Curriculum

APPROVED
CURRICULUM
OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
(Revised December 26, 2016)
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL &

CONSERVATION SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF SWAT
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No Contents Page
1 Approved minutes of BOS 3-13
2 Curriculum of BS Environmental Sciences 14-84
3 Curriculum of M.Sc Environmental Sciences 85-122
4 Curriculum of MS/Mphil Environmental Sciences 123-157
5 Curriculum of PhD Environmental Sciences 158-192
2
3
He explained the aims and objectives of the meeting so as to bring curriculum in line with the
international standards keeping in view the national needs. After initial remarks and briefing on
the 1st meeting of the BoS held on February 20, 2014, the Convener open the forum for
discussion on agenda items one by one.
1) Agenda Item No. 1:
Subject: Approval of Courses and Syllabus for BS (Environmental Science) 4 years
program
Decision: Chairman of the BoS asked Mr. Sanaullah (Semester Coordinator), to brief the
honorable members regarding Courses/Syllabus of the BS Environmental Sciences 4 years
program. After detailed discussion on the item, all members of the BoS unanimously agreed and
approved the following:
i. For admission to BS Program of Environmental Sciences, the eligibility criteria should be
F.Sc (Pre-Medical/Pre-Engineering or other) with at least 45% marks.
ii. It was recommended by all members of the BoS that course contents of BS-
Environmental Science program should be in line with the HEC approved Curriculum
(Revised 2013).
iii. Uniform coding scheme should be thoroughly followed for the curriculum of BS
Environmental Science.
iv. It was recommended that existing scheme of studies of BS Environmental Science should
be followed with minor changes (Annex-I) in accordance with HEC‟s unified template.
v. The titles and contents of Biology-I and Biology-II should be revised and offered in
Semester 1 and 2 respectively.
vi. Environmental Physics (Foundation course) should be replaced by Population and
Environment in Semester 3.
vii. Since, minimum number of general courses should be 7 (21 credit hours) for BS
Environmental Sciences, Introduction to Forestry (3 credit hours; general course) should
be added in Semester 3.
viii. Because 4 elective courses (12 credit hours) within the major discipline are allowed as
per HEC guidelines, the course, Ecotourism should be removed from the new scheme.
ix. The title of course Environmental Governance (in HEC approved Curriculum) should be
read as Environmental Laws and Policies, the course contents should be remained the
same.
x. The courses Introduction to Statistics, Environmental Profile of Pakistan and
Environmental Laws and Policies should be revised as suggested by Prof. Dr. Hizbullah
Khan, Dr. Sardar Khan and Dr. Bushra Khan.
xi. The title Urban Environmental Management was changed to Urban Environment.
Similarly, the title Disaster Risk Management was changed to Disaster Management.
4
xii. Reshuffling of the General and Elective/ optional courses can be done by the Department
based on Teacher availability.
xiii. The BoS approved all courses, course codes and titles of the subjects (Annex-I) for BS
(Environmental Science) 4 years program.
2) Agenda Item No. II:
Subject: Approval of the courses for M.Sc. (Environmental Science) 2 years program
Decision: The semester Coordinator for M.Sc. Environmental Science, Dr. Javed Nawab
was asked to present agenda items. After thorough discussion on the captioned item, it was
recommended by all the members of the BoS that course titles, course code and course contents
of M.Sc. Environmental Science program should be in line with the scheme for BS
Environmental Science (semester 5th onward). Also, following are the decisions of the BoS:
i. For admission to M.Sc Program of Environmental Sciences, the eligibility criteria should
be B.Sc in Biological Sciences with at least 45% marks.
ii. All 4 semesters in M.Sc. 2 year program should comprise of 18 credit hours each.
iii. Uniform coding scheme should be thoroughly followed for the curriculum of M.Sc.
Environmental Science Course codes changed to as given in the approved Curriculum of
Botany (Revised 2013) by Higher Education Commission (where applicable).
iv. Reshuffling of courses between semesters is allowed in conditions like unavailability of
teachers and vice versa.
v. The BoS approved all courses, course codes and titles of the subjects (Annex-II) for
M.Sc. 2 year Environmental Science program.
3) Agenda Item No. III
Subject Approval of courses for MS/M.Phil and PhD (Environmental Sciences)
Decision: For admission to MS/M.Phil Program in Environmental Sciences, the eligibility
criteria should be Relevant Masters Degree/4-year education after intermediate (130 credit
hours), with minimum CGPA 2.5 in Semester system or second division in Annual System.
For admission in PhD Program in Environmental Sciences, the eligibility criteria should be
MS/M.Phil / 18 years education with a CGPA 3.0 in Semester System.
After thorough discussion on various MS/M.Phil and PhD courses, the BoS approved the
proposed courses and titles (Annex-III-V). A Seminar and Intensive Studies each with 01 credit
hour was also recommended for inclusion in the syllabus.
The meeting was adjourned with vote of thanks by the Chair.
5
Annexure-I
CURRICULUM OF BS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (04 YEAR PROGRAM)
Scheme of Studies for the Four-year Bachelor Degree in Environmental Sciences
st
1 Year Semester-I
S.No. Courses Course Code Credit Hrs
1 ENGLISH-I ENV- 301 3 (3-0)

2 PAKISTAN STUDIES ENV- 302 2 (2-0)
3 MATHEMATICS ENV- 303 3 (3-0)
4 BIOLOGY-I (Diversity of Plants) ENV- 304 3 (2-1)
5 BASIC CHEMISTRY ENV- 305 3 (2-1)
6 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ENV- 306 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 17
Semester-II
1 ENGLISH-II ENV- 307 3 (3-0)

2 ISLAMIC STUDIES ENV- 308 2 (2-0)
3 STATISTICS ENV- 309 3 (3-0)
4 INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCES ENV- 310 3 (2-1)
5 SOCIOLOGY ENV- 311 3 (3-0)
6 BIOLOGY-II (Animal Life) ENV- 312 3 (2-1)
Total Credit Hrs 17
2nd Year Semester-III

1 INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY ENV- 401 3 (2-1)
2 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ENV- 402 3 (3-0)
3 INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS ENV- 403 3 (3-0)
4 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 404 3 (3-0)
5 ENGLISH – III ENV- 405 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 15
Semester-IV
1 PSYCHOLOGY ENV- 406 3 (3-0)
2 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY ENV- 407 3 (2-1)
3 FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY ENV- 408 3 (3-0)
4 CLIMATOLOGY ENV- 409 3 (3-0)
5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ENV- 410 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 15
6
3rd Year Semester-V
1 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENV- 501 3 (2-1)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ENV- 502 3 (3-0)
3 ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY ENV- 503 3 (2-1)
4 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ENV- 504 3 (3-0)
5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN ENV- 505 3 (3-0)
6 APPLIED ECOLOGY ENV- 506 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 18
Semester- VI
1 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ENV- 507 3 (3-0)
2 GIS ANDREMOTE SENSING ENV- 508 3 (2-1)
3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ENV- 509 3 (2-1)
4 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION ENV- 510 3 (2-1)
5 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ENV- 511 3 (2-1)
6 URBAN ENVIRONMENT ENV- 512 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 18
4th Year Semester-VII
1 CLIMATE CHANGE ENV- 601 3 (3-0)
2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENV- 602 3 (2-1)
3 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ENV- 603 3 (3-0)
4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT ENV- 604 3 (3-0)
5 SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 605 3 (3-0)
6 RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENV- 606 3 (3-0)
SCIENCE
Total Credit Hrs 18
Semester-VIII
1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES ENV- 607 3 (3-0)
2 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 608 3 (3-0)
3 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ENV- 609 3 (3-0)
4 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ENV-610 3 (2-1)
5 RESEARCH PROJECT/INTERNSHIP/TWO 06
SPECIAL PAPERS
Total Credit Hrs 18
7
Annexure-II
CURRICULUM OF M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Year program)

Scheme of Studies for the Two-year M.Sc. Degree in Environmental Sciences
1st year Semester-I
S.No. Courses Course Credit Hrs
1 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL Code ENV- 501 3 (2-1)
SCI.
Total Credit Hrs 18
Semester- II
S.No. Courses Course Credit Hrs
1 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ENV-
Code 507 3 (3-0)
2 GIS & REMOTE SENSING ENV- 508 3 (2-1)
4 BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION ENV- 510 3 (2-1)
Total Credit Hrs 18
S.No Courses Course Credit Hrs
1 CLIMATE CHANGE ENV-
Code 601 3 (3-0)
6 RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCI. ENV- 606 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 18
Semester- IV
S.No Course Course code Credit
1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES ENV-607 3hours
(3-0)
2 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ENV-609 3(3-0)
4 ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY ENV-611 3(3-0)
5 RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP/ TWO SPECIAL 06
PAPERS
Total Credit Hrs 18
8
Annexure-III
CURRICULUM OF MS/MPhil ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Year program)

Scheme of Studies for the Two-year MS/Mphil Degree in Environmental Sciences
Semester- I
S.No Course Course code Credit hours
1 Research Methods in Environmental Science ENV-701 3(3-0)
2 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ENV-702 3(3-0)
3 Strategic Environmental Assessment ENV-703 3(3-0)
4 ELECTIVE 1 3(3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 12
Semester- II
S.No Course Course Credit
1 Environmental Analytical Techniques ENV-704
code hours
3(2-1)
2 ELECTIVE 2 3
3 ELECTIVE 3 3
4 ELECTIVE 4 3
rd th
3 &4 Research Work for Thesis 06
Semesters
Total Credit Hrs 30
9
Annexure-IV
CURRICULUM OF PhD ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (03 Year program)

Scheme of Studies for the Three-year PhD Degree in Environmental Sciences
Semester- I
1 Major 1 3
2 Major 2 3
3 Major 3 3
Total Credit Hrs 09-12
Semester- II
S.No Course Course Credit hours
1 Major 4 code 3
2 Major 5 3
3 Major 6 3
3 ,, 4th, 5th
rd
Research Work for Thesis
& 6th 09
semester
Total Credit Hrs 27
10
Annex-V
List of Course
Core Courses of MS/ M.Phil programme:
Titles Course Code Credit Hours
1. Research Methods in Environmental Sciences ENV-701 3(3-0)

2. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ENV-702 3(3-0)
3. Strategic Environmental Assessment ENV-703 3(3-0)
4. Analytical Techniques ENV-704 3(2-1)
Elective Courses:
Title: Course Code Credit Hours
1. Environmental Chemistry ENV-705 3(3-0)
2. Applied Environmental Microbiology ENV-706 3(2-1)
3. Freshwater Ecology / Limnology ENV-707 3(3-0)
4. Environmental Sociology ENV-708 3(3-0)
5. Disaster Risk Management ENV-709 3(3-0)
6. Marine Pollution Management ENV-710 3(3-0)
7. Epidemiology ENV-711 3(3-0)
8. Population Dynamics and Environment ENV-712 3(3-0)
9. Environmental Biotechnology ENV-713 3(2-1)
10. Wetland Management ENV-714 3(3-0)
11. Wildlife and Forest Conservation ENV-715 3(3-0)
12. Alternative Energy Sources ENV-716 3(3-0)
13. Remote Sensing & GIS ENV-717 3(2-1)
14. Environmental Risk Assessment and Management ENV-7 18 3(2-1)
15. Principles and Applications of Bioremediation ENV-719 3(3-0)
16. Sustainable Urban Planning and Management ENV-720 3(3-0)
17. Sustainable Agriculture ENV-721 3(3-0)
18. Health, Safety and Environmental Management ENV-722 3(2-1)
19. Energy and Environment ENV-723 3(3-0)
20. Carbon sequestration and Environment ENV-724 3(3-0)
21. Advances in Plant Ecology ENV-725 3(3-0)
22. Biological Conservation ENV-726 3(2-1)
23. Urban Ecology ENV-727 3(3-0)
24. Laboratory Management Practices ENV-728 3(1-2)
25. Restoration Ecology ENV-729 3(3-0)
26. Gender and Environment ENV-730 3(3-0)
27. Global Environmental Politics ENV-731 3(3-0)
28. Coastal Environment and Management ENV-732 3(3-0)
29. Agrochemicals in the Environment ENV-733 3(3-0)
30. Remediation Strategies for Contaminated Environment ENV-734 3(3-0)
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31. Treatment and Management of Wastewater ENV-735 3(3-0)
32. Environmental Application of Nanomaterials ENV-736 3(3-0)
33. Green Economy ENV-737 3(3-0)
34. Environmental Education ENV-738 3(2-1)
35. Polymers and the Environment ENV-739 3(3-0)
36. Environmental Geology ENV-740 3(3-0)
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Courses of Ph.D programme:
Titles Course Code Credit Hours
1. Research Methods in Environmental Sciences ENV-801 3(3-0)
2. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ENV-802 3(3-0)
3. Strategic Environmental Assessment ENV-803 3(3-0)
4. Analytical Techniques ENV-804 3(2-1)
5. Environmental Chemistry ENV-805 3(3-0)
6. Applied Environmental Microbiology ENV-806 3(2-1)
7. Freshwater Ecology / Limnology ENV-807 3(3-0)
8. Environmental Sociology ENV-808 3(3-0)
9. Disaster Risk Management ENV-809 3(3-0)
10. Marine Pollution Management ENV-810 3(3-0)
11. Epidemiology ENV-811 3(3-0)
12. Population Dynamics and Environment ENV-812 3(3-0)
13. Environmental Biotechnology ENV-813 3(2-1)
14. Wetland Management ENV-814 3(3-0)
15. Wildlife and Forest Conservation ENV-815 3(3-0)
16. Alternative Energy Sources ENV-816 3(3-0)
17. Remote Sensing & GIS ENV-817 3(2-1)
18. Environmental Risk Assessment and Management ENV-818 3(2-1)
19. Principles and Applications of Bioremediation ENV-819 3(3-0)
20. Sustainable Urban Planning and Management ENV-820 3(3-0)
21. Sustainable Agriculture ENV-821 3(3-0)
22. Health, Safety and Environmental Management ENV-822 3(2-1)
23. Energy and Environment ENV-823 3(3-0)
24. Carbon sequestration and Environment ENV-824 3(3-0)
25. Advances in Plant Ecology ENV-825 3(3-0)
26. Biological Conservation ENV-826 3(2-1)
27. Urban Ecology ENV-827 3(3-0)
28. Laboratory Management Practices ENV-828 3(1-2)
29. Restoration Ecology ENV-829 3(3-0)
30. Gender and Environment ENV-830 3(3-0)
31. Global Environmental Politics ENV-831 3(3-0)
32. Coastal Environment and Management ENV-832 3(3-0)
33. Agrochemicals in the Environment ENV-833 3(3-0)
34. Remediation Strategies for Contaminated Environment ENV-834 3(3-0)
35. Treatment and Management of Wastewater ENV-835 3(3-0)
36. Environmental Application of Nanomaterials ENV-836 3(3-0)
37. Green Economy ENV-837 3(3-0)
38. Environmental Education ENV-838 3(2-1)
39. Polymers and the Environment ENV-839 3(3-0)
40. Environmental Geology ENV-840 3(3-0)
Note: Additional courses approved for MS/M.Phil/Ph.D programs will be offered time to time. The
courses opted in MS/MPhil should not be opted/repeated in PhD. Further a Seminar and Intensive
Studies each with 01 credit hour are included in the syllabus.
13
CURRICULUM
OF
BS-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT
14
4 YEARS BS PROGRAMME LAY OUT
Foundation
General Courses
Compulsory Courses
(to be chosen from courses Courses
(the student has no choice)
offered by other departments) (Discipline
Specific)
9 courses 8 courses 10 courses
25 Credit Hours 24 Credit Hours 30 Credit Hours
Cr
Cr. Hr Cr. Hr .
Subject Subject Subject
Hr
ENGLISH I 3 3 Introduction to 3
Biology I
Environmental Science
3 3 Environmental 3
ENGLISH II Biology II
Chemistry
3 3 Fundamentals of 3
ENGLISH III Basic Chemistry
Ecology
2 3 Environmental 3
PAKISTAN STUDIES Sociology
Microbiology
ISLAMIC STUDIES 2 Introductory 3 Environmental 3
Economics Pollution
MATHEMATICS 3 3 3
Psychology Climatology
STATISTICS 3 3 Environmental Profile 3

Introduction to Forestry
of Pakistan
INTRODUCTION TO 3 3 Analytical Techniques 3
Urban Environment
COMPUTER in ES
INTRODUCTION TO 3 Population and 3
EARTH SCIENCES Environment
Research Methods in 3
Environmental Science
25 24 30
P.T.O
15
Major Courses Elective Courses
(including final year project/internship) (within the major discipline)
13 courses 4 courses
42 Credit hours 12 Credit hours
Subject Cr. Hr Subject Cr. Hr
Applied Ecology 3 Water Resources Management 3
Environmental Toxicology 3 Soil and Environment 3
Environmental Economics 3 Disaster Management 3
GIS & RS 3 Environmental Biotechnology 3
Environmental Management System 3 Solid Waste Management 3
Biodiversity and Conservation 3 Agro-ecology 3
Environmental Monitoring 3
Climate Change 3
Environmental Impact Assessment 3
Natural Resource Management 3
Health and Environment 3
Pollution Control Technologies 3
Final Year Project 6

OR
Internship
42 12
Total Cr. Hr: 133
16
CURRICULUM OF BS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (04 YEAR PROGRAM)
Scheme of Studies for the Four-year Bachelor Degree in Environmental Sciences
1st Year Semester-I
1 ENGLISH-I ENV- 301 3 (3-0)
2 PAKISTAN STUDIES ENV- 302 2 (2-0)
3 MATHEMATICS ENV- 303 3 (3-0)
4 BIOLOGY-I (Diversity of Plants) ENV- 304 3 (2-1)
5 BASIC CHEMISTRY ENV- 305 3 (2-1)
6 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ENV- 306 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 17
Semester-II
1 ENGLISH-II ENV- 307 3 (3-0)
2 ISLAMIC STUDIES ENV- 308 2 (2-0)
3 STATISTICS ENV- 309 3 (3-0)
4 INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCES ENV- 310 3 (2-1)
5 SOCIOLOGY ENV- 311 3 (3-0)
6 BIOLOGY-II (Animal Life) ENV- 312 3 (2-1)
Total Credit Hrs 17
1 INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY ENV- 401 3 (2-1)
3 INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS ENV- 403 3 (3-0)
4 POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 404 3 (3-0)
5 ENGLISH – III ENV- 405 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 15
Semester-IV
1 PSYCHOLOGY ENV- 406 3 (3-0)
2 ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY ENV- 407 3 (2-1)
3 FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY ENV- 408 3 (3-0)
4 CLIMATOLOGY ENV- 409 3 (3-0)
5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ENV- 410 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 15
17
3rd Year Semester-V
1 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENV- 501 3 (2-1)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Total Credit Hrs 18
Semester- VI
2 GIS AND REMOTE SENSING ENV- 508 3 (2-1)
3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ENV- 509 3 (2-1)
SYSTEMS
4 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION ENV- 510 3 (2-1)
6 URBAN ENVIRONMENT ENV- 512 3 (3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 18
4th Year Semester-VII
6 RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENV- 606 3 (3-0)
SCIENCE
Total Credit Hrs 18
Semester-VIII
1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES ENV- 607 3 (3-0)
2 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT ENV- 608 3 (3-0)
3 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ENV- 609 3 (3-0)
5 RESEARCH PROJECT/INTERNSHIP/TWO 06
SPECIAL PAPERS
Total Credit Hrs 18
Total Degree Credit Hours 124-136
18
1st Year SEMESTER 1st
ENGLISH-I (FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH) Course Code: ENV-301
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Parts of Speech,, Use of Articles
Week 2: Sentence Structure, Active and Passive Voice
Week 3: Active and Passive Voice, Practice in Unified Sentences
Week 4: Clause Structure, Clause and Sentence Structure, Transitive Verbs
Week 5: Intransitive Verbs, Punctuation, Punctuation
Week 6: Spelling. Comprehension, Comprehension
Week 7: General Topics for Discussion, Everyday Conversation
Week 8: Reading practice for Vocabulary building, Questions Answers Session
Week 9: Translation Skills, Practice on Translation Skills
Week 10: Paragraph Writing
Week 12: Presentation Skills
Week 16: Practice on Weak Areas
Course Outcomes:
The language skills and critical thinking of the students will be improved
Recommended books:
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 1 Third
edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313492
2. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third
edition. Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 0194313506
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise
Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 0 19 435405 7
Pages 20-27 and 35-41.
19
c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading. Upper Intermediate. Brain Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 453402 2.
d) Speaking
PAKISTAN STUDIES (COMPULSORY) Course Code. ENV-302

Credit hours 2(2-0)
Objectives:
• Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary
Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
• Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the
modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Historical Perspective
Week 2: Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Week 3: Ideological rationale with special reference to Allama Muhammad Iqbal
Week 4: Ideological rationale with special reference to Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali
Jinnah
Week 5: Factors leading to Muslim separatism
Week 6: People and Land: i) Indus Civilization; ii) Muslim advent; iii) Location and
geo-physical features
Week 7: Government and Politics in Pakistan
Week 8: Political and constitutional phases: a) 1947-58; b) 1958-71; c) 1971-77
Week 9: Political and constitutional phases: d) 1977-88; e) 1988-99; f) 1999 onward
Week 10: Contemporary Pakistan
Week 11: a) Economic institutions and issues
Week 12: b) Society and social structure
Week 13: c) Ethnicity
Week 14: d) Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
Week 15 e) Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Week 16: revision of the political and constitutional development
20
Course Outcomes:
On successful completion of this course, the students will get basic knowledge of
historical perspective of governance in Pakistan, the ideology of Pakistan and future
challenges in good governance.
Books Recommended:
1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan, The Macmillan Press Ltd 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan‟s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press,
2000.
3. S.M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan‟s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis.
Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Banglades., Washington: American Enterprise,
Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
6. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan KayyunToota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia, Club
Road, nd.
7. Amin, Tahir. Ethno -National Movement in Pakistan, Islamabad: Institute of Policy
Studies, Islamabad.
8. Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England: WmDawson&
sons Ltd, 1980.
9. Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1980.
10. Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad: National
Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
11. Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1967.
12. Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on
Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
13. Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard, 1987.
14. Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. Islamabad: National
Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.
21
MATHEMATICS-I Course Code. ENV-303
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
To prepare the students, with the essential tools of algebra to apply the concepts and the
techniques in their respective disciplines.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Preliminaries
Week 2: Real-number system, complex numbers
Week 3: Introduction to sets, set operations
Week 4: Functions, types of functions
Week 4: Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse
Week 5: Determinants, system of linear equations, Cramer‟s rule
Week 6: Quadratic Equations: Solution of quadratic equations
Week 7: Qualitative analysis of roots of a quadratic equations
Week 8: Equations reducible to quadratic equations, cube roots of unity
Week 9: Relation between roots and coefficients of quadratic equations
Week 10: Sequences and Series: Arithmetic progression, geometric progression
Week 11: Harmonic progression. Binomial Theorem
Week 12: Introduction to mathematical induction
Wee 13: Binomial theorem with rational and irrational indices
Week 14: Trigonometry
Week 15: Fundamentals of trigonometry
Week 16: Trigonometric identities.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the semester the students will be familiar with the essential tools of
algebra and other mathematical tools that will help them in their future assignments.
Recommended Books:
1. Dolciani MP, Wooton W, Beckenback EF, Sharron S, Algebra 2 and Trigonometry,
1978, Houghton & Mifflin.
2. Boston (suggested text).
3. Kaufmann JE, CollegeAlgebra and Trigonometry, 1987, PWS-Kent Company,
Boston.
4. Swokowski EW, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry (6th edition), 1986,
PWS-Kent Company, Boston.
22
BIOLOGY I (DIVERSITY OF PLANTS) Course Code. ENV-304
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
To introduce the students to the diversity of plants and their structures and significance.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction: Definition and concept of life, chemical basis of structure and
function of cell
Week 2: Chemical diversity of functional groups
Week 3: Molecular basis of life: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Week 4: Phospholipids in membrane systems, polypeptides in protein diversity
Wee 5: Enzymes as molecular tools in chemical transformations
Week 6: Nucleic acids, the molecule of genetic information, replication and protein
synthesis
Week 7: Overview of structure and function of cell organelles and cell cycle.
Comparative study of life form, structure, reproduction and economic
significance of Algae (Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Chara)
Week 7: Algae (Vaucheria, Pinnularia, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia)
Week 8; Fungi (Mucor, Penicillium, Phyllactinia, Ustilago, Puccinia, Agaricus)
Week 9: Fungi their implication on crop production and industrial applications
Week 10: Lichens (Physcia)
Week 11: Bryophytes: i) Riccia; ii) Anthoceros; iii) Funaria
Wee 12: Pteridophytes: i) Psilopsida (Psilotum); ii) Lycopsida (Selaginella)
Week 13: Pteridophytes iii) Sphenopsida (Equisetum); iv) Pteropsida (Marsilea)
Week 14 Gymnosperms: i) Cycas; ii) Pinus; iii) Ephedra
Wee15: Angiosperm: i) Dicot (Solanaceae)
Week 16: Angiosperm: ii) Monocot (Poaceae)
Lab Work:
Identification of chemical nature of different plant materials. Biochemical tests for
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Protein digestion by enzyme pepsin. Study of
mitosis in onion root tips. Culturing, maintenance, preservation and staining of
microorganisms. Study of morphology and reproductive structures of the types
mentioned in theory. Identification of various types mentioned from prepared slides and
fresh collections.
23
Course Outcomes:
On successful completion of this course, the students will have basic knowledge of
diversity of plants, their classification and environmental importance.
Recommended Books:
1. Lee, R.E. 1999. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, UK
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W. and Blackwell, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology.
4th ed. John Wiley and Sons Publishers.
3. Ingrouille , M. 1992. Diversity and Evolution of Land Plants. Chapman & Hall.
4. Mauseth, J.D. 2003. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology 3rd ed., Jones &
Bartlett Pub. UK.
5. Hussain, F. 2012. A Text Book of Botany and Biodiversity. Pak Book Empire.
6. Campbell Biology. Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L. and Wasserman, S.A.,
9thEdition, Pearson/ Benjamin Cummings Publishers, USA. 2010.
7. Cells, Lewis, B., Cassimeris, L., Lingappa, V. R., Plopper, G. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers. Canada, 2007.
BASIC CHEMISTRY Course Code. ENV-305

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The main objective of this course is to provide a basic knowledge and understanding of
chemistry and principles of chemical reactions. The course not only provides excellent
practice in basic chemistry, but also allows the rigorous development of experimental
schemes and analysis methods.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Periodic tables with emphasis on heavy metals
Week 2: Chemical Bonding
Week 3: Ionic, covalent, coordinate covalent bond
Week 4: Radioactivity and its environmental hazards
Week 5: General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (alcohols)
Week 6: General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (carbonyls)
Week 7: General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (esters)
Week 8: General chemistry of functional group of organic compound (carboxylic acids)
Week 9: General chemistry of functional groups of organic compounds (amines)
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Week 10: Aromatic compounds
Week 11: Ions, radicals
Week 12: Photochemical reactions
Week 13: Solution chemistry
Week 14: Surface chemistry
Week 15: Colloids chemistry
Week 16: Thermodynamics and chemical kinetics
Lab Work:
Preparation of molar, molal, normal solutions/buffers. Osmosis and Dialysis. Paper
Chromatography (one and two dimensional), Thin layer chromatography, Column
chromatography. Measurement of pH, EC and TDS in waste water. Use of titrimetric
and gravimetric analysis. Use of spectrophotometric techniques.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of semester the students will be get the basic knowledge of chemistry and
chemical reaction and various methods of analysis.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Ed. Jones and Barlett,
USA, 2005.
2. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry, Andrews, J.E., Brimblecombe, P.,
Jickells, T.D., Liss, P.S. and Reid, B.J., 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science, UK, 2004.
3. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Skoog, D.A., West, D.M. and Holler, F.J.,
8th Edition. Thomson and Brooks, Canada, 2004.
4. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge
University Press, UK, 2004.
5. Qualitative Chemical Analysis, Harris, D.C., 6th Edition. W.H. Freeman and
Company, USA, 2003.
6. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science, Clair Sawyer, Perry
McCarty, Gene Parkin, McGraw-Hill 2009.
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INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course Code. ENV-306
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
To introduce the students with basic concepts and the history of development of
Environmental Science as an academic discipline, its importance in human life, its
interdisciplinary nature and provide students with an understanding of the relationships
between different components of environment, current global, and national
environmental challenges for sustainable development.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction
Week 2: Basic concepts, history, nature and scope of Environmental Science
Week 3: Environmental Sciences and its contribution to society
Week 4: Different aspects of environment: physical, ecological, socio-economic,
ethical, philosophical
Week 5: Different aspects of environment: physical, ecological
Week 6: Different aspects of environment: socio-economic, ethical, philosophical
Week 7: Major components of environment: physico-chemical
Week 8: Major components of environment: biological and social
Week 9: Major components of environment: physico-chemical, biological and social,
and their relationships with various environmental factors
Week 10: Human environment and its problems: global
Week 11: Human environment and its problems: national, regional
Week 12: Environmental challenges for sustainable development
Week 13: Current and future trends in population growth
Week 14: Environmental pollution
Week 15: Development in industry and agriculture
Week 16: Urbanization, poverty and resource depletion.
Course Outcomes:
On completion of this course the students will be familiar with the basic concepts and
the history of development of Environmental Science as an academic discipline, its
importance in human life, its interdisciplinary nature and relationships between
different components of environment, current global, and national environmental
challenges for sustainable development.
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Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet, Botkin, D.B & Keller, E.A. 6th
Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
2. Environmental Science: systems and solutions, McKinney, M.L., Schoch, R.M.
&Yonavjak, L. 4th Ed. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2007
3. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future, Wright, R.T. &Nebel, B.J.
10th Ed. Pearson Educational, 2007.
4. Environmental Science: working with the Earth. Miller, G., Thomson Learning,
2005.
Semester-II
ENGLISH II (COMMUNICATION SKILLS) Course Code. ENV-307
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to the Course, Paragraph Writing
Week 3: Essay Writing
Week 4: Essay Writing
Week 5: CV and Job Application
Week 6: CV and Job Application
Week 7: Translation Skills
Week 8: General Discussion for Improving Communication Skills, Reading for
Vocabulary Building
Week 9: Study Skills (Skimming Scanning, Extensive Reading)
Week 10: Study Skills (Intensive Reading, Speed Reading), Summary Writing
Week 11: Précis Writing, Comprehension
Week 12: Letter Writing, Memo Writing
Week 13: Minutes of Meeting, Use of Library
Week 14: Use of Internet, Presentation Skills, Presentation Skills (Personality
Development)
Week 15: Presentation Skills (Content, Style, Pronunciation)
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Week 16: Showing Documentaries for Discussion, Questions Answers Session.
Course Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of this course, the communication skills will be improved
Recommended books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third
edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0 19 431350 6.
b) Writing
2. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-ChrisitineBoutin, Suzanne Brinand and Francoise
Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7
Pages 45-53 (note taking).
3. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth
Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406 5 (particularly good for writing memos,
introduction to presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills.
Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403 0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Riachard Yorky.
ISLAMIC STUDIES Course Code. ENV-308

Credit hours 2(2-0)
Objectives:
This course is aimed at:
1. To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2. To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3. To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4. To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and
religious life.
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Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Quranic Studies: 1) Basic Concepts of Quran; 2)History of
Quran; 3) Uloom-ul -Quran
Week 2: Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18)
Week 3: Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse
No-1-11), Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77),
Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Week 4: Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran, Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to
Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
Week 5: Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment,
Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)
Week 6: Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I, Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before
Prophet Hood), Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah, Important Lessons
Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Week 7: Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
Week 8: Introduction To Sunnah: 1) Basic Concepts of Hadith; 2)History of Hadith;
3)Kinds of Hadith; 4)Uloom –ul-Hadith; 5)Sunnah & Hadith; 6)Legal Position
of Sunnah
Week 9: Selected Study from Text of Hadith, Introduction To Islamic Law &
Jurisprudence
Week 10: Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence; History & Importance of
Islamic Law & Jurisprudence; Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence; Nature
of Differences in Islamic Law; Islam and Sectarianism
Week 11: Islamic Culture & Civilization: 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture &
Civilization; 2)Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization;
3)Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization; 4)Islamic Culture &
Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Week 12: Islam & Science: Basic Concepts of Islam & Science; 2)Contributions of
Muslims in the Development of Science; 3)Quranic & Science
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Week 13: Islamic Economic System: 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System;
2)Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics; 3)Islamic Concept of
Riba; 4)Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Week 14: Political System of Islam: 1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System;
2)Islamic Concept of Sovereignty; 3)Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Week 15: Islamic History: 1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida; 2)Period of Ummayyads;
3)Period of Abbasids
Week 16: Social System of Islam: 1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam;
2) Elements of Family; 3) Ethical Values of Islam
Course outcomes:
On successful completion of this course the students will:
1. Get Basic information about Islamic Studies
2. Enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3. Improve Students skill to perform prayers
4. Enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith and
religious life.
5. Improve the understanding of the students regarding Islamic Economics
Reference Books:
1. Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of Islam” , IRI, Islamabad
2. Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3. Hameed ullah Muhammad, „Introduction to Islam‟
4. Mulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi, Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the
Study of Islamic Law” leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
5. Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic Research Institute,
International Islamic University, Islamabad (1993).
6. Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes” Islamic
Book Service (1982)
7. H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society” Deep & Deep
Publications New Delhi (1989)
8. Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia” Allama Iqbal
Open University, Islamabad (2001).
30
STATISTICS Course Code. ENV-309
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce students to the basic concept of statistics
and its application in the field of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Definition and importance of Statistics in Agriculture
Week 2: Data, Different types of data and variables
Week 3: Classification and Tabulation of data, Frequency distribution stem-and-Leaf
diagram
Week 4: Graphical representation of data Histogram
Week 5: Frequency polygon, frequency curve
Week 6: Measure of Central tendency
Week 7: Definition and calculation of Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean
Week 8: Harmonic mean, Median quantiles
Week 9: Mode in grouped and ungrouped data
Week 10: Measure of Dispersion, Definition and Calculation of Range
Week 11: Mean deviation, Standard deviation and variance, coefficient of variation
Week 12: Interference Theory: Estimation and testing of hypothesis
Week 13: Type-I and type-II error
Week 14: Testing of hypothesis about mean
Week 15: Difference between two means using Z-test
Week 16: Difference between two means using t-test and Paired t-test.
Course outcomes:
At end of the semester the students will have basic knowledge of Statistics, its
application in Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. The students will also get basic
knowledge of different types of data and variables.
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part- I by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid Kamal
(Latest Edition)
2. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-II by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid
Kamal (Latest Edition)
31
3. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad
4. A Concise Course in A. Level Statistic with world examples by J. Crawshaw and J.
Chambers (1994)
5. Basic Statistics an Inferential Approach 2nd Ed. (1986) Fran II. Dietrich-II and
Thomes J. Keans.
INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCES Course Code. ENV-310

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
This course aims to provide knowledge about the basic concepts of geology and
geography. This will help the student to get the knowledge about different types of
rocks and minerals, the processes of their formation, different earth processes like
mountain buildings, earthquakes, weathering and erosion. The students will also be
introduced to work with different type of maps and GPS system.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Major components of Earth Systems: earth systems and their characteristics,
Geologic Time and processes, Geology as an historical science, scientific
methods and study of Earth‟s evolving systems
Week 2: Earth Systems: Processes and Interactions-Earth Solid System: components
and processes
Week 3: Rock cycle: Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks.
Practical and field work
Week 4: The Hydrosphere–hydrologic cycle, Ocean circulations
Week 5: The Biosphere–Biogeography, Energy relationships, biogeochemical cycles
Week 6: Sedimentary rocks and fossils, processes of weathering
Week 7: Biogenic sedimentary rocks, Chemical sedimentary rocks, Practical and field
work
Week 8: Marine environments, Coral Reefs, Continental Shelves
Week 9: Terrestrial Environments: Forests, Deserts, Glaciers and Lakes
Week 10: Time and Stratigraphy: Introduction, Relative ages, Absolute ages, Evolution
of Geologic time scale, why sea level is so important
Week 11: Plate tectonics, structure of earth, hypothesis of continental drift, Practical
and field work
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Week 12: Continental margins and plate boundaries types, features and behaviours,
tectonic cycles
Week 13: The Dynamic Earth and Natural Hazards: Earth Quake and Volcanoes, Land
instability
Week 14: Weather Hazards, Fires and Costal Hazards
Week 15: Humans and the Environment: introduction to Holocene, sea level rise
Week 16: Rapid climate change: at Millennial time scale, at Continental time scale and
at Multidecadal time scales.
Practical and Field Work:

Study of earth relief features with the help of topographical models and thematic maps.
Identification of samples of rocks and minerals. Use of Brunton compass and GPS. One
study tour in the field.
Course outcomes:
This course will provide knowledge about the basic concepts of geology and
geography, different types of rocks and minerals, the processes of their formation,
natural phenomena like earthquakes, weathering and erosion.
Recommended Books:
1. Earth Evolving System: The History of Planet Earth by Ronald Martin, Jones &
Bartlett Learning: LLC an Ascend Learning Company USA 2013
2. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., and
Tasa, D., 9thEdition, Prentice Hall; 2007
3. Historical geology: Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time, Wicander, R., and
Monroe, J., 5thEdition, Brooks/Cole, 2007
4. Earth Science, Tarbuck, E. J., Lutgens, F. K., and Tasa, D., 11th Edition, Prentice
Hall, 2005.
SOCIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-311

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
Sociology is the sociological study of societal interactions. After completing this course
the students will be able to explore the various forms of interaction between human
33
society focusing on the social dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made
environments.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Foundations of Sociology
Week 2: Foundations of Sociology
Week 3: Basic concepts and branches of sociology
Week 4: Basic concepts and branches of sociology
Week 5: Human Dimensions of Social Stratification in sociology
Week 8: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters
Week 11: Consumer Society
Week 12: Consumer Society
Week 13: Rotating topic seminars in Sociology
Course Outcomes:
After successful completion of the course the students will be able to explore the
various forms of interaction between human society focusing on the social dimensions
of the surrounding natural and human-made environments.
Recommended Books:
1. Gottlieb, Robert. 2005. Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American
Environmental Movement. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
2. Guha, Ramachandra. 2000. Environmentalism: A Global History. New York:
Longman
34
BIOLOGY II (Animal Diversity) Course Code. EVN-312
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to introduce the students with basic concepts of animal
diversity in life and environmental sciences. Animals and their relationship with the
environment. Provide understanding about taxonomic characteristics and classification
of different phylum and Develop concepts of evolutionary relationship of animal
kingdom.
Course Contents:
Wee 1: Scope of Zoology: Introduction; significance and applications of zoology
Week 2: Animal diversity; the scientific method; environment and world resources
Wee 3: The Chemical Basis of Animal Life: Brief introduction to biomolecules;
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Week 4: Animal tissues: Types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue;
organs and organ systems
Week 5: Invertebrate Zoology: basic concepts of invertebrate zoology, occurrence,
distribution and environmental importance of molluscs, crustacean and annelid
Week 6: Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water: locomotory adaptations, nutrition and the
digestive system, circulation, gas exchange
Week 7: Excretion and osmoregulation, reproduction and development
Week 8: Amphibians: The first terrestrial vertebrates: Structure and locomotory
adaptations, nutrition and the digestive system
Week 9: Circulation, gas exchange, temperature regulation, reproduction, development,
and metamorphosis
Week 10: Reptiles: The First Amniotes: cladistic interpretation of the amniotic lineage
Week 11: Adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation
Week 12: Birds: Feathers, flight and endothermy: ancient birds and the evolution of
flight; diversity of modern birds
Week 13: Adaptation in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, and regulation, migration and navigation
Week 14: Mammals: Specialized teeth, endothermy, diversity of mammals
35
Week 15: Adaptations in external structure and locomotion, nutrition and the digestive
system, circulation, gas exchange, and temperature regulation
Week 16: Behaviour, reproduction and development
Note: Be focus on one specie of environmental significance from each Class/Phylem.
Practical:
Museum study of: Protochordates, Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia, Field
trips to study animal diversity in an ecosystem. Ecological notes on animals of a few
model habitats. Field observation and report writing on animals in their ecosystem (a
terrestrial and an aquatic ecosystem study).
Course Outcomes:
Upon completion of this course students will be able to identify animals of different
taxonomic categories. Understand the scope of Zoology. Understand the evolution of
chordates and analyze the adaptive changes that have occurred in vertebrates.
Recognise, describe, and point out the external and internal features that characterise
the major groups of modern day vertebrates. Communicate knowledge and findings
clearly both orally and in writing.
Books Recommended:
1. Molles, M.C. 2005. Ecology: Concepts and Applications. 6th Ed. McGraw Hill,
New York, USA.
2. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S. and Larson, A. 2004. Integrated Principles of
Zoology, 12th Ed. (International), Singapore: McGraw Hill.
3. Hickman, C.P., Roberts, L.S., Larson, A. 2011. Integrated Principles of Zoology,
15th Ed. (International). Singapore: McGraw Hill.
4. Campbell, N.A. Biology, 9th Ed. 2011. Menlo Park, California:
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. Miller, S.A. and Harley, J.B. 2010.
Zoology, 8th Edition (International) Singapore: McGraw Hill.
5. Miller, S.A. 2002. General Zoology Laboratory Manual. 5th Ed. (International),
Singapore: McGraw Hill.
36
2nd Year Semester -III
INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY Course Code. ENV-401
Credit Hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
To orientate the students with forests, their importance and issues concerning forest
protection.
Course Outlines:
Week1: Definition of forest and forestry
Week 2: Forest resources of Pakistan and provinces
Week 3: Distribution of forests in different ecological zones with species composition
Week 4: Distribution of forests in different ecological zones with species composition
Week 5: Economic and environmental importance of forests
Week 6: Social and environmental importance of forests
Week 7: Main issues in protections of forest resources in Pakistan
Week 8: Main issues in development of forest resources in Pakistan
Week 9: Main issues in development of forest resources in Pakistan
Week 10: Measures taken for protection
Week 12 Development of forest resources
Week 13: Development of forest resources (legal)
Week 14: Development of forest resources (technical)
Week 15: Development of forest resources (social)
Week 16: Development of forest resources (financial).
Practical:
Orientation to various forest of different ecological zones and forest resources. Study
forest types, species growth, economic social, ecological and environmental aspects of
forestry.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of semester the students will have basic knowledge of forests, different types
of forest resources of Pakistan and their importance and issues concerning forest
protection.
Recommended Books:
1. Champion, H.G., Seth, S.K. and Khattak, G.M. (1965): Forest Types of Pakistan,
Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
2. The State of Forestry in Pakistan, (annual reports) Forest Economics Branch,
Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
37
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Course No. ENV-402
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to impart basic computing skills necessary for use of
digital support to modern education for acquiring knowledge through offline and online
resources, analysis of data, composition of data and presentation of data in the in
efficient and effective way.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Definition and Types of computers
Week 2: Classification of computers
Week 3: Hardware: Input Hardware
Week 4: Storage hardware, processing hardware, output hardware
Week 5: Software: Application software
Week 6: System software, software packages
Week 7: Operating system (Windows)
Week 8: Internet, e-mail
Week 9: Local Area Network
Week 10: Configurations
Week 11: Introduction to MS-Word
Week 12: Introduction to Ms-Excel
Week 13: Introduction to Ms-Power Point
Week 14: Introduction to Ms-Access
Week 15: Revision and Practice on MS-Word, Ms-Excel
Week 16: Revision and Practice on Ms-Power Point, Ms-Access.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the student will be able to impart basic computing
skills necessary for use of digital support to modern education for acquiring knowledge
through offline and online resources, analysis of data, composition of data and
presentation of data in the in efficient and effective way.
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Computer. Long, l and Long, N. 6th Ed. 2001.
2. Microsoft office 2000. Courter, G and Marquis, A. BPB publication. 1999.
38
INTRODUCTRY ECONOMICS Course No. ENV-403
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The course aims to introduce the fundamental concepts of economics and provide
understanding about economic development and economic growth. It discusses the
impacts of economic activity on environment and sustainable development.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to economics
Week 2: Scope and fundamental concepts of Economics
Week 3: Consumer behavior, Producer behavior, and Resource allocation
Week 4: Optimum utilization of resources from consumer, producer and community
point of view
Week 5: Economic development, economic progress, economic growth, economic
welfare and difference among all
Week 6: Man environmental relationship, Impact of economic activity on environment
Week 7: Sustainable development, Measures for sustainable development
Wee 8: Sustainable development in developed and developing countries. Pakistan
economic context
Week 9: National income, concepts and measurement, Growth and development,
poverty, Growth and Environment
Week 10: Environmental economics
Week 11: Economic management and environmental quality
Week 12: Economic growth and its measurement
Week 13: Population and environmental quality
Week 14: Natural resources and the economy
Week 15: Interaction between ecology and economic management.
Week 16: Economic functions of environment
Course Outcomes:
The students after successful completion of this course will:
• Get understand the fundamental concepts of economics
• Provide understanding about economic development and economic growth.
• Relationship between economic, environment and sustainable development.
39
Recommended Books:
1. Economic Development, Todaro, M. P., 7th Ed. Wesely Publishers. USA, 2008.
2. Development Economics through the Decades: A Critical Look at 30 Years of the
World Development Repor, Yusuf, S. The World Bank's annual World
Development Report. World Bank Publications. USA, 2008.
3. World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. World Bank
Publications. USA, 2008.
4. Environmental Economics in Theory and Practice. Hanley, N., Shogren, J. and
White, B. Palgrave Macmillan. USA, 2007.
5. Economics. Michel Parkin. 5th Ed. Addison Wesley. 2004.
6. Economics. Samualson and Nordhaus. 18th Ed. McGraw-Hills, Inc. 2004.
7. Economics. Lipsey and Crystal. Oxford University Press. 1999.
POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT Course No. ENV-404

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course will give the students basic understanding about the human population and
its interaction with environment. This will also help them to learn about resource
utilization, social and economic services.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Environment and Man: The Earth as humanity‟s home, Changes in global
environments
Week 2: Human origins and dispersals and human settlements
Week 3: Nature and field of population studies
Week 4: Historical outline of world population growth, importance and development of
population studies
Week 5: Different concepts and theories, relations of the subject to environment and
other disciplines
Week 6: Population composition
Week 7: Urban and rural character, biological characteristics, cultural characteristics
Week 8: World distribution of population
Week 9: Population diversity and distribution
Week 10: Factors influencing population distribution: physical i.e. environmental
factors, culture and technological factors, temporal and political factors
40
Week 11: Interaction between population distribution and environmental, economic,
political and other factors
Week 12: Components of population growth
Week 13: World patterns and trends of fertility, world patterns and trends of mortality
Week 14: Causes and consequences of migration and regional variations
Week 15: Demographic and epidemiological transition models
Week 16: Population policies and their impacts on environment at local, regional and
international levels
Course Outcomes:
At the end of semester the students will have the basic understanding of human
population, historical view of human population, population interaction with the
environments and consequences of over population.
Recommended Books:
1. Angus I. and Butler, S. Too Many People? Population, Immigration, and the
Environmental Crisis. Haymarket Books, P.O. Box 180165, Chicago, IL 60618.
2011.
2. Shyrock, H.S. and Siegel, J.S. The methods and Materials of Demography.
Academic Press, New York. 2004.
ENGLISH III (Technical Writing and Presentation Skills) Course No. ENV-405
Credit hours 3(3-0)

Objectives:
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Intro to the Course, Presentation Skills Preparing a Presentation
Week 2: Organizing Presentation Materials, Writing a Presentation, Deciding the
Presentation Method
Week 3: Managing Presentation Notes, Working with Visual Aids, Coping with
Presentation Nerves
Week 4: Presentation by Students
Week 5: Presentation by Students
Week 6: Essay Writing (Introduction, Body, Conclusion)
Week 7: Descriptive Writing, Narrative Writing, Discursive Writing
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Week 8: Argumentative Writing, Reading for Vocabulary Building, Reading for
Vocabulary Building
Week 9: Writing a Proposal, Research Paper Writing, Term Paper Writing
Week 10: Research Paper (Style, Content, Language)
Week 11: Research Paper (Form, Clarity, Consistency)
Week 12: Technical Report Writing, Introduction, Format of Technical Writing
Week 13: Progress Report Writing, Introduction, Format of Progress Report Writing
Week 14: Articles Reading and Analysis, Media Reports Reading, Critical Analysis of
Reports
Week 15: Reading for Vocabulary Building, General Discussion
Week 16: General Discussion, Questions and Answers Session.
Recommended books:
Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
a) Essay Writing and Academic Writing
1. Writing. Advanced by Ron White. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Third Impression
1992. ISBN 0 19 435407 3 (particularly suitable for discursive, descriptive,
argumentative and report writing).
2. College Writing Skills by John Langan. Mc=Graw-Hill Higher Education. 2004.
3. Patterns of College Writing (4th edition) by Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R.
Mandell. St. Martin‟s Press.
b) Presentation Skills
c) Reading
The Mercury Reader. A Custom Publication. Compiled by norther Illinois University.
General Editiors: Janice Neulib; Kathleen Shine Cain; Stephen Ruffus and Maurice
Scharton.
42
Semester-IV
PSYCHOLOGY Course No. ENV-406
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objective:
This course will give the basic knowledge to students about psychology and its
applications and uses in the field of environmental sciences.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to psychology, Fields of psychology
Week 2: Fields of psychology, Application of psychology in world and Pakistan
Week 3: Historical Back ground
Week 4: Schools of psychology
Week 5: What are research methods, types research, Descriptive research and
experimental research
Week 6: Experimental research 2: Characteristics of environmental psychology
Week 7: Environmental Cognition and Perception
Week 8: Theories of behavior
Week 9: What is Behavior and types of Behavior, What is Emotion, types of emotion,
what is motivation, role of motivation
Week 10: Psychological concerns with weather
Week 11: Psychological concerns with climate
Week 12: Psychological theories about disaster
Week 13: Disaster impact on primary victims, Disaster impact on secondary victims
Week 14: High population density, what is population, Advantages and disadvantages
of population
Week 15: The psychological impacts of density population
Week 16: Methods in psychology for daily life routine.
Course Outcomes:
On successful completion of this course the students will have basic knowledge of
psychology, it historical view and applications and uses in environmental sciences.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Psychology. 5th Edition. Bell, P.A., Greene, T.C., Fisher J.D. and
Baum A. Taylor and Francis Group Publisher. CRC Press, Routledge, London.
2001.
43
2. Fundamental of Psychology. Eysenck, M.W. Taylor and Francis Group Publisher.
CRC Press, Routledge, London, 1992.
3. Introduction to Psychology by Fernald, L.D.,& Fernald, P.S.(2005),WMC Brown
Publishers, USA.
4. Introduction to psychology(13thed.) by Atkinson R. C., & Smith E. E. (2000).
5. Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
6. Approaches to Psychology by Glassman, W. E. (2000). Open University Press, UK.
7. Foundation of Psychology (3rded.) by Hayes, N. (2000).
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Course No. ENV-407

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
This course will provide an awareness and understanding to the students about the role
of microorganisms in the environment. After completion of this course, students will be
able to understand the significance, role and applications of microorganisms in the
environment.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction and history of environmental microbiology
Week 2: Groups of microorganisms: protozoans, algae and fungi (general
characteristics)
Week 3: Groups of microorganisms: bacteria and viruses(general characteristics)
Week 4: Bacterial cell structure and metabolism
Week 5: Eubacteria and archea
Week 6: Characterization of bacterial colonies and cells
Week 7: Environmental factors affecting the microbial growth
Week 8: Microbial genetics (Conjugation, transformation and transduction)
Week 9: Microbial interactions
Week 10: Role of microbes in environment/industry
Week 11: Biogeochemical cycles, (CO2, N, S, Photosynthesis)
Week 12: Biogeochemical cycles, (P, Fe, Hg, O2, Hydrological)
Week 13: Food and health
Week 14: Biological warfare agents
Week 15: Biodegradation
Week 16: Bioremediation
44
Lab Work:
Introduction to basic techniques for sterilization/disinfection, isolation, purification and
characterizations, Dilution plate technique, Mean plate count, microscopy.
Measurement of bacterial growth.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the semester the students will get familiar with microorganisms, its
distribution, role, significance and applications of in the environment.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Microbiology, Maier, F.M., Pepper, I.L. and Gerba, C.P. 2nd
Edition, Academic Press, London, UK, 2009.
2. Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology, Sylvia, D.M., Fuhrmann, J.J.,
Hartel, P.G. and Zuberer, D.A. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 2005.
3. Microbiology, Prescott, L.M., Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A. McGraw-Hill Inc.,
USA, 2007.
4. Microbiology. Pelczar M.J., Chan, E.C. and Krige, N.R. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New
York. 1986.
5. Environmental Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, peppor,I.L.,Gerba,C.P. and
Brendecke,J.W. and Jeffery, W.B. Academic Press, USA, 1995.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY Course No. ENV-408

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
Objectives
To develop an understanding in the about ecology, its fundamental concepts,
description of population, community, Ecosystem and its types, biogeography, and
systems ecology.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction and branches of ecology
Week 2: Levels of ecological organization: species Population, community and
ecosystem
Week 3: Levels of ecological organization: species Population, community and
ecosystem
Week 4: Abiotic and biotic factors
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Week 5: Concepts of limiting factors
Week 6: Habitat and niche
Week 7: Populations: distribution and abundance
Week 8: Population dynamics and distribution limits
Week 9: Community: organization and various concepts, community dynamics
Week 10: Ecosystem: structure and function
Week 11: Energy flow
Week 12: Material cycling within ecosystem and carrying capacity
Week 13: Biomes of the world
Week 14: Ecological production
Week 15: Primary and secondary productivity
Week 16: Productivity of different ecosystems
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will be able to define and explain ecology,
its major braches, ecology and ecosystems major biomes and its relation with the
environment.
Recommended Books
1. Ecology (principles and applications). Chapman, J.L and Reiss, M J. 1st Ed.
Cambridge University Press, UK, 1992.
2. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum, E P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Ed. Thomson
Brooks/Cole, 2004.
3. Ecology (concepts and applications.) Moles, M C J 1st ed. WCB/McGraw-Hill.
New York, 1999.
4. Fundamentals of Ecology. Dash, M. C. Tata McGraw-Hill. New Delhi. 2001
5. Biogeography (an ecological and evolutionary approach).Cox, C. B. and More, J.
6th Ed. King‟s College London, UK. 2000.
6. Elements of Ecology. Thomas M. Smith and Robert L. Smith. 8th Ed. Benjamin
Cummings, 2012
46
CLIMATOLOGY Course No. ENV-409
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide know-how regarding Earth's climate and
weather systems, processes and the relationships between the atmosphere and climate.
Concepts of climate of Pakistan will also be provided.
Course outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Climatology and a brief History
Week 2: Four Spheres of the Earth
Week 3: Weather and Climate
Week 4: Vertical structure of the Atmosphere
Week 5: Heat and the Earth's atmosphere
Week 6: Radiation and climate
Week 7: Solar radiations
Week 8: Mechanism of heat transfer
Week 9: The Hydrologic cycle
Week 10: Condensation and cloud Formation
Week 11: Cloud Classification, Clouds and vertical motion in the atmosphere
Week 12: Air pressure, Factors affecting air Pressure
Week 13: Surface winds, local winds, global circulation
Week 14: The climate of Pakistan
Week 15: Concept of Seasons in the classification of climate
Week 16: Climatic zones of Pakistan
Course Outcomes:
After successful completion of the course the students will have basic knowledge of
global climate, the factors affecting climate, and climate and climatic zones of Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. The Physics of Atmospheres, Houghton J, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
2. Climatology, A. Austin Miller, 9th Edition SHUBHI Publications.
3. The Atmosphere,Lutgens.F.K.,Tarbuck.E.J., 6th Edition.
4. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics - From Air Pollution to Climate Change
Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros, N. - 2nd Editions. John Wiley and Sons, 2006
5. The Meteorology of Pakistan: The climate and weathers of Pakistan.Shamshad,
K.M. Royal Book Company, Sadder, Karachi, 1988.
47
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Course No. ENV-410
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The course is focused on introducing environmental pollution, its sources and their
effects. It will also cover the existing laws related to pollutants in Pakistan and the
conventions ratified internationally.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to Environmental pollution
Week 2: Sources, and causes
Week 3: Types of Environmental pollution
Week 4: Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Marine and Industrial pollution
Week 5: Types of pollutants: Physical, chemical and biological
Week 6: Chemistry of Environmental Pollutants
Week 7: Fate of Environmental Pollutants
Week 8: Characteristics of Domestic & Industrial effluents
Week 9: Effects of Pollutants on human & other living organisms
Week 10: Treatment Technologies for Pollutants: Industrial and Domestic
Week 11: Solid Waste generation, Collection, transportation and treatments
Week 12: Hazardous Waste Management and Disposal
Week 13: Monitoring of Environmental Pollution; Pollution Control Strategies
Week 14: Environmental Laws
Week 15: Pollutants Guidelines
Week 16: International Protocols (BASEL Convention); Case Studies.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course the students will be able to describe pollution, types of
pollution, major causes and environmental and human health effects of pollution.
Recommended Books:
1. Understanding Environmental Pollution, Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge UK, 2005.
2. Environmental Pollution and Control. Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F.,andVesilaind, P.A.
4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998.
3. Environmental Contaminants: Assessment &ControlDairel, A.V., Academic Press,
USA, 2005.
48
4. Handbook of Industrial Waste Treatment, Lawrance K.W., Marcel Dekkar, 1992.
5. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. American Public
Health Association (APHA), 2003.
6. Environment Pollution: Types, Sources & Management. Ghafoor, A., G. Murtaza,
M.Z. Rehman, M. Sabir, H.R. Ahmad and Saifullah. Allied Book Centre, Lahore,
Pakistan. 2012.
3rd year Semester V

ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Course No. ENV-501 Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The course educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments and
analytical procedures and make their skills about practical aspects of environmental
science more productive.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Quality assurance in an Environmental Science laboratory
Week 2: Biomarkers in environmental assessment
Week 3: Purposes and designs of environmental sampling
Week 4: Sample preservation methods
Week 5: Standard solutions and standard curves
Week 7: Chromatography (Paper, thin Layer)
Week 8: Chromatography (Gas, HPLC)
Week 9: Conductivitymetry
Week 10: Titrimetery
Week 11: Gravimetery
Week 12: Spectroscopy Chromatography
Week 13: Principles and procedure for Potentiometery
Week 15: Determination of chemical characteristics of water and waste water (pH, All
Solids, BOD, COD, Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N)
Week 16: Soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity & sodicity).
49
Lab Work:
S.I. and derived S.I. units. Sample collection, handling, preparation and storage.
Analytical techniques for soil, water and plant analysis. Data interpretation for quality
control, precision and accuracy. Preparation of Standard solutions and Standard curve.
Use of Potentiometery, Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery, Gravimetery, Spectroscopy
and Chromatography for the analysis of environmental samples. Determination of
chemical characteristics of water and waste water (pH, All Solids, BOD, COD,
Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N), soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity &
sodicity).
Course Outcomes:
The course will educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments &
analytical procedures and will improve their skills about practical aspects of
environmental science.
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edition. Skoog, D. A., West, D. M. and
F. J. Holler. Thomson and Brooks, 2004.
2. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. A Greenberg
(American Public Health Association), 2005.
3. Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Edition. Harris, D. C., Freeman & Co., New
York, 2003.
4. Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual.Peverill, K.L., L.A. Sparrow and D.J.
Reuter. CSIRO Publ., Collingwood, Australia, 1999.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Course No. ENV-502

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course is designed to provide knowledge about different chemical process
occurring in the environment, various physical and chemical methods to minimize
pollution and adverse effects of various pollutants on human health and toxicity.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Concept and scope of environmental chemistry
Week 2: Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere
50
Week 3: Temperature changes in the atmosphere, units to describe atmospheric
chemistry, chemical reactions in the atmosphere
Week 4: Sources and effects of following pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide,
Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide
Week 5: Volatile organic compounds, automobile pollutants
Week 6: Industrial smog, Photochemical smog, production of hydroxyl radical, their
reaction with hydrocarbons
Week 7: Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates
Week 8: Chemistry of ground level air pollution
Week 9: Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone
Week 10: Hydroxyl Radical cycle, NO cycle, the chlorine cycle, Null cycles
Week 11: Effects of ozone depletion on human health and environment, Green
chemistry, its principles
Week 12: Water pollution, Types of water pollutants oxidation Reduction reactions in
aqueous systems
Week 13: Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids
Week 14: Toxic organic compounds, pesticides, organochlorine insecticides,
carbamates
Week 15: Accumulation in biological systems
Week 16: Biomagnification and Biodegradation. Toxic heavy metals and their
Bioaccumulation.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide fundamental knowledge about different chemical process
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Chemistry.Ibanez, J.G., Hernandez-Esparza, M., Doria-Serrano, C.,
Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany. 2008.
2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Edition. Jones and Barlett,
USA, 2005.
3. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry,Andrews, J.E., Brimblecombe, P.,
4. Environmental Science, Miller, G.T., Thomson-Brooks, Canada, 2004.
51
5. Environmental Chemistry, Samir, K., Banerji Prentice Hall of India, India, 1999.
6. Environmental Chemistry. Baird Collin and Michael Cann. W.H. Freeman and
Company, New York USA. 2008.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Course No. ENV-503

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The course introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of environmental chemicals,
from natural and anthropogenic sources, on human and other living organisms and
focuses on providing knowledge related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose
response relationship in living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic)
effects on organ system, their containment and control strategies.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Toxicology: History, toxicology of chemicals; terminologies:
Poisons, toxins vs toxicants
Week 2: Anthropogenic chemicals as toxicants; Classification of environmental
toxicants: Natural & anthropogenic
Week 3: Toxicological agents and their types based on chemical structures
Week 4: Biological effects, long-term (Chronic) and short-term (Acute) effects
Week 5: Chemical interactions and their types
Week 6: Synergism, Potentiation and Addition; dose and dose response relationship
Week 7: Threshold limit for chemicals, toxins & toxicants
Week 8: Toxicity: Types and its measurement
Week 9: Organs, Organ system and effects of toxicants on Organ system
Week 10: Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications
Week 11: Toxicant metabolism and accumulation in body organs and pathways
Week 12: Response of the body systems to toxicological agents
Week 13: Immunological considerations in toxicology
Week 14: Toxicological testing techniques: in vitro & in vivo techniques
Week 15: Toxicity screening using microbial systems
Week 16: Risks and their characterization: risk assessment and management.
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Laboratory Work:
Analysis of toxins, Dose-response relationship and D/R Curves. In vitro &In vivo
techniques for toxicity testing. Proposed techniques (at least one of these); Ames test,
Comet assay, CAM, TTC and Immuno-fluorescent assay or microscopic observation of
changes in plant cell morphology after exposure to toxic substances.
Course Outcomes:
The course will introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of environmental
chemicals, from various sources, on human and other living organisms and will focus
on providing knowledge related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose response
relationship in living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects on
organ system, their containment and control strategies.
Recommended Books:
1. Essentials of Environmental Toxicology, Hughes, W. Williams, CRC Press Llc; 1st
Edition, 1996.
2. Casarrett&Doull‟sToxicology- Science of Poisons , Klassen, W.D., 5th Edition,
McGrawhill, USA, 2005.
3. Environmental Toxicants (Human exposure and their Health Effects) Lippmann,
M, 1st Edition. Van Nostrand and Reinhold New York, USA. 1992.
4. General and Applied Toxicology, Ballantyne, B.M, T and Turner, P. (ed.), Vol.1 &
2, Macmillan Press Ltd. USA, 1993.
5. Environmental Toxicology: Biological and health effects of pollutants. Yu M.H.,
Tsunoda H. and Tsunoda M. 3rd Edition. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
2011.
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Course No. ENV-504

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course provide the students the application of natural laws and principles in
economics to develop their understanding of internalization of externalities.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Basic concepts in environmental economics
Week 2: The Economy and the Environment
53
Week 3: Benefits and Costs
Week 4: The equilibrium principle
Week 5: Marginal cost and supply
Week 6: Economic efficiency and market
Week 7: Markets and Social Efficiency
Week 8: External costs and external benefits
Week 9: Pollution Control-a general model
Week 10: Pollution damages and abatement costs
Week 11: Valuing the environment
Week 12: Measuring environmental benefits; contingent valuation
Week 13: The travel cost method and the hedonic approach
Week 14: The value of life, health, risk and safety
Week 15: Economic Development and Environment
Week 16: Natural resource economics.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide the students the application of natural laws and principles in
economics.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Economics: An Introduction. Field, B.C.and Field, M.K. 3rd
Edition McGraw-Hill/Irwin,UK,2002.
2. Environmental Economics. Kolstad, C.D. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
3. Environmental economics: An elementary introduction. Turner,R.K., Pearce, D.W.
and Batemen, I. Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, 1993.
4. Environmental Economics: Theory, Application and Policy. Chapman, D., 2000.
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
5. Economics and the Environment, Goodstein E.S., 2002. 3rd Ed., John Wiley &
Sons. Inc.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN Course No. ENV-505

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
To provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the environmental resource
base of Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for sustainable development.
54
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to history of the region; features: land, geography, people,
culture, health, education
Week 2: Ecological: ecological zones, major ecosystems, topographic zones; economic
Week 3: Agriculture, Industry, water resources, urbanization and pollution
Week 4: Pakistan's environmental setting: location and extent, Physical setting, Biotic
setting
Week 5: Human habitat, Environment and Development: Resource Trends
Week 6: Population Trends and Development trends
Week 7: Terrestrial Ecosystem: the four destroyers. Deforestation and Forest
Degradation
Week 8: Erosion and Sedimentation, Desertification, Species Extinction
Week 9: Aquatic ecosystem: Use and Misuse: aquatic Ecosystem and Development,
Aquatic resources, Aquatic Pollution
Week 10: Atmospheric Ecosystem: Defeating complacency, development and
atmospheric ecosystem, Air pollution
Week 11: Saving the non-renewables, Enhancing the Renewables
Week 12: Rain fall trends in different climate zones of Pakistan
Week 13: The environmental challenges and agricultural problems facing Pakistan
Week 14: Various aspects for Pakistan's geography, economy, and population
Week 15: Khyber pakhtunkhwa climate change policy, flood, drought, earthquakes
Week 16: Khyber pakhtunkhwa – an ecological classification, Climate hazards in
khyber pakhtunkhwa, climate change adaptation. Climate change and
mitigation.
Course Outcomes:
The course will provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the
environmental resources present in Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for
sustainable development.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Profile of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan (Environment and
Urban Division Islamabad, 1988
2. National Conservation Strategy Government of Pakistan Ministry of Environment
and IUCN – 1993.
55
3. Salma, S., Rehman, S., & Shah, M. A. (2012). Rainfall trends in different climate
zones of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 9.
4. Khan, F. K. (1991). A geography of Pakistan: environment, people and economy.
Oxford University Press.
5. State of the Environment-Pakistan, Government of Pakistan,2005.
6. Climate Change Policy Environmental Protection Agency Government of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department June 2016.
APPLIED ECOLOGY Course No. ENV-506

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
To make the students aware of the concepts of applied ecology and understand some
major environmental issues such as global climate change, sustainable agriculture,
conservation of resources in ecological perspectives, their management and ecological
restoration.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction, Background and scope, Application of ecological knowledge in
solving different environmental issues
Week 2: Energy and carbon balance
Week 3: Solar radiation and primary production
Week 4: Carbon dioxide and global climate change
Week 5: Effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on agriculture
Week 6: Ecology of food production
Week 7: Sustainable agricultural practices
Week 8: Sustainable livestock management practices
Week 9: Water as an ecological resource, Water and distribution of species
Week 10: Water resources of the world and Pakistan
Week 11: Future water scenario of Pakistan, threats and mitigation, limitation of
irrigated agriculture
Week 12: Soil as a natural resource, soil resources of Pakistan, soil salinity and water
logging, soil erosion and conservation
Week 13: Pollution control through Ecology, basic concepts about pollutant transfer in
plant and animals, species response to pollutants
56
Week 14: Pyto-remediation and bio-remediation
Week 15: Conservation and management of forests and rangelands in Pakistan
Week 16: Management of aquatic ecosystems (marine, rivers, wetlands etc) with
special emphasis on Pakistan. Ecological restoration: concepts and techniques.
Course Outcomes:
This course will make the students aware of the concepts of applied ecology and
understand some major environmental issues, conservation of resources in ecological
perspectives, their management and ecological restoration.
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum E.P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Edition. Thomson
Brooks/Cole, 2004.
2. Soil Science. Rashid, A. and Memon, K.S.,National Book Foundation, Islamabad,
1996.
3. Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Falk, D.A., Margaret A., P., Zedler, J. B. and
Hobbs, R. J. Island Press, USA. 2006.
4. Studies in Pakistan Geography,Israr-ud-Din, University of Peshawar. Peshawar,
1998.
5. Pakistan‟s Environment. Mumtaz, K and Habib, A. ShirkatGah, Lahore, 1989.
6. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging
Profession.2013. Clewell, A.F. 2ndEdition. Island Press.
7. Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications. 2011. Jari Niemela, Jurgen
H. Breuste, Glenn Guntenspergen, Nancy E. McIntyre, Thomas. Oxford University
Press.
8. Ecology of Industrial Pollution. 2010. Ed. Lesley C. Batty and Kevin B. Hallberg.
Cambridge University Press.
Semester –VI
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Course No. ENV-507
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving
environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments.
57
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to biotechnology
Week 2: Tools in environmental biotechnology
Week 4: Fundamentals of biological interventions
Week 5: Recombinant DNA Technology
Week 6: Genetic manipulations
Week 7: GMOs: Release and Regulations
Week 8: Environmental applications of GMOs
Week 9: Biosafety concerns of GMOs
Week 10: Bio-strategies for pollution control
Week 13: Phytoremediation
Week 14: Biofilm, Biomarkers
Week 15: Biosensor, Bioreactors
Week 16: Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic organisms
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course, the students will be able to understand the significance,
and application of biotechnology in the environment.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Microbiology. 2nd Edition. 2010. Edited by Ralph Mitchell and Ji-
Dong Gu. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
2. Environmental Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications, HansJoachim, J. and
Josef, W. (ed.). Wiley-VCH Verlag, Germany, 2005.
3. Biotechnology,Smith, J.E., 5thEd. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA,
2009.
4. National Biosafety Guidelines. National Biotechnology Commission, Government
of Pakistan. 2005.
5. Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and Application. Gareth M. Evans and
Judith C. Furlong. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, 2003.
58
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM & REMOTE SENSING
Objectives:
The focal point of the course includes fundamental understanding of spatial data
acquisition, geo-processing, geostatistical methods; visualization, and querying of
spatial data; network modeling, terrain mapping, and spatial analysis.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing
Week 2: History and data collection
Week 3: Advantages and limitations of process
Week 4: Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere
Week 5: Aerial photography, history and platforms
Week 6: Active and Passive remote sensing
Week 7: Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape
Week 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries
Week 9: Image Processing, Interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps
Week 10: Fundamental of Geographic Information System (GIS)
Week 11: Integration with other technologies and its importance
Week 12: Data acquisition, analysis and output
Week 13: Types of data used in GIS. Cartography, map projection and coordinate
systems
Week 14: GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation
Week 155: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery
and wildlife
Week 16: Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS.
Lab Work:
Getting familiarization with Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster
to vector data. Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for
different application, Ground Truthing.
Course Outcomes:
The course will provide comprehensive instruction in the underlying concepts and
principles of geographic information system (GIS) technology and its application to the
analysis of environmental data.
59
Recommended Books:
1. A Primer of GIS-fundamentals Geographic and Cartographic Concepts. Harvey, F.
Guilfoud press New York, 2009.
2. Dynamic Earth Environmental Remote Sensing Observations from shuttle Mission.
Lulla, K and L. V. Dessinov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000.
3. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. Mc Graw Hill Education. 2008.
4. Remote Sensing of the environment: An Earth perspective. Jensen, R. Pearsons
Education, Inc. 2000.
5. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. A. Z. Rancez. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
1999.
6. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Thomas Lillesand (Author), Ralph W.
Kiefer (Author), Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6thedition (2007) ISBN-10:
0470052457.
7. Fundamentals of remote sensing and air photo interpretation Prentice Hall series in
geographic information science, Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, GraydonLennis
Berlin5th Edition, 2009 ISBN0023050357.
Guilfoud Press New York, 2009.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Course No. ENV-509

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
This course educate students about the Environmental Management Systems and how
they lead environmental benefits, and help to learn waste minimization methods and
principles of cleaner production.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
Week 3: Introduction of ISO 14000 series of standards and their role in environmental
management
Week 4: Environmental Management Systems Principles
Week 5: Certification of EMS
Week 6: Environmental Management tools
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Week 7: Environmental Economy
Week 8: Environmental/social auditing procedures and reporting processes
Week 9: Environmental aspects and impacts
Week 10: Environment and sustainable development
Week 11: Methods of environmental protection
Week 12: Related Environmental legislation, standards and guidelines
Week 13: Principles of Cleaner production
Week 14: Tools of sustainable consumption and production
Week 15: Eco -label, eco-design, cleaner technologies, etc.
Week 16: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Lab Work:
Industrial Field Trip:
Practical Work: Class room exercises on identification of environmental aspects;
assessment of environmental impacts and suggestion of mitigation measures of
activities of some hypothetical organization. Development of Environmental
Management Plan by a group of students for a hypothetical or real organization.
Industrial visits to identify environmental issues of management.
Course Outcomes:
This course will educate students about the Environmental Management Systems and
how they lead environmental benefits, and will help to learn waste minimization
methods and principles of cleaner production.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Management Systems: An Implementation Guide for Small and
Medium-Sized Organizations: NSF International Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2001.
2. Environmental Management Systems: General Guidelines on Principles, Systems
and Support Techniques. American Society for Quality, International Organization
for Standardization.2nd Ed., American Society for Quality, 2005.
3. Environmental Management Systems: A step-by-step Guide to Implementation and
Maintenance, Sheldon, C. and Yoxon, M.,3rd Edition . 2006.
4. EMAS Environmental Management and Auditing Systems: A Practical Guide for
the Development and Implementation of an Effective Environmental Management
System. Khan, A. B. and Qasim, M. F., WWF Pakistan, 1998.
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BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Course No. ENV-510
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with different forms of
biodiversity, threats to biodiversity and its conservation.
Course Outlines
Week 1: Introduction to Biodiversity, Levels of biodiversity (Alpha, Beta and Gamma)
Week 2: Biodiversity hotspots (tropical and coral reef ecosystems)
Week 3: Philosophical, ecological, economic, social and ethical values of biodiversity
Week 4: Plants and animal resources of world and Pakistan
Week 5: Conservation of biodiversity. Introduction to biological conservation, its
history, guiding principles and characteristics
Week 6: Need and approach of biodiversity conservation and prevailing threats
Week 7: IUCN threatened species categories
Week 8: Conservation at species and population level
Week 9: Applied population biology, establishing new populations
Week 10: Ex-situ conservation strategies, Field visit
Week 11: Conservation at community and ecosystem level
Week 12: Protected areas, their categories and objectives, Field Visit
Week 13: Considerations for reserve design& ecotourism
Week 14: Conservation outside protected areas: conservation in man-made ecosystems,
croplands, cities
Week 15: Legal protection of species and habitats: national and international laws and
agreements for species and habitat protection
Week 16: National Conservation Strategy of Pakistan.
Field Work:
Reconnaissance survey of different local communities. Study of analytical
characteristics of local vegetation types: Population density (D), Relative density (RD),
Frequency (F), Relative frequency (RF), estimating biodiversity, Habitat and ecosystem
diversity: Species diversity and Genetic diversity. Indices of biodiversity: Species
Richness (Richness Index), Species Diversity (Biodiversity Index), Similarity Index
(Simpson's Similarity Index). Visit to National Park/Sanctuary, Zoo and Botanical
Garden.
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Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will be familiarize with different forms of
Recommended Books:
1. A Primer for Conservation Biology. 2ndEd. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ.
Sunderland. 2000.
2. Biogeography, Cox, C.B. and Morre, P.D., Kings College, London., 2000.
3. Illustrated Handbook of Biodiversity of Pakistan. Mirza, Z.B., Saad Printers,
Rawalpindi, 1998.
4. Conservation Biology: A Primer for South Asia. Bawa, K., Primack, S., Oommen,
R.B. and Anna, M., 2011., Orient Black Swa.
5. Essentials of Conservation Biology, 5thEd.,Primack, R. B. Sinauer, P.R.B
associates Inc. Publishers, Sunderlander MA, USA. 2010.
6. Conservation Biology: Foundations, Concepts, Applications. 2nd Ed. Dyke, F.V.,
Springer, 2010.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Course No. ENV-511

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
This course aims to provide information of techniques used in environmental
monitoring and evaluation of different standards of environmental factors i.e. air, water,
soil and living organisms.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Monitoring
Week 2: Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring methods
Week 3: Sampling, objectives of sampling monitoring programmers
Week 4: Design and types and Approaches to sampling
Week 5: Pre sampling requirements/information, sampling and design purposes
Week 6: NEQS regulatory purposes for NEQS compliance, EIA requirement
Week 7: NOC for plant operation, Determination of concentration and distribution of a
specific pollutant environment sampling techniques
Week 8: Quality assurance and quality control
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Week 9: Planning analytic protocols quality assurance programmes, quality control
sampling
Week 10: Considerations, quality assessment, field custody
Week 11: Laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control
Week 12: Chemical addition, refrigeration and freezing methods
Week 13: Biological indicators for environmental monitoring
Week 14: Biomarker
Week 15: Role of biomarkers in environmental assessment
Week 16: Laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control.
Lab Work:
• Sampling techniques (air, water and soil) for physical and chemical monitoring.
• Study the indicators for biological monitoring of the river and canal water, the
indicators for ecological monitoring in the field for fauna and flora.
• Use of various instrumental techniques for analysis of samples.
• Field visit/ study tour to water testing laboratory/local water authority and report
writing.
• Visit to EPD for the study of air and water monitoring procedures.
• Report on monitoring of municipal waste in the city.
• Visit to GIS laboratory (WWF-Pakistan, Lahore).
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide information of techniques used in environmental monitoring
and evaluation of different standards of environmental factors i.e. air, water, soil and
living organisms.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Monitoring Handbook, Burden, F. R, McKlivie, I. D., Forstner U.
and Guethner. (eds.) McGraw-Hill,USA, 2002.
2. Animal Biomarker as pollution indicators: Ecotoxicology Series 1. Peakall, D.
Chapman and Hall. USA, 1992.
3. A Guide for the technical Evaluation of Environmental Data, Korte, N. Technomic
Publishing Company Inc. USA, 1999.
4. Environmental Chemistry. Manahan, S. E. Lewis Publisher London, UK, 2000.
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5. Earth Observation of Global Change, Chuviero, E. (ed) Springer, New York, USA,
2008.
6. Environmental Sampling and Analysis: A Practical Guide. Keith, L. H, 2002.
URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Course No. ENV-512

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course is aimed at providing students information about the different aspects of
ever-increasing urbanization, the salient features of urban environments, environmental
problems of urban life and their possible solutions.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction, Urbanization, Definition
Week 2: Process and outcome
Week 3: Causes of urbanization
Week 4: Forms of urbanization
Week 5: urbanization in Pakistan
Week 6: Urban ecology: atmospheric processes, hydrological processes
Week 7: Urban soils, Urban flora and fauna
Week 8: Urban transport & residential mobility
Week 19: The neighborhood change
Week 10: Humans as components of urban ecosystems
Week 11: Urban settlements
Week 12: Urban ecosystem, Urban ecosystem functions
Week 13: Urban patterns
Week 14: Urban landscapes characteristics
Week 15: Urban political ecology
Week 16: Future of urban centers
Course Outcomes:
At the end of this course the students will be have basic information about the different
aspects of ever-increasing urbanization, the salient features of urban environments,
environmental problems of urban life and their possible solutions.
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Recommended Books:
1. Urban Ecology, Smith, D.S. Routledge, UK, 2006.
2. Urban Ecology: Plants and Plant Communities in UrbanEnvironments, Sukopp, H.,
Hejny, S.andKowaril, I., SBS academic publishing, Hague,1990.
3. Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in
Urban Ecosystems. Alberti, M, Springer, UK. 2009.
4. The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Gilbert, O.L. Chapman and Hall. London, 1989.
5. Cities and Natural Process: A Basis for Sustainability, Hough, M. 2nd Edition.
Routledge, UR, 2004.
4th Year Semester VII

CLIMATE CHANGE Course No. ENV-601
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide a wide-ranging understanding on climate
change, understanding climate system, being aware of the impacts of climate change on
society, understanding of adaptation and mitigation options in relation to climate
change.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Defining Climate, Climate system: Components; controls on climate
Week 2: Latitude, Earth-sun relationships, Revolution
Week 3: Rotation, Axial tilt and their combined effect
Week 4: Distance to large bodies of water
Week 5: Defining Climate Change, Climate change processes
Week 6: Green House Gases‟ emission
Week 7: Drivers and Indicators of Climate Change
Week 8: Cause & Effect of Climate Change
Week 9: Climate Change Policy, Impacts of Climate Change in Pakistan
Week 10: Green Economy, Carbon Footprint
Week 11: Technological Development and Changing climate
Week 12: Climate Change matters
Week 13: Present rapid warming, Projection of future climate change
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Week 14: Uncertainty in climate change projections, Climate change impacts-reasons
for concern, Impacts on natural systems, societal systems, human health and
comforts
Week 15: Reactions and attitudes to climate change: Adaptation
Week 16: Mitigation options: increased energy efficiency, fuel substitution, nuclear
power, hydropower, solar energy, wind power, biomass energy, tidal, wave and
geothermal energy, hydrogen economy, changes in infrastructure and behavior.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide a wide-ranging understanding on climate change,
understanding climate system, being aware of the impacts of climate change on society,
understanding of adaptation and mitigation options in relation to climate change.
Recommended Books:
1. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1st Edition, Hardy, J. T., John
Wiley & Sons, 2003.
2. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton. (3rd edition)
Cambridge University Press, 2004.
3. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach, Earth
scan Publication Ltd, London, 2005.
4. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, Hardy, J.T., John Wiley & Sons,
2003.
5. The Green House Effect, Climate Change and Ecosystems. Warrick, B & Jager, D.
(Ed.). ECOPE 29. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester. UK 1991.
6. William James Burroughs (2007) Climate change: A Multidisciplinary Approach,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
7. Sharon L. Spray, Karen Leah McGlothlin, (2002) Global climate change,
Rowman& Littlefield, Maryland, USA Horace M. Karling, (2001) Global climate
change, Nova Publishers, New York, USA
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Course No. ENV-602
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The aim of this course is to enable the participants to build their capacity to integrate
environmental concerns in project proposals. The specific objectives of the course are
to help students to:
• learn the principles, skills, procedures and practices of integrating environment in
development through EIA;
• become aware of the legal and regulatory obligations of integrating environment in
development projects;
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction, overview EIA
Week 2: Introduction, overview of IEE
Week 3: Principles and purposes of IEE and EIA
Week 4: EIA Significance for the society
Week 5: Cost and benefits of EIA
Week 6: Main stages in EIA process
Week 7: Law, policy and institutional arrangements for EIA systems
Week 8: Public involvement
Week 9: Screening, scoping
Week 10: Impact analysis, mitigation and impact management
Week 11: Reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to implement the project
Week 12: Project implementation and follow up
Week 13: EIA project management
Week 14: Social impact assessment (SIA)
Week 15: National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and noise,
role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis
Week 16: EIA Regulations 2000 of Pakistan.
Practical Work:
Screening & Scoping exercises, Using impact prediction and analysis tools; i)
Checklist, Matrices, Networks, Overlays. Organizing public Participation; identifying
stakeholders, role plays exercises, Field Visit, One case study to be completed by the
end of the semester.
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Course Outcomes:
After completion the student will learn the principles, skills, procedures and practices
of integrating environment in development through EIA and will become aware of the
legal and regulatory obligations of integrating environment in development projects;
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental impact assessment: Guidelines by the Government of Pakistan,
Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad; 1986.
2. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Glasson, J., Therivel, R., and
Chadwick, A., Routledge, London, 2005.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice, Harrop, D.O. & Nixon, J.A.,
National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 2000.
4. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment (vol 1 & 2), Petts, J., (ed.).
Blackwell, Oxford, 1999.
5. EIA Manual: Training Resource Manual, Sadler, B., & McCabe, M., (ed.),2nd
Edition, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002.
6. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia, Lohani, B.,
Evans, J., Everitt, R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. and Tu, S.,Asian Development
Bank; 1997.
7. Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook for Pakistan, Fischer, T.S. (ed.),
2014, Liverpool University Press, UK.
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Course No. ENV-603

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course aims at providing student with the basic understanding of principles and
concepts of Natural Resource. Course is designed to provide student with the basic
understanding of role performed by these natural resources, threats that are associated
with them and approaches used for their management. Course will also emphasize on
the issues and constraints involved in the management of these resources. Course is
designed to provide student with a general overview keeping in view its undergraduate
level however special focus will be on Pakistan‟s perspective.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Non-renewable and renewable resources & its Types
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Week 2: Existing situation in world in general while in Pakistan particularly
Week 3: Wildlife: Management existing situation at national level
Week 4: Wildlife census, reasons for its decline and its possible remedies
Week 5: Existing management approaches, sustainable/trophy hunting projects and its
role in local and national development, National and provincial legislation
Week 6: Agricultural Resources Management, Existing situation of agriculture sector in
Pakistan
Week 7: Agriculture products and their share in GDP, Problem in agriculture,
agriculture chemicals, their pros and cons
Week 8: National agriculture policy, management options
Week 9: Energy and Mineral Resources Management
Week 10: Present situation at national level, limitation in the future, best available
option for future, solar power, wind power and nuclear power
Week 11: Land use Planning and Management: evolution of land use planning, review
of land use plans developed by the various organizations, field visit to develop
a land use plan for selected area
Week 12: Development of Management Plan: needs, requirement, process and contents
of the management plan
Week 13: Watershed management: Importance basic principles, methodologies,
national example, forest types and its existing management
Week 14: Rangeland Management: existing status, importance, threats, causes and
methods for its improvement
Week 15: Water Resources Management: Available waters resources, threat and its
causes, effective management
Week 16: Fisheries Management: Types of fishes in Pakistan, existing situation reason
for decline and its potential in the national economy, management options.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide student with the basic understanding of principles and
concepts of Natural Resource and threats that are associated and various approaches for
management of these Resources and issues and constraints involved in the management
of these resources.
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Recommended Books:
1. Conservation in Progress, Goldsmith, F.B and Warren, A. John Willey & Sons;
New York, USA. 1993.
2. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Pearce & Turner Harvester
Wheatsheaf, London, 1990.
3. Environmental Conservation, Dasmann, R.F, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.
4. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), GOP and IUCN, Islamabad.
1992.
5. Introduction to Environmental management development in Environmental
modeling, Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E.,Amsterdam, Elsevier.1991.
6. Environmental Science: working with Earth. 2013. Miller, T.G. 9thEdition. Jack
Cary Publisher London.
7. Basics of forestry and Applied Sciences, Concepts and Theory. Masood A.A
Qureshi, 3rd Ed Vol-1, A-one Publishers 2005.
8. Environment: Problems and Solutions. Asthana, D. K & Asthana, M, 5th Ed, S.
Chand & company LTD 2006.
9. Environmental Science: Earth as Living Planet. Botkin, D., & Keller, E, 8th Ed.
John Wiley and Sons 2000.
10. Environmental Science: working with Earth. Miller. T. G, 9th Edition, Jack Cary
publisher 2003.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT Course No. ENV-604

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their management
by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It discusses a wide range of
aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put societies in vulnerable situations to the
disaster management continuum.. It finally tends to provide the students with basic
knowledge on hazard reduction and vulnerability mitigation.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Natural hazards and disasters
Week 2: The need for hazard and disaster studies
Week 3: Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research
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Week 4: Disaster its types, Natural vs Man-made Disaster
Week 5: Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and their role
Week 6: Prediction; Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability
Week 7: Definitions and characterization, Different approaches and Indicators
Week 8: Factors of vulnerability: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors,
Cultural factors, Political factors, Physical factors
Week 9: The impact of natural disasters, Direct and short-term impact of disasters,
Indirect and long-term consequences of catastrophes
Week 10: Disaster as an opportunity for development
Week 11: Disaster Management: Components of management, International
phenomenon
Week 12: Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation
Week 13: Hard and soft measures; Earthquake Management, Flood Management
Week 14: Organizational Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs); Role of Media in Disaster Management
Week 15: Techniques and methods to assess hazard, vulnerability and risk
Week 16: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches; Disaster Management Trainings
and Policies.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their
management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies and will
underline the importance of disasters in socio-economic development and will finally
tends to provide the students with basic knowledge on hazard reduction and
vulnerability mitigation.
Recommended Books:
1. Natural Disasters Alexander, D., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993.
2. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster Anderson,
M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder ,UNESCO, Paris, 1989.
3. The Environment as Hazard Burton I., Kates, R.W., and White G.F., 2nd Edition,
The Guilford Press, New York, 1993.
4. Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager‟s Handbook Carter N.W., ADB,
Manila, 1991.
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5. Disasters and Development Cuny, F.C., Oxford University Press / Oxfam America,
New York, 1983.
6. Disaster Management: Warning Response and Community Relocation, Perry R.W.
and Mushkatel, A.H., Quorum Books, Westport, USA, 1984.
7. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hydman, David Hyndman. 2006
8. Update. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hyndman, David Hyndman.
SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT (ELECTIVE-III) Course No. ENV-605

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course provide students with the knowledge of the basic properties and
significance of soil and its care for sustainable environment. After completion of this
course, students will be better equipped with the information about the ways and means
for better and efficient management of soils for healthy environment for future
generations.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction, Soil forming minerals
Week 2: Types and properties of parent materials
Week 3: Physical and chemical processes of weathering
Week 5: Factors and processes of soil formation
Week 6: Physical and chemical properties of soil
Week 8: Cation and anion exchange
Week 9: Soil buffering capacity and its importance
Week 10: Soil degradation
Week 11: Soil management and green productivity
Week 12: Environmental implications of fertilizers and agrochemicals
Week 13: Environmental impact of agricultural and Industrial wastes
Week 15: Soil as a natural sink for pollutants (organic)
Week 16: Soil as a natural sink for pollutants (Inorganic).
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Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course, students will be better equipped with the information
about the ways and means for better and efficient management of soils for healthy
environment for future generations.
Recommended Books:
1. The Nature and Properties of Soils, Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. Prentice-Hall,
Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2008.
2. Soils in Our Environment, Miller, R.W.,Gardiner, D.T., 11th Edition, Prentice Hall,
3. Soil in the Environment: Crucible of Terrestrial Life. Hillel, D. Academic Press,
San Diego, CA, USA, 2007.
4. Soil Science. Bashir, E. and Bantel, R. National Book Foundation, Islamabad,
Pakistan, 1996.
RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course No. ENV-606

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The course provides participants with an introduction to the knowledge and skills
necessary to develop a research proposal and subsequently to conduct a research study.
It help to develop research abilities in the activities of research design and practice; to
develop skills in reading research papers and in writing reviews with critical thinking
skills & to evaluate a range of specific literature via the ability to reason clearly and
think critically.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Research
Week 2: Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific Research
Week 3: Science, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-requisites for Scientific
Research
Week 4: Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question
Week 5: Defining the Research Problem
Week 6: Selecting the Research Method
Week 7: Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research; Research
Proposal Writing Techniques
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Week 8: Importance of Research Design, Review of Literature, Objectives,
Methodology
Week 9: How to put things together? Introduction, Material Methods, Review of
Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search
Week 10: Database, Search Engines
Week 11: Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods
Week 12: Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies, population and
sampling frames, types of sampling design
Week 13: Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative
Data
Week 14: Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire
Week 15: Data Analysis: Data Interpretation: Current data interpretation with
comparative studies (Inter-laboratory comparison)
Week 16: Inference based on findings; Research Presentation Techniques – Data
presentation.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will be able to write a research proposal
and subsequently to conduct a research study. It will help: to develop research abilities
in the activities of research design and practice; to develop skills in reading research
papers.
Recommended Books:
1. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano
Clark, V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.
2. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2nd Edition, Univ. of Chicago Press.
USA, 2003.
3. Writing Science Through Critical Thinking, Marilyn F. Moriarty, 1st Edition Jones
and Bartlett Publishers. 1997.
4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rd Edition, Sage
Publishers. USA, 2003.
5. Survey Research Methods. Babbie, E. R., Wadsworth Publishing Company,
Belmont California.USA, 1989.
6. Students project in Environmental Science, Harrad,S.,Batty,h., Diamon, M. and
Arhonditsis, G, John and sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 2008.
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7. Gliner, J. A., & Morgan, G. A. (2000). Research methods in applied settings: an
integrated approach to design and analysis. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Semester-VIII
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES Course No. ENV-607
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course aims at giving an understanding of the role of state and its instruments in
the governance of environment in order to enable to the students to learn about
responsibilities of state and rights of its citizens to live in environmentally sound
conditions to contribute in sustainable development.
Course Outlines
Week 1: The National Environmental Policy 2005 and its implementation
Week 3: Climate Change Policy
Week 4: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997), rules and regulations m
Week 5: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997), rules and regulations
Week 6: KP Environmental Protection Act 2014
Week 7: The SNBP Local Government ordinance 2001
Week 8: EPAs powers and functions
Week 9: Conservation Strategies
Week 10: National Conservation Strategies (NCS)
Week 11: Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy (SPCS) and Action plans,
Week 12: National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) made under KP EPA,
2014
2014
Week 14: WHO Guidelines.
Week 15: MEAs (Multilateral Environment agreements) regarding pollution control
and sustainable development
and sustainable development.
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Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will understand the role of the state and its
responsibilities in the governance of the environment in order to learn responsibilities
of state and rights of its citizens for environmentally sustainable development.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Laws and their implementation in Pakistan, Qadar, S. Law Books
House, 2000.
2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Government of Pakistan
3. National Environmental Policy
4. National Conservation Strategy
5. SNBP Local Government Ordinance, 2001.
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT Course No. ENV-608

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course is designed to introduce participants to various environmental factors
affecting human health. The Course Outlines emphasize on the environmental health
core issues of air, land and water pollution; and public and community health. The
prevention of morbidity and mortality in human populations through the anticipation,
recognition, evaluation and control of hazards in the environment will be presented
using the tools of epidemiology, toxicology, law, and risk assessment and
communication techniques.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction: concept, basic requirements for a healthy environment
Week 2: Communicable & Non-communicable diseases
Week 3: Environmental Exposure, Measuring environmental quality, Human exposure
and health Impact
Week 4: Impact of environmental factors on health
Week 5: Role of environmental health professional
Week 6: Nature of environmental hazards
Week 7: Risk assessment& Risk management
Week 8: Air, Water and sanitation, Food and agriculture
Week 9: Health and disease
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Week 10: Human settlement and urbanization
Week 11: Health and energy use. Health and development
Week 12: Health indicators, Industrial pollution and chemical safety, Trans-boundary
and global health concerns
Week 13: Action to protect health and the environment
Week 14: Epidemiology of infectious diseases, Communicable diseases, Non-
communicable diseases
Week 15: Introduction to Immunology, Pathology, Epidemiology
Week 16: Occupational Health Safety devices; Laws and Regulations.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will get awareness about different types of
communicable and none communicable diseases, various environmental factors
affecting human health. The students will know how to control different types of
diseases by improving the quality of the environment.
Recommended Books:
1. Basic Environmental Health. Yassi, A., Kjelllström, T., de Kok, T. and Guidotti, T.
L., 1st Edition . Oxford University Press New York, USA, 2001.
2. Environmental Science (The Way the World Works) Nebel, B. J. and Wright, R. T.,
8th Edition. Prentice Hall International Inc. London, UK, 2004.
3. Environmental Toxicants (Human Exposure and their Health Effects). Lippmann,
M. V. N. and Reinhold, J . 1st Ed. New York, USA, 1992.
4. Park‟s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Park, K., 2nd Edition. M/s
Banarsid. 2002.
5. Medical Microbiolog, Khan, A.M., 1st Edition. Time Publishers, Karachi, 2001.
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES Course No. ENV-609

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The course objectives are: to provides an overview of types and sources of pollution; to
determine the effects of soil, water and air pollution; meteorology as related to
dispersion of pollutants in air, water, and soil; to discuss various techniques in pollution
control and the regulatory environment facing sources of environmental pollution.
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Course Outlines:
Week 1: Environmental Pollution and Pollutants, An introduction; Pollution and
Environmental Ethics
Week 2: Roots of our problem, Environmental ethics as public health
Week 3: Conservation and preservation
Week 4: Ethics for non-human nature
Week 5: Environmental Risk Analysis: Risk, Risk Assessment, Risk Management
Week 6: Pollution Concept: Types of Pollution, Air, water and soil pollution – Causes
and Consequences
Week 7: Control technologies for Air, Water and Soil Pollution
Week 8: Municipal and Solid Waste (MSW) Management: minimization techniques,
controls and 3-Rs: reuse, recycling & recovery
Week 9: Energy Recovery from organic MSW; Landfill sites and their potential for
recycling waste
Week 10: Waste water treatment technologies: estimates, treatments and utilization
Week 11: Membrane Technology; Reuse, Recycling and Recovery
Week 12: Hazardous Waste Management: segregation of healthcare and municipal
waste
Week 13: Radioactive waste: Sources, health effects, waste management
Week 14: Noise pollution & its Effects: Control technologies for its containment
Week 15: Other Pollution Controls, Biotechnology for environment: bioremediation for
Industrial pollution control, oil spills and pesticides
Week 16: Occupational Health Safety devices: Laws & Regulations regarding waste.
Course Outcomes:
The course will provides an overview of types and sources of pollution, and determine
the effects of soil , water and air pollution; to discuss various techniques in pollution
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Pollution & Control. and Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F., and Vesilaind,
P.A. 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998.
2. Understanding Environmental Pollution Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge
3. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Nevers, N D, McGraw-Hill. USA, 1995.
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4. Industrial Water Pollution Control , Felder, E., 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, USA,
1989.
5. Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Cheremisinoff, N. P., Prentice
Hall, India, 1996.
6. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook, Freeman and Harry, M, McGraw-Hill,
USA, 1995.
7. Solid Waste Technology and Management, T. Christensen, John Wiley & Sons,
2011.
8. Water Treatment Technologies, B. Salopek, Akademija tehničkih znanosti
Hrvatske, 2007
9. Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control, L.K. Wang, N.C. Pereira and Y.T.
Hung, Humana Press, 2005.
10. Preventive Environmental Management, S.R. Asolekar, R. Gopichandran and
Centre for Environment Education, Foundation Books, 2005.
11. Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies,
N.P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.
12. Municipal solid waste management: strategies and technologies for sustainable
solutions, C. Ludwig, S. Hellweg and S. Stucki, Springer, 2003.
13. Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, N.P. Cheremisinoff,
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.
14. Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, N.P. Cheremisinoff,
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Course Code: ENV-610

Credit hours: 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The aim of this course is to educate students about the Water Resources Management
with reference to Pakistan, how to minimize the wastage and how to increase its
efficiency especially in irrigation sector.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Water resource and its management
Week 2: Hydrological cycle, water quality and quantity aspects
Week 3: Water supply and demand management measures
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Week 4: Virtual water, Groundwater, Soil water , form of water
Week 5: Groundwater exploitation, its over-mining and pollution and urbanization
aspects
Week 6: Improving water productivity/irrigation water efficiency
Week 7: Flood and droughts, water conservation
Week 8: Fisheries management,
Week 9: Climate change and its impacts on our future water resources
Week 10: Precipitation distribution in Pakistan
Week 11: Indus Water Accord 1991
Week 12: Indus Water Treaty 1960 (IWT)
Week 13: Rain water harvesting in urban and rural environment
Week 14: Water relevant institutions and authorities in Pakistan
Week 15: Water resources management and future challenges in Pakistan
Week 16: Integrated water resources management (IWRM).
Lab Work:
Study tours to visit water supply & waste water treatment plants, watershed/catchment,
with drinking water facilities like springs, tube-wells, pollution aspects, like solid waste
and waste water disposal into the natural streams etc.
Course Outcomes:
This course will educate students about the Water Resources Management with
reference to Pakistan, how to minimize the wastage and how to increase its efficiency
especially in irrigation sector.
Recommended Books:
1. Pakistan‟s Water Economy Running Dry, Briscoe, J. and Qamar, U., Oxford
University Press Karachi, 2006.
2. Problems and Politics of Water Sharing and Management in Pakistan, Cheema, P.I.,
Khan, R. A. and Malik, A. R., Asia Printer, Islamabad, 2006.
3. Integrated Water Resources Management in South and Southeast Asia, Biswas,
A.K.,Varis, O, and Tortajada, C, (eds.), Oxford University Press New Delhi, 2005.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (Special paper-I)
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The students learn the types, handling and management systems of solid wastes.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to solid waste management
Week 2: Solid waste characterization
Week 3: Sources, quantities, quality
Week 4: Waste collection and transport
Week 5: Treatment technologies
Week 6: Bioremediation strategies
Week 7: Composting
Week 8: Types and methods
Week 9: Environmental requirements
Week 10: Incineration
Week 11: Reuse
Week 12: Recycling
Week 13: Landfills: Site design and management
Week 14: Pollution and risk assessment of landfills
Week 15: Biogas generation
Week 16: Use of biogas digest; recent technologies used for solid waste management.
Course Outcomes:
The students will be able to learn the various types of solid waste and how to handle
and manage systems for wastes.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles and Applications of Microbiology. Salivia, D.M., J.J. Fuhrman, G.P.
Hartel and A.D. Zuberer.2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
2005.
2. Compost Science and Technology. Diaz, L.F., M. de Bertold and W. Bidlingmaier.
Elsevier, London, UK. 2007.
3. Compost. Kenneth, T. and E. Annelise. Dorling Kindersly, London, UK. 2007.
4. Organic Waste Recycling: Technology and Management. Polprasent, C. IWA,
London, UK. 2007.
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AGRO-ECOLOGY (Special Paper-II)
Credit Hour: 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course trains students to compare agro-ecosystems and attempt to integrate
knowledge of natural ecosystems into agricultural practice. Learn to link ecology,
socioeconomics and culture to sustain agricultural production, farming communities,
and environmental health.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Application of ecological principles to modern farming systems
Week 2: Goals of long term food production without depleting Earth‟s resources
Week 3: Explore on-farm and off-farm ecological implications of agricultural and
livestock practices for crop biodiversity
Week 4: Riparian and wetland systems
Week 5: Agroforestry, soil fertility, and pasture
Week 6: Application of ecological principles in agro-ecosystemsviz; enhance recycling
of biomass and optimizing nutrient availability and balancing nutrient flow
Week 7: Application of ecological principles in agro-ecosystems viz; enhance recycling
Week 8: Securing favorable soil conditions for plant growth
Week 9: Particularly by managing organic matter and enhancing soil biotic activity
Week 11: Minimizing losses due to flows of solar radiation
Week 12: Air and water by way of microclimate management
Week 13: Water harvesting and soil management through increased soil cover
Week 15: Species and genetic diversification of the agro-ecosystems in time and space
Week 16: Species and genetic diversification of the agro-ecosystems in time and space.
Course Outcomes:
This course will trains students to compare agro-ecosystems and attempt to integrate
knowledge of natural ecosystems into agricultural practice.and will learn to link
ecology, socioeconomics and culture to sustain agricultural production, farming
communities, and environmental health.
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Recommended Books:
1. Gliessman, S. R. 2007. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems
Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press, N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431
ISBN 0-8493-2845-4
2. GliessmanS. R. (Ed). AndC. A. Edwards, 2000.Agroecosystem Sustainability
Developing Practical Strategies. CRC Press 224 pages
3. Wojtkowski, P. A. Introduction to Agroecology: Principles and Practices, Rutled
RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP /TWO SPECIAL PAPERS

Credit hours: 06
84
CURRICULUM
OF
M.SC-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT
85
CURRICULUM OF M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Years program)
Scheme of Studies for the Two-year M.Sc. Degree in Environmental Sciences
st
1 year Semester-I
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL
1 ENV- 501 3 (2-1)
SCIENCE
Total Credit Hrs 18
Semester- II
S.No Courses Course Code Credit Hrs
2 GIS & REMOTE SENSING ENV- 508 3 (2-1)
4 BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION ENV- 510 3 (2-1)
Total Credit Hrs 18
S.No Courses Course Code Credit Hrs
4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE-I) ENV- 604 3 (3-0)
5 SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT (ELECTIVE-II) ENV- 605 3 (3-0)
RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
6 ENV- 606 3 (3-0)
SCIENCE
Total Credit Hrs 18
Semester-IV
S.No Course Course code Credit Hrs
1 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES ENV-607 3(3-0)
2 POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ENV-609 3(3-0)
3 WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE –III) ENV-610 3(2-1)
4 ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY (ELECTIVE –IV) ENV-611 3(3-0)
5 RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP/ TWO SPECIAL 06
PAPERS
Total Credit Hrs 18
Total Degree Credit Hours 60-72
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1st Year Semester-I
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Objectives:
The course educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments and
analytical procedures and make their skills about practical aspects of environmental
science more productive.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Quality assurance in an Environmental Science laboratory
Week 2: Biomarkers in environmental assessment
Week 3: Purposes and designs of environmental sampling
Week 4: Sample preservation methods
Week 7: Chromatography (Paper, thin Layer)
Week 8: Chromatography (Gas, HPLC)
Week 9: Conductivitymetry
Week 10: Titrimetery
Week 11: Gravimetery
Week 12: Spectroscopy Chromatography
Week 15: Determination of chemical characteristics of water and waste water (pH, All
Solids, BOD, COD, Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N)
Week 16: Soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity & sodicity).
Lab Work:
S.I. and derived S.I. units. Sample collection, handling, preparation and storage.
Analytical techniques for soil, water and plant analysis. Data interpretation for quality
control, precision and accuracy. Preparation of Standard solutions and Standard curve.
Use of Potentiometery, Conductivitymetry, Titrimetery, Gravimetery, Spectroscopy
and Chromatography for the analysis of environmental samples. Determination of
chemical characteristics of water and waste water (pH, All Solids, BOD, COD,
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Fluoride, NO3–N & NH4-N), soil (NPK and organic matter contents, salinity &
sodicity).
Course Outcomes:
The course will educate the students about different types of solutions, instruments &
analytical procedures and will improve their skills about practical aspects of
environmental science.
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8th Edition. Skoog, D. A., West, D. M. and
F. J. Holler. Thomson and Brooks, 2004.
2. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water & Wastewater. A Greenberg
(American Public Health Association), 2005.
3. Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Edition. Harris, D. C., Freeman & Co., New
York, 2003.
4. Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual.Peverill, K.L., L.A. Sparrow and D.J.
Reuter. CSIRO Publ., Collingwood, Australia, 1999.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Course No. ENV-502

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Concept and scope of environmental chemistry
Week 2: Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere
chemistry, chemical reactions in the atmosphere
Week 4: Sources and effects of following pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide,
Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur dioxide
reaction with hydrocarbons
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Week 7: Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates
Week 8: Chemistry of ground level air pollution
Week 9: Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone
Week 11: Effects of ozone depletion on human health and environment, Green
chemistry, its principles
aqueous systems
Week 13: Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids
carbamates
Week 15: Accumulation in biological systems
Week 16: Biomagnification and Biodegradation. Toxic heavy metals and their
Bioaccumulation.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide fundamental knowledge about different chemical process
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Chemistry.Ibanez, J.G., Hernandez-Esparza, M., Doria-Serrano, C.,
Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany. 2008.
2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, J.E., 1st Edition. Jones and Barlett,
USA, 2005.
3. An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry,Andrews, J.E., Brimblecombe, P.,
4. Environmental Science, Miller, G.T., Thomson-Brooks, Canada, 2004.
5. Environmental Chemistry, Samir, K., Banerji Prentice Hall of India, India, 1999.
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ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Course No. ENV-503
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The course introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of environmental chemicals,
from natural and anthropogenic sources, on human and other living organisms and
focuses on providing knowledge related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose
response relationship in living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic)
effects on organ system, their containment and control strategies.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Toxicology: History, toxicology of chemicals; terminologies:
Poisons, toxins vs toxicants
Week 2: Anthropogenic chemicals as toxicants; Classification of environmental
toxicants: Natural & anthropogenic
Week 3: Toxicological agents and their types based on chemical structures
Week 4: Biological effects, long-term (Chronic) and short-term (Acute) effects
Week 5: Chemical interactions and their types
Week 6: Synergism, Potentiation and Addition; dose and dose response relationship
Week 7: Threshold limit for chemicals, toxins & toxicants
Week 8: Toxicity: Types and its measurement
Week 9: Organs, Organ system and effects of toxicants on Organ system
Week 10: Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications
Week 11: Toxicant metabolism and accumulation in body organs and pathways
Week 12: Response of the body systems to toxicological agents
Week 13: Immunological considerations in toxicology
Week 14: Toxicological testing techniques: in vitro & in vivo techniques
Week 15: Toxicity screening using microbial systems
Week 16: Risks and their characterization: risk assessment and management.
Laboratory Work:
Analysis of toxins, Dose-response relationship and D/R Curves. In vitro &In vivo
techniques for toxicity testing. Proposed techniques (at least one of these); Ames test,
Comet assay, CAM, TTC and Immuno-fluorescent assay or microscopic observation of
changes in plant cell morphology after exposure to toxic substances.
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Course Outcomes:
The course will introduce the concepts of adverse toxic effects of environmental
chemicals, from various sources, on human and other living organisms and will focus
on providing knowledge related to toxic chemicals in air, water and soil, dose response
relationship in living organisms, short term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects on
organ system, their containment and control strategies.
Recommended Books:
1. Essentials of Environmental Toxicology, Hughes, W. Williams, CRC Press Llc; 1st
Edition, 1996.
2. Casarrett&Doull‟sToxicology- Science of Poisons , Klassen, W.D., 5th Edition,
McGrawhill, USA, 2005.
3. Environmental Toxicants (Human exposure and their Health Effects) Lippmann,
M, 1st Edition. Van Nostrand and Reinhold New York, USA. 1992.
4. General and Applied Toxicology, Ballantyne, B.M, T and Turner, P. (ed.), Vol.1 &
2, Macmillan Press Ltd. USA, 1993.
5. Environmental Toxicology: Biological and health effects of pollutants. Yu M.H.,
Tsunoda H. and Tsunoda M. 3rd Edition. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
2011.
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Course No. ENV-504

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course provide the students the application of natural laws and principles in
economics to develop their understanding of internalization of externalities.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Basic concepts in environmental economics
Week 2: The Economy and the Environment
Week 3: Benefits and Costs
Week 4: The equilibrium principle
Week 5: Marginal cost and supply
Week 6: Economic efficiency and market
Week 7: Markets and Social Efficiency
Week 8: External costs and external benefits
Week 9: Pollution Control-a general model
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Week 10: Pollution damages and abatement costs
Week 11: Valuing the environment
Week 12: Measuring environmental benefits; contingent valuation
Week 13: The travel cost method and the hedonic approach
Week 14: The value of life, health, risk and safety
Week 15: Economic Development and Environment
Week 16: Natural resource economics.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide the students the application of natural laws and principles in
economics.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Economics: An Introduction. Field, B.C.and Field, M.K. 3rd
Edition McGraw-Hill/Irwin,UK,2002.
2. Environmental Economics. Kolstad, C.D. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000.
3. Environmental economics: An elementary introduction. Turner,R.K., Pearce, D.W.
and Batemen, I. Johns Hopkins University Press, USA, 1993.
4. Environmental Economics: Theory, Application and Policy. Chapman, D., 2000.
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
5. Economics and the Environment, Goodstein E.S., 2002. 3rd Ed., John Wiley &
Sons. Inc.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN Course No. ENV-505

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
To provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the environmental resource
base of Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for sustainable development.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to history of the region; features: land, geography, people,
culture, health, education
Week 2: Ecological: ecological zones, major ecosystems, topographic zones; economic
Week 3: Agriculture, Industry, water resources, urbanization and pollution
Week 4: Pakistan's environmental setting: location and extent, Physical setting, Biotic
setting
Week 5: Human habitat, Environment and Development: Resource Trends
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Week 6: Population Trends and Development trends
Week 7: Terrestrial Ecosystem: the four destroyers. Deforestation and Forest
Degradation
Week 8: Erosion and Sedimentation, Desertification, Species Extinction
Week 9: Aquatic ecosystem: Use and Misuse: aquatic Ecosystem and Development,
Aquatic resources, Aquatic Pollution
Week 10: Atmospheric Ecosystem: Defeating complacency, development and
atmospheric ecosystem, Air pollution
Week 11: Saving the non-renewables, Enhancing the Renewables
Week 12: Rain fall trends in different climate zones of Pakistan
Week 13: The environmental challenges and agricultural problems facing Pakistan
Week 14: Various aspects for Pakistan's geography, economy, and population
Week 15: Khyber pakhtunkhwa climate change policy, flood, drought, earthquakes
Week 16: Khyber pakhtunkhwa – an ecological classification, Climate hazards in
khyber pakhtunkhwa, climate change adaptation. Climate change and
mitigation.
Course Outcomes:
The course will provide students with a comprehensive knowledge about the
environmental resources present in Pakistan in order to learn its efficient utilization for
sustainable development.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Profile of Pakistan, Government of Pakistan (Environment and
Urban Division Islamabad, 1988
2. National Conservation Strategy Government of Pakistan Ministry of Environment
and IUCN – 1993.
3. Salma, S., Rehman, S., & Shah, M. A. (2012). Rainfall trends in different climate
zones of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 9.
4. Khan, F. K. (1991). A geography of Pakistan: environment, people and economy.
Oxford University Press.
5. State of the Environment-Pakistan, Government of Pakistan,2005.
6. Climate Change Policy Environmental Protection Agency Government of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Forestry, Environment & Wildlife Department June 2016.
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APPLIED ECOLOGY Course No. ENV-506
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
To make the students aware of the concepts of applied ecology and understand some
major environmental issues such as global climate change, sustainable agriculture,
conservation of resources in ecological perspectives, their management and ecological
restoration.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction, Background and scope, Application of ecological knowledge in
solving different environmental issues
Week 2: Energy and carbon balance
Week 3: Solar radiation and primary production
Week 4: Carbon dioxide and global climate change
Week 5: Effect of increased carbon dioxide concentration on agriculture
Week 6: Ecology of food production
Week 7: Sustainable agricultural practices
Week 8: Sustainable livestock management practices
Week 9: Water as an ecological resource, Water and distribution of species
Week 10: Water resources of the world and Pakistan
Week 11: Future water scenario of Pakistan, threats and mitigation, limitation of
irrigated agriculture
Week 12: Soil as a natural resource, soil resources of Pakistan, soil salinity and water
logging, soil erosion and conservation
Week 13: Pollution control through Ecology, basic concepts about pollutant transfer in
plant and animals, species response to pollutants
Week 14: Pyto-remediation and bio-remediation
Week 15: Conservation and management of forests and rangelands in Pakistan
Week 16: Management of aquatic ecosystems (marine, rivers, wetlands etc) with
special emphasis on Pakistan. Ecological restoration: concepts and techniques.
Course Outcomes:
This course will make the students aware of the concepts of applied ecology and
understand some major environmental issues, conservation of resources in ecological
perspectives, their management and ecological restoration.
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Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum E.P. and Barett, G.W. 5th Edition. Thomson
Brooks/Cole, 2004.
2. Soil Science. Rashid, A. and Memon, K.S.,National Book Foundation, Islamabad,
1996.
3. Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Falk, D.A., Margaret A., P., Zedler, J. B. and
Hobbs, R. J. Island Press, USA. 2006.
4. Studies in Pakistan Geography,Israr-ud-Din, University of Peshawar. Peshawar,
1998.
5. Pakistan‟s Environment. Mumtaz, K and Habib, A. ShirkatGah, Lahore, 1989.
6. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging
Profession.2013. Clewell, A.F. 2ndEdition. Island Press.
7. Urban Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Applications. 2011. Jari Niemela, Jurgen
H. Breuste, Glenn Guntenspergen, Nancy E. McIntyre, Thomas. Oxford University
Press.
8. Ecology of Industrial Pollution. 2010. Ed. Lesley C. Batty and Kevin B. Hallberg.
Semester –II
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Course No. ENV-507
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving
environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to biotechnology
Week 4: Fundamentals of biological interventions
Week 5: Recombinant DNA Technology
Week 6: Genetic manipulations
Week 7: GMOs: Release and Regulations
Week 8: Environmental applications of GMOs
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Week 9: Biosafety concerns of GMOs
Week 13: Phytoremediation
Week 14: Biofilm, Biomarkers
Week 15: Biosensor, Bioreactors
Week 16: Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic organisms
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course, the students will be able to understand the significance,
and application of biotechnology in the environment.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Microbiology. 2nd Edition. 2010. Edited by Ralph Mitchell and Ji-
Dong Gu. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
2. Environmental Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications, HansJoachim, J. and
2009.
4. National Biosafety Guidelines. National Biotechnology Commission, Government
of Pakistan. 2005.
5. Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and Application. Gareth M. Evans and
Judith C. Furlong. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, 2003.
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM & REMOTE SENSING

Objectives:
The focal point of the course includes fundamental understanding of spatial data
acquisition, geo-processing, geostatistical methods; visualization, and querying of
spatial data; network modeling, terrain mapping, and spatial analysis.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing
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Week 2: History and data collection
Week 3: Advantages and limitations of process
Week 4: Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere
Week 5: Aerial photography, history and platforms
Week 6: Active and Passive remote sensing
Week 7: Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape
Week 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries
Week 9: Image Processing, Interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps
Week 10: Fundamental of Geographic Information System (GIS)
Week 11: Integration with other technologies and its importance
Week 12: Data acquisition, analysis and output
Week 13: Types of data used in GIS. Cartography, map projection and coordinate
systems
Week 14: GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation
Week 155: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery
and wildlife
Week 16: Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS.
Lab Work:
Getting familiarization with Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster
to vector data. Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for
different application, Ground Truthing.
Course Outcomes:
The course will provide comprehensive instruction in the underlying concepts and
principles of geographic information system (GIS) technology and its application to the
analysis of environmental data.
Recommended Books:
Guilfoud press New York, 2009.
Lulla, K and L. V. Dessinov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000.
3. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. Mc Graw Hill Education. 2008.
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5. Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences. A. Z. Rancez. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
1999.
Kiefer (Author), Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6thedition (2007) ISBN-10:
0470052457.
7. Fundamentals of remote sensing and air photo interpretation Prentice Hall series in
geographic information science, Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, GraydonLennis
Berlin5th Edition, 2009 ISBN0023050357.
Guilfoud Press New York, 2009.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Course No. ENV-509

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
This course educate students about the Environmental Management Systems and how
they lead environmental benefits, and help to learn waste minimization methods and
principles of cleaner production.
Course Outline:
Week 3: Introduction of ISO 14000 series of standards and their role in environmental
management
Week 4: Environmental Management Systems Principles
Week 5: Certification of EMS
Week 6: Environmental Management tools
Week 7: Environmental Economy
Week 8: Environmental/social auditing procedures and reporting processes
Week 9: Environmental aspects and impacts
Week 10: Environment and sustainable development
Week 11: Methods of environmental protection
Week 12: Related Environmental legislation, standards and guidelines
Week 13: Principles of Cleaner production
Week 14: Tools of sustainable consumption and production
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Week 15: Eco -label, eco-design, cleaner technologies, etc.
Week 16: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).
Lab Work:
Industrial Field Trip:
Practical Work: Class room exercises on identification of environmental aspects;
assessment of environmental impacts and suggestion of mitigation measures of
activities of some hypothetical organization. Development of Environmental
Management Plan by a group of students for a hypothetical or real organization.
Industrial visits to identify environmental issues of management.
Course Outcomes:
This course will educate students about the Environmental Management Systems and
how they lead environmental benefits, and will help to learn waste minimization
methods and principles of cleaner production.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Management Systems: An Implementation Guide for Small and
Medium-Sized Organizations: NSF International Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2001.
2. Environmental Management Systems: General Guidelines on Principles, Systems
and Support Techniques. American Society for Quality, International Organization
for Standardization.2nd Ed., American Society for Quality, 2005.
3. Environmental Management Systems: A step-by-step Guide to Implementation and
Maintenance, Sheldon, C. and Yoxon, M.,3rd Edition . 2006.
4. EMAS Environmental Management and Auditing Systems: A Practical Guide for
the Development and Implementation of an Effective Environmental Management
System. Khan, A. B. and Qasim, M. F., WWF Pakistan, 1998.
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION Course No. ENV-510

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to familiarize the students with different forms of
Course Outlines
Week 1: Introduction to Biodiversity, Levels of biodiversity (Alpha, Beta and Gamma)
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Week 2: Biodiversity hotspots (tropical and coral reef ecosystems)
Week 3: Philosophical, ecological, economic, social and ethical values of biodiversity
Week 4: Plants and animal resources of world and Pakistan
Week 5: Conservation of biodiversity. Introduction to biological conservation, its
history, guiding principles and characteristics
Week 6: Need and approach of biodiversity conservation and prevailing threats
Week 7: IUCN threatened species categories
Week 8: Conservation at species and population level
Week 9: Applied population biology, establishing new populations
Week 10: Ex-situ conservation strategies, Field visit
Week 11: Conservation at community and ecosystem level
Week 12: Protected areas, their categories and objectives, Field Visit
Week 13: Considerations for reserve design& ecotourism
Week 14: Conservation outside protected areas: conservation in man-made ecosystems,
croplands, cities
Week 15: Legal protection of species and habitats: national and international laws and
agreements for species and habitat protection
Week 16: National Conservation Strategy of Pakistan.
Field Work:
Reconnaissance survey of different local communities. Study of analytical
characteristics of local vegetation types: Population density (D), Relative density (RD),
Frequency (F), Relative frequency (RF), estimating biodiversity, Habitat and ecosystem
diversity: Species diversity and Genetic diversity. Indices of biodiversity: Species
Richness (Richness Index), Species Diversity (Biodiversity Index), Similarity Index
(Simpson's Similarity Index). Visit to National Park/Sanctuary, Zoo and Botanical
Garden.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will be familiarize with different forms of
Recommended Books:
1. A Primer for Conservation Biology. 2ndEd. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ.
Sunderland. 2000.
2. Biogeography, Cox, C.B. and Morre, P.D., Kings College, London., 2000.
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3. Illustrated Handbook of Biodiversity of Pakistan. Mirza, Z.B., Saad Printers,
Rawalpindi, 1998.
4. Conservation Biology: A Primer for South Asia. Bawa, K., Primack, S., Oommen,
R.B. and Anna, M., 2011., Orient Black Swa.
5. Essentials of Conservation Biology, 5thEd.,Primack, R. B. Sinauer, P.R.B
associates Inc. Publishers, Sunderlander MA, USA. 2010.
Springer, 2010.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Course No. ENV-511

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
This course aims to provide information of techniques used in environmental
monitoring and evaluation of different standards of environmental factors i.e. air, water,
soil and living organisms.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Monitoring
Week 2: Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring methods
Week 3: Sampling, objectives of sampling monitoring programmers
Week 4: Design and types and Approaches to sampling
Week 5: Pre sampling requirements/information, sampling and design purposes
Week 6: NEQS regulatory purposes for NEQS compliance, EIA requirement
Week 7: NOC for plant operation, Determination of concentration and distribution of a
specific pollutant environment sampling techniques
Week 8: Quality assurance and quality control
Week 9: Planning analytic protocols quality assurance programmes, quality control
sampling
Week 10: Considerations, quality assessment, field custody
Week 11: Laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control
Week 12: Chemical addition, refrigeration and freezing methods
Week 13: Biological indicators for environmental monitoring
Week 14: Biomarker
Week 15: Role of biomarkers in environmental assessment
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Week 16: Laboratory custody. Preservation methods including pH control.
Lab Work:
• Sampling techniques (air, water and soil) for physical and chemical monitoring.
• Study the indicators for biological monitoring of the river and canal water, the
indicators for ecological monitoring in the field for fauna and flora.
• Use of various instrumental techniques for analysis of samples.
• Field visit/ study tour to water testing laboratory/local water authority and report
writing.
• Visit to EPD for the study of air and water monitoring procedures.
• Report on monitoring of municipal waste in the city.
• Visit to GIS laboratory (WWF-Pakistan, Lahore).
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide information of techniques used in environmental monitoring
and evaluation of different standards of environmental factors i.e. air, water, soil and
living organisms.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Monitoring Handbook, Burden, F. R, McKlivie, I. D., Forstner U.
and Guethner. (eds.) McGraw-Hill,USA, 2002.
2. Animal Biomarker as pollution indicators: Ecotoxicology Series 1. Peakall, D.
Chapman and Hall. USA, 1992.
3. A Guide for the technical Evaluation of Environmental Data, Korte, N. Technomic
Publishing Company Inc. USA, 1999.
4. Environmental Chemistry. Manahan, S. E. Lewis Publisher London, UK, 2000.
5. Earth Observation of Global Change, Chuviero, E. (ed) Springer, New York, USA,
2008.
6. Environmental Sampling and Analysis: A Practical Guide. Keith, L. H, 2002.
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Course No. ENV-402
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to impart basic computing skills necessary for use of
digital support to modern education for acquiring knowledge through offline and online
resources, analysis of data, composition of data and presentation of data in the in
efficient and effective way.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Definition and Types of computers
Week 2: Classification of computers
Week 3: Hardware: Input Hardware
Week 4: Storage hardware, processing hardware, output hardware
Week 5: Software: Application software
Week 6: System software, software packages
Week 7: Operating system (Windows)
Week 8: Internet, e-mail
Week 9: Local Area Network
Week 10: Configurations
Week 11: Introduction to MS-Word
Week 12: Introduction to Ms-Excel
Week 13: Introduction to Ms-Power Point
Week 14: Introduction to Ms-Access
Week 15: Revision and Practice on MS-Word, Ms-Excel
Week 16: Revision and Practice on Ms-Power Point, Ms-Access.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the student will be able to impart basic computing
skills necessary for use of digital support to modern education for acquiring knowledge
through offline and online resources, analysis of data, composition of data and
presentation of data in the in efficient and effective way.
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Computer. Long, l and Long, N. 6th Ed. 2001.
2. Microsoft office 2000. Courter, G and Marquis, A. BPB publication. 1999.
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2nd Year Semester III
CLIMATE CHANGE Course No. ENV-601
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide a wide-ranging understanding on climate
change, understanding climate system, being aware of the impacts of climate change on
society, understanding of adaptation and mitigation options in relation to climate
change.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Defining Climate, Climate system: Components; controls on climate
Week 2: Latitude, Earth-sun relationships, Revolution
Week 3: Rotation, Axial tilt and their combined effect
Week 4: Distance to large bodies of water
Week 5: Defining Climate Change, Climate change processes
Week 6: Green House Gases‟ emission
Week 7: Drivers and Indicators of Climate Change
Week 8: Cause & Effect of Climate Change
Week 9: Climate Change Policy, Impacts of Climate Change in Pakistan
Week 10: Green Economy, Carbon Footprint
Week 11: Technological Development and Changing climate
Week 12: Climate Change matters
Week 13: Present rapid warming, Projection of future climate change
Week 14: Uncertainty in climate change projections, Climate change impacts-reasons
for concern, Impacts on natural systems, societal systems, human health and
comforts
Week 15: Reactions and attitudes to climate change: Adaptation
Week 16: Mitigation options: increased energy efficiency, fuel substitution, nuclear
power, hydropower, solar energy, wind power, biomass energy, tidal, wave and
geothermal energy, hydrogen economy, changes in infrastructure and behavior.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide a wide-ranging understanding on climate change,
understanding climate system, being aware of the impacts of climate change on society,
understanding of adaptation and mitigation options in relation to climate change.
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Recommended Books:
1. Climate Change - Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1st Edition, Hardy, J. T., John
Wiley & Sons, 2003.
2. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton. (3rd edition)
3. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach, Earth
scan Publication Ltd, London, 2005.
2003.
5. The Green House Effect, Climate Change and Ecosystems. Warrick, B & Jager, D.
(Ed.). ECOPE 29. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester. UK 1991.
6. William James Burroughs (2007) Climate change: A Multidisciplinary Approach,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
7. Sharon L. Spray, Karen Leah McGlothlin, (2002) Global climate change,
Rowman& Littlefield, Maryland, USA Horace M. Karling, (2001) Global climate
change, Nova Publishers, New York, USA
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Course No. ENV-602

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The aim of this course is to enable the participants to build their capacity to integrate
environmental concerns in project proposals. The specific objectives of the course are
to help students to:
• learn the principles, skills, procedures and practices of integrating environment in
development through EIA;
• become aware of the legal and regulatory obligations of integrating environment in
development projects;
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction, overview EIA
Week 2: Introduction, overview of IEE
Week 3: Principles and purposes of IEE and EIA
Week 4: EIA Significance for the society
Week 5: Cost and benefits of EIA
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Week 6: Main stages in EIA process
Week 7: Law, policy and institutional arrangements for EIA systems
Week 8: Public involvement
Week 9: Screening, scoping
Week 10: Impact analysis, mitigation and impact management
Week 11: Reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to implement the project
Week 12: Project implementation and follow up
Week 13: EIA project management
Week 14: Social impact assessment (SIA)
Week 15: National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and noise,
role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis
Week 16: EIA Regulations 2000 of Pakistan.
Practical Work:
Screening & Scoping exercises, Using impact prediction and analysis tools; i)
Checklist, Matrices, Networks, Overlays. Organizing public Participation; identifying
stakeholders, role plays exercises, Field Visit, One case study to be completed by the
end of the semester.
Course Outcomes:
After completion the student will learn the principles, skills, procedures and practices
of integrating environment in development through EIA and will become aware of the
legal and regulatory obligations of integrating environment in development projects;
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental impact assessment: Guidelines by the Government of Pakistan,
Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad; 1986.
2. Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Glasson, J., Therivel, R., and
Chadwick, A., Routledge, London, 2005.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment in Practice, Harrop, D.O. & Nixon, J.A.,
National Book Foundation, Islamabad, 2000.
4. Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment (vol 1 & 2), Petts, J., (ed.).
Blackwell, Oxford, 1999.
5. EIA Manual: Training Resource Manual, Sadler, B., & McCabe, M., (ed.),2nd
Edition, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002.
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6. Environmental Impact Assessment for Developing Countries in Asia, Lohani, B.,
Evans, J., Everitt, R., Ludwig, H., Carpenter, R. and Tu, S.,Asian Development
Bank; 1997.
7. Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook for Pakistan, Fischer, T.S. (ed.),
2014, Liverpool University Press, UK.
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Course No. ENV-603

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course aims at providing student with the basic understanding of principles and
concepts of Natural Resource. Course is designed to provide student with the basic
understanding of role performed by these natural resources, threats that are associated
with them and approaches used for their management. Course will also emphasize on
the issues and constraints involved in the management of these resources. Course is
designed to provide student with a general overview keeping in view its undergraduate
level however special focus will be on Pakistan‟s perspective.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Non-renewable and renewable resources & its Types
Week 2: Existing situation in world in general while in Pakistan particularly
Week 3: Wildlife: Management existing situation at national level
Week 4: Wildlife census, reasons for its decline and its possible remedies
Week 5: Existing management approaches, sustainable/trophy hunting projects and its
role in local and national development, National and provincial legislation
Week 6: Agricultural Resources Management, Existing situation of agriculture sector in
Pakistan
Week 7: Agriculture products and their share in GDP, Problem in agriculture,
agriculture chemicals, their pros and cons
Week 8: National agriculture policy, management options
Week 9: Energy and Mineral Resources Management
Week 10: Present situation at national level, limitation in the future, best available
option for future, solar power, wind power and nuclear power
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Week 11: Land use Planning and Management: evolution of land use planning, review
of land use plans developed by the various organizations, field visit to develop
a land use plan for selected area
Week 12: Development of Management Plan: needs, requirement, process and contents
of the management plan
Week 13: Watershed management: Importance basic principles, methodologies,
national example, forest types and its existing management
Week 14: Rangeland Management: existing status, importance, threats, causes and
methods for its improvement
Week 15: Water Resources Management: Available waters resources, threat and its
causes, effective management
Week 16: Fisheries Management: Types of fishes in Pakistan, existing situation reason
for decline and its potential in the national economy, management options.
Course Outcomes:
This course will provide student with the basic understanding of principles and
concepts of Natural Resource and threats that are associated and various approaches for
management of these Resources and issues and constraints involved in the management
of these resources.
Recommended Books:
1. Conservation in Progress, Goldsmith, F.B and Warren, A. John Willey & Sons;
New York, USA. 1993.
2. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Pearce & Turner Harvester
Wheatsheaf, London, 1990.
3. Environmental Conservation, Dasmann, R.F, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.
4. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (PNCS), GOP and IUCN, Islamabad.
1992.
5. Introduction to Environmental management development in Environmental
modeling, Hansen, P.E. and Jorqensen, S.E.,Amsterdam, Elsevier.1991.
6. Environmental Science: working with Earth. 2013. Miller, T.G. 9thEdition. Jack
Cary Publisher London.
7. Basics of forestry and Applied Sciences, Concepts and Theory. Masood A.A
Qureshi, 3rd Ed Vol-1, A-one Publishers 2005.
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8. Environment: Problems and Solutions. Asthana, D. K & Asthana, M, 5th Ed, S.
Chand & company LTD 2006.
9. Environmental Science: Earth as Living Planet. Botkin, D., & Keller, E, 8th Ed.
John Wiley and Sons 2000.
10. Environmental Science: working with Earth. Miller. T. G, 9th Edition, Jack Cary
publisher 2003.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE-I) Course No. ENV-604

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course provide know how in dealing with natural calamities and their management
by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It discusses a wide range of
aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put societies in vulnerable situations to the
disaster management continuum.. It finally tends to provide the students with basic
knowledge on hazard reduction and vulnerability mitigation.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Natural hazards and disasters
Week 2: The need for hazard and disaster studies
Week 3: Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research
Week 4: Disaster its types, Natural vs Man-made Disaster
Week 5: Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and their role
Week 6: Prediction; Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability
Week 7: Definitions and characterization, Different approaches and Indicators
Week 8: Factors of vulnerability: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors,
Cultural factors, Political factors, Physical factors
Week 9: The impact of natural disasters, Direct and short-term impact of disasters,
Week 10: Disaster as an opportunity for development
Week 11: Disaster Management: Components of management, International
phenomenon
Week 12: Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation
Week 13: Hard and soft measures; Earthquake Management, Flood Management
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Week 14: Organizational Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs); Role of Media in Disaster Management
Week 15: Techniques and methods to assess hazard, vulnerability and risk
Week 16: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches; Disaster Management Trainings
and Policies.
Course Outcomes:
management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies and will
underline the importance of disasters in socio-economic development and will finally
Recommended Books:
1. Natural Disasters Alexander, D., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993.
2. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster Anderson,
M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder ,UNESCO, Paris, 1989.
3. The Environment as Hazard Burton I., Kates, R.W., and White G.F., 2nd Edition,
The Guilford Press, New York, 1993.
4. Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager‟s Handbook Carter N.W., ADB,
Manila, 1991.
5. Disasters and Development Cuny, F.C., Oxford University Press / Oxfam America,
New York, 1983.
6. Disaster Management: Warning Response and Community Relocation, Perry R.W.
and Mushkatel, A.H., Quorum Books, Westport, USA, 1984.
7. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hydman, David Hyndman. 2006
8. Update. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hyndman, David Hyndman.
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SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT (ELECTIVE-II) Course No. ENV-605
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course provide students with the knowledge of the basic properties and
significance of soil and its care for sustainable environment. After completion of this
course, students will be better equipped with the information about the ways and means
for better and efficient management of soils for healthy environment for future
generations.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction, Soil forming minerals
Week 2: Types and properties of parent materials
Week 5: Factors and processes of soil formation
Week 8: Cation and anion exchange
Week 9: Soil buffering capacity and its importance
Week 10: Soil degradation
Week 11: Soil management and green productivity
Week 12: Environmental implications of fertilizers and agrochemicals
Week 15: Soil as a natural sink for pollutants (organic)
Week 16: Soil as a natural sink for pollutants (Inorganic).
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course, students will be better equipped with the information
about the ways and means for better and efficient management of soils for healthy
environment for future generations.
Recommended Books:
1. The Nature and Properties of Soils, Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. Prentice-Hall,
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2. Soils in Our Environment, Miller, R.W.,Gardiner, D.T., 11th Edition, Prentice Hall,
3. Soil in the Environment: Crucible of Terrestrial Life. Hillel, D. Academic Press,
San Diego, CA, USA, 2007.
4. Soil Science. Bashir, E. and Bantel, R. National Book Foundation, Islamabad,
Pakistan, 1996.
RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course No. ENV-606

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The course provides participants with an introduction to the knowledge and skills
necessary to develop a research proposal and subsequently to conduct a research study.
It help to develop research abilities in the activities of research design and practice; to
develop skills in reading research papers and in writing reviews with critical thinking
skills & to evaluate a range of specific literature via the ability to reason clearly and
think critically.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introduction to Research
Week 2: Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific Research
Week 3: Science, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-requisites for Scientific
Research
Week 4: Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question
Week 5: Defining the Research Problem
Week 6: Selecting the Research Method
Week 7: Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research; Research
Week 8: Importance of Research Design, Review of Literature, Objectives,
Methodology
Week 9: How to put things together? Introduction, Material Methods, Review of
Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search
Week 10: Database, Search Engines
Week 11: Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods
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Week 12: Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies, population and
sampling frames, types of sampling design
Week 13: Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative
Data
Week 15: Data Analysis: Data Interpretation: Current data interpretation with
comparative studies (Inter-laboratory comparison)
Week 16: Inference based on findings; Research Presentation Techniques – Data
presentation.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will be able to write a research proposal
and subsequently to conduct a research study. It will help: to develop research abilities
in the activities of research design and practice; to develop skills in reading research
papers.
Recommended Books:
1. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano
Clark, V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.
2. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2nd Edition, Univ. of Chicago Press.
USA, 2003.
3. Writing Science Through Critical Thinking, Marilyn F. Moriarty, 1st Edition Jones
and Bartlett Publishers. 1997.
4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rd Edition, Sage
Publishers. USA, 2003.
5. Survey Research Methods. Babbie, E. R., Wadsworth Publishing Company,
Belmont California.USA, 1989.
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Semester-IV
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & POLICIES Course No. ENV-607
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course aims at giving an understanding of the role of state and its instruments in
the governance of environment in order to enable to the students to learn about
responsibilities of state and rights of its citizens to live in environmentally sound
conditions to contribute in sustainable development.
Course Outlines
Week 3: Climate Change Policy
Week 4: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997), rules and regulations m
Week 5: Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA, 1997), rules and regulations
Week 6: KP Environmental Protection Act 2014
Week 7: The SNBP Local Government ordinance 2001
Week 8: EPAs powers and functions
Week 9: Conservation Strategies
Week 10: National Conservation Strategies (NCS)
Week 11: Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy (SPCS) and Action plans
2014
2014
Week 14: WHO Guidelines
and sustainable development
and sustainable development.
Course Outcomes:
After completion of this course the students will understand the role of the state and its
responsibilities in the governance of the environment in order to learn responsibilities
of state and rights of its citizens for environmentally sustainable development.
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Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Laws and their implementation in Pakistan, Qadar, S. Law Books
House, 2000.
2. Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, Government of Pakistan
3. National Environmental Policy
4. National Conservation Strategy
5. SNBP Local Government Ordinance, 2001.
POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES Course No. ENV-609

Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The course objectives are: to provides an overview of types and sources of pollution; to
determine the effects of soil, water and air pollution; meteorology as related to
dispersion of pollutants in air, water, and soil; to discuss various techniques in pollution
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Environmental Pollution and Pollutants, An introduction; Pollution and
Environmental Ethics
Week 2: Roots of our problem, Environmental ethics as public health
Week 3: Conservation and preservation
Week 4: Ethics for non-human nature
Week 5: Environmental Risk Analysis: Risk, Risk Assessment, Risk Management
Week 6: Pollution Concept: Types of Pollution, Air, water and soil pollution – Causes
and Consequences
Week 7: Control technologies for Air, Water and Soil Pollution
Week 8: Municipal and Solid Waste (MSW) Management: minimization techniques,
controls and 3-Rs: reuse, recycling & recovery
Week 9: Energy Recovery from organic MSW; Landfill sites and their potential for
recycling waste
Week 10: Waste water treatment technologies: estimates, treatments and utilization
Week 11: Membrane Technology; Reuse, Recycling and Recovery
Week 12: Hazardous Waste Management: segregation of healthcare and municipal
waste
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Week 13: Radioactive waste: Sources, health effects, waste management
Week 14: Noise pollution & its Effects: Control technologies for its containment
Week 15: Other Pollution Controls, Biotechnology for environment: bioremediation for
Industrial pollution control, oil spills and pesticides
Week 16: Occupational Health Safety devices: Laws & Regulations regarding waste.
Course Outcomes:
The course will provides an overview of types and sources of pollution, and determine
the effects of soil , water and air pollution; to discuss various techniques in pollution
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Pollution & Control. and Peiece, J.J., Weiner, R.F., and Vesilaind,
P.A. 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (Elsevier) USA,1998.
2. Understanding Environmental Pollution Hill, M.K., 2nd Edition. Cambridge
3. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Nevers, N D, McGraw-Hill. USA, 1995.
4. Industrial Water Pollution Control , Felder, E., 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill, USA,
1989.
5. Biotechnology for Waste and Wastewater Treatment, Cheremisinoff, N. P., Prentice
Hall, India, 1996.
6. Industrial Pollution Prevention Handbook, Freeman and Harry, M, McGraw-Hill,
USA, 1995.
7. Solid Waste Technology and Management, T. Christensen, John Wiley & Sons,
2011.
8. Water Treatment Technologies, B. Salopek, Akademija tehničkih znanosti
Hrvatske, 2007
9. Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control, L.K. Wang, N.C. Pereira and Y.T.
Hung, Humana Press, 2005.
10. Preventive Environmental Management, S.R. Asolekar, R. Gopichandran and
Centre for Environment Education, Foundation Books, 2005.
11. Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies,
N.P. Cheremisinoff, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.
12. Municipal solid waste management: strategies and technologies for sustainable
solutions, C. Ludwig, S. Hellweg and S. Stucki, Springer, 2003.
116
13. Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, N.P. Cheremisinoff,
14. Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, N.P. Cheremisinoff,
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (ELECTIVE-III)

Course Code: ENV-610 Credit hours: 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The aim of this course is to educate students about the Water Resources Management
with reference to Pakistan, how to minimize the wastage and how to increase its
efficiency especially in irrigation sector.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Water resource and its management
Week 2: Hydrological cycle, water quality and quantity aspects
Week 3: Water supply and demand management measures
Week 4: Virtual water, Groundwater, Soil water, form of water
Week 5: Groundwater exploitation, its over-mining and pollution and urbanization
aspects
Week 6: Improving water productivity/irrigation water efficiency
Week 7: Flood and droughts, water conservation
Week 8: Fisheries management
Week 9: Climate change and its impacts on our future water resources
Week 10: Precipitation distribution in Pakistan
Week 11: Indus Water Accord 1991
Week 12: Indus Water Treaty 1960 (IWT)
Week 13: Rain water harvesting in urban and rural environment
Week 14: Water relevant institutions and authorities in Pakistan
Week 15: Water resources management and future challenges in Pakistan
Week 16: Integrated water resources management (IWRM).
Lab Work:
Study tours to visit water supply & waste water treatment plants, watershed/catchment,
with drinking water facilities like springs, tube-wells, pollution aspects, like solid waste
and waste water disposal into the natural streams etc.
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Course Outcomes:
This course will educate students about the Water Resources Management with
reference to Pakistan, how to minimize the wastage and how to increase its efficiency
especially in irrigation sector.
Recommended Books:
1. Pakistan‟s Water Economy Running Dry, Briscoe, J. and Qamar, U., Oxford
University Press Karachi, 2006.
2. Problems and Politics of Water Sharing and Management in Pakistan, Cheema, P.I.,
Khan, R. A. and Malik, A. R., Asia Printer, Islamabad, 2006.
3. Integrated Water Resources Management in South and Southeast Asia, Biswas,
A.K.,Varis, O, and Tortajada, C, (eds.), Oxford University Press New Delhi, 2005.
ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY (ELECTIVE-IV) Course Code: ENV-611

Credit hours: 3(3-0)
Objectives:
Environmental sociology is the sociological study of societal-environmental
interactions, although the focus of the field is on relationship between society and
environment in general and the social factors that cause environmental problems in
particular.
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Introductions to Environmental Sociology
Week 2: Global environmental issues and society
Week 3: Food and Agriculture
Week 4: Critical Perspectives on the Alternative Food Movement
Week 5: Human Dimensions of Environmental Change
Week 6: Sustainability and Environmental Justice
Week 7: Sustainability and Environmental Justice and Social Stratification
Week 10: International Climate Issues
Week 11: The human, economic, and political causes of climate change
Week 12: Global Environmental Issues
Week 13: Global Environmental Governance
Week 14: Environmental Movements
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Week 15: Movements for Sustainability
Week 16: Sustainable Consumption and its Politics
Course Outcomes:
After completing this course the students will be able to explore the various forms of
interaction between human society and the environment, focusing on the social
dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made environments.
Recommended Books:
1. David Goodman, Melanie DuPuis and Michael Goodman, Alternative
FoodNetworks: Knowledge, Practice and Politics (Routledge 2011), chs. 7.
2. Kate Soper and Frank Trentmann, eds., 2008, Citizenship and Consumption
(Palgrave MacMillan).
3. Theda Skocpol, “Naming the Problem: What It Will Take to Counter Extremism
and Engage Americans in the Fight against Global Warming,” unpublished paper,
Harvard University, January 2013.
4. Connolly J. and Prothero A. (2008), “Green Consumption: Life-politics, Risk and
Contradictions,” Journal of Consumer Culture, 8(1), pp 117-145.
5. Shove, Elizabeth, 2005, “Changing human behavior and lifestyle: a challenge for
sustainable consumption?” in Inge Ropke and Lucia Reisch (eds), The Ecological
Economics of Consumption. Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 111-132.
Longman.
8. Pralle, Sarah. 2006. „„„I‟m Changing the Climate, Ask Me How!‟: The Politics
ofthe Anti-SUV Campaign.” Political Science Quarterly 121(3):397-423.
9. Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, 2004, “The Death of Environmentalism:
Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World,” Breakthrough Institute
http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_death_of_environmentalism.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (Special paper-I)
Credit hours 3(3-0)
Objectives:
The students learn the types, handling and management systems of solid wastes.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to solid waste management
Week 2: Solid waste characterization
Week 3: Sources, quantities, quality
Week 4: Waste collection and transport
Week 5: Treatment technologies
Week 6: Bioremediation strategies
Week 7: Composting
Week 8: Types and methods
Week 9: Environmental requirements
Week 10: Incineration
Week 11: Reuse
Week 12: Recycling
Week 13: Landfills: Site design and management
Week 14: Pollution and risk assessment of landfills
Week 15: Biogas generation
Week 16: Use of biogas digest; recent technologies used for solid waste management.
Course Outcomes:
The students will be able to learn the various types of solid waste and how to handle
and manage systems for wastes.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles and Applications of Microbiology. Salivia, D.M., J.J. Fuhrman, G.P.
Hartel and A.D. Zuberer.2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
2005.
2. Compost Science and Technology. Diaz, L.F., M. de Bertold and W. Bidlingmaier.
Elsevier, London, UK. 2007.
3. Compost. Kenneth, T. and E. Annelise. Dorling Kindersly, London, UK. 2007.
4. Organic Waste Recycling: Technology and Management. Polprasent, C. IWA,
London, UK. 2007.
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AGRO-ECOLOGY (Special Paper-II)
Credit Hour: 3(3-0)
Objectives:
This course trains students to compare agro-ecosystems and attempt to integrate
knowledge of natural ecosystems into agricultural practice. Learn to link ecology,
socioeconomics and culture to sustain agricultural production, farming communities,
and environmental health.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Application of ecological principles to modern farming systems
Week 2: goals of long term food production without depleting Earth‟s resources
Week 3: Explore on-farm and off-farm ecological implications of agricultural and
livestock practices for crop biodiversity
Week 4: Riparian and wetland systems
Week 5: Agroforestry, soil fertility, and pasture
Week 6: Application of ecological principles in agro-ecosystemsviz; enhance recycling
Week 7: Application of ecological principles in agro-ecosystems viz; enhance recycling
Week 8: Securing favorable soil conditions for plant growth
Week 11: Minimizing losses due to flows of solar radiation
Week 12: Air and water by way of microclimate management
Week 15: Species and genetic diversification of the agro-ecosystems in time and space
Week 16: Species and genetic diversification of the agro-ecosystems in time and space.
Course Outcomes:
This course will trains students to compare agro-ecosystems and attempt to integrate
knowledge of natural ecosystems into agricultural practice.and will learn to link
ecology, socioeconomics and culture to sustain agricultural production, farming
communities, and environmental health.
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Recommended Books:
1. Gliessman, S. R. 2007. Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems
Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press, N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431
ISBN 0-8493-2845-4
2. GliessmanS. R. (Ed). AndC. A. Edwards, 2000.Agroecosystem Sustainability
Developing Practical Strategies. CRC Press 224 pages
3. Wojtkowski, P. A. Introduction to Agroecology: Principles and Practices, Rutle
RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP /TWO SPECIAL PAPERS

Credit hours: 06
122
CURRICULUM
OF
MS/MPhil-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT
123
CURRICULUM OF MS/MPhil ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Year program)
Scheme of Studies for the Two-year MS/Mphil Degree in Environmental Sciences
Semester- I
1 Research Methods in Environmental Science ENV-701 3(3-0)
2 Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ENV-702 3(3-0)
3 Strategic Environmental Assessment ENV-703 3(3-0)
4 ELECTIVE 1 3(3-0)
Total Credit Hrs 12
Semester- II
S.No Course Course Credit
1 Environmental Analytical Techniques ENV-704
code hours
3(2-1)
2 ELECTIVE 2 3
3 ELECTIVE 3 3
4 ELECTIVE 4 3
rd th
3 & 4 Research Work for Thesis 06
Semesters
Total Credit Hrs 30
124
SEMESTER 1
RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Course Code. ENV-701
Credit hours 3 (3-0)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to equip the students with the skills to undertake a
project by planning, designing and defining a research problem; and select indicators
and parameters of research and its methodologies.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to Research, Nature of Research, Purpose of Research, Ethics in
Research
Week 2: Types of Research, Tools of Research, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-
requisites for Scientific Research
Week 3: Types of Questions, Types of Relationships, Variables, Hypothesis, Types of
Data,
Week 4: Starting a Research Project/Research Proposal, Research Project
Conceptualization, Elements of a Research Proposal
Week 5: Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question, Defining the
Research Problem; Choosing the Research topics
Week 6: Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research, Research
Week 7: Research Design; Importance of Research Design, Formulation of Research
Design Reliability, validity, generalization, Experimental design and use of
indicators in research, Tradeoffs in design decisions
Week 8: Sampling Design; Introduction to sampling design, Logic of Sampling;
Concepts and Terminologies, Types of Sampling Designs (Classifying
experimental design, factorial design, randomized block design, covariance
design, Quasi experimental design) Relationship among pre-post design.
Advances in Quasi Experimentation
Week 9: Survey of Research, Questionnaires construction
Week 10: How to put things together? Introduction, Objectives, Material and Methods,
Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search: Database, Search
Engines; Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods;
Week 11: Evaluation Research: How to carry out evaluation research, Data Collection:
Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data,
Week 13: Data Analysis: Conclusion, Validity - Statistical analyses,
Week 14: Descriptive Statistics (Correlations) Inferential Statistics, Univariate
Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multivariate Analysis (T-Test, Generalized linear
model, Factorial design, randomized block analysis, Analysis of covariance,
Regression Analysis)
Week 15: Data Interpretation, Current data interpretation with comparative studies
(Inter laboratory comparison), Inference based on findings;
Week 16: Research Presentation Techniques – Data presentation
Recommended Books:
2. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark,
V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.
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3. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2ndEdition, Univ. of Chicago Press.
USA, 2003.
4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rdEdition, Sage Publishers.
USA, 2003.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION

Objectives:
Climate Change Impacts Adaptation and Mitigation is an interdisciplinary course
offered at MS level. The focus of the course is climate change impacts and the human
response to climate change, including efforts to adapt to climate change, as well as
efforts to avoid or reduce the negative impacts of climate change. The aim of the course
is to give an understanding of climate change impacts, and provide the knowledge and
tools to devise effective strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. After
completion the students will be able to identify natural and anthropogenic drivers of
climate change, have knowledge of the direct observations of climate change, and
describe the impacts of climate change on agriculture, forestry, ecosystems, water
resources, society and human health. The objective of this course is to provide students
with knowledge to learn the dimensions of proliferating effects of climate change on
human life and its future generations.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction, types and their climatic effects,
Week 2: Modeling of climate change, types of climate change models.
Week 3: Climate Change and Wetlands: impacts, adaptation and mitigation.
Week 4: Basic understanding of the physical science of climate change,
Week 5: Climate change impacts and the human response to climate change.
Week 6: Adaptation to climate change, natural and anthropogenic drivers and direct
observations of recent climate change.
Week 7: Potential adaptation strategies in different sectors.
Week 8: Climate change impacts and adaptation practices for ecosystems,
Week 9: Land use, water resources, society and human health,
Week 10: Climate change mitigation strategies, Carbon sequestration,
Week 11: Transition to carbon neutral energy sources,
Week 12: Geo-engineering as well as measures to increase energy efficiency.
Week 13: Climate change policy and social change,
Week 14: International climate change negotiations, regulatory instruments, voluntary
agreements and social change.
Week 15: Climate change and food production, climate change and its effects on
Week 16: Pakistan‟s agriculture, water resources, forests, etc.
Recommended Books:
1. Adaptation to climate change /Mark Pelling. Abingdon, Oxon, England;New York
Routledge,c 2010.
2. Dow, Kirstin, 1963 The atlas of climate change mapping the world‟s greatest
challenge/Kirstin Dow and Thomas E. Downing. London Earthscan, 2011.
3. Climate Change Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1stEdition, Hardy, J. T., John Wiley
& Sons, 2003.
126
4. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton.(3rd edition)
5. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach,
Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, 2005.
2003.
7. IPCC Assessment Reports on Climate Change
8. Botkin D. & Keller E., 2000. Environmental Science: Earth as Living Planet. 8th ed.
John Wiley and Sons.
9. Cunningham W.P., & Saigo, B.W., 2001. Environmental Science, 6th Ed. Mc-Graw
Hill
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)

Objectives:
SEA is a rapidly evolving field around the World. The objective of this course is to
explain theory, practice and methodology strategic environmental assessment. After
completing this course, the students will be able to: 1. appreciate the relationship
between SEA and environmental planning processes.
2. obtain a practical understanding of SEA methods and approaches.
3. develop and awareness of SEA effectiveness and performance requirements.
Course Outlines:
Week 1-4: Environmental Assessment Introduction and concepts,
Week 5-8: Methods and tools for EA
Week 9: Strategic Environmental Assessment: Key concepts.
Week 10: SEA legislation and process,
Week 11: Regulatory and planning framework of SEA and Implementation,
Week 12: SEA Tools and Techniques
Week 13: SEA case studies: examples from a wide spectrum of sectors;
Week 14: SEA case studies for Water and SEA case studies for Waste,
Week 15: Future directions:
Week 16: Cumulative impact assessment, Sustainability assessment.
Recommended Books:
1. A Practical Guide to the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (2005)
2. Sheate, W.R. et al (2004) Implementing the SEA Directive. Sectoral Challenges and
Opportunities for the UK and EU, European Environment, Vol 14 (2), 73-93
3. SEA and Integration of the Environment into Strategic Decision-Making: Report to
EC (2001)
127
SEMESTER 2
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to impart skills and techniques necessary for
measurement of different environmental pollutants. This course will enable the students
to carryout monitoring and evaluation.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction;
Week 2: Principles of physical, chemical and
Week 3-4: Microbiological analysis of environmental pollutants,
Week 5-6: Sampling Procedure for the examination of Water, Wastewater,
Week 7: Air and Solid Waste; sampling rules,
Week 8: Sample collection and preservation.
Week 9: Laboratory Techniques
Week 10-11: Field Monitoring for parameters of importance causing environmental
pollution.
Week 12: Environmental Chemical Analysis;
Week 13: Principles for Instrumental Techniques using Spectroscopy,
Week 14: Chromatography,
Week 15: Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction analyses etc.
Week 16: Assessment and Interpretation of Results using Statistical Tools.
Lab work:
Analyses of Water, wastewater, air and solid wastes for pollutant determination;
Instrumental analyses using Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Microscopy and X-Ray
Diffraction analyses etc. Data Interpretation using Statistical Tools
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Engineering Laboratory. Ahmed, K.A one Publishers Lahore,
Pakistan, 1998.
2. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. L. S. Clesceri, A. E.
Greenberg, A. D. Eaton. 20th Edition. APHA publisher, USA, 1998.
ELECTIVE COURSE
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Objectives:
Course Outline:
Week 1: Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere,
chemistry,
Week 3: Chemical reactions in the atmosphere sources
128
Week 4: Effects of following pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen
oxides, Sulfur dioxide
reaction with hydrocarbons,
Week 7: Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates, chemistry of
ground level air pollution.
Week 8: Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone,
Week 10: Effects of ozone depletion on human health and environment,
Week 11: Green chemistry, its principles
aqueous systems.
Week 13: Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids.
carbamates.
Week 15: Accumulation in biological systems. Biomagnification and Biodegradation.
Week 16: Toxic heavy metals and their Bioaccumulation.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Chemistry. Ibanez, J.G., Hemandez-Esparaz, M., Doria- Serrano, C.,
Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany.2008.
2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, lE., 1stEdition. Jones and Barlett,
USA, 2005.
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The course is designed to disseminate the best available information about the genetics,
biochemical and Environmental agriculture related properties of the microorganisms
and their possible exploitation in the production of food, vaccines , fermented products,
antibiotics, diseases resistant crops, Bioremediation, Solid waste treatment and other
similar areas in the most efficient and economic manner.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Fermentation Technology: Stages of fermentation process,
Week 2: Isolation, screening, preservation and improvement of industrial
microorganisms,
Week 3: Media formulation, Sterilization, Inoculum development- The range of
fermentation process, Submerged,
Week 4: Solid state fermentation The chronological development of the fermentation
industry,
Week 5: The component parts of a fermentation, process Continuous culture, Fed-
Batch culture, Chemo stat culture.
Week 6: Process Engineering: Bioreactor- Design, Operation, Cell Harvesting, and
Disruption
129
Week 7: Product recovery and Purification, Instrumentation and Process Control,
Types of bioreactors.
Week 8: Fermentation Products: Alcohols, Alcoholic beverages,
Week 9: Organic acids, Polysaccharides, antibiotics, Vitamins, Fermented Foods,
Organic acids
Week 10: Environmental Aspects: Mineral leaching with bacteria, microorganisms
involved in the sulfide mineral leaching, chemistry of sulfide mineral oxidation
by bacteria, exploitation of bacterial sulfide mineral oxidation, dump and heap
leaching,
Week 11: In-situ bacterial leaching of ore, mineral concentrate-leaching utilization of
bacterially generated solvents, heavy metal pollutants removal by
bioaccumulation,
Week 12: Degradation of toxic wastes, mechanisms of detoxification, biotechnological
remedies, waste recovery, single cell protein, biogas technology.
Week 13: Bioremediation: Microbial control of environmental pollution, Transport and
fate
Week 14: Biodegradation, microbial activities and Environmental effects on
biodegradation
Week 15: Transform of metal pollutants
Week 16: Phytoremediation: Mechanisms involving removal of hazardous compounds
and heavy metals from soil and water.
Lab work:
Production of Fermented Food Tempeh, Water analysis, Isolation and screening of
metal resistant bacteria, Isolation and screening of metal resistant fungi, Demonstration
of Fermenter, Sterilization Techniques, Identification of microbes.
Recommended Books:
1. Glazer, A. N. 2007. Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied
Microbiology. 2nd Ed. Hiroshi Nikaido, Cambridge University Press, New York,USA.
2. Patrick, K. J. 2004 .Environmental Microbiology Principles and Applications.
Biological Sciences Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
FRESHWATER ECOLOGY
Objectives:
The objective of this course is totrain the students for ecological analysis of freshwater
habitats in terms of identification of flora and fauna and the interactions among them.
At the end of the course, the students are expected to acquire the techniques for study
of freshwater habitats.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Hydrology and Physiography of various types of freshwater systems.
Week 2: Chemistry of various freshwater systems and associated organisms.
Week 3: Physical relationships, Movement of light, heat and chemicals in water,
Week 4: Hydrology and Physiography of groundwater and wetland habitats,
Week 5: Physiography of lakes and reservoirs.
Week 6: Types of aquatic organisms: Cyanobacteria, Eukaryotic Algae, Aquatic fungi,
Protozoa,
Week 7: Non-vascular plants and vascular plants.
Week 8: Animals: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes and Nemertea,
130
Week 8: Gastrotricha, Ŕotifera, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa, Tardigrada,
Arthropoda, Fishes, Tetrapods;
Week 10: Biodiversity of freshwaters, Measures of diversity, temporal and spatial
factors, short term factors influencing local distribution.
Week 11: Invasious of Nonnative species, extinction.
Week 12: Chemicals in freshwater, Redox potential, potential energy and chemical
transformations.
Week 13: Distribution of dissolved oxygen in environment, transformations of carbon,
fermentation, methanogenesis,
Week 14: Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus and other Nutrients.
Week 15: Effects of toxic chemicals and other pollutants on aquatic ecosystems,
Week 16: Fish Ecology, Freshwater Ecosystems: Groundwater Ecosystems, Streams,
Lakes and Reservoirs, Wetlands.
Recommended Books:
1. Lampert, W. and Sommer, U., 2007. Limno-ecology: The Ecology of Lakes and
Streams. Oxford University Press, New York.
2. Dodds, W.K., 2002. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Env. Applications.
Academic Press. London.
3. Dodds, W.K. and Whiles, M.R., 2002. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and
Environmental Applications of Limnology. 2nd Ed. Academic Press. London.
ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY
Objectives:
particular. After completing this course the students will be able to explore the various
forms of interaction between human society and the environment, focusing on the
social dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made environments.
Course Outlines:
Week 1-4: Foundations of Environmental Sociology;
Week 4-8: Human Dimensions of Environmental Change;
Week 9-10: Environmental Justice and Social Stratification;
Week 11-13: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters;
Week 14: Consumer Society.
Week 15-16: Rotating topic seminars in Environmental Sociology should also be
included.
Recommended Books:
Longman.
131
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
Objectives:
management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It discusses a
wide range of aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put societies in vulnerable
situations to the disaster management continuum. To underline the importance of
disasters in socio-economic development, this course also aims to make an assessment
of the consequences of „natural‟ catastrophic at both short and long terms. It finally
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Natural hazards and disasters: The need for hazard and disaster studies
Week 2: Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research; Disaster its types
Week 3: Natural vs Man-made; Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and
their role, Prediction
Week 4: Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability: Definitions and characterization, Different
approaches and Indicators; Factors of vulnerability
Week 5: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors, Cultural factors, Political
factors, Physical factors
Week 6: The impact of natural disasters: Direct and short-term impact of disasters,
Week 7: Disaster as an opportunity for development; Disaster Management:
Week 8: Components of management, identifying communities at risk, International
phenomenon
Week 9: Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation: hard and soft measures;
Earthquake Management, Flood Management: Organizational
Week 10: Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs);
Week 11: Role of Media in Disaster Management; Techniques and methods to assess
hazard, vulnerability and risk: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches;
Week 12: Disaster Management Trainings and Policies, Pre-disaster management
(Early warning system, emergency communication),
Week 13: Common environmental disasters in Pakistan, Plate Tectonics and Physical
Hazards
Week 14: Earthquake and their damages,
Week 15: Landslides and their down slope movements, Climate and weather related
Hazards
Week 16: Storms on the horizon, streams and flood processes, flood and human
interactions, Coastal erosion.
Recommended Books:
1. Natural Disasters, Alexander, D., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993.
2. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hydman, David Hyndman. 2006 Update.
Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hyndman, David Hyndman. ISBN-10:
0538737522. The Environment as Hazard Burton I., Kates, R.W., and White G.F., 2nd
Edition, The Guilford Press, New York, 1993.
3. Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager‟s Handbook. Carter N.W., ADB, Manila,
1991.
132
4. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster, Anderson,
M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder, UNESCO, Paris, 1989.
MARINE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT

Objectives:
To develop a basic understanding of marine pollution, its sources, impact of pollutants
on the biotic and abiotic environment impacting the marine recourses. Develop a clear
understanding of pollution control and management techniques.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to marine pollution,
Week 2-3: Chronic and acute inorganic marine pollutants.
Week 4-5: Chronic and acute organic marine pollutants.
Week 6: Causes, effects and impacts on marine environment and humans.
Week 7: Health of the oceans,
Week 8-9: Various forms of environmental pollution as they affect both the land and
maritime environment.
Week 10: Control of pollution in marine and coastal environments
Week 11: Pollution Management,
Week 12: Ocean disposal: marine outfalls, shipboard wastes,
Week 13-14: Ocean disposal: dumping of sludge, disposal of dredge spoil, radioactive
wastes
Impacts of ocean disposal.
Week 15: Marine pollution control and mitigation measurements;
Week 16: oil spills contingency plan and combating techniques.
Recommended Books:
1. Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate: Sustainability and Economic
Perspectives Kevin J. Noone‟ Ussif Rashid SumailaRobert J. Diaz 2013.
2. Marine Pollution and Human Health (Issues in Environmental Science and
Technology) R E Hester, R M Harrison RSC Publications 2011
3. Coastal Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans (Marine Science) by
Carl J. Sindermann (2005).
4. Marine Pollution and Its Control (McGraw-Hill series in water resources and
environmental engineering) by Paul L. Bishop (1982).
5. Protecting the Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution: Towards
Effective International Cooperation by Daud Hassan (2006).
6. Transboundary Environmental Governance: Inland, Coastal and Marine Perspectives
Robin Warner, Simon Marsden 2012
Journals/Periodicals:
Marine Pollution Bulletin.
Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology.
Marine Chemistry.
133
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Objectives:
The objective of the course is to provide the student with insight in the principles and
important issues of environmental epidemiology. This course will focus on assessment
of disease burden, measurement of exposure and interpretation of mortality, morbidity
concepts. Upon completion of this course, it is assumed that students will be able to
comprehend emerging diseases in the context of climate change and global
environmental change.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Environmental risks to human health. Epidemics, endemics, and pandemics.
Week 2: Epidemiology triangle. Disease concepts: Communicable and
noncommunicable diseases and conditions. Modes of disease transmission and
chain of infection. Portals of entry to the human body. Zoonoses.
Week 3: Type of epidemiology: social, occupational, environmental, nutritional and
infectious disease epidemiology.
Week 4: Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
Week 5: Disease surveillance and health impact assessment.
Week 6: Basic concepts: rates, ratios, proportions and relative risks. Measures of
association and odds ratio analysis.
Week 7: Design strategies and experimental epidemiology: case-control studies, cohort
studies, double-cohort studies.
Week 8: Role of confounding factors in causation of disease. Web of causation.
Sensitivity and Specificity.
Week 9: Designing a randomized controlled trial.
Week 10: Ethics in epidemiologic research.
Week 11: Statistical Methods in Epidemiology: Sample size determination and
statistical inference.
Week 12: Integrating toxicological and epidemiological data.
Week 13: Regression methods. Time-series, spatial analysis and meta-analysis in
epidemiology.
Week 14: Field Epidemiology: Epidemiological field work in population-based studies.
Week 15: Exposure assessment, surveillance and screening methods.
Week 16: Examples of case studies: cardiovascular, cancer, asthma and vector borne
diseases.
Recommended Books:
1. Ahrens, W. and Pigeot, I. (2013). Handbook of Epidemiology. 2nd Ed. Springer,
London. UK.
2. Merril, R. M. and Timmreck, T. C. (2006). Introduction to Epidemiology. (4th ed.).
Jones and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA.
3. Merril, R. M. (2008). Environmental Epidemiology: Principles and Methods.
(4thed.). Jones and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA.
4. Aschengrau, A. and Seage, G. R. 2003. Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health.
Jones & Bartlett Learning, 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA
134
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENT
Objectives:
This course will provide the conceptual framework to the students for understanding of
complex web of multiple dimensions of environmental issues linked with population
and development.
Course Outline:
Week 1: World Population: current scenario and future trends.
Week 2: Framework for understanding population environment nexus,
Week 3: Population size and environment,
Week 4: Population distribution and environment.
Week 5: Population composition and environment,
Week 6: Population growth and climate change,
Week 7: Population growth and land use change,
Week 8: Research need for correlation studies.
Week 9-10: Poverty-population- environment linkages in the context of migration and
urbanization.
Week 11: Population-development nexus: integrating environment and development.
Week 12: Response to demographic crisis: Government responses,
Week 13: Individual attitudes and perceptions,
Week 14: Sustainable approach to population stabilization,
Week 15: Population dynamics in Pakistan,
Week 16: Pakistan‟s Biocapacity, resource consumption & crisis.
Recommended Books:
John Wiley and Sons
2. Cunningham W.P., & Saigo, B.W., 2001. Environmental Science, 6th Ed. McGraw-
Hill.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Objectives:
This course will provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving
environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments. After completion of
this course, students will be able to understand the significance, and application of
biotechnology in the environment.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to biotechnology,
Week 2-3: Tools of environmental biotechnology,
Week 4: Fundamentals of biological interventions,
Week 5: Recombinant DNA Technology,
Week 6: Genetic manipulations,
Week 7: GMOs: Release and Regulations,
Week 8: Environmental applications of GMOs,
Week 9: Biosafety concerns of GMOs,
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Week 10: Bio-strategies for pollution control,
Week 11: Bioremediation,
Week 12: Phytoremediation, biofilm,
Week 13: Biomarkers, Biosensor, Bioreactors.
Week 14-16: Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic organisms.
Lab Work:
Introduction to basic molecular techniques; Isolation, purification and preservation of
DNA, Recombinant DNA technology, PCR.Gel Electrophoresis, DNA measurement
through spectrophotometer.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications, Hans-Joachim, J. and
2009.
3. National Biosafety Guidelines. National Biotechnology Commission, Government of
Pakistan. 2005.
4. Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and Application. Gareth M. Evans and Judith
C. Furlong. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West
Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, 2003.
5. Environmental Microbiology. 2ndEdition. 2010. Edited by Ralph Mitchell and Ji-
Dong Gu. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
6. Genetically Engineered Organisms: Assessing Environmental and Human Health
Effects. 2002. Edited by Deborah K. Letourneau and Beth Elpern Burrows. CRC Press,
USA
WETLAND MANAGEMENT
Objectives:
The course will be helpful to understand the ecological structure and functions of
wetlands, significance of wetlands, sustainable use of wetlands, and know how to write
a conservation and management plan for wetland.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to wetland ecosystem,
Week 2: Wetland communities,
Week 3-4:Wetland classification and inventory,
Week 5-6: Wetland values, functions, and evaluation.
Week 7-8: Identification of important flora and its role within the wetlands.
Week 9-10: Identification of important fauna and its role within the wetlands.
Week 11-12: Ecosystem approach to wetland management.
Week 13: Participatory approach to wetland management.
Week 14: Government regulations and policies on wetland,
Week 15-16: Formulation of wetland management plans for Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. William J. M. and James G. G. (2007). Wetlands. USA.
2. Falconer R A and Goodwin, P. (1994). Wetland Management. United Kingdom
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3. Mary, E.K., Roberts, P.B., Staphanie, F.G., Cindy, C.H., Arthur, D.S. and Jean, C.F.
(1992). Wetlands: An approach to improving decision making in wetland restoration
and creation. USA
4. Hammer, D.A. (1992). Creating freshwater wetlands. Chelsea, Michigan.
WILDLIFE AND FOREST CONSERVATION

Objectives:
This course will make the students familiar with the concepts of wildlife and forest
management practices. It further aims to introduce factors that lead towards loss of
wildlife and forest resources and its consequences on ecosystems.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Philosophy and concepts in wildlife management.
Week 2: Biological, scientific, commercial, recreational, philosophical, educational,
ethical, social values of wildlife and forests.
Week 3: Variety of wildlife, abundance, evolution,
Week 4: Ecological niches, competition and population dynamics.
Week 5: National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves of Pakistan.
Week 6: Impact of human population on habitat degradation and fragmentation.
Week 7: Effect of pollution and overgrazing on wildlife and forest resources.
Week 8: Role of databases in wildlife management.
Week 9: Wildlife and habitat measurements:
Week 10: Indices of ecological density, data collection and analyses for wildlife
management.
Week 11: Forests: their ecological and economic importance,
Week 12: Factors affecting forest growth and management.
Week 13: Status of forests in Pakistan, their types, distribution, management,
deforestation and its control.
Week 14: Participatory forest management.
Week 15: Sustainable forest management.
Week 16: Rangeland management as mitigating measure to resolve human wildlife
conflicts.
Recommended Books:
1. Bailey, J. A. 1998. Principals of Wildlife Management. John-Wiley and Sons, New
York, USA.
2. Hosetti, B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife management. Daya Publishing House, New
Delhi, India.
3. Sinclair, A. R. E., J. M. Fryxell and G. Caughley. 2006. Wildlife Ecology,
Conservation and Management. 2nd Ed. Blackwell Publishing, New York, USA.
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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
Objectives:
The overarching aim of this graduate course is to enable the students to learn how the
energy scenario is building globally in the context of environmental and economic
concerns. The specific objectives are to enable the students to:
gain knowledge of the dynamics of energy in the environment
learn about skills and techniques of obtaining energy from various sources
develop attitude for using energy from alternative sources with efficiency
Course Outline:
Week 1: Matter and energy in nature;
Week 2: Flow of energy in nature in ecosystem,
Week 3: Carbon cycle in nature,
Week 4: Energy efficiency in nature.
Week 5: Fossil fuels and their environmental effects; Greenhouse effect and acid rain
etc.
Week 6: Renewable energy principles; fluid mechanics, thermodynamics etc.
Week 7: Solar radiation characteristics, measurements and local data.
Week 8:Passive use of solar energy (water heating, air heating, crop dryers, space
heating, water desalination, solar ponds and solar concentrators etc)
Week 9: Photovoltaic; Micro-hydroelectric plants;
Week 10: Wind power; Concept and Principles, evaluating potential to use this
resource,
Week 11: Biofuels; Ethanol from Biomass;
Week 12: Wave and tidal and ocean thermal energy;
Week 13: Geothermal energy;
Week 14: Energy storage (batteries and fuel cells etc.).
Week 15: Hydrogen from renewable energy sources.
Week 16: Role of energy in Green Economy
Recommended Books:
1. Walisiewicz, M and Gribbin, J (ed.), 2002. Alternative Energy (Essential Science
Series). D K Publishing.
2. Hoffmann, P., 2002. Tomorrow’s Energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and the Prospects
for a Cleaner Planet. MIT Press.
3. Cassedy, E.D., 2002. Prospects for Sustainable Energy: A Critical Assessment.
4. Trivedi, P.R. and Raj, Gurdeep., 1992. Environmental Energy Resources. Akashdeep
Publishing, New Delhi.
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REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
Objectives:
The main objectives of the RS & GIS are to maximize the efficiency of decision
making and planning, provide efficient means for data distribution and handling,
eradication of the duplicated data, integration of information from many sources.
Remote sensing (RS) Geographical Information System (GIS) and had been one of the
key subprojects envisaged in the National Information System. The attempts of a digital
description of that world create a computerized GIS which is usually a partial
description of the world in relation with some feature tasks.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Review of Basic Remote Sensing,
Week 2: Electromagnetic Spectrum. History and data collection,
Week 3: Advantages and limitations of Remote Sensing process.
Week 4: Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere.
Week 5: Aerial photography, history and platforms.
Week 6: Active and Passive remote sensing.
Week 7: Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape.
Week 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries,
Week 9: Image Processing: Image enhancement, Histogram, stretching, colour palettes,
Week 10: Contrast enhancement, Linear Stretch , Histogram equalization,
Interpretation, visual interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps.
Week 11: Review of Geographic Information System(GIS).
Week 12: Integration with other technologies and its importance.
Week 13: Data acquisition, analysis and output. Types of data used in GIS.
Week 14: Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems.
Week 15: GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation,
Week 16: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and
wildlife. Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS.
Lab Work:
Review of Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster to vector data.
Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for different
application, Ground Truthing. Thematic Maps Generation, Preparation of GIS Maps for
different utilities.
Recommended Books:
Kiefer (Author), Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6 edition (2007)
2. Fundamentals of remote sensing and airphoto interpretation Prentice Hall series in
geographic information science Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, Graydon Lennis
Berlin Edition 5, 2009 ISBN0023050357
Guilfoud Press, New York, 2009.
Lulla, K and L. V. Dess inov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000.
5. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. McGraw-Hill Education. 2008.
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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTS AND MANAGEMENT
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The course aims to review the forms of hazards and their associated risks, define the
elements of risk assessment and describe the types of information needed for each
element of risk assessment, describe the ways to risk identification, estimation of
magnitude of the potential risks and illustrate different approaches of exposure
assessment, explain the principles of risk management and control strategies and
outline the approaches to managing the environmental emergencies.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Environmental risk assessment and management; the what‟s, whys and how‟s
a historical perspective
Week 2: Risk assessment to human health from chemicals in the environment.
Week 3: Risk assessment to ecological systems from chemicals, from biological
introductions (excluding genetically modified organisms).
Week 4: Evaluation of the likelihood of, major accidents in industrial processes
Week 5: Assessing risks to ecosystems and human health from genetically modified
organisms.
Week 6: Retrospective assessment, eco-epidemiology and ecological monitoring.
Week 7: Hazard identification, dose and exposure assessment, risk quantification,
Epidemiology and environmental risk assessment.
Week 8: Risk assessment in legislation: Application of risk assessment in policy and
legislation in developed and developing countries.
Week 9: Balancing risks with other considerations: The psychology of risk and
uncertainty, the economics of risk. Valuing risks. Natural hazards, risk analysis
and risk management.
Week 10: Risk management: Principles, approaches and concepts: Corporate chemical
management; a risk based approach.
Week 11: Environmental risk assessment in business.
Week 12: Risk assessment and management for water treatment and disposal.
Week 13: Risk assessment and management in the exploitation of the seas.
Week 14: Risk assessment and management for inland waters.
Week 15: Environmental risk assessment in development programmes, the experience
of World Bank.
Week 16: Risk communication. A framework for sustainable product development.
Lab Work:
The practical exercises will be based on following aspects and will involve site visit.
1. Pollution risk assessment and management by tools and checks.
a. Primary protection standards.
b. Emission standards.
c. Environmental standards in an industrial setup.
2. To study the cause, nature and frequency of chemical accidents in two industries e.g.,
tanneries and sports industries involving comparison of accident data base.
3. Site visits for ecological risk assessment e.g., habitat survey and study of flora and
fauna in certain areas (industrial, agricultural and urban setups).
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4. Questionnaires design and epidemiological studies for risk assessment and formation
of recommendations for risk management in industrial, agricultural, rural and urban
setups.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Risk Analysis. (2001). Larche, I. and Paleologos, E. K. McGraw-Hill
NY, USA.
2. Occupational Health Hazards and Remedies. (2002). Mohapatra, R. Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd., India.
3. Biosafety Management: Principles and Applications. (2000). Tarynor, P. L. Virginia
Polytechnic Institute Publications. USA.
4. Environmental Risk Evaluation of Polluted Soils. (2000). Riviere, J. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. India.
5. Environmental Hazards: Plants and People. (2000). Iqbal, M., Srivastava, P. S.and
Siddiqi, T. O. CBS Publishers and Distributors, India.
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION

Objectives:
Bioremediation is the study of role of living entities in treatment of contaminated
environments. The course will emphasize how bioremediation works and the students
will also learn the role of microbes and different enzymes in bioremediation. This
course will also help to design different bioremediation strategies.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to biodegradation and bioremediation.
Week 2: Types and nature of recalcitrants,
Week 3: Types and nature of xenobiotics.
Week 4: Types and mechanisms of biodegradation and bioremediation.
Week 5-7: Bioremediation of organic pollutants (hydrocarbons, PCBs, PAHs,
halogenated compounds, plastics, dyes, herbicides and pesticides).
Week 8: Bioremediation of heavy metals.
Week 9-10: Various methods and technologies used for remediation.
Week 11: Role of enzymes in bioremediation.
Week 12: Factors effecting bioremediation.
Week 13: Aerobic and anaerobic degradation pathways of contaminants.
Week 14: Microbial ecology and metabolism.
Week 15: Microbial community dynamics during bioremediation.
Week 16: Molecular strategies used to explore the role of microbes in bioremediation.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Microbiology, 2nd Edition, Mitchell, T., G. J-Dong. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2010).
2. Bioremediation: Applied Microbial Solutions for Real-World Enviornment Cleanup
by Ronald M. Atlas and Jim Philp (2005).
3. Environmental Biotechnology. Concepts and Applications. Jordening H.-J., J.
Winter. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (2005).
4. Biodegradation and Bioremediation- Vol 2. Singh and Ajay Springer- Verlang Berlin
and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. Kg, Germany (2004).
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5. Biodegradation and Biocatalysis. Wackett, L. P., C. D Hershberger. ASM Press,
American Society for Microbiology, N. W. Washington, DC (2001).
SUSTAINABBLE AGRICULTURE
Objectives:
To extend students' knowledge about management of agricultural resources on
sustainable basis.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Concept of sustainable agriculture.
Week 2: Threatened agricultural resources in Pakistan; soil, water and environment.
Week 3: Sustaining soil resources. Organic farming
Week 4: Soil erosion control.
Week 5: Soil natural amendments; sewage sludge and other organic wastes.
Week 6: Sustaining water resources.
Week 7: Control of run-off and evaporation losses,
Week 8: Reduction of water losses from deep percolation,
Week 9: Use of salt tolerant and drought resistant crops and varieties.
Week 10: Reduction of agricultural pollutants.
Week 11: Optimum use of agricultural chemicals, fertilizers.
Week 12: Cropping systems to sustain productivity.
Week 13: Multiple cropping, rotations, N-fixation, mycorhizae and alternate land uses.
Week 14: Compromise between higher yields and resource conservation.
Week 15: Principles and strategies for designing sustainable farming systems.
Week 16: Site specific technological options for sustainable crop production.
Recommended Books:
1. Shaw, T. 2010. Dryland Farming. Nabu Press, USA
2. Dixit,R.S.2007.Croppingsystemsresearch.KalyaniPub.New Dehli.
3. Lichtfouse, E., M. Nanarrete, B. Debacke, and V. Souchere. 2009. Sustainable
Agriculture. Springer, The Netherland.
4. Reddy, T.Y. and G.H.S. Reddy. 2002. Principles of Agronomy. 3rdEdition, Kalayani
Publishers, New Delhi.
5. DAS, P.C. 2000. Crops and their production technology under different conditions.
1stEdition. Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi.
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HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The objective of this course to provide orientation to the students on importance of
occupational safety, health and environment.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Health, safety and environment: Hazards; Physical, mechanical, biological,
chemical and psychological hazards and stress.
Week 2: Health and environment, Environmental safety,
Week 3: Hazards identification and risk assessment and management process.
Week 4: Work place environment: Occupational safety and health issues in industries,
construction, agriculture and service sectors, Accidents, injuries and workplace
fatalities statistics,
Week 5: Occupational safety and health management systems (international and
national).
Week 6: Safety Management: Regulations of health, safety and environment.
Week 7: Internal control and management philosophy, Duties and rights, strategies and
goals,
Week 8: Roles and responsibilities of occupational health and safety professionals.
Week 9: Key principles of management and HSE, Measures and models for HSE,
Week 10: Organizational environment, HSE statutes and regulations, Establishing HSE
plans,
Week 11: Challenges of health within working environment, external environment and
safety,
Week 12: Different tools and instruments. Culture, Behaviour, Interactions,
participation and communication, health surveillance, injury reporting,
Week 13: Emergency response procedures; fires, spills, leaks etc.
Week 14: Preparedness and monitoring of adverse events and follow-ups, Case studies.
Week 15: Work place safety and health: Assessing current practices and promoting
change in the profession, Personnel Protective Equipment,
Week 16: Formulation of Standard operating procedures, Human Factors and
Ergonomic, Planning, decision making and problem solving.
Recommended Books:
1. Reese, C. D. 2012. Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical
Approach, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group. USA 2012
2. English, P. F. 2012. Safety Performance in a Lean Environment: A Guide to Building
Safety into a Process (Occupational Safety & Health Guide Series), CRC press. Taylor
and Francis group. USA.
3. Salvendy, G. 2012. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics. 4th ed., John
Willey Inc. New Jersey, USA.
4. Pain, S. W. 2008. Safety, Health and Environmental Auditing: A Practical Guide.
CRC press. Taylor and Francis group. USA.
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ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide knowledge about the linkages of energy with
environment and the importance of renewable energy.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Forms of energy,
Week 2-3: Sources of energy and their environmental/health concerns,
Week 4: Non-renewable and renewable sources: fossil fuels,
Week 5-6: Non-renewable and renewable sources: nuclear, solar, wind,
Week 7: Non-renewable and renewable sources: hydel, tidal,
Week 8-9: Non-renewable and renewable sources: waste-to-energy, bio-fuels,
Week 10: Non-renewable and renewable sources: thermal, fuel cells,
Week 11: Non-renewable and renewable sources: hydrogen as energy carrier etc.
Week 12: Overview of energy sources in Pakistani perspective;
Week 13: Losses of energy and its conservation;
Week 14: Building, insulation, cooling, lighting etc.
Week 15: Materials, hybrid vehicles;
Week 16: Future trends in energy production and conservation.
Recommended Books:
1. Energy & Environmental Security: A Cooperative Approach in South Asia. Suba
Chandran, D. and Jeganaathan, J. (Eds.). IPCS, New Delhi, India. 2011
2. Biomass, Energy, and Environment: A Developing Country Perspective from India.
Ravindranath, N. H. and Hall D. O. Oxford University Press, USA. 1995.
3. Energy: Its Use and the Environment. Roger A. Hinrichs, Merlin H. Kleinbach.
Cengage Learning; 5th edition. 2013.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND ENVIRONMENT

Objectives:
The course will provide a comprehensive introduction to carbon sequestration and its
role in the environmental sustainability.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Carbon sequestration
Week 2: Introduction and concepts
Week 3: Global carbon cycle
Week 4: Carbon emissions
Week 5: Carbon capture and storage
Week 6: Soil organic matter and terrestrial C cycle
Week 7: Terrestrial biosequestration
Week 8: Soil enzymes and plants in C sequestration
Week 9-10: Role of C sequestration in the climate change mitigation
Week 11: Factors influencing C accumulation
Week 12: National and International adaptation and mitigation plans
Week 13: Carbon foot prints
Week 14: Carbon offsets
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Week 15: Carbon trading
Week 16: Carbon credits and clean development mechanisms
Recommended Books:
1. Carbon capture: Sequestration and storage. Hester, R.E. and R.M. Harrison. Vol 29.
RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2010.
2. Plant litter: Decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration. Berg,
B. and C. McClaugherty. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2008.
3. Climate change and terrestrial C sequestration in Central Asia. R. Lal, M.
Suleimenov, P. Doraiswamy, P. Wall and D. Hansen. (Eds) Taylor and Francis,
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2007.
ADVANCES IN PLANT ECOLOGY

Objectives:
This course is designed to update the students about recent developments in plant
ecology and physiological modifications with reference to environment, its
conservation and management.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Global aspects of plant ecology
Week 2: Life history strategies of plants
Week 3: survival and extinction
Week 4: Plant population dynamics
Week 5: Species richness
Week 6: vegetation dynamics, fine–scale to large–scale dynamics
Week 7: Leaf Energy Budgets
Week 8: Effects of Radiation and Temperature
Week 9: Life Cycles: annuals and perennials
Week 10: Environmental influences and plant adaptations
Week 11: Biotic Influences: symbiotic associations
Week 12: Pathogenicity, parasitic associations and carnivory. Ecological Biochemistry
Week 13: Allelopathy and defense against herbivores
Week 14: Plant invasions and its threats of plant diversity
Week 15-16: Conservation, management and restoration of threatened plant
communities.
Recommended Books:
1. Vegetation Ecology. Ed. Maarel, ED. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 2005.
2. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. Silvertown, J. & Charlesworth, D.
Blackwell Publishing.Oxford UK. 2005.
3. Plant Physiological Ecology. Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin, Francis Stuart Chapin
(III.), Thijs L. Pons, Springer, 2008.
4. Plant Ecology. Shulze, E.D; Beck, E & Muller-Hohenstein, K. Springer, Berlin.
2005.
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BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to develop a thorough understanding among the
students about threats to biodiversity and its conservation using ex-situ and in-situ
approaches and laws and policies related to species and habitat conservation.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction, biological diversity, Global and national biodiversity
Week 2: Ecological and economic values of biodiversity
Week 3: Monetizing Economic tools to promote conservation of Biodiversity
Week 4: Extinction of Species; The process of extinction
Week 5: Characteristics of declining populations
Week 6: Influence of humanity on extinction and loss of biodiversity
Week 7: Protection and restoration of species, habitats and ecosystems; Translocation
and reestablishment
Week 8: The role of ecological restoration in conservation
Week 9: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation
Week 10: Protected areas, their types and role in conservation, Establishment and
management of protected areas
Week 11: Ex-situ Conservation strategies (The role of botanic gardens, Gene banks and
germplasm conservation, Zoological Gardens and Aquaria)
Week 12: Population Management; Maintaining population characteristics
Week 13: Viable population planning and risk analysis, Field study techniques, Habitat
fragmentation
Week 14: The Role of Institutions and Policymaking in Conservation
Week 15: Types of institutions and their roles in conservation, Institution and policy
challenges for conservation biology, Conservation Legislation
Week 16: Conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan, problems and solutions.
Recommended Books:
1. A Primer of Conservation Biology. 5th Ed. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ.
Sunderland. 2012.
2. Conservation Biology: A Primer for South Asia. Orient Blackswan Bawa, K.,
Primack, S., Oommen, R.B. and Anna, M., 2011. ISBN # : 9788173717246.
3. Essentials of conservation Biology, 5th Ed., Primack, R. B. Sinauer, P.R.B associates
Inc. Publishers, Sunderlander MA, USA. 2010.
Springer, 2010.
URBAN ECOLOGY
Objectives:
This course is designed to develop a thorough understanding of the influence of
urbanization and urbanized areas on populations, communities, ecosystem and human
societies.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to urban ecology
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Week 3-4: Global urbanization patterns (past, present, future) and recent trends in
Pakistan
Week 5: Populations and community diversity in the urban environment
Week 6: Urbanization effects on environmental health
Week 7: Functions in urban ecosystem: growth
Week 8-9: Productivity, disease, exotic species and invasive species in urban areas
Week 10: Landscape signature and urban heat-island effect
Week 11: Ecological design and sustainable cities
Week 12: Concept of urban green spaces for people and biodiversity
Week 13: Urban inequalities and slum area characteristics
Week 14: Urban health and emerging diseases
Week 15-16: Urban land use planning and management in Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. Urban Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gaston, K.J. (ed.) 2010.
2. Applied Urban Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, UK. Richter M and U. Weiland (ed.)
2012.
3. Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and Maser, C., CRC
Press LLC. USA, 2000.
LABORATORY MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICES

Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to impart skills for sampling techniques and
identification of sampling locations where high molecular-mass organic compounds
and metals may accumulate, provide understanding about sampling and sample
variability in air, water, land, solid and waste analysis, impart skills for the range of the
methods needed for subsequent chemical analysis i.e., from classical to instrumental
methods including Mass spectrometer, UV/visible spectrophotometer, Infrared
spectrometer, NMR, GC-MS, HPLC etc. and train for methods to interpret the result of
analysis and quality assurance.
Course Outline:
Week 1: The environmental issues Reasons for concern, Pollution. The necessity of
chemical analysis
Week 2: Transport of pollutants in the environment and approaches to their analysis:
Sources, dispersal, re-concentration and degradation
Week 3: Transport and reconcentration of neutral organic compounds; Bio-
concentration, Accumulation in sediments
Week 4: Bio-magnification and Degradation
Week 5: Transport and reconcentration of, metal ions: Solubilization
Week 6: Deposition and uptake by organisms and What is safe level
Week 7: Sampling and sampling variability: Representative sampling
Week 8: Samples storage and Critical path and critical group
Week 9: Water analysis-Major constituents: Sampling
Week 10: Techniques for analysis of common ions; UV/visible spectrometry
Week 11: Emission spectrometry (Flame photometry), lon-chromatography and
Examples of uses of other techniques
Week 12: Water analysis-Trace pollutants: Organic trace pollutants
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Week 13: Sampling and storage, Extraction techniques for chromatographic analysis
Week 14: Gas chromatography, Liquid chromatography, immunoassay and
Spectrometric methods
Week 15: Metal ions; Storage of samples, Pre-treatment, Atomic spectrometry, Visible
Spectrometry, Anodic stripping voltametry and Examples. Ultra-trace analysis
Week 16: Analytical methods; Mass spectrometry detection, Quantification, Gas
chromatography and Examples. Quality control and quality assurance.
Lab Work:
1. Extraction of chlorophyll from plant material.
2. Determination of amount of Fe (II) in a given industrial water sample by visible
spectrometry.
3. Quantification of lead in industrial wastewater.
4. Determination of total alkalinity due to Carbonate and Bicarbonate ions present in a
given sample.
5. Separation of neutral, acidic/basic organic components by using separating funnel.
6. Complex metric titration for the detection of temporary and permanent hardness of
water in terms of ppm.
7. Determination of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH
and Conductivity of industrial effluents.
Recommended Books:
1. Carson, P.and Mumford, C. 2002. Hazardous Chemical Handbook. 2nd Ed.
Butterworth-Heinmann. Oxford, UK.
2. Patnaik, P.1997. Handbook of Environmental Analysis: Chemical Pollutants in Air,
Water, Soil, and Solid Wastes .CRC Press Inc. USA.
3. Extraction }'; Methods for Environmental Analysis. 1999. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
UK.
RESTORATION ECOLOGY
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to develop an understanding among the students of the
need and approach of ecological restoration at species, population and landscape level
and to enable them to apply their knowledge in real world situation.
Course Outline:
Week 1: The Background; Introduction and Philosophy, Rationale for Restoration
Week 2: The Ecological Context; A Landscape Perspective
Week 3: A Species Population Perspective
Week 4: The Evolutionary Context; A Species Perspective
Week 5: Manipulation of the Physical Environment; Terrestrial Ecosystems, Wetlands
and still waters
Week 6: Manipulation of the Chemical Environment
Week 7: Manipulating the Chemical Environment of the Soil
Week 8: Chemical Treatment of Water and Sediments
Week 9: Manipulation of the Biota; In Terrestrial Ecosystems, In Aquatic Ecosystems
Week 10: Monitoring and Evaluation
Week 11: Restoration in a changing climate
Week 12: Biological invasions, resilience and restoration
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Week 13: Restoration Policy and Infrastructure
Week 14: Social and institutional support
Week 15: Restoration policy in Pakistan and other countries
Week 16: Case Studies.
Recommended Books:
1. Clewell, A.F. 2013. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an
Emerging Profession. 2nd Edition. Island Press.
2. Andel, J.V. and J. Aronson (Eds.). 2012. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier.
2nd Edition. Blackwell.
3. Galatowitsch, S.M. 2012. Ecological Restoration. Sinauer Associates.
4. Howell, E.A., Harrington, J.A. and Glass, S.G. 2011. Introduction to Restoration
Ecology. Island Press.
5. Perrow, M.R. and A.J. Davy. (Eds.). 2002. Handbook of Ecological Restoration. Vol.
1.Principles of Restoration.Cambridge University Press.
2.Restoration in Practice.Cambridge University Press.
GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT

Objective:
The objective of the course to draw linkages of environmental degradation with gender
and the role it can play in addressing the environmental degradation.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Gender and Environment: Concepts, issues and perspectives
Week 2: Eco feminism, theories related to Eco feminism, Gender, environment and
sustainable environment
Week 3: Emerging perspectives on gender and environment: Relationship between
Woman and Nature
Week 4: Question of domination of women and nature rooted in patriarchal ideology.
Feminist critiques of science and western concepts of development
Week 5: Relationship of gender division of labor structure and the natural world
Week 6: Women in the two-thirds world: environmental degradation and the struggle
for survival
Week 7: The Green Revolution and its impacts on food production. Cash crop
production, appropriation and degradation of land
Week 8: Affect of environmental degradation on the lives of poor women. Women,
water, fuel and forest resources
Week 9: Gender division of labor and environmental impacts on women's work.
Women's traditional ecological knowledge
Week 10: Poverty, survival and women's roles in maintaining the means of sustenance
Week 11: Dialogues with and within ecological feminism: Women engagement in
environmental action
Week 12: Ecofeminist perspectives on gender and environment, Major weaknesses of
ecofeminist theory and practice
Week 13: Political action and cultural transformation: Ecofeminist politics, ethics, and
spirituality.
Week 14: Issues in cultural transformation and cultural appropriation
Week 15: Greenham Common, Chipko Movement, Kenya Green Belt Movement
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Week 16: World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, Local stories of women and
Recommended Books:
1. Nightingale, A. (2006) 'The nature of gender:Work, gender, and environment',
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24: 165– 185
2. McIlwaine, C. and K. Datta (2003) 'From feminizing to engendering development',
Gender, Place and Culture 10: 369–382
3. Rodda, A. (1991) Women and the Environment, London: Zed Books
4. Dankelman, Irene. (2003) Gender, Environment and Sustainable Development:
5. Varadarajan, "Women and Environment Eco-feminists‟ perspectives". In
Empowerment of Women and Ecological Development 2002:445)
6. Kurian, P. (2000) Engendering the Environment? Gender in the World Bank's
Environmental Policies, Aldershot: Ashgate
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS

Objectives:
This course provides a comprehensive approach of Global Environmental Politics. It
gives insight in leading international environmental issues and global politics about
environment.
Course Outline:
Week 1-2: Global environmental politics as a discipline and its historical perspective
Week 3: Actors and institutions in global environmental politics
Week 4:Role of states, international organizations
Week 5: Domestic politics and corporations in global environmental issues
Week 6: Environmental justice movements
Week 7: Environmental security uncertainty
Week 8: North-South relations
Week 9: Participation and citizenship as key factor in shaping global politics
Week 10-11: Political ecology, climate change and globalization
Week 12: Trade in hazardous waste, endangered species and genetically modified foods
Week 13: International treaties and regional agreements
Week 14: Transboundary disputes and environmental threats
Week 15-16: Environmental advocacy at global, regional and local level.
Recommended Books:
1. Kutting, G. 2010. Global Environmental Politics: Concepts, Theories and Case
Studies. Routledge.
2. Chasek, P. S., D. L. Downie, J. W. Brown, 2010. Global Environmental Politics,
Dilemmas in World Politics Series, Westview Press,
3. Macmillan, P. 2000. Understanding Global Environmental Politics.
4. Elliott, L. M.1998. The global politics of the environment. New York University, pp
311.
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COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Objectives:
To have a better understanding of Coastal Marine and offshore Areas, Marine
Ecosystems. Economic significance of coast line. Coastal phenomena, coastal erosion
and accretion, Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
Course Outline:
Week 1-2: Develop a Clear understanding of Definitions and boundaries of coastal and
offshore areas of Pakistan
Week 3: Coastal ecosystems
Week 4-5: Mangroves, Coral reefs, rocky, sandy, muddy shores and biotic communities
Week 6-7: Understanding of coastal Physical phenomena that generate potential energy
from Tides, Waves, and Ocean Thermal Energy
Week 8: Significance, Coastal erosion and accretion
Week 9-10: Pelagic and Demersal Living Resources and products of natural marine
ecosystems
Week 11: Non Living Marine Resources
Week 12-13: Impact of coastal pollution on coastal resources and amenities
Week 14: Develop integrated coastal management, conservation and sustainable
development of resources
Week 15-16: The course will be complimented by Assignment and case studies.
Students assess the assigned projects of interests for development, conservation
of coastal areas, ecosystems and critical habitats.
Recommended Books:
1. Oceanography, An Invitation to Oceanography 2009 by Paul R. Pinet
2. Oceanography, an introduction to the Marine Environment by Peter K. Weyl. 2008
3. Oceanography: A view of the Earth by Grant Gross. 20
AGROCHEMICALS IN ENVIRONMENT
Objectives:
Te objective of this course is to demonstrate the negative and positive impact of use of
agrochemicals in the short term and in long term.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Agrochemicals: Fertilizers, pesticides
Week 2-3: Soil conditioners, hormones, pharmaceuticals (antibiotics) and fumigants
Week 4: Fate of agrochemicals in the environment
Week 5-6: Sorption/desorption, movement, drift, volatilization, availability, leaching
and decay
Week 7: Impact of agrochemicals on public health and environment
Week 8: Environmental exposure to pesticides
Week 9: Fertilizer pollution measurement and prediction models
Week 10: Pest resistance and phyto-toxicity
Week 11: Safe handling and awareness about agrochemicals
Week 12-13: Factors affecting use for agrochemicals and environmental outcomes
Week 14: Efficient use of agrochemicals
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Week 15-16: Management practices and strategies to control agrochemical pollution.
Recommended Books:
1. Cheremisinoff, N.P. and P.E. Rosenfeld. 2011. Handbook of Pollution Prevention
and Cleaner Production. Best Practices in Agrochemical Industry. Elsevier, Kidlington,
UK.
2. Matthews, G.A. 2006. Pesticides: Health, Safety and the Environment. Blackwell
Publishers, Malden, MA, USA.
3. Wheeler, W.B. 2005. Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment. Marcel and
Dekker, Inc. New York, USA.
4. Sparks, D.L. 2003. Environmental Soil Chemistry. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, San
Diego, CA, USA.
REMEDIATION STRATEGIES FOR CONTAMINANTED ENVIRONMENT

Course Outline:
Week 1-2: Environmental remediation; Factors affecting remediation efficiency
Week 3-4: Evaluating speciation and contaminant availability in polluted environment
Week 5: Factors affecting contaminant degradation
Week 6: Remediation strategies
Week 7: Natural attenuation, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
Week 8: Conventional methods
Week 9: Physical techniques
Week 10: Chemical Oxidation and other chemical treatments
Week 11: Photocatalytic processes
Week 12: Electrochemical techniques
Week 13: Chemical and biological sorption
Week 14: Integrated approaches for remediation
Week 15: Application of nano-materials
Week 16: Social and economic aspects of remediation.
Recommended Books:
1. Ghafoor, A., G. Murtaza, M.Z. Rehman, M. Sabir, H.R. Ahmad and Saifullah. 2012.
Environmental Pollution: Types, Sources and Management. Allied Book Centre,
Lahore.
2. Sarkar, B. 2002. Heavy Metals in the Environment. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York,
USA.
3. Raskin, I. and B.D. Ensley. 2000. Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to
Clean Up the Environment. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York, USA.
4. Lens, P., T. Grotenhuis, G. Malina and H. Tabak. 2005. Soil and Sediment
Remediation: Mechanisms, Technologies and Applications. IWA Publishing, London,
UK.
TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER

Course Outline:
Week 1: The nature and sources of wastewater
Week 2: Modern wastewater treatment
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Week 3: Primary treatment
Week 4: Secondary treatment
Week 5: Tertiary treatment
Week 6-7: Removal of pathogens by sewage treatment process
Week 8-9: Removal of organics and inorganics by sewage treatment processes
Week 10: Oxidation Ponds
Week 11: Septic tanks
Week 12: Use of treated wastewater
Week 13: Wetland and Aqua culture system
Week 14: Sludge processing and land application of biosolids
Week 15-16: Biofuel production from wastewater.
Recommended Books:
1. Sharma, S.K. and R. Sanghi (eds.). 2012. Wastewater Reuse and Management.
Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
2. Maier, R.M., I.L. Pepper and C.P. Gerba. 2009. Environmental Microbiology.
2ndEd. Academic Press, London, UK.
3. Tchobanoglous, G. F.L. Burton and D.H. Stensel. 2003. Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Reuse. 4th Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater. American Public Health
Association. Washington, DC.
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIALS

Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to nanomaterials
Week 2-3: Application of nanomaterials in: remediation of polluted soil and water
Week 4-5: pollutant sensing and detection
Week 6: filtration membranes, green chemistry
Week 7: Nanomaterials as adsorbents
Week 8-9: Nanomaterials for groundwater remediation
Week 10: Use of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents
Week 11-12: Renewable energy and nanotechnology
Week 13-14: Eco-toxicological risks associated with nano-materials
Week 15-16: Future challenges in nanotechnology.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Nanotechnology: Applications and Impacts of Nanomaterials. Mark
R. Wiesner and Jean-Yves Bottero. The McGraw-Hill
Companies. New York, USA. 2007.
(http://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/environmentalnanotechnology-
applications-and-impacts-of-nanomaterials)
2. Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials Synthesis, Sorbents and Sensors. Glen
E Fryxell and Guozhong Cao. World Scientific. 2007.
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GREEN ECONOMY
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to develop understanding of basic principles of green
economy within the economic, energy and food security context of the country and the
region.
Course Outline:
Week 1: The concept of green economy,
Week 2-3: Framework of policies and approaches that accelerates progress toward
sustainable development goals.
Week 4: Caron foot prints
Week 5: Carbon footprint assessment,
Week 6: Carbon trading and carbon sequestration,
Week 7-8: REDD and REDD plus mechanisms.
Week 9-10: Employment and labor market policies for Green Jobs in context of
Pakistan.
Week 11-12: Role of Microfinance in Promoting Renewable Energy.
Week 13-14: Institutional Framework for Renewable Energy and community
adaptation.
Week 15: Entrepreneurship in Energy Solutions.
Week 16: Green economy and its relationship to Livelihood and Poverty Alleviation.
Recommended Books:
1. Lightfoot, H. Douglas, et al, “Nuclear Fission Fuel is Inexhaustible”, Climate
Change Technology Conference: Engineering Challenges and Solutions in the
21stCentury, Engineering Institute of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 10-12,
2006.
2. Boyd, David R, Sustainability within a generation: a new vision for Canada, The
David Suzuki Foundation, ISBN 0-9689731-6-7, 2004.
3. Day, Danny M. et al, Distributed Hydrogen Production with Profitable Carbon
Sequestration: A Novel Integrated Sustainable System for Clean Fossil Fuel Emissions
and a Bridge to the New Hydrogen Economy and Global Socio-Economic Stability,
National Hydrogen Association Conference, Washington, DC., Poster Presentation,
March 4-8, 2003.
4. Lehmann, J., D. Kern, B., Glaser, W. Woods, Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin,
Properties, Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, ISBN 1-4020-
1839-8, 2003.
5. Love, Murray, et al, Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Systems: Spatial and Storage
Requirements, Institute for Integrated Energy Systems, University of Victoria (IESVic)
and Love, Murray, "Land Area and Storage Requirements for Wind and Solar
Generation to Meet the US Hourly Electrical Demand", M.A.Sc. Thesis, University of
Victoria, August 2003.
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ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Objectives:
The course is designed to impart knowledge and understanding of the environmental
education, introduce various concepts of environmental education at different levels,
provide guidelines for the design and development of resource materials for
environmental education, train and develop skills for teaching and learning in
environmental education with reference to environmental issues and to provide the
insight of status of environmental education at national, regional and global levels.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Education: Knowledge, Information, Education and awareness, Skills, Values,
Attitude, Behaviour, Beliefs, Norms
Week 2: Environmental Education: Aims of environmental education, Types of
environmental education
Week 3: Teaching and learning: Four stages of learning, Teaching learning theories and
EE, How people learn, Types of learners, Role of teacher/educator
Week 4: Teaching learning approaches: Inductive and deductive approaches, Teaching
learning process, Active and passive learning
Week 5: Curriculum, syllabus, course development for environmental education at
various levels
Week 6: History and Philosophy of Education: Guiding principles of Environmental
Education (EE), Environmental literacy, Citizen Action and responsibilities
Week 7: Status of Environmental Education: EE at National, regional and global levels
Week 8: Events that shaped the development of education in Pakistan, Role of
Government, NGOs, Educational institutions
Week 9: Environmental policy: EE at primary, secondary and at higher levels of
education, EE and research
Week 10: Teaching Methodologies: Common teaching methods/activities of formal,
nonformal and informal EE
Week 11: Using community resources for Environmental Education
Week 12: Teaching Environmental Issues in Classroom and in the real world
methodologies
Week 13: Considerations for teaching environmental issues with particular reference to
resources, pollution, population, management and enforcement of policies and
regulations in Pakistan
Week 14: Communication strategies to work in community: Reading, writing, listening
and speaking skills
Week 15: Designing of seminars, workshops, field trips for Environmental Education
Week 16: Computer and EE: Use of computer for Environmental Education, Computer
literacy, Internet, Websites and Databases etc.
Practical Work:
Preparation of teaching material: Development of teaching material for
Environmental Education and Sample lessons for different levels of EE.
Preparation of resource material (brochures, pamphlets, posters and booklets
etc.) to provide information on various environmental issues.
Field trips and visits to acquire the knowledge on various environmental issues
and to develop management strategies.
Organization and arrangements of events, festivals and exhibits for EE.
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Campaign designing for National, regional and local environmental issues.
Organization of seminars and special lectures on general environmental
management and specific issues.
Making of documentaries on various environmental issues.
Preparation of portfolio for EE.
Recommended Books:
1. Arif, R. Status of Environmental Education in Sustainable development Strategies of
Pakistan. (Comparative report). NCS. Islamabad.
2. Engleson, D. C. (1994). A Guide to curriculum planning in Environmental
Education. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. USA.
3. Fordham, P. E. (1993) Informal, non-formal and formal education program.' In:
YMCA George Williams College ICE301 Lifelong Learning Unit 2, London: YMCA
George Williams College.
POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Objectives:
To develop the basic concepts about polymer science physical and chemical properties
of polymers, various synthetic procedures involved in polymerization, characterization
techniques used to analyze the type of polymers. Usefulness of thermal analytical
techniques involved in polymer characterization techniques for stability and durability
and to appreciate the applications of polymers in various fields such as industry,
medicine, daily life etc. This course aims to provide knowledge and understanding of
the environmental benefits and hazards of polymeric materials and responsible use
plastics with emphasis to importance of degradable and biodegradable polymers.
Course outline:
Week 1: Introduction to Polymers: Basic definitions and nomenclature; Various
Classifications of polymers;
Week 2: Mechanical properties of polymers;
Week 3: Spectroscopic Analysis of Polymers;
Week 4: Impact of Polymers on Environment:
Week 5: Stability of polymers, Resistance to degradation. Air, water, and solid waste
pollution caused by polymeric materials.
Week 6: Effect of additives, fillers and stabilizers on the environment; Monitoring of
various types of pollution caused by polymeric materials.
Week 7: Biodegradable Polymer: Photolytic Polymers, Per-oxidisable Polymers,
Photo- Polymers, Hydro-biodegradable Polymers;
Week 8: Biodegradable Copolymers and Composites; Agricultural Applications of
Environmentally Degradable Polymers;
Week 9: Technical Advantages of Degradable Mulching Films; Economics of
Degradable Mulching Films;
Week 10: Soil Sterilization, Agricultural Packaging; Bioassimilation of Photo-
biodegradable Plastics; Eco toxicological Aspects in the
Week 11: Biodegradation Process of Polymers, Management of Polymer Wastes:
Week 12: The Polymer Waste Problem; Legislation; Disposing of Post-consumer
Plastics; Life-cycle Assessment;
Week 13: Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Waste Production, Mechanical Recycling;
Reprocessing of Mixed Plastics Wastes, Energy Recovery by Incineration;
Week 14: Liquid Fuel and Feedstock Recovery;
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Week 15: Management of Urban Waste; Biodegradable Plastics in Integrated Waste
Management;
Week 16: Degradable Plastics: Sewage, Compost, Litter. Management of Polymer
Wastes in Pakistan; Polymer Industry in Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. Charles E. Carraher Jr., Polymer Chemistry-An Introduction, latest Edition. Marcel
Dekket. Inc.
2. Robert J.Young, Introduction to Polymers, Chapman Hall Ltd.NY 1981.
3. Fred W. Billmeyer,Jr. Textbook of Polymer Science, Wiley- Interscience,John Wiley
and Sons.
4. Gerald Scott., Polymers and the Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK
1999.
5. Catia Bastioli, Editor, Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, Rapra Technology.
Ltd, UK. 2000.
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
Objectives:
This course aims to provide knowledge about a wide range of topics in geology,
discussing fundamental geologic principles to the specific geologic hazards, from an
environmental perspective.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Earth materials and processes.
Week 2: Geology and Ecosystems.
Week 3: Hazardous natural processes: River flooding,
Week 4: Landslides and related phenomena,
Week 5: Earthquakes and related phenomena,
Week 6: Volcanic activity,
Week 7: Coastal hazards,
Week 8: Impact of extraterrestrial objects.
Week 9: Human interaction with environment:
Week 10: Hydrology and human use,
Week 11: Waste disposal, Geologic aspects of environmental health,
Week 12: Climate change.
Week 13: Mineral resources and environment.
Week 14: Energy and environment.
Week 15: Land use and decision making: Landscape evaluation.
Week 16: Related environmental laws.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental geology: Keller, E.A., 9th edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
2. Introduction to environmental geology: Keller, E.A., 5th edition, Prentice Hall, 2012.
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CURRICULUM
OF
PhD-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF SWAT
158
CURRICULUM OF PhD ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (03 Year program)
Scheme of Studies for the Three-year PhD Degree in Environmental Sciences
Semester- I
1 Major 1 3
2 Major 2 3
3 Major 3 3
Total Credit Hrs 09-12
Semester- II
1 Major 4 3
2 Major 5 3
3 Major 6 3
3rd,, 4th, 5th Research Work for Thesis
& 6th 09
semester
Total Credit Hrs 27
159
RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to equip the students with the skills to undertake a
project by planning, designing and defining a research problem; and select indicators
and parameters of research and its methodologies.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to Research, Nature of Research, Purpose of Research, Ethics in
Research
Week 2: Types of Research, Tools of Research, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-
requisites for Scientific Research
Week 3: Types of Questions, Types of Relationships, Variables, Hypothesis, Types of
Data,
Week 4: Starting a Research Project/Research Proposal, Research Project
Conceptualization, Elements of a Research Proposal
Week 5: Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question, Defining the
Research Problem; Choosing the Research topics
Week 6: Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research, Research
Week 7: Research Design; Importance of Research Design, Formulation of Research
Design Reliability, validity, generalization, Experimental design and use of
indicators in research, Tradeoffs in design decisions
Week 8: Sampling Design; Introduction to sampling design, Logic of Sampling;
Concepts and Terminologies, Types of Sampling Designs (Classifying
experimental design, factorial design, randomized block design, covariance
design, Quasi experimental design) Relationship among pre-post design.
Advances in Quasi Experimentation
Week 9: Survey of Research, Questionnaires construction
Week 10: How to put things together? Introduction, Objectives, Material and Methods,
Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search: Database, Search
Engines; Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods;
Week 11: Evaluation Research: How to carry out evaluation research, Data Collection:
Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data,
Week 13: Data Analysis: Conclusion, Validity - Statistical analyses,
Week 14: Descriptive Statistics (Correlations) Inferential Statistics, Univariate
Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multivariate Analysis (T-Test, Generalized linear
model, Factorial design, randomized block analysis, Analysis of covariance,
Regression Analysis)
Week 15: Data Interpretation, Current data interpretation with comparative studies
(Inter laboratory comparison), Inference based on findings;
Week 16: Research Presentation Techniques – Data presentation
Recommended Books:
2. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research, Creswell, J. W. & Plano Clark,
V.L. Thousand Oaks, Sage CA, USA, 2007.
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3. The Craft of Research by Wayne C. Booth, 2ndEdition, Univ. of Chicago Press.
USA, 2003.
4. Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Robert Yin, 3rdEdition, Sage Publishers.
USA, 2003.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION

Objectives:
Climate Change Impacts Adaptation and Mitigation is an interdisciplinary course
offered at MS level. The focus of the course is climate change impacts and the human
response to climate change, including efforts to adapt to climate change, as well as
efforts to avoid or reduce the negative impacts of climate change. The aim of the course
is to give an understanding of climate change impacts, and provide the knowledge and
tools to devise effective strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. After
completion the students will be able to identify natural and anthropogenic drivers of
climate change, have knowledge of the direct observations of climate change, and
describe the impacts of climate change on agriculture, forestry, ecosystems, water
resources, society and human health. The objective of this course is to provide students
with knowledge to learn the dimensions of proliferating effects of climate change on
human life and its future generations.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction, types and their climatic effects,
Week 2: Modeling of climate change, types of climate change models.
Week 3: Climate Change and Wetlands: impacts, adaptation and mitigation.
Week 4: Basic understanding of the physical science of climate change,
Week 5: Climate change impacts and the human response to climate change.
Week 6: Adaptation to climate change, natural and anthropogenic drivers and direct
observations of recent climate change.
Week 7: Potential adaptation strategies in different sectors.
Week 8: Climate change impacts and adaptation practices for ecosystems,
Week 9: Land use, water resources, society and human health,
Week 10: Climate change mitigation strategies, Carbon sequestration,
Week 11: Transition to carbon neutral energy sources,
Week 12: Geo-engineering as well as measures to increase energy efficiency.
Week 13: Climate change policy and social change,
Week 14: International climate change negotiations, regulatory instruments, voluntary
agreements and social change.
Week 15: Climate change and food production, climate change and its effects on
Week 16: Pakistan‟s agriculture, water resources, forests, etc.
Recommended Books:
1. Adaptation to climate change /Mark Pelling. Abingdon, Oxon, England;New York
Routledge,c 2010.
2. Dow, Kirstin, 1963 The atlas of climate change mapping the world‟s greatest
challenge/Kirstin Dow and Thomas E. Downing. London Earthscan, 2011.
3. Climate Change Causes, Effects, and Solutions, 1stEdition, Hardy, J. T., John Wiley
& Sons, 2003.
161
4. Global Warming -The Complete Briefing by John T. Houghton.(3rd edition)
5. Climate Impact and Adaptation Assessment A Guide to the IPCC Approach,
Earthscan Publication Ltd, London, 2005.
2003.
7. IPCC Assessment Reports on Climate Change
John Wiley and Sons.
9. Cunningham W.P., & Saigo, B.W., 2001. Environmental Science, 6th Ed. Mc-Graw
Hill
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA)

Objectives:
SEA is a rapidly evolving field around the World. The objective of this course is to
explain theory, practice and methodology strategic environmental assessment. After
completing this course, the students will be able to: 1. appreciate the relationship
between SEA and environmental planning processes.
2. obtain a practical understanding of SEA methods and approaches.
3. develop and awareness of SEA effectiveness and performance requirements.
Course Outlines:
Week 1-4: Environmental Assessment Introduction and concepts,
Week 5-8: Methods and tools for EA
Week 9: Strategic Environmental Assessment: Key concepts.
Week 10: SEA legislation and process,
Week 11: Regulatory and planning framework of SEA and Implementation,
Week 12: SEA Tools and Techniques
Week 13: SEA case studies: examples from a wide spectrum of sectors;
Week 14: SEA case studies for Water and SEA case studies for Waste,
Week 15: Future directions:
Week 16: Cumulative impact assessment, Sustainability assessment.
Recommended Books:
1. A Practical Guide to the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (2005)
2. Sheate, W.R. et al (2004) Implementing the SEA Directive. Sectoral Challenges and
Opportunities for the UK and EU, European Environment, Vol 14 (2), 73-93
3. SEA and Integration of the Environment into Strategic Decision-Making: Report to
EC (2001)
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to impart skills and techniques necessary for
measurement of different environmental pollutants. This course will enable the students
to carryout monitoring and evaluation.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction;
Week 2: Principles of physical, chemical and
Week 3-4: Microbiological analysis of environmental pollutants,
Week 5-6: Sampling Procedure for the examination of Water, Wastewater,
Week 7: Air and Solid Waste; sampling rules,
Week 8: Sample collection and preservation.
Week 9: Laboratory Techniques
Week 10-11: Field Monitoring for parameters of importance causing environmental
pollution.
Week 12: Environmental Chemical Analysis;
Week 13: Principles for Instrumental Techniques using Spectroscopy,
Week 14: Chromatography,
Week 15: Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction analyses etc.
Week 16: Assessment and Interpretation of Results using Statistical Tools.
Lab work:
Analyses of Water, wastewater, air and solid wastes for pollutant determination;
Instrumental analyses using Spectroscopy, Chromatography, Microscopy and X-Ray
Diffraction analyses etc. Data Interpretation using Statistical Tools
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Engineering Laboratory. Ahmed, K.A one Publishers Lahore,
Pakistan, 1998.
2. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. L. S. Clesceri, A. E.
Greenberg, A. D. Eaton. 20th Edition. APHA publisher, USA, 1998.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Objectives:
Course Outline:
Week 1: Chemistry of atmosphere, Major layers in atmosphere,
chemistry,
Week 3: Chemical reactions in the atmosphere sources
Week 4: Effects of following pollutant on human health Carbon dioxide, Nitrogen
oxides, Sulfur dioxide
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reaction with hydrocarbons,
Week 7: Indoor air pollution various indoor air pollutants, particulates, chemistry of
ground level air pollution.
Week 8: Production of ozone in the stratosphere catalytic destruction of ozone,
Week 10: Effects of ozone depletion on human health and environment,
Week 11: Green chemistry, its principles
aqueous systems.
Week 13: Suspended solids and sediments, Dissolved solids.
carbamates.
Week 15: Accumulation in biological systems. Biomagnification and Biodegradation.
Week 16: Toxic heavy metals and their Bioaccumulation.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Chemistry. Ibanez, J.G., Hemandez-Esparaz, M., Doria- Serrano, C.,
Fregoso-Infante, A. and Singh, M.M., Springer, Germany.2008.
2. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Girard, lE., 1stEdition. Jones and Barlett,
USA, 2005.
APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The course is designed to disseminate the best available information about the genetics,
biochemical and Environmental agriculture related properties of the microorganisms
and their possible exploitation in the production of food, vaccines , fermented products,
antibiotics, diseases resistant crops, Bioremediation, Solid waste treatment and other
similar areas in the most efficient and economic manner.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Fermentation Technology: Stages of fermentation process,
Week 2: Isolation, screening, preservation and improvement of industrial
microorganisms,
Week 3: Media formulation, Sterilization, Inoculum development- The range of
fermentation process, Submerged,
Week 4: Solid state fermentation The chronological development of the fermentation
industry,
Week 5: The component parts of a fermentation, process Continuous culture, Fed-
Batch culture, Chemo stat culture.
Week 6: Process Engineering: Bioreactor- Design, Operation, Cell Harvesting, and
Disruption
Week 7: Product recovery and Purification, Instrumentation and Process Control,
Types of bioreactors.
Week 8: Fermentation Products: Alcohols, Alcoholic beverages,
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Week 9: Organic acids, Polysaccharides, antibiotics, Vitamins, Fermented Foods,
Organic acids
Week 10: Environmental Aspects: Mineral leaching with bacteria, microorganisms
involved in the sulfide mineral leaching, chemistry of sulfide mineral oxidation
by bacteria, exploitation of bacterial sulfide mineral oxidation, dump and heap
leaching,
Week 11: In-situ bacterial leaching of ore, mineral concentrate-leaching utilization of
bacterially generated solvents, heavy metal pollutants removal by
bioaccumulation,
Week 12: Degradation of toxic wastes, mechanisms of detoxification, biotechnological
remedies, waste recovery, single cell protein, biogas technology.
Week 13: Bioremediation: Microbial control of environmental pollution, Transport and
fate
Week 14: Biodegradation, microbial activities and Environmental effects on
biodegradation
Week 15: Transform of metal pollutants
Week 16: Phytoremediation: Mechanisms involving removal of hazardous compounds
and heavy metals from soil and water.
Lab work:
Production of Fermented Food Tempeh, Water analysis, Isolation and screening of
metal resistant bacteria, Isolation and screening of metal resistant fungi, Demonstration
of Fermenter, Sterilization Techniques, Identification of microbes.
Recommended Books:
1. Glazer, A. N. 2007. Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied
Microbiology. 2nd Ed. Hiroshi Nikaido, Cambridge University Press, New York,USA.
2. Patrick, K. J. 2004 .Environmental Microbiology Principles and Applications.
Biological Sciences Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
FRESHWATER ECOLOGY
Objectives:
The objective of this course is totrain the students for ecological analysis of freshwater
habitats in terms of identification of flora and fauna and the interactions among them.
At the end of the course, the students are expected to acquire the techniques for study
of freshwater habitats.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Hydrology and Physiography of various types of freshwater systems.
Week 2: Chemistry of various freshwater systems and associated organisms.
Week 3: Physical relationships, Movement of light, heat and chemicals in water,
Week 4: Hydrology and Physiography of groundwater and wetland habitats,
Week 5: Physiography of lakes and reservoirs.
Week 6: Types of aquatic organisms: Cyanobacteria, Eukaryotic Algae, Aquatic fungi,
Protozoa,
Week 7: Non-vascular plants and vascular plants.
Week 8: Animals: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes and Nemertea,
Week 8: Gastrotricha, Ŕotifera, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Bryozoa, Tardigrada,
Arthropoda, Fishes, Tetrapods;
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Week 10: Biodiversity of freshwaters, Measures of diversity, temporal and spatial
factors, short term factors influencing local distribution.
Week 11: Invasious of Nonnative species, extinction.
Week 12: Chemicals in freshwater, Redox potential, potential energy and chemical
transformations.
Week 13: Distribution of dissolved oxygen in environment, transformations of carbon,
fermentation, methanogenesis,
Week 14: Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus and other Nutrients.
Week 15: Effects of toxic chemicals and other pollutants on aquatic ecosystems,
Week 16: Fish Ecology, Freshwater Ecosystems: Groundwater Ecosystems, Streams,
Lakes and Reservoirs, Wetlands.
Recommended Books:
1. Lampert, W. and Sommer, U., 2007. Limno-ecology: The Ecology of Lakes and
Streams. Oxford University Press, New York.
2. Dodds, W.K., 2002. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and Env. Applications.
Academic Press. London.
3. Dodds, W.K. and Whiles, M.R., 2002. Freshwater Ecology: Concepts and
Environmental Applications of Limnology. 2nd Ed. Academic Press. London.
ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY
Objectives:
particular. After completing this course the students will be able to explore the various
forms of interaction between human society and the environment, focusing on the
social dimensions of the surrounding natural and human-made environments.
Course Outlines:
Week 1-4: Foundations of Environmental Sociology;
Week 4-8: Human Dimensions of Environmental Change;
Week 9-10: Environmental Justice and Social Stratification;
Week 11-13: Social Dimensions of Environmental Disasters;
Week 14: Consumer Society.
Week 15-16: Rotating topic seminars in Environmental Sociology should also be
included.
Recommended Books:
Longman.
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DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
Objectives:
management by encompassing the field of hazard and disaster studies. It discusses a
wide range of aspects, i.e., assessment of factors which put societies in vulnerable
situations to the disaster management continuum. To underline the importance of
disasters in socio-economic development, this course also aims to make an assessment
of the consequences of „natural‟ catastrophic at both short and long terms. It finally
Course Outlines:
Week 1: Natural hazards and disasters: The need for hazard and disaster studies
Week 2: Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research; Disaster its types
Week 3: Natural vs Man-made; Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and
their role, Prediction
Week 4: Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability: Definitions and characterization, Different
approaches and Indicators; Factors of vulnerability
Week 5: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors, Cultural factors, Political
factors, Physical factors
Week 6: The impact of natural disasters: Direct and short-term impact of disasters,
Week 7: Disaster as an opportunity for development; Disaster Management:
Week 8: Components of management, identifying communities at risk, International
phenomenon
Week 9: Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation: hard and soft measures;
Earthquake Management, Flood Management: Organizational
Week 10: Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs);
Week 11: Role of Media in Disaster Management; Techniques and methods to assess
hazard, vulnerability and risk: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches;
Week 12: Disaster Management Trainings and Policies, Pre-disaster management
(Early warning system, emergency communication),
Week 13: Common environmental disasters in Pakistan, Plate Tectonics and Physical
Hazards
Week 14: Earthquake and their damages,
Week 15: Landslides and their down slope movements, Climate and weather related
Hazards
Week 16: Storms on the horizon, streams and flood processes, flood and human
interactions, Coastal erosion.
Recommended Books:
1. Natural Disasters, Alexander, D., Chapman & Hall, New York, 1993.
2. Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hydman, David Hyndman. 2006 Update.
Natural Hazards and Disasters. Donald Hyndman, David Hyndman. ISBN-10:
0538737522. The Environment as Hazard Burton I., Kates, R.W., and White G.F., 2nd
Edition, The Guilford Press, New York, 1993.
3. Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager‟s Handbook. Carter N.W., ADB, Manila,
1991.
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4. Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Time of Disaster, Anderson,
M.B., and Woodrow, P.J, Westview Press, Boulder, UNESCO, Paris, 1989.
MARINE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT

Objectives:
To develop a basic understanding of marine pollution, its sources, impact of pollutants
on the biotic and abiotic environment impacting the marine recourses. Develop a clear
understanding of pollution control and management techniques.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to marine pollution,
Week 2-3: Chronic and acute inorganic marine pollutants.
Week 4-5: Chronic and acute organic marine pollutants.
Week 6: Causes, effects and impacts on marine environment and humans.
Week 7: Health of the oceans,
Week 8-9: Various forms of environmental pollution as they affect both the land and
maritime environment.
Week 10: Control of pollution in marine and coastal environments
Week 11: Pollution Management,
Week 12: Ocean disposal: marine outfalls, shipboard wastes,
Week 13-14: Ocean disposal: dumping of sludge, disposal of dredge spoil, radioactive
wastes
Impacts of ocean disposal.
Week 15: Marine pollution control and mitigation measurements;
Week 16: oil spills contingency plan and combating techniques.
Recommended Books:
1. Managing Ocean Environments in a Changing Climate: Sustainability and Economic
Perspectives Kevin J. Noone‟ Ussif Rashid SumailaRobert J. Diaz 2013.
2. Marine Pollution and Human Health (Issues in Environmental Science and
Technology) R E Hester, R M Harrison RSC Publications 2011
3. Coastal Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans (Marine Science) by
Carl J. Sindermann (2005).
4. Marine Pollution and Its Control (McGraw-Hill series in water resources and
environmental engineering) by Paul L. Bishop (1982).
5. Protecting the Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution: Towards
Effective International Cooperation by Daud Hassan (2006).
6. Transboundary Environmental Governance: Inland, Coastal and Marine Perspectives
Robin Warner, Simon Marsden 2012
Journals/Periodicals:
Marine Pollution Bulletin.
Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology.
Marine Chemistry.
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
Objectives:
The objective of the course is to provide the student with insight in the principles and
important issues of environmental epidemiology. This course will focus on assessment
of disease burden, measurement of exposure and interpretation of mortality, morbidity
concepts. Upon completion of this course, it is assumed that students will be able to
comprehend emerging diseases in the context of climate change and global
environmental change.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Environmental risks to human health. Epidemics, endemics, and pandemics.
Week 2: Epidemiology triangle. Disease concepts: Communicable and
noncommunicable diseases and conditions. Modes of disease transmission and
chain of infection. Portals of entry to the human body. Zoonoses.
Week 3: Type of epidemiology: social, occupational, environmental, nutritional and
infectious disease epidemiology.
Week 4: Occupational health and industrial hygiene.
Week 5: Disease surveillance and health impact assessment.
Week 6: Basic concepts: rates, ratios, proportions and relative risks. Measures of
association and odds ratio analysis.
Week 7: Design strategies and experimental epidemiology: case-control studies, cohort
studies, double-cohort studies.
Week 8: Role of confounding factors in causation of disease. Web of causation.
Sensitivity and Specificity.
Week 9: Designing a randomized controlled trial.
Week 10: Ethics in epidemiologic research.
Week 11: Statistical Methods in Epidemiology: Sample size determination and
statistical inference.
Week 12: Integrating toxicological and epidemiological data.
Week 13: Regression methods. Time-series, spatial analysis and meta-analysis in
epidemiology.
Week 14: Field Epidemiology: Epidemiological field work in population-based studies.
Week 15: Exposure assessment, surveillance and screening methods.
Week 16: Examples of case studies: cardiovascular, cancer, asthma and vector borne
diseases.
Recommended Books:
1. Ahrens, W. and Pigeot, I. (2013). Handbook of Epidemiology. 2nd Ed. Springer,
London. UK.
2. Merril, R. M. and Timmreck, T. C. (2006). Introduction to Epidemiology. (4th ed.).
Jones and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA.
3. Merril, R. M. (2008). Environmental Epidemiology: Principles and Methods.
(4thed.). Jones and Barlett Publishers. Boston, USA.
4. Aschengrau, A. and Seage, G. R. 2003. Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health.
Jones & Bartlett Learning, 5 Wall Street Burlington, MA
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POPULATION DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENT
Objectives:
This course will provide the conceptual framework to the students for understanding of
complex web of multiple dimensions of environmental issues linked with population
and development.
Course Outline:
Week 1: World Population: current scenario and future trends.
Week 2: Framework for understanding population environment nexus,
Week 3: Population size and environment,
Week 4: Population distribution and environment.
Week 5: Population composition and environment,
Week 6: Population growth and climate change,
Week 7: Population growth and land use change,
Week 8: Research need for correlation studies.
Week 9-10: Poverty-population- environment linkages in the context of migration and
urbanization.
Week 11: Population-development nexus: integrating environment and development.
Week 12: Response to demographic crisis: Government responses,
Week 13: Individual attitudes and perceptions,
Week 14: Sustainable approach to population stabilization,
Week 15: Population dynamics in Pakistan,
Week 16: Pakistan‟s Biocapacity, resource consumption & crisis.
Recommended Books:
John Wiley and Sons
2. Cunningham W.P., & Saigo, B.W., 2001. Environmental Science, 6th Ed. McGraw-
Hill.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Objectives:
This course will provide sound technical foundation for using biotechnology in solving
environmental issues and cleanup of the polluted environments. After completion of
this course, students will be able to understand the significance, and application of
biotechnology in the environment.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to biotechnology,
Week 2-3: Tools of environmental biotechnology,
Week 4: Fundamentals of biological interventions,
Week 5: Recombinant DNA Technology,
Week 6: Genetic manipulations,
Week 7: GMOs: Release and Regulations,
Week 8: Environmental applications of GMOs,
Week 9: Biosafety concerns of GMOs,
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Week 10: Bio-strategies for pollution control,
Week 11: Bioremediation,
Week 12: Phytoremediation, biofilm,
Week 13: Biomarkers, Biosensor, Bioreactors.
Week 14-16: Ethic and legal problems in creations and use of transgenic organisms.
Lab Work:
Introduction to basic molecular techniques; Isolation, purification and preservation of
DNA, Recombinant DNA technology, PCR.Gel Electrophoresis, DNA measurement
through spectrophotometer.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Biotechnology: Concepts and Applications, Hans-Joachim, J. and
2009.
3. National Biosafety Guidelines. National Biotechnology Commission, Government of
Pakistan. 2005.
4. Environmental Biotechnology: Theory and Application. Gareth M. Evans and Judith
C. Furlong. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West
Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, 2003.
5. Environmental Microbiology. 2ndEdition. 2010. Edited by Ralph Mitchell and Ji-
Dong Gu. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
6. Genetically Engineered Organisms: Assessing Environmental and Human Health
Effects. 2002. Edited by Deborah K. Letourneau and Beth Elpern Burrows. CRC Press,
USA
WETLAND MANAGEMENT
Objectives:
The course will be helpful to understand the ecological structure and functions of
wetlands, significance of wetlands, sustainable use of wetlands, and know how to write
a conservation and management plan for wetland.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to wetland ecosystem,
Week 2: Wetland communities,
Week 3-4:Wetland classification and inventory,
Week 5-6: Wetland values, functions, and evaluation.
Week 7-8: Identification of important flora and its role within the wetlands.
Week 9-10: Identification of important fauna and its role within the wetlands.
Week 11-12: Ecosystem approach to wetland management.
Week 13: Participatory approach to wetland management.
Week 14: Government regulations and policies on wetland,
Week 15-16: Formulation of wetland management plans for Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. William J. M. and James G. G. (2007). Wetlands. USA.
2. Falconer R A and Goodwin, P. (1994). Wetland Management. United Kingdom
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3. Mary, E.K., Roberts, P.B., Staphanie, F.G., Cindy, C.H., Arthur, D.S. and Jean, C.F.
(1992). Wetlands: An approach to improving decision making in wetland restoration
and creation. USA
4. Hammer, D.A. (1992). Creating freshwater wetlands. Chelsea, Michigan.
WILDLIFE AND FOREST CONSERVATION

Objectives:
This course will make the students familiar with the concepts of wildlife and forest
management practices. It further aims to introduce factors that lead towards loss of
wildlife and forest resources and its consequences on ecosystems.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Philosophy and concepts in wildlife management.
Week 2: Biological, scientific, commercial, recreational, philosophical, educational,
ethical, social values of wildlife and forests.
Week 3: Variety of wildlife, abundance, evolution,
Week 4: Ecological niches, competition and population dynamics.
Week 5: National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves of Pakistan.
Week 6: Impact of human population on habitat degradation and fragmentation.
Week 7: Effect of pollution and overgrazing on wildlife and forest resources.
Week 8: Role of databases in wildlife management.
Week 9: Wildlife and habitat measurements:
Week 10: Indices of ecological density, data collection and analyses for wildlife
management.
Week 11: Forests: their ecological and economic importance,
Week 12: Factors affecting forest growth and management.
Week 13: Status of forests in Pakistan, their types, distribution, management,
deforestation and its control.
Week 14: Participatory forest management.
Week 15: Sustainable forest management.
Week 16: Rangeland management as mitigating measure to resolve human wildlife
conflicts.
Recommended Books:
1. Bailey, J. A. 1998. Principals of Wildlife Management. John-Wiley and Sons, New
York, USA.
2. Hosetti, B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife management. Daya Publishing House, New
Delhi, India.
3. Sinclair, A. R. E., J. M. Fryxell and G. Caughley. 2006. Wildlife Ecology,
Conservation and Management. 2nd Ed. Blackwell Publishing, New York, USA.
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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
Objectives:
The overarching aim of this graduate course is to enable the students to learn how the
energy scenario is building globally in the context of environmental and economic
concerns. The specific objectives are to enable the students to:
gain knowledge of the dynamics of energy in the environment
learn about skills and techniques of obtaining energy from various sources
develop attitude for using energy from alternative sources with efficiency
Course Outline:
Week 1: Matter and energy in nature;
Week 2: Flow of energy in nature in ecosystem,
Week 3: Carbon cycle in nature,
Week 4: Energy efficiency in nature.
Week 5: Fossil fuels and their environmental effects; Greenhouse effect and acid rain
etc.
Week 6: Renewable energy principles; fluid mechanics, thermodynamics etc.
Week 7: Solar radiation characteristics, measurements and local data.
Week 8:Passive use of solar energy (water heating, air heating, crop dryers, space
heating, water desalination, solar ponds and solar concentrators etc)
Week 9: Photovoltaic; Micro-hydroelectric plants;
Week 10: Wind power; Concept and Principles, evaluating potential to use this
resource,
Week 11: Biofuels; Ethanol from Biomass;
Week 12: Wave and tidal and ocean thermal energy;
Week 13: Geothermal energy;
Week 14: Energy storage (batteries and fuel cells etc.).
Week 15: Hydrogen from renewable energy sources.
Week 16: Role of energy in Green Economy
Recommended Books:
1. Walisiewicz, M and Gribbin, J (ed.), 2002. Alternative Energy (Essential Science
Series). D K Publishing.
2. Hoffmann, P., 2002. Tomorrow’s Energy: Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and the Prospects
for a Cleaner Planet. MIT Press.
3. Cassedy, E.D., 2002. Prospects for Sustainable Energy: A Critical Assessment.
4. Trivedi, P.R. and Raj, Gurdeep., 1992. Environmental Energy Resources. Akashdeep
Publishing, New Delhi.
REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Objectives:
The main objectives of the RS & GIS are to maximize the efficiency of decision
making and planning, provide efficient means for data distribution and handling,
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eradication of the duplicated data, integration of information from many sources.
Remote sensing (RS) Geographical Information System (GIS) and had been one of the
key subprojects envisaged in the National Information System. The attempts of a digital
description of that world create a computerized GIS which is usually a partial
description of the world in relation with some feature tasks.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Review of Basic Remote Sensing,
Week 2: Electromagnetic Spectrum. History and data collection,
Week 3: Advantages and limitations of Remote Sensing process.
Week 4: Energy Sources, energy matter interaction in the atmosphere.
Week 5: Aerial photography, history and platforms.
Week 6: Active and Passive remote sensing.
Week 7: Remote sensing of vegetation and landscape.
Week 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries,
Week 9: Image Processing: Image enhancement, Histogram, stretching, colour palettes,
Week 10: Contrast enhancement, Linear Stretch , Histogram equalization,
Interpretation, visual interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps.
Week 11: Review of Geographic Information System(GIS).
Week 12: Integration with other technologies and its importance.
Week 13: Data acquisition, analysis and output. Types of data used in GIS.
Week 14: Cartography, map projection and coordinate systems.
Week 15: GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation,
Week 16: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and
wildlife. Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS.
Lab Work:
Review of Image processing and GIS software. Conversion of raster to vector data.
Demonstration of GPS operations, Interpretation of satellite images for different
application, Ground Truthing. Thematic Maps Generation, Preparation of GIS Maps for
different utilities.
Recommended Books:
Kiefer (Author), Jonathan Chipman Wiley; 6 edition (2007)
2. Fundamentals of remote sensing and airphoto interpretation Prentice Hall series in
geographic information science Authors Thomas Eugene Avery, Graydon Lennis
Berlin Edition 5, 2009 ISBN0023050357
Guilfoud Press, New York, 2009.
Lulla, K and L. V. Dess inov. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. 2000.
5. Introduction to GIS. Campbell. McGraw-Hill Education. 2008.
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTS AND MANAGEMENT

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The course aims to review the forms of hazards and their associated risks, define the
elements of risk assessment and describe the types of information needed for each
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element of risk assessment, describe the ways to risk identification, estimation of
magnitude of the potential risks and illustrate different approaches of exposure
assessment, explain the principles of risk management and control strategies and
outline the approaches to managing the environmental emergencies.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Environmental risk assessment and management; the what‟s, whys and how‟s
a historical perspective
Week 2: Risk assessment to human health from chemicals in the environment.
Week 3: Risk assessment to ecological systems from chemicals, from biological
introductions (excluding genetically modified organisms).
Week 4: Evaluation of the likelihood of, major accidents in industrial processes
Week 5: Assessing risks to ecosystems and human health from genetically modified
organisms.
Week 6: Retrospective assessment, eco-epidemiology and ecological monitoring.
Week 7: Hazard identification, dose and exposure assessment, risk quantification,
Epidemiology and environmental risk assessment.
Week 8: Risk assessment in legislation: Application of risk assessment in policy and
legislation in developed and developing countries.
Week 9: Balancing risks with other considerations: The psychology of risk and
uncertainty, the economics of risk. Valuing risks. Natural hazards, risk analysis
and risk management.
Week 10: Risk management: Principles, approaches and concepts: Corporate chemical
management; a risk based approach.
Week 11: Environmental risk assessment in business.
Week 12: Risk assessment and management for water treatment and disposal.
Week 13: Risk assessment and management in the exploitation of the seas.
Week 14: Risk assessment and management for inland waters.
Week 15: Environmental risk assessment in development programmes, the experience
of World Bank.
Week 16: Risk communication. A framework for sustainable product development.
Lab Work:
The practical exercises will be based on following aspects and will involve site visit.
1. Pollution risk assessment and management by tools and checks.
a. Primary protection standards.
b. Emission standards.
c. Environmental standards in an industrial setup.
2. To study the cause, nature and frequency of chemical accidents in two industries e.g.,
tanneries and sports industries involving comparison of accident data base.
3. Site visits for ecological risk assessment e.g., habitat survey and study of flora and
fauna in certain areas (industrial, agricultural and urban setups).
4. Questionnaires design and epidemiological studies for risk assessment and formation
of recommendations for risk management in industrial, agricultural, rural and urban
setups.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Risk Analysis. (2001). Larche, I. and Paleologos, E. K. McGraw-Hill
NY, USA.
2. Occupational Health Hazards and Remedies. (2002). Mohapatra, R. Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd., India.
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3. Biosafety Management: Principles and Applications. (2000). Tarynor, P. L. Virginia
Polytechnic Institute Publications. USA.
4. Environmental Risk Evaluation of Polluted Soils. (2000). Riviere, J. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd. India.
5. Environmental Hazards: Plants and People. (2000). Iqbal, M., Srivastava, P. S.and
Siddiqi, T. O. CBS Publishers and Distributors, India.
PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOREMEDIATION

Objectives:
Bioremediation is the study of role of living entities in treatment of contaminated
environments. The course will emphasize how bioremediation works and the students
will also learn the role of microbes and different enzymes in bioremediation. This
course will also help to design different bioremediation strategies.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to biodegradation and bioremediation.
Week 2: Types and nature of recalcitrants,
Week 3: Types and nature of xenobiotics.
Week 4: Types and mechanisms of biodegradation and bioremediation.
Week 5-7: Bioremediation of organic pollutants (hydrocarbons, PCBs, PAHs,
halogenated compounds, plastics, dyes, herbicides and pesticides).
Week 8: Bioremediation of heavy metals.
Week 9-10: Various methods and technologies used for remediation.
Week 11: Role of enzymes in bioremediation.
Week 12: Factors effecting bioremediation.
Week 13: Aerobic and anaerobic degradation pathways of contaminants.
Week 14: Microbial ecology and metabolism.
Week 15: Microbial community dynamics during bioremediation.
Week 16: Molecular strategies used to explore the role of microbes in bioremediation.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Microbiology, 2nd Edition, Mitchell, T., G. J-Dong. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey (2010).
2. Bioremediation: Applied Microbial Solutions for Real-World Enviornment Cleanup
by Ronald M. Atlas and Jim Philp (2005).
3. Environmental Biotechnology. Concepts and Applications. Jordening H.-J., J.
Winter. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (2005).
4. Biodegradation and Bioremediation- Vol 2. Singh and Ajay Springer- Verlang Berlin
and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. Kg, Germany (2004).
5. Biodegradation and Biocatalysis. Wackett, L. P., C. D Hershberger. ASM Press,
American Society for Microbiology, N. W. Washington, DC (2001).
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SUSTAINABBLE AGRICULTURE
Objectives:
To extend students' knowledge about management of agricultural resources on
sustainable basis.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Concept of sustainable agriculture.
Week 2: Threatened agricultural resources in Pakistan; soil, water and environment.
Week 3: Sustaining soil resources. Organic farming
Week 4: Soil erosion control.
Week 5: Soil natural amendments; sewage sludge and other organic wastes.
Week 6: Sustaining water resources.
Week 7: Control of run-off and evaporation losses,
Week 8: Reduction of water losses from deep percolation,
Week 9: Use of salt tolerant and drought resistant crops and varieties.
Week 10: Reduction of agricultural pollutants.
Week 11: Optimum use of agricultural chemicals, fertilizers.
Week 12: Cropping systems to sustain productivity.
Week 13: Multiple cropping, rotations, N-fixation, mycorhizae and alternate land uses.
Week 14: Compromise between higher yields and resource conservation.
Week 15: Principles and strategies for designing sustainable farming systems.
Week 16: Site specific technological options for sustainable crop production.
Recommended Books:
1. Shaw, T. 2010. Dryland Farming. Nabu Press, USA
2. Dixit,R.S.2007.Croppingsystemsresearch.KalyaniPub.New Dehli.
3. Lichtfouse, E., M. Nanarrete, B. Debacke, and V. Souchere. 2009. Sustainable
Agriculture. Springer, The Netherland.
4. Reddy, T.Y. and G.H.S. Reddy. 2002. Principles of Agronomy. 3rdEdition, Kalayani
Publishers, New Delhi.
5. DAS, P.C. 2000. Crops and their production technology under different conditions.
1stEdition. Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi.
HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The objective of this course to provide orientation to the students on importance of
occupational safety, health and environment.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Health, safety and environment: Hazards; Physical, mechanical, biological,
chemical and psychological hazards and stress.
Week 2: Health and environment, Environmental safety,
Week 3: Hazards identification and risk assessment and management process.
Week 4: Work place environment: Occupational safety and health issues in industries,
construction, agriculture and service sectors, Accidents, injuries and workplace
fatalities statistics,
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Week 5: Occupational safety and health management systems (international and
national).
Week 6: Safety Management: Regulations of health, safety and environment.
Week 7: Internal control and management philosophy, Duties and rights, strategies and
goals,
Week 8: Roles and responsibilities of occupational health and safety professionals.
Week 9: Key principles of management and HSE, Measures and models for HSE,
Week 10: Organizational environment, HSE statutes and regulations, Establishing HSE
plans,
Week 11: Challenges of health within working environment, external environment and
safety,
Week 12: Different tools and instruments. Culture, Behaviour, Interactions,
participation and communication, health surveillance, injury reporting,
Week 13: Emergency response procedures; fires, spills, leaks etc.
Week 14: Preparedness and monitoring of adverse events and follow-ups, Case studies.
Week 15: Work place safety and health: Assessing current practices and promoting
change in the profession, Personnel Protective Equipment,
Week 16: Formulation of Standard operating procedures, Human Factors and
Ergonomic, Planning, decision making and problem solving.
Recommended Books:
1. Reese, C. D. 2012. Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical
Approach, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis group. USA 2012
2. English, P. F. 2012. Safety Performance in a Lean Environment: A Guide to Building
Safety into a Process (Occupational Safety & Health Guide Series), CRC press. Taylor
and Francis group. USA.
3. Salvendy, G. 2012. Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics. 4th ed., John
Willey Inc. New Jersey, USA.
4. Pain, S. W. 2008. Safety, Health and Environmental Auditing: A Practical Guide.
CRC press. Taylor and Francis group. USA.
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide knowledge about the linkages of energy with
environment and the importance of renewable energy.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Forms of energy,
Week 2-3: Sources of energy and their environmental/health concerns,
Week 4: Non-renewable and renewable sources: fossil fuels,
Week 5-6: Non-renewable and renewable sources: nuclear, solar, wind,
Week 7: Non-renewable and renewable sources: hydel, tidal,
Week 8-9: Non-renewable and renewable sources: waste-to-energy, bio-fuels,
Week 10: Non-renewable and renewable sources: thermal, fuel cells,
Week 11: Non-renewable and renewable sources: hydrogen as energy carrier etc.
Week 12: Overview of energy sources in Pakistani perspective;
Week 13: Losses of energy and its conservation;
Week 14: Building, insulation, cooling, lighting etc.
Week 15: Materials, hybrid vehicles;
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Week 16: Future trends in energy production and conservation.
Recommended Books:
1. Energy & Environmental Security: A Cooperative Approach in South Asia. Suba
Chandran, D. and Jeganaathan, J. (Eds.). IPCS, New Delhi, India. 2011
2. Biomass, Energy, and Environment: A Developing Country Perspective from India.
Ravindranath, N. H. and Hall D. O. Oxford University Press, USA. 1995.
3. Energy: Its Use and the Environment. Roger A. Hinrichs, Merlin H. Kleinbach.
Cengage Learning; 5th edition. 2013.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND ENVIRONMENT

Objectives:
The course will provide a comprehensive introduction to carbon sequestration and its
role in the environmental sustainability.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Carbon sequestration
Week 2: Introduction and concepts
Week 3: Global carbon cycle
Week 4: Carbon emissions
Week 5: Carbon capture and storage
Week 6: Soil organic matter and terrestrial C cycle
Week 7: Terrestrial biosequestration
Week 8: Soil enzymes and plants in C sequestration
Week 9-10: Role of C sequestration in the climate change mitigation
Week 11: Factors influencing C accumulation
Week 12: National and International adaptation and mitigation plans
Week 13: Carbon foot prints
Week 14: Carbon offsets
Week 15: Carbon trading
Week 16: Carbon credits and clean development mechanisms
Recommended Books:
1. Carbon capture: Sequestration and storage. Hester, R.E. and R.M. Harrison. Vol 29.
RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2010.
2. Plant litter: Decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration. Berg,
B. and C. McClaugherty. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2008.
3. Climate change and terrestrial C sequestration in Central Asia. R. Lal, M.
Suleimenov, P. Doraiswamy, P. Wall and D. Hansen. (Eds) Taylor and Francis,
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2007.
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ADVANCES IN PLANT ECOLOGY
Objectives:
This course is designed to update the students about recent developments in plant
ecology and physiological modifications with reference to environment, its
conservation and management.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Global aspects of plant ecology
Week 2: Life history strategies of plants
Week 3: survival and extinction
Week 4: Plant population dynamics
Week 5: Species richness
Week 6: vegetation dynamics, fine–scale to large–scale dynamics
Week 7: Leaf Energy Budgets
Week 8: Effects of Radiation and Temperature
Week 9: Life Cycles: annuals and perennials
Week 10: Environmental influences and plant adaptations
Week 11: Biotic Influences: symbiotic associations
Week 12: Pathogenicity, parasitic associations and carnivory. Ecological Biochemistry
Week 13: Allelopathy and defense against herbivores
Week 14: Plant invasions and its threats of plant diversity
Week 15-16: Conservation, management and restoration of threatened plant
communities.
Recommended Books:
1. Vegetation Ecology. Ed. Maarel, ED. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. 2005.
2. Introduction to Plant Population Biology. Silvertown, J. & Charlesworth, D.
Blackwell Publishing.Oxford UK. 2005.
3. Plant Physiological Ecology. Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin, Francis Stuart Chapin
(III.), Thijs L. Pons, Springer, 2008.
4. Plant Ecology. Shulze, E.D; Beck, E & Muller-Hohenstein, K. Springer, Berlin.
2005.
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION
Credit hours 3(2-1)
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to develop a thorough understanding among the
students about threats to biodiversity and its conservation using ex-situ and in-situ
approaches and laws and policies related to species and habitat conservation.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction, biological diversity, Global and national biodiversity
Week 2: Ecological and economic values of biodiversity
Week 3: Monetizing Economic tools to promote conservation of Biodiversity
Week 4: Extinction of Species; The process of extinction
Week 5: Characteristics of declining populations
Week 6: Influence of humanity on extinction and loss of biodiversity
180
Week 7: Protection and restoration of species, habitats and ecosystems; Translocation
and reestablishment
Week 8: The role of ecological restoration in conservation
Week 9: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation
Week 10: Protected areas, their types and role in conservation, Establishment and
management of protected areas
Week 11: Ex-situ Conservation strategies (The role of botanic gardens, Gene banks and
germplasm conservation, Zoological Gardens and Aquaria)
Week 12: Population Management; Maintaining population characteristics
Week 13: Viable population planning and risk analysis, Field study techniques, Habitat
fragmentation
Week 14: The Role of Institutions and Policymaking in Conservation
Week 15: Types of institutions and their roles in conservation, Institution and policy
challenges for conservation biology, Conservation Legislation
Week 16: Conservation of biodiversity in Pakistan, problems and solutions.
Recommended Books:
1. A Primer of Conservation Biology. 5th Ed. Sinauer, P.R.B. Associates Inc. Publ.
Sunderland. 2012.
2. Conservation Biology: A Primer for South Asia. Orient Blackswan Bawa, K.,
Primack, S., Oommen, R.B. and Anna, M., 2011. ISBN # : 9788173717246.
3. Essentials of conservation Biology, 5th Ed., Primack, R. B. Sinauer, P.R.B associates
Inc. Publishers, Sunderlander MA, USA. 2010.
Springer, 2010.
URBAN ECOLOGY
Objectives:
This course is designed to develop a thorough understanding of the influence of
urbanization and urbanized areas on populations, communities, ecosystem and human
societies.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to urban ecology
Week 3-4: Global urbanization patterns (past, present, future) and recent trends in
Pakistan
Week 5: Populations and community diversity in the urban environment
Week 6: Urbanization effects on environmental health
Week 7: Functions in urban ecosystem: growth
Week 8-9: Productivity, disease, exotic species and invasive species in urban areas
Week 10: Landscape signature and urban heat-island effect
Week 11: Ecological design and sustainable cities
Week 12: Concept of urban green spaces for people and biodiversity
Week 13: Urban inequalities and slum area characteristics
Week 14: Urban health and emerging diseases
Week 15-16: Urban land use planning and management in Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. Urban Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Gaston, K.J. (ed.) 2010.
181
2. Applied Urban Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, UK. Richter M and U. Weiland (ed.)
2012.
3. Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Development, Silberstein, J.and Maser, C., CRC
Press LLC. USA, 2000.
LABORATORY MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICES

Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to impart skills for sampling techniques and
identification of sampling locations where high molecular-mass organic compounds
and metals may accumulate, provide understanding about sampling and sample
variability in air, water, land, solid and waste analysis, impart skills for the range of the
methods needed for subsequent chemical analysis i.e., from classical to instrumental
methods including Mass spectrometer, UV/visible spectrophotometer, Infrared
spectrometer, NMR, GC-MS, HPLC etc. and train for methods to interpret the result of
analysis and quality assurance.
Course Outline:
Week 1: The environmental issues Reasons for concern, Pollution. The necessity of
chemical analysis
Week 2: Transport of pollutants in the environment and approaches to their analysis:
Sources, dispersal, re-concentration and degradation
Week 3: Transport and reconcentration of neutral organic compounds; Bio-
concentration, Accumulation in sediments
Week 4: Bio-magnification and Degradation
Week 5: Transport and reconcentration of, metal ions: Solubilization
Week 6: Deposition and uptake by organisms and What is safe level
Week 7: Sampling and sampling variability: Representative sampling
Week 8: Samples storage and Critical path and critical group
Week 9: Water analysis-Major constituents: Sampling
Week 10: Techniques for analysis of common ions; UV/visible spectrometry
Week 11: Emission spectrometry (Flame photometry), lon-chromatography and
Examples of uses of other techniques
Week 12: Water analysis-Trace pollutants: Organic trace pollutants
Week 13: Sampling and storage, Extraction techniques for chromatographic analysis
Week 14: Gas chromatography, Liquid chromatography, immunoassay and
Spectrometric methods
Week 15: Metal ions; Storage of samples, Pre-treatment, Atomic spectrometry, Visible
Spectrometry, Anodic stripping voltametry and Examples. Ultra-trace analysis
Week 16: Analytical methods; Mass spectrometry detection, Quantification, Gas
chromatography and Examples. Quality control and quality assurance.
Lab Work:
1. Extraction of chlorophyll from plant material.
2. Determination of amount of Fe (II) in a given industrial water sample by visible
spectrometry.
3. Quantification of lead in industrial wastewater.
4. Determination of total alkalinity due to Carbonate and Bicarbonate ions present in a
given sample.
5. Separation of neutral, acidic/basic organic components by using separating funnel.
182
6. Complex metric titration for the detection of temporary and permanent hardness of
water in terms of ppm.
7. Determination of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH
and Conductivity of industrial effluents.
Recommended Books:
1. Carson, P.and Mumford, C. 2002. Hazardous Chemical Handbook. 2nd Ed.
Butterworth-Heinmann. Oxford, UK.
2. Patnaik, P.1997. Handbook of Environmental Analysis: Chemical Pollutants in Air,
Water, Soil, and Solid Wastes .CRC Press Inc. USA.
3. Extraction }'; Methods for Environmental Analysis. 1999. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
UK.
RESTORATION ECOLOGY
Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to develop an understanding among the students of the
need and approach of ecological restoration at species, population and landscape level
and to enable them to apply their knowledge in real world situation.
Course Outline:
Week 1: The Background; Introduction and Philosophy, Rationale for Restoration
Week 2: The Ecological Context; A Landscape Perspective
Week 3: A Species Population Perspective
Week 4: The Evolutionary Context; A Species Perspective
Week 5: Manipulation of the Physical Environment; Terrestrial Ecosystems, Wetlands
and still waters
Week 6: Manipulation of the Chemical Environment
Week 7: Manipulating the Chemical Environment of the Soil
Week 8: Chemical Treatment of Water and Sediments
Week 9: Manipulation of the Biota; In Terrestrial Ecosystems, In Aquatic Ecosystems
Week 10: Monitoring and Evaluation
Week 11: Restoration in a changing climate
Week 12: Biological invasions, resilience and restoration
Week 13: Restoration Policy and Infrastructure
Week 14: Social and institutional support
Week 15: Restoration policy in Pakistan and other countries
Week 16: Case Studies.
Recommended Books:
1. Clewell, A.F. 2013. Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an
Emerging Profession. 2nd Edition. Island Press.
2. Andel, J.V. and J. Aronson (Eds.). 2012. Restoration Ecology: The New Frontier.
2nd Edition. Blackwell.
3. Galatowitsch, S.M. 2012. Ecological Restoration. Sinauer Associates.
4. Howell, E.A., Harrington, J.A. and Glass, S.G. 2011. Introduction to Restoration
Ecology. Island Press.
1.Principles of Restoration.Cambridge University Press.
183
2.Restoration in Practice.Cambridge University Press.
GENDER AND ENVIRONMENT

Objective:
The objective of the course to draw linkages of environmental degradation with gender
and the role it can play in addressing the environmental degradation.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Gender and Environment: Concepts, issues and perspectives
Week 2: Eco feminism, theories related to Eco feminism, Gender, environment and
sustainable environment
Week 3: Emerging perspectives on gender and environment: Relationship between
Woman and Nature
Week 4: Question of domination of women and nature rooted in patriarchal ideology.
Feminist critiques of science and western concepts of development
Week 5: Relationship of gender division of labor structure and the natural world
Week 6: Women in the two-thirds world: environmental degradation and the struggle
for survival
Week 7: The Green Revolution and its impacts on food production. Cash crop
production, appropriation and degradation of land
Week 8: Affect of environmental degradation on the lives of poor women. Women,
water, fuel and forest resources
Week 9: Gender division of labor and environmental impacts on women's work.
Women's traditional ecological knowledge
Week 10: Poverty, survival and women's roles in maintaining the means of sustenance
Week 11: Dialogues with and within ecological feminism: Women engagement in
Week 12: Ecofeminist perspectives on gender and environment, Major weaknesses of
ecofeminist theory and practice
Week 13: Political action and cultural transformation: Ecofeminist politics, ethics, and
spirituality.
Week 14: Issues in cultural transformation and cultural appropriation
Week 15: Greenham Common, Chipko Movement, Kenya Green Belt Movement
Week 16: World Women's Congress for a Healthy Planet, Local stories of women and
Recommended Books:
1. Nightingale, A. (2006) 'The nature of gender:Work, gender, and environment',
Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24: 165– 185
2. McIlwaine, C. and K. Datta (2003) 'From feminizing to engendering development',
Gender, Place and Culture 10: 369–382
3. Rodda, A. (1991) Women and the Environment, London: Zed Books
4. Dankelman, Irene. (2003) Gender, Environment and Sustainable Development:
5. Varadarajan, "Women and Environment Eco-feminists‟ perspectives". In
Empowerment of Women and Ecological Development 2002:445)
6. Kurian, P. (2000) Engendering the Environment? Gender in the World Bank's
Environmental Policies, Aldershot: Ashgate
184
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS
Objectives:
This course provides a comprehensive approach of Global Environmental Politics. It
gives insight in leading international environmental issues and global politics about
environment.
Course Outline:
Week 1-2: Global environmental politics as a discipline and its historical perspective
Week 3: Actors and institutions in global environmental politics
Week 4:Role of states, international organizations
Week 5: Domestic politics and corporations in global environmental issues
Week 6: Environmental justice movements
Week 7: Environmental security uncertainty
Week 8: North-South relations
Week 9: Participation and citizenship as key factor in shaping global politics
Week 10-11: Political ecology, climate change and globalization
Week 12: Trade in hazardous waste, endangered species and genetically modified foods
Week 13: International treaties and regional agreements
Week 14: Transboundary disputes and environmental threats
Week 15-16: Environmental advocacy at global, regional and local level.
Recommended Books:
1. Kutting, G. 2010. Global Environmental Politics: Concepts, Theories and Case
Studies. Routledge.
2. Chasek, P. S., D. L. Downie, J. W. Brown, 2010. Global Environmental Politics,
Dilemmas in World Politics Series, Westview Press,
3. Macmillan, P. 2000. Understanding Global Environmental Politics.
4. Elliott, L. M.1998. The global politics of the environment. New York University, pp
311.
COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Objectives:
To have a better understanding of Coastal Marine and offshore Areas, Marine
Ecosystems. Economic significance of coast line. Coastal phenomena, coastal erosion
and accretion, Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
Course Outline:
Week 1-2: Develop a Clear understanding of Definitions and boundaries of coastal and
offshore areas of Pakistan
Week 3: Coastal ecosystems
Week 4-5: Mangroves, Coral reefs, rocky, sandy, muddy shores and biotic communities
Week 6-7: Understanding of coastal Physical phenomena that generate potential energy
from Tides, Waves, and Ocean Thermal Energy
Week 8: Significance, Coastal erosion and accretion
Week 9-10: Pelagic and Demersal Living Resources and products of natural marine
ecosystems
185
Week 11: Non Living Marine Resources
Week 12-13: Impact of coastal pollution on coastal resources and amenities
Week 14: Develop integrated coastal management, conservation and sustainable
development of resources
Week 15-16: The course will be complimented by Assignment and case studies.
Students assess the assigned projects of interests for development, conservation
of coastal areas, ecosystems and critical habitats.
Recommended Books:
1. Oceanography, An Invitation to Oceanography 2009 by Paul R. Pinet
2. Oceanography, an introduction to the Marine Environment by Peter K. Weyl. 2008
3. Oceanography: A view of the Earth by Grant Gross. 20
AGROCHEMICALS IN ENVIRONMENT
Objectives:
Te objective of this course is to demonstrate the negative and positive impact of use of
agrochemicals in the short term and in long term.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Agrochemicals: Fertilizers, pesticides
Week 2-3: Soil conditioners, hormones, pharmaceuticals (antibiotics) and fumigants
Week 4: Fate of agrochemicals in the environment
Week 5-6: Sorption/desorption, movement, drift, volatilization, availability, leaching
and decay
Week 7: Impact of agrochemicals on public health and environment
Week 8: Environmental exposure to pesticides
Week 9: Fertilizer pollution measurement and prediction models
Week 10: Pest resistance and phyto-toxicity
Week 11: Safe handling and awareness about agrochemicals
Week 12-13: Factors affecting use for agrochemicals and environmental outcomes
Week 14: Efficient use of agrochemicals
Week 15-16: Management practices and strategies to control agrochemical pollution.
Recommended Books:
1. Cheremisinoff, N.P. and P.E. Rosenfeld. 2011. Handbook of Pollution Prevention
and Cleaner Production. Best Practices in Agrochemical Industry. Elsevier, Kidlington,
UK.
2. Matthews, G.A. 2006. Pesticides: Health, Safety and the Environment. Blackwell
Publishers, Malden, MA, USA.
3. Wheeler, W.B. 2005. Pesticides in Agriculture and the Environment. Marcel and
Dekker, Inc. New York, USA.
4. Sparks, D.L. 2003. Environmental Soil Chemistry. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, San
Diego, CA, USA.
186
REMEDIATION STRATEGIES FOR CONTAMINANTED ENVIRONMENT
Course Outline:
Week 1-2: Environmental remediation; Factors affecting remediation efficiency
Week 3-4: Evaluating speciation and contaminant availability in polluted environment
Week 5: Factors affecting contaminant degradation
Week 6: Remediation strategies
Week 7: Natural attenuation, Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
Week 8: Conventional methods
Week 9: Physical techniques
Week 10: Chemical Oxidation and other chemical treatments
Week 11: Photocatalytic processes
Week 12: Electrochemical techniques
Week 13: Chemical and biological sorption
Week 14: Integrated approaches for remediation
Week 15: Application of nano-materials
Week 16: Social and economic aspects of remediation.
Recommended Books:
1. Ghafoor, A., G. Murtaza, M.Z. Rehman, M. Sabir, H.R. Ahmad and Saifullah. 2012.
Environmental Pollution: Types, Sources and Management. Allied Book Centre,
Lahore.
2. Sarkar, B. 2002. Heavy Metals in the Environment. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York,
USA.
3. Raskin, I. and B.D. Ensley. 2000. Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to
Clean Up the Environment. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York, USA.
4. Lens, P., T. Grotenhuis, G. Malina and H. Tabak. 2005. Soil and Sediment
Remediation: Mechanisms, Technologies and Applications. IWA Publishing, London,
UK.
TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER

Course Outline:
Week 1: The nature and sources of wastewater
Week 2: Modern wastewater treatment
Week 3: Primary treatment
Week 4: Secondary treatment
Week 5: Tertiary treatment
Week 6-7: Removal of pathogens by sewage treatment process
Week 8-9: Removal of organics and inorganics by sewage treatment processes
Week 10: Oxidation Ponds
Week 11: Septic tanks
Week 12: Use of treated wastewater
Week 13: Wetland and Aqua culture system
Week 14: Sludge processing and land application of biosolids
Week 15-16: Biofuel production from wastewater.
187
Recommended Books:
1. Sharma, S.K. and R. Sanghi (eds.). 2012. Wastewater Reuse and Management.
Springer, Heidelberg, Germany.
2. Maier, R.M., I.L. Pepper and C.P. Gerba. 2009. Environmental Microbiology.
2ndEd. Academic Press, London, UK.
3. Tchobanoglous, G. F.L. Burton and D.H. Stensel. 2003. Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Reuse. 4th Ed. McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater. American Public Health
Association. Washington, DC.
ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATION OF NANOMATERIALS

Course Outline:
Week 1: Introduction to nanomaterials
Week 2-3: Application of nanomaterials in: remediation of polluted soil and water
Week 4-5: pollutant sensing and detection
Week 6: filtration membranes, green chemistry
Week 7: Nanomaterials as adsorbents
Week 8-9: Nanomaterials for groundwater remediation
Week 10: Use of nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents
Week 11-12: Renewable energy and nanotechnology
Week 13-14: Eco-toxicological risks associated with nano-materials
Week 15-16: Future challenges in nanotechnology.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental Nanotechnology: Applications and Impacts of Nanomaterials. Mark
R. Wiesner and Jean-Yves Bottero. The McGraw-Hill
Companies. New York, USA. 2007.
(http://accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/environmentalnanotechnology-
applications-and-impacts-of-nanomaterials)
2. Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials Synthesis, Sorbents and Sensors. Glen
E Fryxell and Guozhong Cao. World Scientific. 2007.
GREEN ECONOMY
Objectives:
The objective of this course is to develop understanding of basic principles of green
economy within the economic, energy and food security context of the country and the
region.
Course Outline:
Week 1: The concept of green economy,
Week 2-3: Framework of policies and approaches that accelerates progress toward
sustainable development goals.
Week 4: Caron foot prints
Week 5: Carbon footprint assessment,
Week 6: Carbon trading and carbon sequestration,
188
Week 7-8: REDD and REDD plus mechanisms.
Week 9-10: Employment and labor market policies for Green Jobs in context of
Pakistan.
Week 11-12: Role of Microfinance in Promoting Renewable Energy.
Week 13-14: Institutional Framework for Renewable Energy and community
adaptation.
Week 15: Entrepreneurship in Energy Solutions.
Week 16: Green economy and its relationship to Livelihood and Poverty Alleviation.
Recommended Books:
1. Lightfoot, H. Douglas, et al, “Nuclear Fission Fuel is Inexhaustible”, Climate
Change Technology Conference: Engineering Challenges and Solutions in the
21stCentury, Engineering Institute of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 10-12,
2006.
2. Boyd, David R, Sustainability within a generation: a new vision for Canada, The
David Suzuki Foundation, ISBN 0-9689731-6-7, 2004.
3. Day, Danny M. et al, Distributed Hydrogen Production with Profitable Carbon
Sequestration: A Novel Integrated Sustainable System for Clean Fossil Fuel Emissions
and a Bridge to the New Hydrogen Economy and Global Socio-Economic Stability,
National Hydrogen Association Conference, Washington, DC., Poster Presentation,
March 4-8, 2003.
4. Lehmann, J., D. Kern, B., Glaser, W. Woods, Amazonian Dark Earths: Origin,
Properties, Management, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, ISBN 1-4020-
1839-8, 2003.
5. Love, Murray, et al, Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Systems: Spatial and Storage
Requirements, Institute for Integrated Energy Systems, University of Victoria (IESVic)
and Love, Murray, "Land Area and Storage Requirements for Wind and Solar
Generation to Meet the US Hourly Electrical Demand", M.A.Sc. Thesis, University of
Victoria, August 2003.
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Objectives:
The course is designed to impart knowledge and understanding of the environmental
education, introduce various concepts of environmental education at different levels,
provide guidelines for the design and development of resource materials for
environmental education, train and develop skills for teaching and learning in
environmental education with reference to environmental issues and to provide the
insight of status of environmental education at national, regional and global levels.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Education: Knowledge, Information, Education and awareness, Skills, Values,
Attitude, Behaviour, Beliefs, Norms
Week 2: Environmental Education: Aims of environmental education, Types of
environmental education
Week 3: Teaching and learning: Four stages of learning, Teaching learning theories and
EE, How people learn, Types of learners, Role of teacher/educator
Week 4: Teaching learning approaches: Inductive and deductive approaches, Teaching
learning process, Active and passive learning
189
Week 5: Curriculum, syllabus, course development for environmental education at
various levels
Week 6: History and Philosophy of Education: Guiding principles of Environmental
Education (EE), Environmental literacy, Citizen Action and responsibilities
Week 7: Status of Environmental Education: EE at National, regional and global levels
Week 8: Events that shaped the development of education in Pakistan, Role of
Government, NGOs, Educational institutions
Week 9: Environmental policy: EE at primary, secondary and at higher levels of
education, EE and research
Week 10: Teaching Methodologies: Common teaching methods/activities of formal,
nonformal and informal EE
Week 11: Using community resources for Environmental Education
Week 12: Teaching Environmental Issues in Classroom and in the real world
methodologies
Week 13: Considerations for teaching environmental issues with particular reference to
resources, pollution, population, management and enforcement of policies and
regulations in Pakistan
Week 14: Communication strategies to work in community: Reading, writing, listening
and speaking skills
Week 15: Designing of seminars, workshops, field trips for Environmental Education
Week 16: Computer and EE: Use of computer for Environmental Education, Computer
literacy, Internet, Websites and Databases etc.
Practical Work:
Preparation of teaching material: Development of teaching material for
Environmental Education and Sample lessons for different levels of EE.
Preparation of resource material (brochures, pamphlets, posters and booklets
etc.) to provide information on various environmental issues.
Field trips and visits to acquire the knowledge on various environmental issues
and to develop management strategies.
Organization and arrangements of events, festivals and exhibits for EE.
Campaign designing for National, regional and local environmental issues.
Organization of seminars and special lectures on general environmental
management and specific issues.
Making of documentaries on various environmental issues.
Preparation of portfolio for EE.
Recommended Books:
1. Arif, R. Status of Environmental Education in Sustainable development Strategies of
Pakistan. (Comparative report). NCS. Islamabad.
2. Engleson, D. C. (1994). A Guide to curriculum planning in Environmental
Education. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. USA.
3. Fordham, P. E. (1993) Informal, non-formal and formal education program.' In:
YMCA George Williams College ICE301 Lifelong Learning Unit 2, London: YMCA
George Williams College.
190
POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Objectives:
To develop the basic concepts about polymer science physical and chemical properties
of polymers, various synthetic procedures involved in polymerization, characterization
techniques used to analyze the type of polymers. Usefulness of thermal analytical
techniques involved in polymer characterization techniques for stability and durability
and to appreciate the applications of polymers in various fields such as industry,
medicine, daily life etc. This course aims to provide knowledge and understanding of
the environmental benefits and hazards of polymeric materials and responsible use
plastics with emphasis to importance of degradable and biodegradable polymers.
Course outline:
Week 1: Introduction to Polymers: Basic definitions and nomenclature; Various
Classifications of polymers;
Week 2: Mechanical properties of polymers;
Week 3: Spectroscopic Analysis of Polymers;
Week 4: Impact of Polymers on Environment:
Week 5: Stability of polymers, Resistance to degradation. Air, water, and solid waste
pollution caused by polymeric materials.
Week 6: Effect of additives, fillers and stabilizers on the environment; Monitoring of
various types of pollution caused by polymeric materials.
Week 7: Biodegradable Polymer: Photolytic Polymers, Per-oxidisable Polymers,
Photo- Polymers, Hydro-biodegradable Polymers;
Week 8: Biodegradable Copolymers and Composites; Agricultural Applications of
Environmentally Degradable Polymers;
Week 9: Technical Advantages of Degradable Mulching Films; Economics of
Degradable Mulching Films;
Week 10: Soil Sterilization, Agricultural Packaging; Bioassimilation of Photo-
biodegradable Plastics; Eco toxicological Aspects in the
Week 11: Biodegradation Process of Polymers, Management of Polymer Wastes:
Week 12: The Polymer Waste Problem; Legislation; Disposing of Post-consumer
Plastics; Life-cycle Assessment;
Week 13: Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Waste Production, Mechanical Recycling;
Reprocessing of Mixed Plastics Wastes, Energy Recovery by Incineration;
Week 14: Liquid Fuel and Feedstock Recovery;
Week 15: Management of Urban Waste; Biodegradable Plastics in Integrated Waste
Management;
Week 16: Degradable Plastics: Sewage, Compost, Litter. Management of Polymer
Wastes in Pakistan; Polymer Industry in Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. Charles E. Carraher Jr., Polymer Chemistry-An Introduction, latest Edition. Marcel
Dekket. Inc.
2. Robert J.Young, Introduction to Polymers, Chapman Hall Ltd.NY 1981.
3. Fred W. Billmeyer,Jr. Textbook of Polymer Science, Wiley- Interscience,John Wiley
and Sons.
4. Gerald Scott., Polymers and the Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK
1999.
5. Catia Bastioli, Editor, Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, Rapra Technology.
Ltd, UK. 2000.
191
ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY Course Code. ENV-840
Objectives:
This course aims to provide knowledge about a wide range of topics in geology,
discussing fundamental geologic principles to the specific geologic hazards, from an
environmental perspective.
Course Outline:
Week 1: Earth materials and processes.
Week 2: Geology and Ecosystems.
Week 3: Hazardous natural processes: River flooding,
Week 4: Landslides and related phenomena,
Week 5: Earthquakes and related phenomena,
Week 6: Volcanic activity,
Week 7: Coastal hazards,
Week 8: Impact of extraterrestrial objects.
Week 9: Human interaction with environment:
Week 10: Hydrology and human use,
Week 11: Waste disposal, Geologic aspects of environmental health,
Week 12: Climate change.
Week 13: Mineral resources and environment.
Week 14: Energy and environment.
Week 15: Land use and decision making: Landscape evaluation.
Week 16: Related environmental laws.
Recommended Books:
1. Environmental geology: Keller, E.A., 9th edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
2. Introduction to environmental geology: Keller, E.A., 5th edition, Prentice Hall, 2012.
192

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APPROVED

(Revised December 26, 2016)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL &

1 Approved minutes of BOS 3-13

2 Curriculum of BS Environmental Sciences 14-84

3 Curriculum of M.Sc Environmental Sciences 85-122

4 Curriculum of MS/Mphil Environmental Sciences 123-157

5 Curriculum of PhD Environmental Sciences 158-192

The meeting was adjourned with vote of thanks by the Chair.

1 ENGLISH-I ENV- 301 3 (3-0)

1 ENGLISH-II ENV- 307 3 (3-0)

2nd Year Semester-III

CURRICULUM OF M.Sc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Year program)

CURRICULUM OF MS/MPhil ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (02 Year program)

CURRICULUM OF PhD ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (03 Year program)

Core Courses of MS/ M.Phil programme:

Titles Course Code Credit Hours

1. Research Methods in Environmental Sciences ENV-701 3(3-0)

(Revised December 26, 2016)

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL &

STATISTICS 3 3 Environmental Profile 3

Applied Ecology 3 Water Resources Management 3

Environmental Toxicology 3 Soil and Environment 3

Environmental Economics 3 Disaster Management 3

GIS & RS 3 Environmental Biotechnology 3

Environmental Management System 3 Solid Waste Management 3

Biodiversity and Conservation 3 Agro-ecology 3

Environmental Impact Assessment 3

Natural Resource Management 3

Health and Environment 3

Pollution Control Technologies 3

Final Year Project 6

Total Cr. Hr: 133

PAKISTAN STUDIES (COMPULSORY) Course Code. ENV-302

BASIC CHEMISTRY Course Code. ENV-305

ISLAMIC STUDIES Course Code. ENV-308

INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCES Course Code. ENV-310

Practical and Field Work:

SOCIOLOGY Course Code. ENV-311

POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT Course No. ENV-404

Credit hours 3(3-0)

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Course No. ENV-407

FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY Course No. ENV-408

3rd year Semester V

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Course No. ENV-502

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Course No. ENV-503

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Course No. ENV-504

ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF PAKISTAN Course No. ENV-505

APPLIED ECOLOGY Course No. ENV-506

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Course No. ENV-509

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Course No. ENV-511

URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Course No. ENV-512

4th Year Semester VII

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Course No. ENV-603

DISASTER MANAGEMENT Course No. ENV-604

SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT (ELECTIVE-III) Course No. ENV-605

RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Course No. ENV-606

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT Course No. ENV-608

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES Course No. ENV-609

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Course Code: ENV-610

RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP /TWO SPECIAL PAPERS

(Revised December 26, 2016)