@d mostnrod aj` fdrijtokb

@d mostnrod aj` fdrijtokb n fjrhdantjhkod trdtd aj jxp`ohdr høfn kdhj, jvn`uhonkd
y sj ajsdrrn``d j` prnhjsn aj` fdrijtokb. Wdrd mdc`dr aj `d mostnrod aj` fdrijtokb
profjrn tjkjfns quj ajhor quj js ukd mjrrdfojktd uto`ozdad pnr `ds jfprjsds
pdrd bjkjrdr prnhjsns aj oktjrhdfcon aj d`bn aj vd`nr ajktrn aj` fjrhdan. @ds
jfprjsds snk `ns dbjktjs jhnkøfohns jkhdrbdans aj rjd`ozdr j` prnhjsn aj
prnauhhoøk jk `d jhnknfæd. @d prnauhhoøk js `d trdkslnrfdhoøk aj oksufns jk
prnauhtns.

Jstn quojrj ajhor quj `ds jfprjsds tojkjk quj dafokostrdr rjhursns jshdsns pdrd
rjd`ozdr jlohojktjfjktj su prnhjsn aj prnauhhoøk, pnr j``n sj nrbdkozdk jk
ajpdrtdfjktns hnfn5

Sjhursns mufdkns5 Ankaj sj dafokostrd j` pjrsnkd` quj `dcnrd ajktrn aj `d

jfprjsd, pdrd fdxofozdr sus tdrjds ajktrn aj` prnhjsn.

Wrnauhhoøk5 Ankaj sj uto`ozd aj lnrfd jlohojktj `ns oksufns aj prnauhhoøk, pdrd

quj jstj prnhjsn rjsu`tj `n fjkns hnstnsn pnsoc`j.

Lokdkzds5 Dquæ
jfprjsd sok sj cushd
hdpotd` nptofozdr
lokdkhojrn j` rjhursn
kn pujaj lokdkhojrn
rjd`ozdr su tdrjdn hnrrjhtdfjktj.
aokjrn, pnrquj ukd

\jktds5 Js ankaj sj dp`ohdk `ds tïhkohds pdrd `d hnfjrhod`ozdhoøk aj` prnauhtn

nlrjhoan, `ns jkhdrbdans aj jstd tdrjd snk `ns vjkajanrjs.
Fdrijtokb5 Js j` ajpdrtdfjktn jkhdrbdan aj ajsdrrn``dr, bjkjrdr y jktrjbdr d`bn
aj vd`nr d` fjrhdan pdrd su prnhjsn aj oktjrhdfcon.

Nrobjk aj` fdrijtokb

@d jstrdtjbod y `ds tïhkohds aj `d fjrhdantjhkod sj rjfnktdk fuy dträs jk j`

tojfpn, sojkan tdk dktobuds hnfn `d fosfd hovo`ozdhoøk. Jstds sj pnkædk jk
fdrhmd jk j` fnfjktn jk quj uk hnfjrhodktj n aujôn aj ukd jfprjsd cushdcd
vjkajr fäs quj su hnfpjtjkhod n ``jbdr d fäs pntjkhod`js h`ojktjs oktjrjsdans
jk su prnauhtn n sjrvohon. Lokd`fjktj, j` fdrijtokb sj ajsdrrn``d y, fäs
ofpnrtdktj dõk, sj prnljsonkd`ozd hnk `d ``jbdad aj `d Sjvn`uhoøk Okaustrod` jk j`
sob`n ]\OOO. @d prnauhhoøk jk fdsd y `d prnfu`bdhoøk aj `jyjs dktofnknpn`on
bjkjrdrnk `d kjhjsoada aj aoljrjkhodrsj aj` rjstn aj hnfpjtoanrjs, quojkjs
ldcrohdcdk jxdhtdfjktj j` fosfn prnauhtn. J` hnksufn js j` õkohn lok y prnpøsotn
aj tnad prnauhhoøk y `ns oktjrjsjs aj` prnauhtnr sø`n ajcjk sjr dtjkaoans jk `d
fjaoad jk quj sjd kjhjsdron pdrd prnfnvjr `d oktjkhoøk aj` hnksufoanr‖ js ukd
dlorfdhoøk jshrotd pnr Dadf Xfotm, jk j` sob`n ]\OOO y jstä hjrhd aj sjktdr `d cdsj
aj` hnkhjptn aj` fdrijtokb fnajrkn. Aj j``d sj ajsprjkaj `d oajd aj quj `d
prokhopd` fntovdhoøk n prjnhupdhoøk aj tnan ldcrohdktj brdvotd jk tnrkn d dquj``ns
ajsjns y kjhjsoadajs aj` hnksufoanr.
 

Xjræd d prokhopons aj` sob`n ]], hnkhrjtdfjktj jk j` dôn 4?73, hudkan j` prnljsnr
Enkjs aj `d Zkovjrsoada aj Fohmobdk uto`ozø pnr profjrd vjz j` tïrfokn. Wnhns
dôns fäs tdraj, `d aoshop`okd luj hrjhojkan mdstd d`hdkzdr su dutnknfæd j
okajpjkajkhod jk j` dôn 4?44. Wnhn ajspuïs, jk 4?41, @jwos Rj`a sdhø d `d `uz
`d profjrd okvjstobdhoøk hojktælohd sncrj j` fdrijtokb. Qdk sn`n uk dôn fäs tdraj
sj jaotdræd j` profjr `ocrn aj fdrijtokb aj `d fdkn aj Drhm Ro`ioksnk Xmdw.

Qdfcoïk js ofpnrtdktj, ajstdhdr, dajfäs aj su nrobjk mostørohn, su ajlokohoøk

okohod`. Wnr dquj` jktnkhjs j` fdrijtokb sj jkhdrbdcd aj ans hnsds5 prnauhhoøk y
prnauhtn. _, tjkojkan jk hujktd jsn, trdtdcd aj quj `d aostrocuhoøk lujrd `n fäs
jlohojktj pnsoc`j. Dsæ fosfn, j` fdrijtokb sj horhukshrocæd d dhtovoadajs
hnfjrhod`js, hnk lok aj `uhrn. Fäs tdraj, `d aoshop`okd sj jxpdkaoø d ntrns
jspjhtrns hnfn nrbdkozdhonkjs sok äkofn aj `uhrn, lukadhonkjs n okh`usn `d
pn`ætohd.
@ns aoljrjktjs jklnqujs jk `d mostnrod aj` fdrijtokb

Ajfdkad Fdynr Tuj Nljrtd

Jklnquj hjktrdan jk j` ajpdrtdfjktn aj prnauhhoøk5 Ajcoan d quï mdcæd fuhmd

ajfdkad oksdtosljhmd, hdso hud`quojr prnauhtn quj sd`ojrd d` fjrhdan jrd jxotnsn.
Jstd sotudhoøk mozn quj `ds jfprjsds jklnhdrdk tnad su dtjkhoøk jk j` prnhjsn aj
prnauhhoøk, pujstn quj cdstdræd quj prnauejrdk jlohojktjfjktj y `d jfprjsd jrd
bdkdanrd jk j` fjrhdan. Wnajfns kntdr quj `ds jfprjsds quj dprnvjhmdrnk `ds
vjktdeds aj `d rjvn`uhoøk okaustrod` y `ns fnaj`ns aj prnauhhoøk jk sjroj lujrnk `ds
fäs rjhnknhoads aj` fjrhdan, td` js j` hdsn aj `d jfprjsd Lnra aj dutnføvo`js.

Jklnquj hjktrdan jk `ds lokdkzds5 Hudkan `ds jfprjsds fjenrdrnk y fdxofozdrnk

su prnhjsn aj prnauhhoøk, vokn `d brdk ajprjsoø
ajprjsoøkk jhnkøfohd aj 4,?3? jk Jstdans
Zkoans. Jstj jvjktn jhnkøfohn dljhtø `d jhnknfæd fukaod` y `n quj mdhod ld`td
jrd
jrd j` ao
aok
kjrn.
jrn. Qdktn
dktn pd
pdrdrd `ds
`ds jfpr
jfprjs
jsds
ds pdr
drd
d pnaj
pnajrr prn
rnau
auh
hor y pdrd
pdrd `n
`ns
s
hnksu
hnksufoa
foanrj
nrjs
s pdpdrd
rd pnaj
pnajrr hnfpr
hnfprdr.
dr. Jst
Jstn
n nr
nrob
obokø
okø quj
quj `ds jfp
jfprjs
rjsds
ds quj
quj sj

ajsjfpjôdrnk fjenr
rjhursn lokdkhojrn. aurdktj
@ujbn pdsnjsj tojfpn lujrnk
j` prnhjsn `dsyquj
rjhjsovn dafokostrdrnk
`ds jfprjsds fjenr yd
jktnkhjs j`
sdcædk prnauhor y tjkædk aokjrn, jktnkhjs sj hdfcon `d pnsohoøk aj `d nljrtd y `d
ajfdkad aj fjrhdan, dmnrd mdcæd fäs nljrtd aj prnauhtns sofo`drjs jk hd`oadajs
y prjhons9 jk rj`dhoøk hnk `d ajfdkad aj fjrhdan.
Nljrtd Fdynr Tuj Ajfdkad

Jklnquj hjktrdan jk `ds vjktds5 Hudkan `ns prnauhtns jrdk fuhmns jk j`

fjrhdan, `ds jfprjsds uto`ozdrnk `ds tïhkohds aj vjktds pdrd hnkvjkhjr d `ns
hnksufoanrjs quj sus prnauhtns jrdk fjenrjs d `ns aj `d hnfpjtjkhod y pnr jsn
ajcædk hnfprdr`ns

Hnfn kns adfns hujktd mdstd jstj puktn kn jxostj fdrijtokb, pnrquj
prähtohdfjktj `ds jfprjsds jstäk nc`obdkan d quj j` hnksufoanr sj dadptj d`
 

prnauhtn quj `d jfprjsd sdcj prnauhor y `n hnfprj. Xj jklnhdk jk rjsn`vjr `d

kjhjsoada aj `d jfprjsd, pjrn kn `js ofpnrtdk `ds kjhjsoadajs aj` h`ojktj.

Jklnquj nrojktdan d` fdrijtokb5 J` vjradajrn fdrijtokb surbj hudkan `ds

jfprjsds sj adk hujktd quj `d dtjkhoøk aj `ds jfprjsds ajcj aoroborsj profjrn
jk jkhnktrdr kjhjsoadajs oksdtosljhmds jk j` hnksufoanr y `ujbn prjpdrdr `ns
sdtosldhtnrjs quj pujadk rjspnkajr fjenr d sdtosldhjr`ds. Wnr jsd rdzøk dktjs aj
`dkzdr uk kujvn prnauhtn d` fjrhdan, `ds jfprjsds mdhjk okvjstobdhoøk aj
fjrhdan, pdrd adr`j d jsj sdtosldhtnr `ns dtrocutns y cjkjlohons quj j` hnksufoanr
ajsjd.

Jklnquj jk j` fdrijtokb hnfpjtotovn5 Qnads `ds jfprjsds sj jklnhdk jk j`

fdrijtokb y hdad ukd cushd adr `d fjenr sn`uhoøk d `ns prnc`jfds aj` h`ojktj, pnr
jsn `ns fdkud`js mdc`dk aj fdrijtokb hnfpjtotovn, pnrquj `ds õkohds jfprjsds
quj tojkjk ïxotn snk dquj``ds quj sj hnfprnfjtjk d cushdr hucror aj `d fjenr
fdkjrd `ns ajsjns, `ns rjqujrofojktns y `ds kjhjsoadajs aj `ns hnksufoanrjs.

Jvn`uhoøk aj` fdrijtokb5 ajsaj su nrobjk d kujstrns aæds

J` fdrijtokb js ukd aoshop`okd quj kns pujaj pdrjhjr fuy fnajrkd. Aj mjhmn,
hdso hud`quojr dkb`ohosfn quj usjfns kns pdrjhj quj js fuy dhtud`. Xok
jfcdrbn, `d fjrhdantjhkod tojkj sncrj sus jspd`ads fäs dôns aj `ns quj tj
pnaæds p`dktjdr jk uk profjr fnfjktn. Aj mjhmn, vjr `d jvn`uhoøk aj` fdrijtokb d
`n `drbn aj `d mostnrod js fuy oktjrjsdktj yd quj js uk loj` rjl`jen aj `ns hdfcons
quj md vovoan j` fjrhdan. ¾Tuojrjs ajshucror «j` dktjs y j` ajspuïs¹ aj`
fdrijtokb hnk j` pdsn aj `ns dôns> \dfns d pnr j``n.

¾Md hdfcon j` ncejtovn aj` fdrijtokb hnk j` pdsn aj `ns dôns>

Wnr `n tdktn, dukquj `d lnrfd aj «fjrhdajdr¹ md vdrodan hnk `ns dôns, `d

oktjkhoøk aj dvjrobudr høfn dufjktdr kujstrds vjktds sojfprj md jxostoan. Ntrd
hujstoøk aostoktd js j` høfn hnksjbuor`n. Jsn js `n quj md vdrodan hnk `ns dôns.
Aurdktj `ns profjrns dôns aj` hdpotd`osfn, `ds jfprjsds sj hjktrdcdk jk `d
prnauhhoøk y jk `d ldcrohdhoøk. Wdrd j``ns, `d h`dvj jstdcd jk oktjktdr prnauhor hdad
vjz fäs yd quj dsæ vjkajrædk fäs. Xok jfcdrbn, hnk j` pdsn aj `ns dôns j` lnhn
sj pusn jk `d vjktd, jk cushdr quj `ds pjrsnkds hnfprdsjk kujstrns prnauhtns. D
prokhopons aj `ns dôns 27 sj prnauhj uk kujvn hdfcon aj fjktd`oada y j` oktjrïs
sj rjaorobj d dtjkajr `ds kjhjsoadajs aj` hnksufoanr. ¾_ dmnrd, jk quï fnfjktn
jstdfns> @d jvn`uhoøk aj` fdrijtokb (sjbõk Wmo`op Int`jr, pdarj aj` fdrijtokb
fnajrkn) md soan h`drd5 md pdsdan aj hjktrdrsj jk `d prnauhhoøk d jklnhdrsj jk
j` h`ojktj. Wjrn kn jk brupns n tdrbjts, `d tjkajkhod fdrhd quj brdhods d `ds
kujvds tjhkn`nbæds kns aorobofns d uk fdrijtokb aj `d pjrsnkd. @ds jfprjsds sj
jklrjktdk d` rjtn aj nlrjhjr jxpjrojkhods 477% pjrsnkd`ozdads. Hnfn vjs, j`
ncejtovn aj` fdrijtokb aj` sob`n ]]O js j` fosfn quj j` aj hudkan sj jfpjzdcd d

hnfjrhodr5 vjkajr
jvn`uhonk aj` fäs. Ntrd hujstoøk aostoktd js `d jstrdtjbod quj usdcdk. jtdpds
fdrijtokb
 

Jtdpds aj` fdrijtokb

Hjktrïfnkns dmnrd jk `ds jtdpds aj` fdrijtokb. Js knrfd` quj ajsaj sus
profjrns dôns mdstd mny j` fjrhdajn mdyd pdsdan pnr vdrods jtdpds.
4. Jtdpd aj `d dutnsulohojkhod jhnkøfohd

Jk `ns hnfojkzns aj `d mufdkoada hdad ldfo`od tjkæd quj sjr dutnsulohojktj pnr `n
quj pnajfns hnksoajrdr quj jk jstj tojfpn duk kn jxostæd j` fjrhdajn. D
fjaoad quj j` sjr mufdkn sj luj ajsdrrn``dkan y jxpdkaojkan, j` okstoktn aj
supjrvovjkhod y supjrdhoøk mdhj quj pnhn d pnhn vdyd kdhojkan `d
hnfjrhod`ozdhoøk.

3. Jtdpd aj` trujquj

Ajcoan d `d dpdrohoøk aj kujvds trocus y pujc`ns, sj ad `d sncrjprnauhhoøk aj

d`bukns d`ofjktns. J` sjr mufdkn sj aon hujktd aj quj tjkædk `d pnsoco`oada aj
nctjkjr hnsds quj ï` kn prnauhæd d trdvïs aj` hdfcon n trujquj. Js j` puktn aj
okohon aj` fjrhdajn.

8. Jtdpd aj `ns fjrhdans `nhns

 Dukquj jk dquj``d
dquj``d ïpnhd
ïpnhd j` trujq
trujquj
uj luj u
ukd
kd dutïktohd
dutïktohd rjvn`uhoøk
rjvn`uhoøk `n hojrtn js quj
jrd uk sostjfd cdstdktj hnfp`jen. Kn sn`n mdcæd quj jkhnktrdr d ukd pjrsnkd quj
tuvojrd j` prnauhtn quj sj cushdcd, sokn quj jsd pjrsnkd dajfäs jstuvojrd
oktjrjsdad jk d`bukn aj `ns prnauhtns quj sj `j nlrjhædk. \dfns, jrd ukd
dutïktohd naosjd. @d dpdrohoøk aj `d fnkjad aj `d fdkn aj `ns brojbns d``ä pnr j`
sob`n \OO luj uk dhnktjhofojktn mostørohn jk j` fukan aj` fjrhdajn. Brdhods d
jstn, `ns hnfjrhodktjs vjk sd`vdads fuhmds aj `ds aolohu`tdajs quj sulrædk d `d
mnrd aj mdhjr kjbnhon y sj ldho`otd j` hnfjrhon kdhonkd` j oktjrkdhonkd`. Mdhj ukns
jshdsns 4=7 dôns sj ad ukn aj `ns dvdkhjs fäs ofpnrtdktjs jk `d mostnrod aj`
fdrijtokb5 `d ofprjsoøk aj `ds profjrds rjvostds y `ocrns hnfn fjaons aj
hnfukohdhoøk. Jstn sj hnksobuj brdhods d ukoøk aj ans okvjktns5 `d ofprjsoøk
`otnbrälohd (@uos Xjkjlj`jr) y `d fäquokd hdpdz aj ldcrohdr pdpj` aj lnrfd fdsovd
(@uos Sncjrt).

1. Jtdpd aj `d rjvn`uhoøk okaustrod` y su okl`ujkhod jk j` ajsdrrn``n aj` fjrhdajn

Jk 42<7 ``jbd ntrn brdk dvdkhj. Edfjs Rdtt okvjktd `d fäquokd aj vdpnr `d hud`
 eubdræd uk
uk pdpj` lukadfjk
lukadfjktd`
td` jk j
j`` hnfjrho
hnfjrhon.
n. Js j` nrobjk
nrobjk aj`
aj` fjrhdajn
fjrhdajn fnajrkn.
fnajrkn.

:. Jtdpd aj prnauhhoøk jk fdsd

Jk jstd jtdpd tuvojrnk `ubdr 3 dhnktjhofojktns quj ajedrnk muj``d jk `d
fjrhdantjhkod5 `d profjrd y sjbukad bujrrd fukaod` (4?41-4?4= /4?8?-4?1:).
Aurdktj jstj pjronan aj tojfpn dpdrjhjk `ns fjaons aj hnfukohdhoøk fdsovns, `n
quj prnpohod quj sj aï uk brdk sd`tn ajktrn aj` fukan aj` fdrijtokb. Xj trdtd aj
ukd rjvn`uhoøk yd quj `ds hnfukohdhonkjs hnfjrhod`js sj adk ukd lnrfd kukhd
 

dktjs vostd. @d sjbukad brdk rjvn`uhoøk `d prnauhj d`bn quj yd js fuhmn fäs
dhtud`5 `d dpdrohoøk aj `ns profjrns nrajkdanrjs. Js `d ``jbdad aj Oktjrkjt y j`
fukan hdfcod hnk ï`5 kujvds lnrfds aj hnfukohdrkns, aj hnfprdr y aj jktjkajr
j` fukan. Js j` õ`tofn pdsn aj `d jvn`uhoøk aj` fdrijtokb trdaohonkd` d` fdrijtokb
fnajrkn5 aobotd` y pjrsnkd`ozdan.

¾Jfpojzd ukd kujvd mostnrod aj` fdrijtokb>

Xok auad y sus profjrns hdpætu`ns yd mdk soan jshrotns. Høfn ajhædfns d`
prokhopon j` lnhn aj høfn hnksjbuor dufjktdr `ds vjktds md vdrodan hnk j` pdsn
aj` tojfpn. Dmnrd tnan bord jk tnrkn d` h`ojktj. @d jfprjsd y j` prnauhtn snk pnr y
pdrd j` hnksufoanr. _ jstn kn `n ajhofns sn`n knsntrns, sokn tdfcoïk j` prnpon
Wmo`op Int`jr. Wdrd Int`jr j` prjsjktj y j` luturn aj` fdrijtokb pdrd pnr d`bukd aj
jstds oajds5

@ds jfprjsds okvotdrdk d sus h`ojktjs d quj pdrtohopjk, hdad vjz hnk fäs
lrjhujkhod, jk `d hrjdhoøk aj sus prnauhtns. Hdad vjz fäs jfprjsds rjqujroräk d`
hrnwasnurhokb5 pjaor npokoøk d tjrhjrns pdrd hnksjbuor oajds. Jstn sj mdrä tdktn
pdrd `d hrjdhoøk aj kujvns prnauhtns hnfn pdrd `ds hdfpdôds aj puc`ohoada. Xj
tojkaj d `d dutnfdtozdhoøk aj` fdrijtokb, pjrn sojfprj fdktjkojkan ukd
pjrsnkd`ozdhoøk aj `d nljrtd. Kn mdy quj n`voadr `n quj aoeofns dktjs, vdfns
aorjhtns d` fdrijtokb aj `d pjrsnkd.

@ns lukadfjktns aj fdrijtokb.

FJSHDAN5 Xdcjr aøkaj, høfn y huäkan mdhjr fnvoads jstrdtïbohds jk j`

fjrhdan ajpjkajrä aj quï tdktn `n hnknzhds, y hudkan mdc`dfns aj jstn kns
rjljrofns d sdcjr oajktolohdr `ds lnrtd`jzds, ajco`oadajs, npnrtukoadajs y dfjkdzds
quj sj prjsjktdk jk j` jktnrkn aj tu jfprjsd.

H@OJKQJ _ XZX KJHJXOADAJX5 Jstj js j` puktn fäs ofpnrtdktj. Hnknhjr d `ns

h`ojktjs, sus ajsjns, oktjrjsjs y kjhjsoadajs, sjrä `n quj tj pjrfotorä jkhdfokdr
kn sn`n tu jstrdtjbod aj fdrijtokb, sokn `ds lukhonkd`oadajs aj tus prnauhtns n
prnhjsns aj tus sjrvohons aj td` lnrfd quj `nbrjs adr sn`uhoøk d `ns prnc`jfds quj
prjsjktjk.

WSNAZHQN5 Jk `d dhtud`oada, dprnxofdadfjktj j` =7% aj `ds kjhjsoadajs n

ajsjns sj sdtosldhjk pnr fjaon aj prnauhtns n sjrvohons crokadans jk j` fjrhdan.
Wnr jstd rdzøk js ofpnrtdktj quj, d` fnfjktn aj crokadr`ns, `ds jfprjsds sj
hjrhonrjk aj quj jstns rjd`fjktj nlrjhjk ukd prnpujstd aj vd`nr, js ajhor, uk
hnkeuktn aj j`jfjktns quj hnk``jvjk d `d sdtosldhhoøk n sn`uhoøk aj uk prnc`jfd.

JXQSDQJBOD AJ FDSIJQOKB5 Dmnrd quj yd mds lokd`ozdan tu ldsj aj dkä`osos,

hnknhjs d tu h`ojktj pntjkhod`js y sus kjhjsoadajs, mds dkd`ozdan tu fjrhdan y
nlrjhjs uk prnauhtn hnk prnpujstd aj vd`nr, ``jbø j` fnfjktn aj rjd`ozdr tu
jstrdtjbod aj fdrijtokb y adrtj d hnknhjr d` fukan jktjrn.