BULK ACTIVE

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
The principle of bulk active structure system is distribution of
load in two direction.

Elements of Bulk Active Structure System

Vertical structural Horizontal structural

Columns BEAMS
walls SLABS
COLUMN
Structural element that transmits the weight of the structure above to
other structural elements below through compression.
It behaviours differently depending on their relative length.

TYPES OF COLUMN
SHORT COLUMN
Fails in crushing
slenderness ratio < 12
LONG COLUMN
Fails in buckling
slenderness ratio > 12
TYPES OF COLUMN
BASED ON CROSS-SECTION
1.Rectangular Columns
2.Square Columns
3.Circular Columns
4.Hexagonal Columns
5.T, L, or + shapes Columns
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
1.TIED COLUMNS:    
Columns reinforced with longitudinal reinforcement and lateral
(transverse) ties . 
2.SPIRAL COLUMNS:   
Columns with longitudinal reinforcement tied by continuous spiral
reinforcement. 
3.COMPOSITE COLUMNS:    
 Columns reinforced longitudinally with structural steel sections,
such as hollow tubes and I-sections, with or without additional
longitudinal reinforcement or transverse reinforcement.
BEARING WALLS
A compressive member that is continuous in one direction,
distributes vertical load and gradually distributes to support/ soil
BEAMS
A beam is a linear structural member with loading applied
perpendicular to its long axis; such a load is a bending load.

Generally carry vertical gravitational

forces but can also be used to carry
horizontal loads (earthquake)

SIMPLY SUPPORTED CANTILEVER OVERHANGING FIXED CONTINUOUS

BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS

TYPES OF BEAMS
 Simply supported beam is supported at both end

Only takes load above opening

Beam end is free

SIMPLY SUPPORTED
BEAMS

CANTILEVER OVERHANGING FIXED CONTINUOUS

BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS

TYPES OF BEAMS
 A structural member of which one end is fixed and
other is free.

This beam carry load over the span which

undergoes both shear stress and bending moment.

CANTILEVER
BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED OVERHANGING FIXED CONTINUOUS

BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS

TYPES OF BEAMS
 The end portion of a beam extends beyond the
support, then the beam is known as
overhanging beam.
Overhanging may be on one of the supports or
on both the sides.
In the case of an overhanging
beam, the bending moment is
positive between the supports,
whereas the bending moment is
negative for the overhanging
OVERHANGING
portion. BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED CANTILEVER FIXED CONTINUOUS

BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS

TYPES OF BEAMS
 Fixed beam is one with ends restrained from rotation.

It does not allow vertical movement and rotation of

the beam. It is only under shear stress and no
moment produces in this beams.

FIXED
BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED CANTILEVER OVERHANGING CONTINUOUS

BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS

TYPES OF BEAMS
If more than two supports are This beam is similar to simply
provided to the beam, it is called supported beam except more than two
continuously supported beam. support are used on it.

CONTINUOUS
BEAMS

SIMPLY SUPPORTED CANTILEVER OVERHANGING FIXED

BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS BEAMS

TYPES OF BEAMS
SLABS
Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal in building floors, roofs, bridges, and other
types of structures.
TYPES OF SLABS
Flat Slab SlabsThe flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns
or caps.Flat slab doesn’t have beams so it is also called as beam-less slab. They are supported
on columns itself.Loads are directly transferred to columns.The thickness of the Flat slab is
minimum 8′′ or 0.2m.
Conventional SlabThe slab which is supported on Beams and columns is called conventional
slab.The thickness of slab is small whereas depth of the beam is large and load is transferred to
beams and then to columns.The thickness of conventional slab is usually 4′′ or 10cm.
Hollow core ribbed Slab or Hollow core slabHollow core ribbed slabs derive their name from
the voids or cores which run through the units.The cores can function as service ducts and
significantly reduce the self-weight of the slabs, maximizing structural efficiency.Reducing the
volume of concrete used.Units are generally available in standard 1200 mm widths and in
depths from 110mm to 400 mm.There is total freedom in length of units.These type of slabs
are Pre casted and it is used where the construction has to be done fast.