
and (18) is firstly reduced to the modified inversion of
diagonal matrix W [17] in which the reciprocals of zero
or near zero singulars (according to a threshold) are set
to zero. Then, such optimal X are obtained using the
following relation
X = V diagl — UTY (20)
In order to demonstrate the prediction ability of SVD in
such dimensionless modelling, the data have been di-
vided into two different sets, namely, training and test-
ing sets. The training set, which consists of randomly
chosen Nt input-output data pairs, is used for training
the K = 4 unknown coefficients involved in the dimen-
sionless model of deflection-thickness ratio. The
Journal ofMechanics, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 2010
testing set, which consists of Np unforeseen input-
output data samples during the training process, is
merely used for testing to show the prediction ability of
the obtained simple model.
4. RESULTS AND COMPARISONS
In order to obtain a simple model for deflection-
thickness ratio of thin circular plates under blast impul-
sive loading (Eq. (9)), the experimental data of Bodner
and Symonds [12] described in section (2) is now con-
verted into a dimensionless data table based on defini-
tions (7a) ~ (7d) and their natural logarithms Eqs. (12)
~ (13). The unknown K = 4 coefficient involved in the
simple model representing by Eq. (9) can now be
determined by either solving normal equation (SNE) by
pseudo-inverse of matrix A given by Eq. (18) or by
SVD approach proposed in this work given by Eq. (20).
Such approach is accomplished by randomly selecting
Nt data pairs out of total TV = 53 data pairs. The re-
maining Np = N - Nt data pair is used to show the pre-
diction ability of the obtained simple model in the form
of Eq. (9). In order to obtain the best possible model
(as the amount of Nt can vary between Nt = K = 4 to Nt
= TV), series of runs in which Nt and Np vary between (4
to N) and (N to 4), respectively, have been performed.
The values of root mean squares of errors (RMSE) ob-
tained using SVD and SNE are 0.223 and 0.278, re-
spectively, which demonstrates the superiority of SVD
over SNE. Figure 1 shows the sum of error of both
training and testing set versus Nt for some of these runs
using SVD. Consequently, the model which exhibits
the minimum value of this error corresponding to Nt =
35 and Np = 18 has been chosen to represent the simple
dimensionless deflection-thickness ratio of circular
plate subjected to impulsive loading reported by Bodner
and Symonds [12]. The corresponding values of pa-
rameters are found as C = 0.3758, a = 0.5845, p
= -0.815, and y = -1.0823. Hence, the model can now
be given as
\ 0.5845
I1
= 0.3758 (21)
p(Vol
plate' 0
Figure 2 shows the comparison of 8// given by Eq.
21 with respect to the experimental values both for
training and testing data sets. It is evident from this
figure that Eq. 21 predicts the midpoint deflection-
thickness ratio successfully for the testing data.
However, the obtained model given by Eq. (21) can
be further simplified in order to compare with some
other models in literature which have been summarized
in Table 1. Replacing the alternate values of 0.5, - 1 . ,
and - 1 . for a, p and y, respectively, and performing
some simple algebraic manipulations, Eq. (21) can then
be approximated as
359
 -Experimental value —-*— Computed by simplified model (eq.22)

49

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52
Fig. 1 Sum of error of both training and testing data Input vector index
sets for some values of Nt
Fig. 3 Variation of deflection-thickness ratio using
the simplified model (Eq. 22) in comparison
with the experimental values
Training data ^ ^ Testing data ^
—4-
Deflectio i -thickness ra tio

Table 3 Root mean squares of errors (RMSE) of vari-

n rsA A i ous models for the experimental data of Bod-
/ 1/1 /V « A A ? \
ner and Symond [12]
fd 1/1 / \ A / U wW \

v V
' y Models RMSE
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 Hudson [7] 32.41
Input vector index
Symonds and Wierzbicki [8] 6.25
Fig. 2 Variation of deflection-thickness ratio using Lipman [9] 8.37
the obtained model (Eq. 21) in comparison
Jones [10] 14.00
with the experimental values
Batra and Dubey [11] 64.20
Nurick and Martin [2] 7.95
0.12/ R Simplified Model (Eq. 22) 2.89
2 (22)
t R(Pa0f Model (Eq. 21) 0.223
2
in which nR t has been alternatively used for
Fo/piate. Evidently, it can be seen from the models
been shown that the simple obtained model can suc-
given in Table 1, that the term {Rid) in the Eq. (22) is
cessfully predict the deflection compared with the ac-
the main difference, in addition to the constant coeffi-
tual experimental values. Moreover, the further sim-
cient in numerator of models which is found 0.12 in this
plified model represents some modifications to those
paper. Modifying those models by including these
which have been already reported in literature. The
values, {i.e., 0.12 as the constant coefficient and in-
methodology of this paper can readily be applied to find
cluding the term {Rla)) according to Eq. (22) is conse-
simple closed-form equations of complex real-world
quently proposed by this work. Figure 3 shows the
processes where some experimental input-output data
behavior of such simplified model again in comparison
pairs are available.
with the experimental data pairs. Table 3 also depicts
RMSE of various models, including those obtained in
this paper, applied to whole set of the experimental data.
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(Manuscript received April 24, 2009,
accepted for publication September 15, 2009.)
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